Relevant bibliographies by topics / EFFECTIVE SINGLE MODE

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'EFFECTIVE SINGLE MODE'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "EFFECTIVE SINGLE MODE"

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Lim, Yong Hui, Guoxian Tan, and Song-Liang Chua. "Effective Single-mode Fibers with Large Mode Areas Through Intermodal-coupling." Procedia Engineering 140 (2016): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.1118.

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Ademgil, Huseyin, and Shyqyri Haxha. "Endlessly single mode photonic crystal fiber with improved effective mode area." Optics Communications 285, no. 6 (March 2012): 1514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2011.10.067.

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Abi-Salloum, T. Y., J. Yablon, S. Tseng, M. Salit, and M. S. Shahriar. "Effective dispersion in an inhomogeneously broadened single mode laser." Journal of Modern Optics 60, no. 11 (June 1, 2013): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2013.821533.

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Cancellieri, G., and A. Orfei. "Asymptotic effective cutoff condition in single-mode optical fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 5, no. 2 (1987): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.1987.1075487.

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San Miguel, M., L. Pesquera, M. A. Rodriguez, and A. Hernández-Machado. "Effective eigenvalue for the intensity correlations of single-mode and two-mode lasers." Physical Review A 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.35.208.

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Jain, Deepak, Yongmin Jung, Jaesun Kim, and Jayanta K. Sahu. "Robust single-mode all-solid multi-trench fiber with large effective mode area." Optics Letters 39, no. 17 (August 28, 2014): 5200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.005200.

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Abdul Razak, Hanim. "An experimental analysis on the performance of single mode-multimode-single mode and multimode- single mode-multimode fiber optic sensor." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 15, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n2019.1005.

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A cost effective and simple fabrication process for Mach Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) fiber based sensor has been proposed based on single mode-multimode-single mode structure and multimode-single mode-multimode. These proposed structures employed a standard fusion arc splicing by varying the length of sensing region instead of the structures. This sensor has been experimentally demonstrated for three different concentration of solutions such as water, 1mol sucrose solution and oil with the refractive index of 1.333, 1.384 and 1.464 respectively. Furthermore, the intention of this experiment is to determine which structure that provides superior performance in terms of the sensitivity of the device. The operating wavelength of different structures corresponds to the different refractive index. It is observed that the shifting response was influenced by the length of the sensing-area and the best sensitivity achieved for is -10.45nm/RIU.
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Huang, Liangjin, Tianfu Yao, Binhua Yang, Jinyong Leng, Pu Zhou, Zhiyong Pan, Shaoyi Gu, and Xiang ai Cheng. "Modified Single Trench Fiber With Effective Single-Mode Operation for High-Power Application." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 24, no. 3 (May 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2017.2770099.

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Yang, Shuai, Xinzhi Sheng, Guozhong Zhao, Shuqin Lou, and Jiaoyan Guo. "3D Printed Effective Single-Mode Terahertz Antiresonant Hollow Core Fiber." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 29599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3059782.

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Pérez-Ríos, Jesús, and Sherwin T. Love. "Effective single photon decay mode of positronium via electroweak interactions." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 48, no. 24 (November 3, 2015): 244009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/48/24/244009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "EFFECTIVE SINGLE MODE"

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Vedin, Robert. "Simulations of an Effective Model of a Superconducting Nano-Wire Single Photon Detector." Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235401.

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Edavalath, Nitin N. [Verfasser], Philip St J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Russell, Philip St J. [Gutachter] Russell, and William [Gutachter] Wadsworth. "Design and fabrication of effectively single mode hollow-core single-ring photonic crystal fibres / Nitin N. Edavalath ; Gutachter: Philip St. J. Russell, William Wadsworth ; Betreuer: Philip St. J. Russell." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2018. http://d-nb.info/1168904137/34.

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Krones, Jörn [Verfasser], Götz Silvester [Akademischer Betreuer] Uhrig, and Frithjof [Gutachter] Anders. "Effective models for the single impurity Anderson and Kondo model from continuous unitary transformations / Jörn Krones. Betreuer: Götz Silvester Uhrig. Gutachter: Frithjof Anders." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1101476389/34.

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Del, Donno Antonio. "Testing electroweak baryogenesis at LHC in a minimal extension of the Standard Model." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17052/.

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Il modello standard è la teoria che descrive con spettacolare accuratezza le interazioni fra i costituenti fondamentali della materia come oggi ci sono noti. Nonostante il successo nel confronto fra teoria ed esperimenti, diverse questioni rimangono insolute. Indicazioni esistono riguardo l'esistenza di fisica oltre il modello standard, anche se ancora ignoriamo la sua natura. L'obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è di caratterizzare una delle più semplici estensioni del modello standard che prevede un singoletto scalare interagente con il solo bosone di Higgs. Questo nuovo stato potrebbe avere un'influenza sulla fenomenologia del bosone di Higgs ai collider e dare luogo al meccanismo della bariogenesi elettrodebole. Una volta classificate le differenti possibilità, concentriamo la nostra attenzione su un modello semplificato caratterizzato da una simmetria $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$, nel quale le modifiche al self-coupling del bosone di Higgs possono apparire solo ad un loop. Il calcolo dei contributi corrispondenti permette di identificare la regione dello spazio dei parametri dove è possibile ottenere una transizione di fase elettrodebole del primo ordine, e di verificare se le deviazioni dalle previsioni del modello standard possano essere rilevabili ad LHC. Consideriamo sia il modello completo che la corrispondente approssimazione effettiva, studiandone il regime di applicabilità. Infine, otteniamo le previsioni per la produzione di una coppia di bosoni di Higgs. I nostri risultati preliminari mostrano come nelle regioni dello spazio dei parametri nelle quali è possibile avere la transizione del primo ordine un approccio effettivo sia sufficiente a riprodurre il modello completo. Inoltre, le differenze di shape e sezione d'urto fra la estensione con un singoletto ed il modello standard sono visibili per valori della massa del singoletto potenzialmente rilevabili a LHC.
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Weichselbaum, Andreas. "Nanoscale Quantum Dynamics and Electrostatic Coupling." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1091115085.

