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Journal articles on the topic 'EFFECTIVE MODE AREA'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Takenaga, K., Y. Sasaki, Ning Guan, S. Matsuo, M. Kasahara, K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba. "Large Effective-Area Few-Mode Multicore Fiber." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 24, no. 21 (November 2012): 1941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2012.2219618.

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2

Ademgil, Huseyin, and Shyqyri Haxha. "Endlessly single mode photonic crystal fiber with improved effective mode area." Optics Communications 285, no. 6 (March 2012): 1514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2011.10.067.

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3

Ming-Jun Li, Xin Chen, Anping Liu, S. Gray, Ji Wang, D. T. Walton, and L. A. Zenteno. "Limit of Effective Area for Single-Mode Operation in Step-Index Large Mode Area Laser Fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 27, no. 15 (August 2009): 3010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2009.2020682.

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4

Saitoh, Kunimasa, Shailendra Varshney, Kaori Sasaki, Lorenzo Rosa, Mrinmay Pal, Mukul Paul, Debashri Ghosh, Shyamal Bhadra, and Masanori Koshiba. "Limitation on Effective Area of Bent Large-Mode-Area Leakage Channel Fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 29, no. 17 (September 2011): 2609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2011.2161603.

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5

Sasaki, Yusuke, Katsuhiro Takenaga, Ning Guan, Shoichiro Matsuo, Kunimasa Saitoh, and Masanori Koshiba. "Large-effective-area uncoupled few-mode multi-core fiber." Optics Express 20, no. 26 (November 28, 2012): B77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.000b77.

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6

Ahmad, Raja, Man F. Yan, Jeffrey W. Nicholson, Kazi S. Abedin, Paul S. Westbrook, Clifford Headley, Patrick W. Wisk, Eric M. Monberg, and David J. DiGiovanni. "Polarization-maintaining, large-effective-area, higher-order-mode fiber." Optics Letters 42, no. 13 (June 29, 2017): 2591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.42.002591.

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7

Liang Dong, H. A. Mckay, A. Marcinkevicius, Libin Fu, Jun Li, B. K. Thomas, and M. E. Fermann. "Extending Effective Area of Fundamental Mode in Optical Fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 27, no. 11 (June 2009): 1565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2009.2020181.

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8

Jain, Deepak, Yongmin Jung, Jaesun Kim, and Jayanta K. Sahu. "Robust single-mode all-solid multi-trench fiber with large effective mode area." Optics Letters 39, no. 17 (August 28, 2014): 5200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.005200.

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9

Kojima, Momoko. "Operational mode dependency on effective area for NMIJ pressure balance." Measurement: Sensors 18 (December 2021): 100189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2021.100189.

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10

Rukhlenko, Ivan D., Malin Premaratne, and Govind P. Agrawal. "Effective mode area and its optimization in silicon-nanocrystal waveguides." Optics Letters 37, no. 12 (June 8, 2012): 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.37.002295.

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11

Rosa, Lorenzo, Federico Melli, and Luca Vincetti. "Analytical Formulas for Dispersion and Effective Area in Hollow-Core Tube Lattice Fibers." Fibers 9, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib9100058.

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In this work, we propose analytical formulas for the estimation of dispersion properties and effective area of the fundamental mode of hollow-core inhibited coupling fibers with a microstructured cladding composed by a ring of dielectric tubes. The formulas are based on a model which has already been successfully applied to the estimation of confinement loss. The model takes into account the effects of the coupling of the fundamental core mode with the cladding modes in the context of the single-tube approximation. Effective index, group velocity dispersion, and effective area of the fundamental mode are estimated and compared with the results obtained from numerical simulations, by considering ten different fibers. The comparison shows a good accuracy of the proposed formulas, which do not require any tuning of fitting parameters. On the basis of the analysis carried out, a scaling law relating the effective area to the core radius is also given. Finally, the formulas give a good estimation of the same parameters of other Hollow-core inhibited coupling fibers, such as nested, ice-cream, and kagome fibers.

