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1
Kalmykov, Sergey, and Nikolay Pashin. Social advertising: designing effective interaction with the target audience. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23289.
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The monograph analyzes the possibility of managing the process of socio-advertising influence on socio-demographic groups. The developed methodological bases with the use of the multivariate paradigmatic status of sociological knowledge allowed us to form: principles of designing social advertising interaction, factors of efficiency (quality) of social advertising, a system of sociological quality assurance of social advertising.
Insufficiently studied problems of efficiency and quality of social advertising are investigated. The coefficients of the importance of its efficiency factors (quality) are established. Stable interrelations of social advertising influence at the level of revealed correlation coefficients of behavioral reactions of various categories of target audience with their characteristics are proved. The results obtained are summarized in the developed model of behavior of the target audience on the basis of social advertising interaction, and the content modules of the mechanism of controllability of the specified process are proposed.
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Grodskiy, Vladimir. Macroeconomicheskay teoriy. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02059-3.
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In the textbook, for the first time, a comprehensive comparison of traditional macroeconomics with the theory of modern neo-ricardianism is carried out. A new model of the historical devel-opment of macroeconomic knowledge is presented, which makes it possible to more clearly iden-tify and more effectively solve its main problems. The existing models of economic equilibrium and growth are critically and constructively analyzed, the concepts of economic regulation based on the system of social parameters are considered.
Recommended for undergraduates, postgraduates, university professors and researchers specializing in economics.
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Rodionov, Mihail, Ekaterina Guseva, Gennadiy Shabanov, Evgeniy Budkin, and Lidiya Kapkaeva. Ways and means of ensuring continuity of education between a school and a military university (based on the material of mathematics and computer science). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1868917.
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The monograph builds a model of profiling the education of schoolchildren based on the implementation of an integrated elective course of military engineering orientation. The main means of ensuring the effective functioning of this model is a system of educational military-applied tasks, the solution of which is carried out with the help of a certain mathematical apparatus using computer support.
It is shown that an important factor in the implementation of the continuity of relations between the school and the military university is the effective adaptation of junior cadets to the conditions of university education. Accordingly, the adaptive capabilities of the creative educational environment of the military university are revealed.
For students (cadets), postgraduates (adjuncts) and teachers of military and pedagogical universities, as well as for a wide range of readers interested in military training.
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Lindenmayer, David B., and Gene E. Likens. Effective Ecological Monitoring. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100190.
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Long-term monitoring programs are fundamental to understanding the natural environment and effectively tackling major environmental problems. Yet they are often done very poorly and ineffectively. Effective Ecological Monitoring describes what makes successful and unsuccessful long-term monitoring programs.
Short and to the point, it illustrates key aspects with case studies and examples. It is based on the collective experience of running long-term research and monitoring programs of the two authors – experience which spans more than 70 years.
The book first outlines why long-term monitoring is important, then discusses why long-term monitoring programs often fail. The authors then highlight what makes good and effective monitoring. These good and bad aspects of long-term monitoring programs are further illustrated in the fourth chapter of the book. The final chapter sums up the future of long-term monitoring programs and how to make them better, more effective and better targeted.
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Blackman, Melinda. The Effective Interview. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0009.
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The face of the employment interview has been gradually transforming over the past fifty years with the culmination of new research, theory, and practices. Now more than ever, researchers and human resource professionals are demanding interview formats that accurately and reliably predict a plethora of criteria in addition to the job candidate's skill set. No longer is the implementation of the traditional structured interview format sufficient for screening applicants. The effective interview is on its way to being transformed into a multifaceted instrument that aims to surpass the predictive precision of standardized selection tests. This article outlines the impetus of research, theory, and practice that spurred on the interview's transformation and the long-term payoff which employers are receiving from the changes. It gives a glimpse of where the employment interview is headed in the upcoming decade and the factors that make today's employment interview so effective.
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Forman, Evan M., and Meghan L. Butryn. Effective Weight Loss. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190232009.001.0001.