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DINKAR, NAIK KISHOR. "DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SINGLE MODE SINGLE POLARIZATION PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER." Thesis, 2015. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/17555.

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Photonic Crystal fibers consisting of defect region at a center surrounded by multiple air holes running along its length have been the topic of most interest of researchers because of unique properties over conventional optical fibers. Here basics of Photonic Crystal Fibers, PCFs modeling methods are discussed. A rectangular core photonic crystal fiber structure has been designed based on higher order mode filtering, in which single polarization is obtained with asymmetric design and introducing different loss for x-polarization and ypolarization of fundamental mode. Single polarization single mode operation of a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber is investigated in detail by using a full vector finite element method with anisotropic perfectly matched layer. The variations of confinement loss and effective mode area of x-polarization and y-polarization of fundamental mode have been simulated by varying the structural parameters of the proposed photonic crystal fiber. At optimized parameters, the confinement loss and effective mode area is obtained as 0.94 dB/m and 60.67 µm2 for x-polarization as well as 26.67 dB/m and 67.23 µm2 for y-polarization of fundamental mode respectively at 1.55 µm. Therefore, 0.75 m length of fiber will be sufficient to get x-polarized fundamental mode with effective mode area as large as 60.67 µm2.
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DINKAR, NAIK KISHOR. "DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SINGLE MODE SINGLE POLARIZATION PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14831.

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Photonic Crystal fibers consisting of defect region at a center surrounded by multiple air holes running along its length have been the topic of most interest of researchers because of unique properties over conventional optical fibers. Here basics of Photonic Crystal Fibers, PCFs modeling methods are discussed. A rectangular core photonic crystal fiber structure has been designed based on higher order mode filtering, in which single polarization is obtained with asymmetric design and introducing different loss for x-polarization and ypolarization of fundamental mode. Single polarization single mode operation of a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber is investigated in detail by using a full vector finite element method with anisotropic perfectly matched layer. The variations of confinement loss and effective mode area of x-polarization and y-polarization of fundamental mode have been simulated by varying the structural parameters of the proposed photonic crystal fiber. At optimized parameters, the confinement loss and effective mode area is obtained as 0.94 dB/m and 60.67 μm2 for x-polarization as well as 26.67 dB/m and 67.23 μm2 for y-polarization of fundamental mode respectively at 1.55 μm. Therefore, 0.75 m length of fiber will be sufficient to get x-polarized fundamental mode with effective mode area as large as 60.67 μm2.
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SAINI, THAN SINGH. "APPLICATION SPECIFIC SPECIALTY OPTICAL FIBERS AND WAVEGUIDES." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14873.

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In this thesis some novel designs of photonic crystal fibers and rectangular waveguides have been reported for the applications: i) in which the nonlinearity need to be eliminated (such as high power fiber lasers and amplifiers); ii) in which the nonlinearity need to be enhanced (such as supercontinuum and slow light generation). Large mode area photonic crystal fiber designs for high power fiber lasers and amplifiers have been achieved by tailoring the size of the air holes and introducing down doped fused silica rods in the selective air holes in the cladding region of the structures. The proposed designs offer effective single-mode operation even with large core size. Effective single-mode operation provides good beam quality at the output of fiber lasers. In the case of LMA waveguide design the trenches of lower refractive index in cladding region have been introduced in such a way that all the propagating modes become leaky. The basic principle behind the cladding profiles is to introduce the high leakage loss to the higher order modes while nominal leakage loss to the fundamental mode, which makes the design effectively single-moded. Supercontiuum generation (the creation of broadband spectral components when an intense laser pulse passes through a highly nonlinear medium) is an area of exciting research that has been attracting scientific interest over last several decades. The midinfrared spectral domain ranging from 2 – 15 μm is mainly important because of not only it contains two important windows (3 – 5 μm and 8 – 13 μm) in which the earth’s atmosphere is relatively transparent but also the strong characteristic vibration transitions of most of the molecules in this domain. Mid-infrared molecular ‘fingerprint region’ is applicable in various important applications in different diverse fields such as medical, industry, security and astronomy. In this thesis a sincere attempt has been done to design and analyze the dispersion engineered photonic crystal fibers and rib waveguide geometries for ultra broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum sources. Ever increased supercontinuum spectrum spanning 2 – 15 μm in As2Se3 based chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber and rib waveguide has been achieved using femtosecond laser Abstract viii source of relatively low peak power. Such ultra broadband supercontinuum spectrum has also been achieved using equiangular spiral photonic crystal fiber geometry. Slow light with tunable features is investigated in doped and undoped tellurite fibers and As2Se3 based photonic crystal fiber geometries for telecommunication and computing applications. The maximum time delay up to 137 ns can be obtained using 1 meter long photonic crystal fiber pump with 100 mW. All the PCF and waveguide designs which are applicable for supercontinuum and slow light generation have been designed such that the propagating mode is strongly confined in small core of the structure, which makes the designs highly nonlinear.
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Books on the topic "EFFECTIVE SINGLE MODE"

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Leonardi, Laura, ed. Flessicurezza/Flexiseguridad. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-097-6.

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The strategy of flexicurity was adopted as a model by the European Union and proposed to all the Member States as a solution for addressing the challenges connected with the competitiveness and instability of the markets, with a view to enhancing employment levels and maintaining social cohesion. The various contributions in this book analyse the concept of flexicurity and its effective feasibility in different institutional contexts, in particular Italy and Spain and – at regional level – in Tuscany and Catalonia. The consequence of the variety of employment and social security models is that the meanings and manifestations of flexicurity are highly divergent, even in cases as analogous as Spain and Italy, since the different contexts generate significant differences. The overall analysis demonstrates that the forms of regulation and organisation of the social institutions, and their complementary nature, have a major impact on the relations between forms of flexibility and security, and do not always give rise to the virtuous process of flexicurity.
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Gibson-Davis, Christina M. Single and Cohabiting Parents and Poverty. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.19.