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12

Zhao, Chen Fei, Qing Han, Cong Cong Chi, and Qing Jun Meng. "Effective Dot Area’s Calculating Based on YNSN Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 262 (December 2012): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.262.40.

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Yule-Nielsen neugebauer spectrum(YNSN) model can describe the relation between dot area and spectrum reflectance, which can calculate the effective dot area. The modified index in the model still can’t be determined. The reciprocal of paper’s spectral reflectance at the range of visible light is adopted as the modified index in YNSN model in order to reduce the optical dot gain. By experiment, the modified YNSN mode can be used to calculate the effective dot area of light color. The research has a certain significance for controlling and testing printing color.

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13

Saitoh, Kunimasa, Tadashi Murao, Lorenzo Rosa, and Masanori Koshiba. "Effective area limit of large-mode-area solid-core photonic bandgap fibers for fiber laser applications." Optical Fiber Technology 16, no. 6 (December 2010): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2010.08.007.

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14

Saini, Than Singh, Ajeet Kumar, and Ravindra Kumar Sinha. "Asymmetric large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber structure with effective single-mode operation: design and analysis." Applied Optics 55, no. 9 (March 16, 2016): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.002306.

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15

Vukovic, N., N. Healy, and A. C. Peacock. "Guiding properties of large mode area silicon microstructured fibers: a route to effective single mode operation." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 28, no. 6 (May 24, 2011): 1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.28.001529.

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16

Koshiba, M., and K. Saitoh. "Structural dependence of effective area and mode field diameter for holey fibers." Optics Express 11, no. 15 (July 28, 2003): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.11.001746.

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17

Li, Qi, Fengping Yan, Wanjing Peng, Ting Feng, Suchun Feng, Siyu Tan, Peng Liu, and Wenhua Ren. "DFB laser based on single mode large effective area heavy concentration EDF." Optics Express 20, no. 21 (October 1, 2012): 23684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.023684.

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18

Nicholson, J. W., J. M. Fini, A. M. DeSantolo, X. Liu, K. Feder, P. S. Westbrook, V. R. Supradeepa, et al. "Scaling the effective area of higher-order-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifiers." Optics Express 20, no. 22 (October 12, 2012): 24575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.024575.

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19

Urquhart, W. P., and P. J. Laybourn. "Effective core area for stimulated Raman scattering in single-mode optical fibres." IEE Proceedings J Optoelectronics 132, no. 4 (1985): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-j.1985.0044.

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20

Liang, Yongze, Guorui Wang, Jiwei Zhang, Han Zhang, Enwang Liang, Fang Wang, Xuenan Zhang, Xin Yan, and Tonglei Cheng. "An all-optical fiber mode converters based on 5-LP mode fiber of weakly coupling and large effective mode area." Optical Fiber Technology 71 (July 2022): 102889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2022.102889.

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21

Makouei, S., and F. Makouei. "Strain Effect Study on Mode Field Diameter and Effective Area of WII Type Single Mode Optical Fiber." Advanced Electromagnetics 5, no. 1 (May 2, 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v5i1.362.

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In this article, the effect of strain on mode field diameter (MFD) and effective area (Aeff) in a modern multilayer WII type single mode optical fiber is investigated. The modal analysis of the fiber structure is based on linear polarized (LP) approximation method. The simulation results depict that both mode field diameter and effective area grow as a result of increment in tensile strain. The overall effect is observed in a slight rise in quality factor (Qf) of the fiber. Likewise, enlargement in amplitude of compressive strain leads to decrement in MFD and Aeff. However, among the optical and geometrical parameters of the fiber structure, Δ has the most considerable impact on both MFD and Aeff variation whilst R1 shows the least effect. In other words, any shift in the value allocated to Δ results in substantial change in the MFD and Aeff alteration due to strain. To eliminate this effect, the higher amounts for Δ are preferable which is related to the layering structure of the WII type optical fiber.