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Millions of people attempt to lose weight every year, but most will not succeed. Simply learning about a new diet and exercise plan is not enough. This book presents 25 detailed sessions of an empirically supported, cognitive-behavioral treatment package called acceptance-based behavioral treatment (ABT) that has now been utilized successfully in five large National Institute of Health–sponsored clinical trials. The foundation of this approach is comprised of the nutritional, physical activity, and behavioral components of the most successful, gold-standard behavioral weight loss packages, such as Look Ahead and the Diabetes Prevention Project. These components are synthesized with acceptance, willingness, behavioral commitment, motivation, and relapse prevention strategies drawn from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Relapse Prevention Therapy. ABT is premised on the idea that specialized self-control skills are necessary for weight control, given our innate desire to consume delicious foods and to conserve energy. These self-control skills revolve around a willingness to choose behaviors that may be perceived as uncomfortable for the sake of a more valuable objective. The treatment focuses on both weight loss and weight loss maintenance and aims to confer lifelong skills that facilitate long-term weight control. The companion Client Workbook contains summaries of session content, worksheets, handouts, and assignments.
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Forman, Evan M., and Meghan L. Butryn. Effective Weight Loss. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190232023.001.0001.
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Millions of people attempt to lose weight every year, but most will not succeed. Simply learning about a new diet and exercise plan is not enough. This book presents 25 detailed sessions of an empirically supported, cognitive-behavioral treatment package called acceptance-based behavioral treatment (ABT) that has now been utilized successfully in five large National Institute of Health–sponsored clinical trials. The foundation of this approach is comprised of the nutritional, physical activity, and behavioral components of the most successful, gold-standard behavioral weight loss packages, such as Look Ahead and the Diabetes Prevention Project. These components are synthesized with acceptance, willingness, behavioral commitment, motivation, and relapse prevention strategies drawn from acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavior therapy and relapse prevention therapy. ABT is premised on the idea that specialized self-control skills are necessary for weight control, given our innate desire to consume delicious foods and to conserve energy. These self-control skills revolve around a willingness to choose behaviors that may be perceived as uncomfortable for the sake of a more valuable objective. The treatment focuses on both weight loss and weight loss maintenance and aims to confer lifelong skills that facilitate long-term weight control. This companion Client Workbook contains summaries of session content, worksheets, handouts, and assignments.
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Roberson, Loriann, Carol T. Kulik, and Rae Yunzi Tan. Effective Diversity Training. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0019.
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Diversity training is an important and widely used component of organizational diversity management initiatives. This chapter reviews theory and research on diversity training design, delivery, evaluation, and effectiveness. The review suggests that in the past 10 to 15 years of research, advancements have been made on several fronts. The research literature on diversity training includes frameworks for pretraining needs assessment, learning models to guide diversity training design choices, and empirical evidence of diversity training’s impact on training outcomes. However, the review also notes two major shortcomings. First, research has emphasized diversity training’s effect on short-term changes in trainees’ knowledge and attitudes, neglecting longer-term changes in their skills and behavior. Second, research has emphasized diversity training’s effect on individual-level learning outcomes, neglecting its impact on team- and organization-level outcomes. These shortcomings are unlikely to be addressed unless scholars and practitioners engage in more collaborative field-based research on diversity training.
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Bhagat, Rabi S. Developing Effective Global Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241490.003.0009.
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This book focuses on organizations that function across dissimilar nations and cultures. These organizations are everywhere, regulating economic rhythms of nations and people on a worldwide scale and at an unprecedented rate. Naturally, scholars and practitioners interested in the study of organizations in dissimilar national contexts need to know more about these social systems, how they evolve, what forces affect them positively, and what affects them negatively. This chapter focuses on the issue of developing effective global organizations. Several guidelines are presented with special emphasis on those that deal with converting a global presence into a major competitive advantage on a sustained scale. The notion that globalization in the 21st century is largely a complex phenomenon characterized by high levels of ambiguities and volatility is emphasized. The strategies that global organizations can adopt in this environment are presented.
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Arnold, Robert M., Anthony L. Back, Walter F. Baile, Kelly A. Edwards, and James A. Tulsky. The Oncotalk/Vitaltalk model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0056.
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Clinicians can, with training, improve their communication skills. In this chapter, we describe an interactive, evidence-based method for teaching clinicians to communicate with seriously ill patients. The programme, Vitaltalk, emphasizes small-group teaching with simulated patients and immediate feedback to allow learners to practice how to give serious news, talk about goals of care, and about what is most important to dying patients. This chapter describes common evidence-based principles used in developing an advanced communication skills programme based on Oncotalk experiences, identifies unique aspects of the learning context within an intensive retreat structure, and illustrates the lessons learned that can be tested in other settings. The programme is effective in improving learners’ communication skills in clinical studies. The growth of this programme in multiple specialties is discussed, as are our plans for disseminating the programme in the future.
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Fiechter, Joshua L., Aaron S. Benjamin, and Nash Unsworth. The Metacognitive Foundations of Effective Remembering. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.24.