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This article examines the interrelationships among poverty rates, inequality, and nonmarital family structures, focusing on households with a never-married parent, usually the mother, or with cohabiting parents. It first considers marriage and fertility patterns around the world and how these patterns exhibit characteristics of the so-called second demographic transition in which marriage and fertility have become increasingly disconnected. It then discusses the reasons why nonmarital families tend to be poorer than marital families and also why the correlation between poverty and nonmarital family structures does not causally explain between- or within-country variation in poverty rates. It also describes some methods for addressing high poverty rates among nonmarital household structures, arguing that policies other than marriage promotion would be far more effective at reducing poverty for nonmarital households. The article concludes with an assessment of some implications of nonmarital fertility for economic inequality.
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Roger, Mccormick, and Stears Chris. Part I The General Context, 4 The Global Context. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749271.003.0005.

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This chapter considers how legal risk issues are dealt with outside the UK. Recent developments in law and policy, especially in the financial sector, have been influenced by the impact of globalization. The recent global financial crisis also triggered a new resolve at international, governmental level to seek more effective ways of achieving some measure of globally effective regulation for the financial markets. EU directives are currently (before Brexit takes effect) the single largest source of regulatory change in the London financial markets. Policymakers increasingly look at the comparative position in other similar countries to address the need for English law to remain in step with international developments that assist with the efficient functioning of a financial market wishing to attract international financial institutions and their clients.
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Rauch, Sheila A. M., Barbara Olasov Rothbaum, Erin R. Smith, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure for PTSD in Intensive Outpatient Programs (PE-IOP). Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190081928.001.0001.

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Trauma can leave a lasting impact on survivors. Some survivors are haunted by intrusive memories; avoid people, places, and situations related to the trauma; and feel constantly on edge due to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related posttrauma reactions. Effective treatment can help survivors suffering with PTSD to process the trauma and no longer feel haunted by traumatic experiences from their past. Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is a highly effective, flexible, individualized psychotherapy that reduces the symptoms of PTSD. PE is the most widely studied treatment for PTSD, with more than 100 studies showing its efficacy and effectiveness in PTSD and comorbid patient populations affected by single-incident and multiple-incident traumas of all types (e.g., combat, sexual assault, etc.). This manual presents a PE protocol for use in residential and massed programs to provide an innovative new model of care that provides excellent retention and transformational symptom outcomes. Providers are presented with the elements of the PE protocol along with all the logistics for how to provide PE in an intensive outpatient program. Variations and considerations for implementation are presented to allow providers designing programs to consider what best fits their patient population and setting. Patient and provider forms are included for use.
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Willis, Justin. Chieftaincy. Edited by John Parker and Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0011.

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Across Africa, the term chief has been—and still is—used to describe individuals whose status and influence is extremely diverse; no single analytical model can explain the multiple phenomena of ‘chieftaincy’. But a broad pattern can be observed. Across much of the continent, individuals who possessed political authority in precolonial societies did so most effectively not by monopolizing a single kind of power, but by dealing in multiple forms of powerful knowledge. In the colonial period and subsequently, this brokering of knowledge has acquired a new productive potency, serving as a means to both mediate and reproduce a distinction between tradition on the one hand and the state on the other.
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Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Interacting Electron–Hole–Phonon System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0011.

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Chapter 11 employs variational differential techniques and the Schwinger Action Principle to derive coupled-field Green’s function equations for a multi-component system, modeled as an interacting electron-hole-phonon system. The coupled Fermion Green’s function equations involve five interactions (electron-electron, hole-hole, electron-hole, electron-phonon, and hole-phonon). Starting with quantum Hamilton equations of motion for the various electron/hole creation/annihilation operators and their nonequilibrium average/expectation values, variational differentiation with respect to particle sources leads to a chain of coupled Green’s function equations involving differing species of Green’s functions. For example, the 1-electron Green’s function equation is coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function (as earlier), also to the 1-electron/1-hole Green’s function, and to the Green’s function for 1-electron propagation influenced by a nontrivial phonon field. Similar remarks apply to the 1-hole Green’s function equation, and all others. Higher order Green’s function equations are derived by further variational differentiation with respect to sources, yielding additional couplings. Chapter 11 also introduces the 1-phonon Green’s function, emphasizing the role of electron coupling in phonon propagation, leading to dynamic, nonlocal electron screening of the phonon spectrum and hybridization of the ion and electron plasmons, a Bohm-Staver phonon mode, and the Kohn anomaly. Furthermore, the single-electron Green’s function with only phonon coupling can be rewritten, as usual, coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function with an effective time-dependent electron-electron interaction potential mediated by the 1-phonon Green’s function, leading to the polaron as an electron propagating jointly with its induced lattice polarization. An alternative formulation of the coupled Green’s function equations for the electron-hole-phonon model is applied in the development of a generalized shielded potential approximation, analysing its inverse dielectric screening response function and associated hybridized collective modes. A brief discussion of the (theoretical) origin of the exciton-plasmon interaction follows.
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Hobelsberger, Hans. Social Glocalisation and Education. Verlag Barbara Budrich, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/84742371.

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This book discusses the local effects of globalisation, especially in the context of social work, health and practical theology, as well as the challenges of higher education in a troubled world. The more globalised the world becomes, the more important local identities are. The global becomes effective in the local sphere. This phenomenon, called ‘glocalisation’ since the 1990s, poses many challenges to people and to the social structures in which they operate.
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Clark, David. Rheumatoid arthritis of the elbow. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.05.04.

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♦ 50% of RA patients have elbow involvement♦ Females affected 3 times more than males♦ Peak incidence 60-70 years of age♦ Radiological severity assessed using the Larson radiological grading system♦ No single test used to diagnose RA♦ The management of RA requires a multidisciplinary approach♦ Anti-TNF drugs are used when disease-modifying agent combinations have failed to control symptoms♦ Intra-articular and intramuscular cortisone is an effective way of controlling fl are-ups♦ Total elbow arthroplasty is indicated in severe RA where there is failure of medical management to control symptoms♦ 10 year survival rates of total elbow replacement between 80 % (unlinked) and 92 % (linked).
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Levy, David. Psychological problems. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766452.003.0011.