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22

Zhang, Huan, Jian Zhao, Zhiqun Yang, Guanju Peng, and Zixiang Di. "Low-DMGD, Large-Effective-Area and Low-Bending-Loss 12-LP-Mode Fiber for Mode-Division-Multiplexing." IEEE Photonics Journal 11, no. 4 (August 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2019.2924834.

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23

Hasan, Md Imran, Nail Akhmediev, and Wonkeun Chang. "Empirical Formulae for Dispersion and Effective Mode Area in Hollow-Core Antiresonant Fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 36, no. 18 (September 15, 2018): 4060–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2018.2854722.

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24

Abdelaziz, Ilyes, Huseyin Ademgil, Fathi AbdelMalek, Shyqyri Haxha, Terry Gorman, and Habib Bouchriha. "Design of a large effective mode area photonic crystal fiber with modified rings." Optics Communications 283, no. 24 (December 2010): 5218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2010.08.005.

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25

Liang, Jian, Maojin Yun, Weijin Kong, Xin Sun, Wenfei Zhang, and Sixing Xi. "Highly birefringent photonic crystal fibers with flattened dispersion and low effective mode area." Optik 122, no. 23 (December 2011): 2151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2011.02.003.

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26

Dutt, Avik, Sudipta Mahapatra, and Shailendra K. Varshney. "Capillary optical fibers: design and applications for attaining a large effective mode area." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 28, no. 6 (May 18, 2011): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.28.001431.

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27

Moenster, Mathias, Günter Steinmeyer, Rumen Iliew, Falk Lederer, and Klaus Petermann. "Analytical relation between effective mode field area and waveguide dispersion in microstructure fibers." Optics Letters 31, no. 22 (October 26, 2006): 3249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.31.003249.

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28

Guo, Kai, Søren M. M. Friis, Jesper B. Christensen, Erik N. Christensen, Xiaodong Shi, Yunhong Ding, Haiyan Ou, and Karsten Rottwitt. "Full-vectorial propagation model and modified effective mode area of four-wave mixing in straight waveguides." Optics Letters 42, no. 18 (September 15, 2017): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.42.003670.

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29

Liu, Cong, Wen Ying Liu, Wei Zheng, and Chen Liang. "Impact Analysis of Effective Inertia Competition on Power System Inter-Area Damping Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.870.

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In allusion to the discrepancies of the equivalent generator's equivalent inertia based on mechanical inertia time constant and that of the power system under practical operations, the concept of effective inertia is proposed. By analyzing a two-generator system, the main factors influencing the dominant mode damping ratio of inter-area oscillation, besides the supplementary damping control, are analyzed as the three: effective inertia, load level and network structure. When the former two are constant, the crucial factor for dynamic stability reducing in terms of operation mode change can be ascribed to the effective inertia competition. Practical calculation of Gansu power grid simulation is conducted and the result of argument is verified.

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30

Kong, Fanting, Guancheng Gu, Thomas W. Hawkins, Joshua Parsons, Maxwell Jones, Christopher Dunn, Monica T. Kalichevsky-Dong, et al. "Polarizing ytterbium-doped all-solid photonic bandgap fiber with ~1150µm^2 effective mode area." Optics Express 23, no. 4 (February 11, 2015): 4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.004307.

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31

Islam, Md Asiful, and M. Shah Alam. "Bend-insensitive single-mode photonic crystal fiber with ultralarge effective area for dual applications." Optical Engineering 52, no. 5 (May 9, 2013): 050501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.52.5.050501.

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32

Rostami, Ali, and Hadi Soofi. "Correspondence Between Effective Mode Area and Dispersion Variations in Defected Core Photonic Crystal Fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 29, no. 2 (January 2011): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2010.2100808.

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33

Demir, Halime, and Sedat Ozsoy. "Comparative study of large-solid-core photonic crystal fibers: Dispersion and effective mode area." Optik 123, no. 8 (April 2012): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2011.05.031.

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34

Zhang, J. "INSAR COLLABORATIVE MONITORING MODE AND MULTI-MODE COMPUTING SERVICES FOR GEOHAZARDS IDENTIFICATION IN OPEN-PIT MINING AREA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2021 (June 28, 2021): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2021-241-2021.