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Learners’ success in remembering reflects their strategic approach to the demands that their memory places on them. Differences in success on memory tasks are usually taken to reveal memory ability; but things are more complicated. Memory performance is determined by the interplay of learners’ goals and motivations and the sophistication of the approaches they bring to a particular learning context. Thus, rememberers are burdened with choosing strategies that most efficiently meet their goals, given conditions at encoding or retrieval. Learners must navigate the costs and benefits of engaging select strategies, beginning with simple decisions such as how to distribute study time and ending with complex scenarios where they must infer superior learning strategies following exposure to an alternative strategy. Learners may modulate their use of beneficial strategies in accord with their goals but are much less successful at bringing completely new strategies to bear when the situation calls for them.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. The Genetic Effective Size of a Population. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0003.
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The effects of genetic drift usually assume an idealized population of constant size. This chapter shows how the population size for such an idealized population can be replaced with an effective population size for populations with age structure, unequal sex ratios, a history of expansion or contraction, inbreeding, and population subdivision. These demographic features impact the entire genome more or less equally. A relatively recent understanding is that selection at a site can dramatically reduce the local effective population size experienced by nearby linked sites (the Hill-Robertson effect). This can arise from background selection to remove deleterious new mutations or from selective sweeps wherein favorable new mutations are driven toward fixation. The Hill-Robertson effect is a general way to describe the fact that selection at a site makes selection are other linked sites less efficient, and, therefore, more neutral. This chapter discusses the implications of this finding for genome structure.
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Druckman, James N., and Arthur Lupia. Using Frames to Make Scientific Communication More Effective. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.38.
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Science can serve as a valuable foundation for the making of public policy. For science to have this effect, it must be effectively communicated to individuals, organizations, and institutions. Effective science communication often involves frames that highlight particular aspects of a scientific finding or issue. This chapter discusses ways in which frames can be used to facilitate effective scientific communication—particularly we explore the impact of frames with regard to attention limitations, political polarization, and the politicization of science. We also highlight unanswered questions and challenges. The main lesson of this chapter is that there are certain conditions under which choosing particular frames yields more effective communication. While understanding these conditions does not guarantee success, it can help science communicators avoid common mistakes.
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Fenton, Lynne, Brian Rothberg, Laura Strom, Allison M. Heru, and Mesha-Gay Brown. Integrative Care Model for Neurology and Psychiatry. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0019.
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Nonepileptic seizures resemble epileptic seizures but lack epileptiform activity on an electroencephalogram and presumably have psychopathologic origins. Psychiatric comorbidities are common, and effective management requires psychiatric treatment. Unfortunately, many patients fear that seeing a psychiatrist implies their episodes are not being taken seriously and that their neurologist might perceive them as producing their symptoms willfully. Patients might feel abandoned if their neurologist refers them to a psychiatrist and indicates that they no longer need to be seen by the neurologist. Consequently, patients often resist undergoing psychiatric evaluation. To help address this problem our team piloted a program integrating psychiatric and neurologic approaches, placing a therapeutic treatment group within the neurology outpatient department. This chapter reviews the clinical features of non-epileptic seizures, including diagnosis and treatment, and presents our team’s integrated treatment approach.
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Scott, Victoria Chien, and Greg Meissen. Leading the Way. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190457938.003.0007.
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There are numerous leadership opportunities and a great need for more effective leadership in the nonprofit sector. While community leadership is one of the 18 community psychology competencies, it is rarely addressed by community psychologists or taught in community psychology graduate education programs. In this chapter, a framework and rationale for community leadership is provided along with ideas and encouragement for community psychologists to become more intentional in using a community leadership framework. Principles for effectively working with and within nonprofits are provided along with the qualities needed for effective leadership. Community psychology students are motivated to work in the nonprofit sector because they care deeply about the social justice and health issues addressed by these organizations, so we included ideas for how students could develop a leadership framework and pursue experience with nonprofits as part of their education. Working with the assumption that all community psychology activity should have empowerment as one of its outcomes, a community leadership framework ensures giving voice to nonprofit staff and those they serve.
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Planning Managing Effective Reading Instruction Across The Content Areas A Strategic Timesaving Guide With Planning Sheets Model Lessons And More To Help You Boost Students Comprehension And Learning. Scholastic Teaching Resources, 2010.
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Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., and Charles Glisson. Building Cultures and Climates for Effective Human Services. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.001.0001.