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Psychological disturbances occur throughout Type1 diabetes, from diagnosis to the experience of late tissue complications. Serious life events may precipitate diabetes onset. All parents of newly diagnosed children report stress. Poor glycaemic control is associated with suboptimal school performance, but children do not consider their own quality of life to be poor. Depression during adolescence is no more common than in the background population. Single parenthood and minority ethnicity are associated with worse glycaemic outcomes. Poor glycaemia associated with poor family functioning can be helped by family-based interventions. Eating disorders are not more frequent in diabetes, but disordered eating and insulin omission are prevalent, the last associated with increased mortality. Depression is common, often severe, undiagnosed, and associated with maternal depression. Non-pharmacological treatment is more effective than antidepressants. Diabetic complications increase the risk of depression 2- to 3-fold, and all depressive disorders may increase mortality in people with foot ulceration.
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Agarwal, Vijay, ed. Integrated Management of Complex Intracranial Lesions. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108908610.

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Large intracranial lesions are among the most complex and dangerous lesions encountered by neurosurgeons, and a single neurosurgical approach often does not provide a large or safe enough corridor for effective treatment. A combined approach to these surgeries, incorporating open, endoscopic, vascular and keyhole techniques can be more successful. This comprehensive text describes in detail how to select the most appropriate approaches, as well as how to avoid any complications that may arise. High quality videos of the techniques described are available through an online version on Cambridge Core, accessible via the code printed on the inside of the cover. With over 150 colour images supporting the text, this is a definitive reference for anyone involved in intracranial tumor or vascular surgery.
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Book chapters on the topic "EFFECTIVE SINGLE MODE"

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Yu, Jiang, Haifeng Xu, and Weiyun Zhang. "Comfort Behavior of High Performance Floor Based on Single-Jump Excitation Mode Considering Time–Space Effect." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 19–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_3.

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AbstractBecause the traditional analysis methods cannot directly describe the comfort behavior of high performance floor through the dimensions of time and space, this paper presents a new method to derive Dirac delta functions and governing differential equations to assess its comfort behavior. On the basis of this, an improved single-jump excitation model is proposed for comfort behavior analysis. In addition, the paper analyzes distribution characteristic of sensitive parameters for the high performance floor. The results show that the peak acceleration is concentrated in the middle of the high performance floor, and then the acceleration response gradually weakened to the two sides, and its degree of weakening is greater along the two corners of the floor model from its spatial and temporal distribution characteristics. In future, it is recommended to change the strength grade of concrete materials to improve its comfort behaviors. The study also demonstrates the strong applicability of improved single-jump excitation model as an effective approach to analyzing the comfort behavior of high performance floor.
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Witkowska, Dorota. "Is the Three-Factor Better Than Single-Factor Capital Asset Pricing Model? Case of Polish Capital Market." In Effective Investments on Capital Markets, 225–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21274-2_16.

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Mei, Kangfu, Aiwen Jiang, Juncheng Li, Jihua Ye, and Mingwen Wang. "An Effective Single-Image Super-Resolution Model Using Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks." In Neural Information Processing, 542–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04224-0_47.

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Yolcu, Cem, Magnus Herberthson, Carl-Fredrik Westin, and Evren Özarslan. "Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Effective Confinement Anisotropy with Orientationally-Averaged Single and Double Diffusion Encoding." In Mathematics and Visualization, 203–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56215-1_10.

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AbstractPorous or biological materials comprise a multitude of micro-domains containing water. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance measurements are sensitive to the anisotropy of the thermal motion of such water. This anisotropy can be due to the domain shape, as well as the (lack of) dispersion in their orientations. Averaging over measurements that span all orientations is a trick to suppress the latter, thereby untangling it from the influence of the domains’ anisotropy on the signal. Here, we consider domains whose anisotropy is modeled as being the result of a Hookean (spring) force, which has the advantage of having a Gaussian diffusion propagator while still confining the spatial range for the diffusing particles. In fact, this confinement model is the effective model of restricted diffusion when diffusion is encoded via gradients of long durations, making the model relevant to a broad range of studies aiming to characterize porous media with microscopic subdomains. In this study, analytical expressions for the powder-averaged signal under this assumption are given for so-called single and double diffusion encoding schemes, which sensitize the MR signal to the diffusive displacement of particles in, respectively, one or two consecutive time intervals. The signal for one-dimensional diffusion is shown to exhibit power-law dependence on the gradient strength while its coefficient bears signatures of restricted diffusion.
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Osama, Muhammad, and Anton Wijs. "GPU Acceleration of Bounded Model Checking with ParaFROST." In Computer Aided Verification, 447–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81688-9_21.

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AbstractThe effective parallelisation of Bounded Model Checking is challenging, due to SAT and SMT solving being hard to parallelise. We present ParaFROST, which is the first tool to employ a graphics processor to accelerate BMC, in particular the simplification of SAT formulas before and repeatedly during the solving, known as pre- and inprocessing. The solving itself is performed by a single CPU thread. We explain the design of the tool, the data structures, and the memory management, the latter having been particularly designed to handle SAT formulas typically generated for BMC, i.e., that are large, with many redundant variables. Furthermore, the solver can make multiple decisions simultaneously. We discuss experimental results, having applied ParaFROST on programs from the Core C99 package of Amazon Web Services.
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Li, Shuangping, Yonghua Li, Min Zheng, Jun Geng, Zuqiang Liu, and Bo Shi. "Research on Dam Deformation Monitoring Model Based on BP + SVM Optimal Weighted Combination." In Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, 313–23. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_28.

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AbstractIt is an important means to ensure the safe operation of dam to establish accurate and effective deformation monitoring data analysis and prediction model. In view of the complex conditions in dam safety monitoring, there are many unknown or uncertain factors, and they are difficult to have a single model to apply all problems. The optimal weighted combination method is constructed by combining neural network model and support vector machine model, which is used in the deformation monitoring analysis of concrete dam. The research shows that the prediction results of the optimal weighted combination model are highly consistent with the measured results, and have certain feasibility and practicability in the dam deformation monitoring work.
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Bisson, Linda F., Mary Lou de Leon Siantz, and Laura Grindstaff. "Advice Not Taken." In Uprooting Bias in the Academy, 219–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85668-7_13.