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Abstract. InSAR has developed a variety of methods, such as D-InSAR, PS-InSAR, MBAS, CT, SqueeSAR, POT, etc., which have been widely used in land subsidence monitoring. For open pit mining areas, there are usually mining activity, complex terrain features, low coherence, and local large deformation gradients, which makes it difficult for time series InSAR technology to obtain high-density surface deformation information in open pit mining areas. Traditional methods usually only monitor the linear deformation of the surface caused by the mining of a few working zone above the underground mining area, and the temporal and spatial resolution is lower. How to obtain high-precision, high-density, and time-sensitive deformation information is the main difficulty of InSAR monitoring in open pit mining areas. Make full use of the geosensor network monitoring system, optimize monitoring mode of collaborated satellite-to-ground based InSAR, further realize whole calculation and geographic information services, to achieve early identification and discovery of abnormal in large-area macro-monitoring, and accurate monitoring of local areas in real-time early warning, which is the development direction of ground deformation monitoring of mining areas. The study area is Pingshuo open pit mining area. we fully study the application mode and services of InSAR monitoring for geohazards in open-pit mining area, through the establishment of satellite InSAR technology system for large-scale macro-monitoring and forecasting, and GBSAR and GSN for local precision monitoring. The effective mode of InSAR monitoring of geohazard in open-pit mines is summarized. A combination of D-InSAR, POT (Pixel offset tracking), Time Series-InSAR and GB-SAR is used in a wide range, and high-resolution optical images are used to identify localized changes in subsidence areas and open-pit mining areas.

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35

Wang, Yan, Ying Han, Zeng-Hui Li, Lin Gong, Lu-Yao Wang, and Shu-Guang Li. "A low-crosstalk and high-density multi-core few-mode fiber based on heterogeneous core and trench-assisted air-holes isolation." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 2 (2022): 024205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20210974.

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The capacity of a traditional optical communication system based on single-mode fiber has approached to its theoretical limit. Multi-core few-mode fibers provide an effective way to break through the bottleneck of existing transmission capacity. In this paper, a 5-LP-mode weakly-coupled low-crosstalk 7-core fiber is designed by using a combination of trench assistance and air hole isolation structure. The fiber with a standard outer diameter achieves low crosstalk between cores and modes. The inter-core crosstalk area and the effective mode area of the core are calculated by the finite element method. After design optimization, there are 5 stable transmission LP modes in the C+L band of optical communication in this fiber. The effective refractive index difference between LP<sub>21</sub> mode and LP<sub>02</sub> mode is the smallest and is greater than 1.1 × 10<sup>–3</sup>. The LP<sub>31</sub> mode in the optical fiber has the largest inter-core crosstalk and the loss is lower than –50 dB/km. The fiber can achieve low crosstalk transmission between modes and cores at the same time. The mode areas of the 5 LP modes in the 7 cores are larger than 86 μm<sup>2</sup>, and the relative core multiplexing factor is 57.63 at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Therefore, this fiber can be used in a large-capacity high-speed fiber transmission system.

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36

NAIR, D. R. C., B. CHAKRAVARTY, and P. NIYOGI. "IMPLICIT NONLINEAR NORMAL MODE INITIALIZATION FOR A BAROTROPIC PRIMITIVE EQUATION LIMITED AREA MODEL." MAUSAM 44, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v44i1.3732.

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A simple version of implicit nonlinear normal mode initialization is applied to a limited area one-level primitive equation model over a tropical domain. The model formulation is based on shallow water equations in spherical co-ordinate and potential enstrophy conserving finite difference scheme is employed. The model is used for predicting the movement of a typical monsoon depression formed over the Bay of Bengal. The above scheme is found to be very effective as it requires only three iterations for attaining balance between the mass and wind tields. However this model is not able to predict the movement of the depression very ac-curately due to the limitations of such a one-level model.