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This book explains how organizational culture and climate affect the quality and outcomes of human services and describes the Availability, Responsiveness, and Continuity (ARC) model of organizational effectiveness that the authors developed for improving social service, behavioral health, health care, and other human service organizations. The authors summarize decades of practice and research experience, including organizational improvement efforts, randomized controlled trials, and nationwide studies with hundreds of human services organizations. The book provides a balance between the use of empirical data and applied examples in explaining how human services can be improved. By combining numerous case examples and experiential knowledge with decades of organizational research, readers learn about empirically proven approaches tested in real organizations that are supported with case examples of organizational change. The book explains that creating the organizational social contexts necessary for providing effective services requires three types of organizational strategies. These strategies include organizational tools for identifying and addressing service barriers, principles for aligning organizational priorities to guide improvement, and the development of shared mental models among organizational members to support the principles and tools.
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Basu, Sanjay. Modeling Health Interventions. Edited by Sanjay Basu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667924.003.0005.
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This chapter examines one of the most common and useful ways to understand complex public health and healthcare interventions: the Markov model. A Markov model is a representation of health or disease that expands well beyond the simple queuing model created in Chapter 4. In this chapter, the author uses Markov models to expand analysis to many more possible states, such as multiple stages of disease, to identify how effective or cost-effective our public health and healthcare programs might be. Markov models are highly flexible and allow for an infinite variety of diseases or interventions to be simulated and understood, which is why they are among the most popular tools for public health and healthcare research.
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Huda, Ahmed Samei. The Medical Model in Mental Health. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807254.001.0001.
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The medical model is a biopsychosocial model assessing a patient’s problems and matching them to the diagnostic construct using pattern recognition of clinical features. Diagnostic constructs allow for researching, communicating, teaching, and learning useful clinical information to influence clinical decision-making. They also have social and administrative functions such as access to benefits. They may also help explain why problems occur. Diagnostic constructs are used to describe diseases/syndromes and also other types of conditions such as spectrums of conditions. Treatments in medicine and psychiatry have several treatment objectives including cure or reducing distress and a variety of mechanisms of action apart from reversing disease/cure. Causation of conditions in medicine and psychiatry are often complex. The medical model allows doctors to assess and offer effective treatments to large numbers of patients and provide emergency cover. Diagnostic constructs in psychiatry and general medicine overlap for attributes such as clinical utility (e.g. predicting likely outcomes) and validity (e.g. lack of boundaries between different diagnostic constructs) and importance of social factors. There is an overlap in effectiveness between psychiatric and general medicine treatments and many general medicine medications do not reverse disease processes. Different mental health classifications have particular strengths and weaknesses for clinical, research, and social functions. Mental health research into understanding causes and mechanisms may need other classifications than diagnosis. As doctors in all specialties encounter mental health problems, there will always be psychiatric diagnostic constructs compatible with their training. Mental health research and service provision will always need to address psychosocial issues.
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Solymar, L., D. Walsh, and R. R. A. Syms. The band theory of solids. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0007.
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The solution of Schrodinger’s equation is discussed for a model in which atoms are represented by potential wells, from which the band structure follows. Three further models are discussed, the Ziman model (which is based on the effect of Bragg reflection upon the wave functions), and the Feynman model (based on coupled equations), and the tight binding model (based on a more realistic solution of the Schrödinger equation). The concept of effective mass is introduced, followed by the effective number of electrons. The difference between metals and insulators based on their band structure is discussed. The concept of holes is introduced. The band structure of divalent metals is explained. For finite temperatures the Fermi–Dirac function is combined with band theory whence the distinction between insulators and semiconductors is derived.
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Swann, Thomas. Anarchist Cybernetics. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529208788.001.0001.
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Through a focus on control (self-organisation) and communication (alternative social media platforms), Anarchist Cybernetics explores the structures and functions of radically participatory and democratic organisation. Discussing some of the structures that organisations can build that allow their members to directly control how the organisation behaves, the book takes inspiration from an often-misunderstood concept: cybernetics. Building of the work of cybernetician Stafford Beer and providing a radical reading of his Viable System Model, Anarchist Cybernetics makes a unique and timely contribution both to academic debates around anarchist organisation and radical politics more generally and to broader public debates about how organisations can be democratised to allow for more participation by their members. With continuing discussions around the world about popular sovereignty and ‘taking back control’, the book outlines a clear set of proposals for how organisations can function effectively in radically democratic ways. While other contributions to these discussions often priorities one side of the communication-organisation relationship over the other, Anarchist Cybernetics addresses both and show how they are interrelated and that effective organisation demands a consideration of both.