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AbstractAdvice on how to build a more-inclusive academic community is emerging; however, this chapter suggests that such advice warrants “a grain of salt” depending on two circumstances: (1) the organizational culture needing to be “fixed,” and (2) the existence of extra-organizational factors that may shape how transformation can proceed. First, the existing organizational culture affects the processes needed to achieve a more-inclusive community, and defines what “more inclusive” will look like. Programs shown to be effective at one institution might not be effective at another. External factors may also affect local culture. For example, a long-standing ban on affirmative action programs and quota systems at the University of California meant that, even though other institutions found them to be effective, replicating those programs was not an option. The second concern derives from the nature of change needed. Barriers to inclusion are deeply rooted in historical traditions, ideologies, and social practices outside of any single organization, and often these barriers are applied unconsciously. This means genuine cultural transformation will occur only if the organizational community as a whole is committed to that change.
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Torotcoi, Simona, Delia Gologan, and Anastasia Kurysheva. "What Works for Underrepresented Groups? Identifying Effective Measures for Enhancing Access to Higher Education in Europe." In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade, 177–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_13.

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Abstract Over the last three decades, policy-makers have developed numerous measures, policies, projects and programs with the intention to increase the enrolment and participation of underrepresented groups, however, little is known about the ways in which such initiatives shape opportunities for potential students. Knowing which of these initiatives work and whether they are achieving their intended goals is of utmost importance for policy-makers across Europe. This paper aims to collect, document, scrutinize and critically analyze the current research literature which assesses the effectiveness of different public initiatives at Higher Education Institutions’ (HEIs) level for widening access for underrepresented groups and, at the same time, to identify gaps and make recommendations for potential further research. The 17 identified studies can be categorized based on the access measures they analyze: (1) outreach, counselling and mentoring of prospective students; (2) financial aid measures, and (3) preparatory courses and programs. The findings show that there are little research and information about the actual outcomes of most measures to increase access to HE. We found a lack of adequate, reliable and consistently collected data about the policy instruments already put to practice. Since there is no excuse for the lack of effective action towards more equitable educational systems, more evidence-based approaches will be necessary to learn from these specific access measures and move forward towards more efficient equity policies.
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Al-Habaibeh, Amin, Bubaker Shakmak, Ampea Boateng, and Hyunjoo Lee. "Towards an Effective Artificial Intelligence Systems for Condition Monitoring of Off-Shore Wind Turbines: The Application of Sensor Fusion." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 11–19. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30960-1_2.

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AbstractIn the face of increasing energy demand and the upsurge in the recent energy prices post Covid-19 pandemic, scientists and technologists around the world are working to develop more efficient renewable energy alternatives. Among such technologies, wind turbines play an important role as a very mature clean energy technology. But minimising maintenance costs and downtime is critical for off-shore wind turbines; and researchers around the world are trying to develop comprehensive online and real time monitoring systems to monitor the health of wind turbines to advance condition-based maintenance (CBM) strategies in order to reduce cost and enhance availability. There is a need to use sensor fusion since a single type of sensor is not expected to capture the needed information regarding the health of the wind turbine due to the complexity of the operational conditions such as wind speed, wind direction, power output, environmental temperatures; in addition to many other factors. Industrial case study will be presented in this paper to explore the sensor fusion option and discus how to select the most suitable sensors to detect a specific fault, or group of faults, among hundreds of sensors. This is considered a critical step for the development of an artificial intelligence CBM system. The paper presents the use of the ASPS approach (Automated Sensor and Signal Processing Selection). The results show that the suggested methodology could easily identify the sensors and signal processing methods that are sensitive to fault conditions for future diagnostics and prognostics.
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Manne, Janga Reddy. "Multiobjective Optimization in Water and Environmental Systems Management- MODE Approach." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 120–36. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9479-8.ch004.

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Many real world problems are characterized by multiple goals, often conflicting in nature and compete with one another. Multi-objective optimization problems (MOOPs) require the simultaneous optimization of several non-commensurable and conflicting objectives. In the past, several studies have used conventional approaches to solve the MOOPs by adopting weighted approach or constrained approach, which may face difficulties while generating Pareto optimal solutions, if optimal solution lies on non-convex or disconnected regions of the objective function space. An effective algorithm should have an ability to learn from earlier performance to direct proper selection of weights for further evolutions. To achieve these goals, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) have become effective means in recent past, which can generate a population of solutions in each iteration and offer a set of alternatives in a single run. This chapter presents an effective MOEA, namely multi-objective differential evolution (MODE) for problems of solving water, environmental systems.
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Conference papers on the topic "EFFECTIVE SINGLE MODE"

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Wang, Runhan, Hongyan Zhou, and Shengya Long. "A Single Mode Optical Fiber with Large Effective Area." In Asia Communications and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/acp.2013.af2d.21.

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Wang, Runhan, Hongyan Zhou, and Shengya Long. "A Single Mode Optical Fiber with Large Effective Area." In Asia Communications and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/acpc.2013.af2d.21.

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Gutierrez Gutierrez, J., Evgueni A. Kuzin, Baldemar Ibarra Escamilla, and Sergio Mendoza-Vazquez. "Effective-area measurement in a single-mode optical fiber." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Aristides Marcano O. and Jose Luis Paz. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.591233.

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Nouchi, P., P. Sansonetti, S. Landais, G. Barre, C. Brehm, J. Y. Boniort, B. Perrin, J. J. Girard, and J. Augé. "Low-loss single-mode fiber with high nonlinear effective area." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.1995.thh2.

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Babita and Vipul Rastogi. "Dispersion flattened single mode optical fiber with large effective area." In PROCEEDING OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT TRENDS IN APPLIED PHYSICS AND MATERIAL SCIENCE: RAM 2013. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4810434.

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Bigot-Astruc, Marianne, Frans Gooijer, Nelly Montaigne, and Pierre Sillard. "Trench-assisted profiles for large-effective-area single-mode fibers." In 2008 34th European Conference on Optical Communication. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecoc.2008.4729144.