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37

Ci, Yingjuan, Fang Ren, Xiao Lei, Yidan Li, Deyang Zhou, and Jianping Wang. "A Weakly-Coupled Double Bow-Tie Multi-Ring Elliptical Core Multi-Mode Fiber for Mode Division Multiplexing across C+L+U Band." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (May 9, 2023): 5855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13105855.

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We herein present a weakly-coupled double bow-tie multi-ring elliptical core multi-mode fiber (DBT-MREC-MMF) supporting 22 eigenmodes for mode division multiplexing across the C+L+U band. The proposed fiber introduces a multi-ring elliptical core, bow-tie air holes, and bow-tie stress-applying areas to effectively split adjacent eigenmodes. By utilizing the finite element method (FEM), we accordingly optimized the fiber to support the 22 modes under the weakly-coupled condition. We evaluated the impact of fiber parameters on the minimum effective refractive index difference (min Δneff) between adjacent eigenmodes, model birefringence (Bm), and bending loss at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Additionally, broadband performance metrics, such as effective modal index (neff), effective index difference (Δneff), effective mode area (Aeff), differential mode delay (DMD), and chromatic dispersion (D), were comprehensively studied over the entire C+L+U band, ranging from 1530 to 1675 nm. The proposed fiber is capable of supporting 22 completely separated eigenmodes with a min Δneff between adjacent eigenmodes larger than 3.089 × 10−4 over the entire C+L+U band. The proposed DBT-MREC-MMF holds great potential for use in short-haul communication systems that require MDM to improve transmission capacity and expand bandwidth.

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38

Li, Di, Qiang Xu, Du Qi Yuan, and Xu Chao Duan. "A New Design of Photonic Crystal Fiber with Fattened Dispersion and Low Effective Mode Area." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1304.

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We propose a novel type of photonic crystal fiber with low fattened dispersion and high nonlinearity for four wave mixing. The dispersion and nonlinearity coefficient are investigated simultaneously by using the full vectorial finite element method with anisotropic perfectly matched layers. The optimized result has been obtained by adjusting the design parameter of the proposed fiber, which has dispersion is -1.53 ps•nm−1 km−1 at wavelength of 1.55μm, and in addition the relatively small effective mode area of 2.23μm2 is obtained at the same wavelength, which will induce higher nonlinearity coefficient is close 54.8 W-1• km-1 at the wavelength of 1.55μm. The proposed PCF is suitable for applications as a chromatic dispersion controller, dispersion compensator, or as candidate for the nonlinear optical systems because of its small effective mode area.

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39

Tan, Y. L., H. L. Wang, and Y. R. Wang. "Calculation of effective mode field area of photonic crystal fiber with digital image processing algorithm." Computer Optics 42, no. 5 (2018): 816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-2018-42-5-816-821.

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40

Kabir, Sumaiya, and S. M. Abdur Razzak. "An enhanced effective mode area fluorine doped octagonal photonic crystal fiber with extremely low loss." Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications 30 (July 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2018.02.002.

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41

Tian, Xiangqing, and Xiaoping Zhang. "Dispersion-flattened designs of the large effective-area single-mode fibers with ring index profiles." Optics Communications 230, no. 1-3 (January 2004): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2003.11.037.

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42

Wong, William S., Xiang Peng, Joseph M. McLaughlin, and Liang Dong. "Breaking the limit of maximum effective area for robust single-mode propagation in optical fibers." Optics Letters 30, no. 21 (November 1, 2005): 2855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.30.002855.

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43

Ramachandran, S., J. M. Fini, M. Mermelstein, J. W. Nicholson, S. Ghalmi, and M. F. Yan. "Ultra-large effective-area, higher-order mode fibers: a new strategy for high-power lasers." Laser & Photonics Review 2, no. 6 (December 11, 2008): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lpor.200810016.

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44

Hayashi, Tetsuya, Yoshiaki Tamura, Takuji Nagashima, Kazuhiro Yonezawa, Toshiki Taru, Koji Igarashi, Daiki Soma, Yuta Wakayama, and Takehiro Tsuritani. "Effective area measurement of few-mode fiber using far field scan technique with Hankel transform generalized for circularly-asymmetric mode." Optics Express 26, no. 9 (April 16, 2018): 11137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.011137.