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Kashiwagi, Masahiro, Kunimasa Saitoh, Katsuhiro Takenaga, Shoji Tanigawa, Shoichiro Matsuo, and Munehisa Fujimaki. "Highly bendable and effectively single-mode all-solid photonic bandgap fiber with large effective area." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2012.oth1h.2.

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Kashiwagi, M., K. Saitoh, K. Takenaga, S. Tanigawa, S. Matsuo, and M. Fujimaki. "Practically Deployable and Effectively Single Mode All-Solid Photonic Bandgap Fiber with Large Effective Area." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2011.cthm3.

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Huang, Pei, and James F. Howell. "High-precision measurement of effective focal length with single-mode fiber array." In Optical Science and Technology, the SPIE 49th Annual Meeting, edited by Pantazis Z. Mouroulis, Warren J. Smith, and R. Barry Johnson. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.558796.

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Zhang, Qin, Theodore F. Morse, Lawrence J. Reinhart, and Arnd Kilian. "Temperature dependence of effective cutoff wavelegth in depressed clad single-mode fibers." In Fibers '92, edited by Paul M. Kopera. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.141193.

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Reports on the topic "EFFECTIVE SINGLE MODE"

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Ahmad, Noshin S., Raul Pineda-Mendez, Fahad Alqahtani, Mario Romero, Jose Thomaz, and Andrew P. Tarko. Effective Design and Operation of Pedestrian Crossings. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317438.

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Pedestrians are vulnerable road users since they are prone to more severe injuries in any vehicular collision. While innovative solutions promise improved pedestrian safety, a careful analysis of local conditions is required before selecting proper corrective measures. This research study had two focuses: (1) methodology to identify roads and areas in Indiana where the frequency and severity of pedestrian collisions are heightened above the acceptable level, and (2) selecting effective countermeasures to mitigate or eliminate safety-critical conditions. Two general methods of identifying specific pedestrian safety concerns were proposed: (1) area-wide analysis, and (2) road-focused analysis. A suitable tool, Safety Needs Analysis Program (SNAP), is currently under development by the research team and is likely the future method to implement an area-wide type of analysis. The following models have been developed to facilitate the road-focused analysis: (1) pedestrian crossing activity level to fill the gap in pedestrian traffic data, and (2) crash probability and severity models to estimate the risk of pedestrian crashes around urban intersections in Indiana. The pedestrian safety model was effectively utilized in screening and identifying high-risk urban intersection segments for safety audits and improvements. In addition, detailed guidance was provided for many potential pedestrian safety countermeasures with specific behavioral and road conditions that justify these countermeasures. Furthermore, a procedure was presented to predict the economic feasibility of the countermeasures based on crash reduction factors. The findings of this study should help expand the existing RoadHAT tool used by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) to emphasize and strengthen pedestrian safety considerations in the current tool.
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Ko, Yu-Fu, and Jessica Gonzalez. Fiber-Based Seismic Damage and Collapse Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Single-Column Pier-Supported Bridges Using Damage Indices. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2241.

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Near-fault earthquakes can have major effects on transportation systems due to the structural damage they impose on bridges. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the seismic damage of bridges appropriately, and this research focuses on reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. This research advances the seismic performance assessment of RC single-column pier-supported bridges with flexural failure under near-fault ground motion by use of ductility coefficients and damage indices. The methodology included modeling fiber-based nonlinear beam-column elements to simulate the damage development process of RC bridge piers under earthquake loadings, considering the global buckling of longitudinal steel bars, examining the cracking and spalling of cover concrete, and analyzing the effects of bond-slip. The tensile strain represented the damage of the longitudinal bars while the compression strain represented the cover concrete damage. Two innovative nonlinear fiber-based finite element models (FEMs) were developed: Model 1 (bond-slip excluded) and Model 2 (bond-slip included). Nonlinear static cyclic pushover analyses and nonlinear response history analyses were conducted. The simulation results were compared with available pseudo-dynamic test results. Model 1 provided a more ideal prognosis on the seismic performance of RC single-column pier-supported bridges under near-fault ground motion. The proposed damage indices can indicate the damage state at any stage and the gradual accumulation of damage in RC bridge piers, which are more convincing than most other indices in the literature. The proposed fiber-based nonlinear FEMs, together with the use of ductility coefficients and proposed damage indices, can also assist engineers and researchers in simulating the seismic behavior and assessing the damage state of RC bridge columns in a computationally effective manner which can empower engineers to identify and prioritize RC bridges for seismic retrofit and maintenance.
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Rada, Gabriel. What are the effects of using drugs packaged in unit doses to treat malaria? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/170305.

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Millions of people contract malaria each year. The WHO currently promotes artemisinin-based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated malaria, but this may be more difficult for patients to correctly adhere to than other treatments. Packaging a course of treatment in units of a single dose may be a more effective way of ensuring that patients take the correct dosage, and thus of increasing treatment success. In this approach, drugs to be taken together are packaged adjacent to each other, sometimes with colours or other markers to show that the drugs should be taken together.
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Goeckeritz, Joel, Nathan Schank, Ryan L Wood, Beverly L Roeder, and Alonzo D Cook. Use of Urinary Bladder Matrix Conduits in a Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Regeneration after Nerve Transection Injury. Science Repository, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.rgm.2022.03.01.

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Previous research has demonstrated the use of single-channel porcine-derived urinary bladder matrix (UBM) conduits in segmental-loss, peripheral nerve repairs as comparable to criterion-standard nerve autografts. This study aimed to replicate and expand upon this research with additional novel UBM conduits and coupled therapies. Fifty-four Wistar Albino rats were divided into 6 groups, and each underwent a surgical neurectomy to remove a 7-millimeter section of the sciatic nerve. Bridging of this nerve gap and treatment for each group was as follows: i) reverse autograft—the segmented nerve was reversed 180 degrees and used to reconnect the proximal and distal nerve stumps; ii) the nerve gap was bridged via a silicone conduit; iii) a single-channel UBM conduit; iv) a multi-channel UBM conduit; v) a single-channel UBM conduit identical to group 3 coupled with fortnightly transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS); vi) or, a multi-channel UBM conduit identical to group 4 coupled with fortnightly TENS. The extent of nerve recovery was assessed by behavioural parameters: foot fault asymmetry scoring measured weekly for six weeks; electrophysiological parameters: compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes, measured at weeks 0 and 6; and morphological parameters: total fascicle areas, myelinated fiber counts, fiber densities, and fiber sizes measured at week 6. All the above parameters demonstrated recovery of the test groups (3-6) as being either comparable or less than that of reverse autograft, but none were shown to outperform reverse autograft. As such, UBM conduits may yet prove to be an effective treatment to repair relatively short segmental peripheral nerve injuries, but further research is required to demonstrate greater efficacy over nerve autografts.
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Goeckeritz, Joel, Nathan Schank, Ryan L Wood, Beverly L Roeder, and Alonzo D Cook. Use of Urinary Bladder Matrix Conduits in a Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Regeneration after Nerve Transection Injury. Science Repository, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.rgm.2022.03.01.sup.

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Previous research has demonstrated the use of single-channel porcine-derived urinary bladder matrix (UBM) conduits in segmental-loss, peripheral nerve repairs as comparable to criterion-standard nerve autografts. This study aimed to replicate and expand upon this research with additional novel UBM conduits and coupled therapies. Fifty-four Wistar Albino rats were divided into 6 groups, and each underwent a surgical neurectomy to remove a 7-millimeter section of the sciatic nerve. Bridging of this nerve gap and treatment for each group was as follows: i) reverse autograft—the segmented nerve was reversed 180 degrees and used to reconnect the proximal and distal nerve stumps; ii) the nerve gap was bridged via a silicone conduit; iii) a single-channel UBM conduit; iv) a multi-channel UBM conduit; v) a single-channel UBM conduit identical to group 3 coupled with fortnightly transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS); vi) or, a multi-channel UBM conduit identical to group 4 coupled with fortnightly TENS. The extent of nerve recovery was assessed by behavioural parameters: foot fault asymmetry scoring measured weekly for six weeks; electrophysiological parameters: compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes, measured at weeks 0 and 6; and morphological parameters: total fascicle areas, myelinated fiber counts, fiber densities, and fiber sizes measured at week 6. All the above parameters demonstrated recovery of the test groups (3-6) as being either comparable or less than that of reverse autograft, but none were shown to outperform reverse autograft. As such, UBM conduits may yet prove to be an effective treatment to repair relatively short segmental peripheral nerve injuries, but further research is required to demonstrate greater efficacy over nerve autografts.
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Czosnek, Henryk Hanokh, Dani Zamir, Robert L. Gilbertson, and Lucas J. William. Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus by Combining Expression of a Natural Tolerance Gene and a Dysfunctional Movement Protein in a Single Cultivar. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573079.bard.

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Background The tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCV) has been a major deterrent to tomato production in Israel for the last 20 years. This whitefly-transmitted viral disease has been found in the Caribbean Island in the early 1990s, probably as an import from the Middle East. In the late 1990s, the virus has spread to the US and is now conspicuous in Florida and Georgia. Objectives Because of the urgency facing the TYLCV epidemics, there was a compelling need to mobilize scientists to develop tomato variety resistant to TYLCV. The major goal was to identify the virus movement protein (MP) and to express a defective from of MP in a cultivar that contained the natural Ty-1 resistance gene. The research included 1. cloning of the TYLCV isolate from the Dominican Republic (DR) which is (or a close variant) also present in the continental USA; 2. ddefining the role of the MP; 3. mutating the putative MP gene; 4. introducing the modified gene into an advance Ty-1 line; 5. testing the transgenic plants in the field. The pressing threat to tomato production in the US resulted in an extension of the objectives: more emphasis was placed on characterization of TYLCV i the DR, on determination of the epidemiology of the virus in the DR, and on using new TYLCV resistance sources for tomato breeding. Achievements and signification 1. The characterization of TYLCV-DR allowed for more effective TYLCV management strategies that are now implemented in the DR. 2. The identification of the TYLCV MPs and, more importantly, insight into their function has provided a model for how these proteins function in TYLCV movement and support the targeting of one or more of these proteins in a dominant lethal strategy to engineer plants for TYLCV resistance. 3. The transgenic plants that are being generated with wild-type and mutated TYLCV MPs will serve to test the hypothesis that interference with one or more of the TYLCV movement proteins will be a strategy for generating TYLCV-resistant plants. 4. The fine mapping of the resistance Ty-1 gene allowed eliminating deleterious chromosome segments from the wild tomato genitor L. chilense. It may in a near future allow the cloning of the first geminivirus resistance gene. 5. Another resistance source from the wild tomato species L. hirsitum was introgressed into the domesticated tomato, resulting in the production of resistant breeding lines. Implications 1. The monitoring of TYLCV in whiteflies has been applied in the DR. These tools are presently being used to assist in the evaluation of the host-free period and to help select the appropriate locations for growing tomatoes in the DR. 2. An overall strategy to obtain resistance against TYLCV has been used. The expression of wild-type or mutated TYLCV MPs in transgenic tomato is another addition to the arsenal used to fight TYLCV, together with marker assisted breeding and mobilization of additional resistant genes from the wild.
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Regan, Jack, Julie Bryant, and Craig Weinschenk. Analysis of the Coordination of Suppression and Ventilation in Single-Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/slzh7498.