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45

Ren, Yan, Zhipeng Qin, Guoqiang Xie, Zhen Qiao, Jingui Ma, Peng Yuan, Liejia Qian, Shikai Wang, Chunlei Yu, and Lili Hu. "Black Phosphorus Q-Switched Large-Mode-Area Tm-Doped Fiber Laser." International Journal of Optics 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8060415.

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We report on a passively Q-switched fiber laser with black phosphorus as saturable absorber. By employing the sol-gel fabricated large-mode-area Tm-doped fiber as gain medium, a high-energy Q-switched fiber laser has been demonstrated which delivers the maximum pulse energy of 11.72 μJ with the pulse width of 660 ns at the wavelength of 1954 nm. Our experimental results indicate that BP Q-switched large-mode-area Tm-doped fiber laser is an effective and reliable approach to generate high-energy pulses at 2 μm.

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46

Schnieder, Maren. "Effective Speed: Can Cost Effective Transportation Be Sustainable (Reducing Emissions and External Costs)?" Environments 10, no. 7 (June 27, 2023): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10070111.

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Given the need to reduce fuel emissions from transport many research studies have been devoted to the development of technologies and identification of new policies to tackle this problem. The majority of these strategies either increase the costs (e.g., new technology), are more time-consuming (i.e., choosing a more sustainable mode of transport), or encourage consumers to forgo travel plans (i.e., flights to holiday destinations). Implementing any of these changes is challenging for a society where cost, quality and time are the key motivators. The paper differs from previous research, given that the focus is not to slow down global warming, through the development of new technologies, or through inconveniences to lifestyle. Instead, the focus is to improve the sustainability of transport using current technology without increasing the cost or time factor. By using the concept of effective speed, this paper estimates the possible reduction in emissions, external costs and land use if people can be persuaded to choose the most cost-effective mode of transport. The effective speed is calculated by dividing the distance travelled by the time spent (i.e., travelling to work and earning the money to pay for the commute). This case study uses data from a survey of residents in New York City (NYC) and incorporates supporting data about commuting patterns in Germany. If people use their most cost-effective mode of transport in NYC, it is possible to have emission reductions of up to 14.7%, external cost reduction of 11.6% and a reduction in the time–area requirements of 16.5%. The results of this paper highlight that people do not always need to spend more time or money on their transport activity to travel in a more sustainable way. Indeed, encouraging people to use a mode of transport with a faster effective speed may even reduce the external effects for some.

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47

Ahmed, Kawsar, Bikash Kumar Paul, Sawrab Chowdhury, Shuvo Sen, Md Ibadul Islam, Md Shadidul Islam, Md Rabiul Hasan, and Sayed Asaduzzaman. "Design of a single-mode photonic crystal fibre with ultra-low material loss and large effective mode area in THz regime." IET Optoelectronics 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2017.0028.

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Cheng Tonglei, 程同蕾, 柴路 Chai Lu, 栗岩锋 Li Yanfeng, 宋振明 Song Zhenming, 李曙光 Li Shuguang, 胡明列 Hu Minglie, and 王清月 Wang Qingyue. "Novel Cluster-Solid-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber with High Nonlinearity and Large Effective Mode-Field Area." Chinese Journal of Lasers 36, no. 3 (2009): 658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl20093603.0658.

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Benhaddad, M., F. Kerrour, O. Benabbes, and A. Saouli. "A new photonic crystal fibre with low nonlinearity, low confinement loss and improved effective mode area." Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics 20, no. 2 (2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3116/16091833/20/2/47/2019.

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Shahraam Afshar, V., T. M. Monro, and C. Martijn de Sterke. "Understanding the contribution of mode area and slow light to the effective Kerr nonlinearity of waveguides." Optics Express 21, no. 15 (July 26, 2013): 18558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.018558.

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