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Prior full-scale research with the fire service was primarily designed to isolate specific tactics, most often either ventilation or suppression, which allowed researchers to develop science-based recommendations related to the specific components of fireground operations studied in relatively controlled conditions. The current project went beyond earlier research by conducting twenty experiments in eight acquired, single-family residential structures and that combined fireground tactics to quantify the impact of coordination between ventilation and suppression actions. This experimental series included second-story bedroom fires (14 experiments) and first-floor kitchen fires (6 experiments). The main control variables studied included the position of initial application of water, the ventilation method, and the timing of ventilation relative to water application. The ventilation tactics examined in these experiments included horizontal, vertical, positive pressure, and hydraulic ventilation, while the suppression tactics included both interior water application and initial exterior water application followed by interior water application. While some elements of the experiments (e.g. structure floor plan and weather) resulted in increased variability, the lessons learned highlighted the importance of having a systematic approach to the implementation of tactics. Most importantly, there was no meaningful increase in temperature outside of fire rooms when ventilation tactics were executed in coordination with (shortly after or shortly before) the onset of suppression. The effectiveness of suppression actions in extinguishing the fire were dependent on the ability of those actions to 1) cool surfaces in the fire room and 2) wet unburned fuel. Exterior suppression actions on second-floor bedroom fires resulted in a decrease in temperatures throughout the second floor, followed by regrowth prior to final suppression through interior streams. When exterior suppression was performed on first-floor kitchen fires, where more complete fuel wetting was possible, regrowth was not observed prior to interior suppression. When surface cooling or fuel wetting are not possible due to the elevation of the fire room, missing ceiling, or obstacles, firefighters should consider alternative means of water distribution to improve the effectiveness of suppression actions from outside the fire room. Suppression actions, whether interior or exterior, generally resulted in a decrease in temperatures and gas concentrations at locations where occupants may potentially be located. Conditions improved most quickly at locations closest in proximity to the inlet of the flow path established between the front door and the fire room. For this reason, opening an exterior door to gain access should be thought of as an important ventilation action, both in terms of its potential to cause fire growth and its potential to improve conditions for potentially trapped occupants. After effective suppression, structure ventilation operations should similarly be cognizant of gas flows, with the aim of establishing flow throughout all areas where occupants may be located.
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Petrie, John, Yan Qi, Mark Cornwell, Md Al Adib Sarker, Pranesh Biswas, Sen Du, and Xianming Shi. Design of Living Barriers to Reduce the Impacts of Snowdrifts on Illinois Freeways. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-019.

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Blowing snow accounts for a large part of Illinois Department of Transportation’s total winter maintenance expenditures. This project aims to develop recommendations on the design and placement of living snow fences (LSFs) to minimize snowdrift on Illinois highways. The research team examined historical IDOT data for resource expenditures, conducted a literature review and survey of northern agencies, developed and validated a numerical model, field tested selected LSFs, and used a model to assist LSF design. Field testing revealed that the proper snow fence setback distance should consider the local prevailing winter weather conditions, and snow fences within the right-of-way could still be beneficial to agencies. A series of numerical simulations of flow around porous fences were performed using Flow-3D, a computational fluid dynamics software. The results of the simulations of the validated model were employed to develop design guidelines for siting LSFs on flat terrain and for those with mild slopes (< 15° from horizontal). Guidance is provided for determining fence setback, wind characteristics, fence orientation, as well as fence height and porosity. Fences comprised of multiple rows are also addressed. For sites with embankments with steeper slopes, guidelines are provided that include a fence at the base and one or more fence on the embankment. The design procedure can use the available right-of-way at a site to determine the appropriate fence characteristics (e.g., height and porosity) to prevent snow deposition on the road. The procedure developed in this work provides an alternative that uses available setback to design the fence. This approach does not consider snow transport over an entire season and may be less effective in years with several large snowfall events, very large single events, or a sequence of small events with little snowmelt in between. However, this procedure is expected to be effective for more frequent snowfall events such as those that occurred over the field-monitoring period. Recommendations were made to facilitate the implementation of research results by IDOT. The recommendations include a proposed process flow for establishing LSFs for Illinois highways, LSF siting and design guidelines (along with a list of suitable plant species for LSFs), as well as other implementation considerations and identified research needs.
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DeMartini, James C., Abraham Yaniv, Jonathan O. Carlson, Arnona Gazit, Leonard E. Pearson, Kalman Perk, J. K. Young, Noam Safran, and A. Friedman. Evaluation of Naked Proviral DNA as a Vaccine for Ovine Lentivirus Infection. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570553.bard.

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Ovine lentivirus (OvLV) infection is widespread in sheep of the United States and Israel and is responsible for substantial economic losses. The primary goal of this project was to evaluate naked proviral DNA as a vaccine to induce protective immunity in sheep in endemic areas. Contrary to expectations, inoculation of sheep with proviral DNA derived from the full length OvLV molecular clone pkv72 did not result in detectable OvLV infection, but infectious virus was recovered from transfected ovine cells. Kv72 virus produced by these cells infected sheep and induced antibody responses, and was used as a viral challenge in subsequent experiments. To improve in vivo transfection efficiency and compare the viral LTR with other romoters, expression of reporter genes was studied in sheep transfected in vivo by injection of cationic liposome-DNA complexes; one formulation produced gene expression in a sheep for 4 months following a single intravenous injection. Since the pol-deleted OvLV construct was not stable in vivo, twelve lambs were injected with plasmids containing the Kv72 gag region (pCMVgag) or env region (pCMVenv), or saline. Prior to challenge, no detectable anti-OvLV immune responses were detected. Following homologous challenge with OvLV. Although the naked DNA approach to vaccination holds promise for control of ovine lentivirus-induced disease, further work needs to be done to develop more effective methods of transfecting sheep with DNA.
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Smith, Adam, and Megan Tooker. Character-defining features of the Buffalo south mole (south pier), NY. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46743.

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The US Congress codified the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), the nation’s most effective cultural resources legislation to date, mostly through establishing the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The NHPA requires federal agencies to address their cultural resources, which are defined as any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object. The precursor to the Corps of Engineers erected the mole (a.k.a., the south pier) in the early 1820s at the entrance to the Buffalo harbor. The area on top of and surrounding the mole was modified through the past two hundred years, many of the character-defining features remain including the stone retaining walls, talus, stairs, and lighthouse identified in plans and drawings from the period of construction. Notably lost is the stone tow path, or banquette, and the stone incline on the south side of the mole is no longer visible. The researchers recommend a period of significance of c. 1820 through 1972 (50 years) since the mole has continued its original use of keeping the entrance to the Buffalo River open for freight and recreational boating traffic through the present day.
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