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Pade, Patricia, Laura Martin, and Sophie Collins. Treating Substance Use Disorders in Integrated Care Settings. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0014.
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Addiction and substance use disorders (SUDs) are extremely prevalent and are commonly encountered in the primary care setting. The traditional separation of SUD treatment from mainstream medicine has not been an optimal model of effective patient care. Primary care providers can play a crucial role in the recognition, intervention, and treatment of SUDs. This chapter provides an overview of the assessment process, intervention strategies, and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments that can be effectively implemented in an integrated care environment or primary care setting for a variety of SUDs. The integration of SUD treatment into integrated care environments holds the promise of improving acceptability to patients, decreasing the stigmatization of SUDs, enhancing satisfaction for providers, and improving outcomes for patients.
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Bhagat, Rabi S. Cultural Variations and the Global Organization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241490.003.0007.
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Cultural variations present significant challenges for managers, customers, and clients of global organizations. Cultures of the nations are enduring differences that have evolved for centuries and do not change easily. Without adequate consideration of cultural variations, the effective functioning of global organizations is nearly impossible. The classification of cultures on a national scale that is based on careful analysis should provide the context for expanding the operations of global organizations across nations. Some cultures function more effectively by taking into account the role of relationships, whereas others are more governed by rules and regulations that have existed for centuries. Working across these two distinct types of cultures is considerably difficult. This chapter discusses various strategies for dealing with such cultural differences. The topics of cultural intelligence, cultural sensitivity, cultural competence, and cultural distance among nations are presented.
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Catherine A, Rogers. Part I Mapping the Terrain, 2 Arbitrators, Barbers, and Taxidermists. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198713203.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses the debates on arbitrator regulation — more specifically, the ways in which international arbitration is over-regulated, under-regulated, less regulated than others, or not regulated at all. The issue in itself is a complex one, uniquely interwoven into the procedures and market conditions under which arbitrators are selected and appointed, therefore categorizing these procedures into an easy binary of over-regulated and under-regulated cannot suffice. In a way, the processes are both over- and under-regulated. The highly strategic nature of the selection process, combined with imperfections in the market for arbitrator services present added complications for effectively regulating the professional conduct of arbitrators. Despite these challenges, the current forms of arbitrator regulation are at least generally more effective than might be supposed in the absence of traditional forms of professional regulation.
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Johnson, Hannah. Gender Sensitive Scrutiny: A Guide to More Effective Law-Making and Oversight. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2022.1.
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Gender is a key area of focus for the INTER PARES programme and is mainstreamed across all its pillars. For the European Union, the ‘Gender Action Plan III’ (European Commission and High Representative, 2020b) is the blueprint for building a gender-equal world. A key pillar is making EU engagement on gender equality more effective as a cross-cutting priority of EU external action in its policy and programming work. This guide aims to be a tool that can be used in a concrete way by parliamentary staff and is inspired by the experience of working with partner parliaments of the INTER PARES project.
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Stewart, Jessica Ann, L. Mark Russakoff, and Jonathan W. Stewart. Pharmacotherapy, ECT, and TMS. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0016.
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Physicians’ attention to patients’ concerns and attitudes about taking medication will engender adherence, as will close monitoring of potentially disconcerting side effects. The primary indication for antipsychotic medications is the treatment of psychotic disorders and mania, even in the absence of psychosis. The more troublesome side effects of antipsychotic medications include increased appetite and weight gain; extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Antidepressants are effective for treating depressive illness, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. They are also often used effectively in the treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and somatic symptom disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally well tolerated. Other important categories of medications include mood stabilizers and anxiolytics.
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Martin, Philip. Recruiter Incentives and Alternatives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808022.003.0008.
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The stick of enforcement has not been sufficient to persuade recruiters to obey laws protecting low-skilled migrants, so this chapter turns to the carrot of incentives to induce recruiter compliance. I review micro-incentives to induce recruiter compliance, including faster processing, exemptions from taxes or subsidies, and awards; and macro-incentives including consolidation into fewer and larger recruiters, allowing foreign employers to recruit workers directly, and favoring long-term employer–recruiter partnerships. A review of comparisons between recruiters who move workers over borders and contractors who move workers between farms and construction sites within a country suggests that regulating recruiters effectively is difficult, which is a justification for bilateral labor agreements that eliminate private recruiters. The most effective of these agreements are subsidized by migrant-receiving governments, and most admit relatively few workers.
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Chen, Ruey-Lin. Experimental Individuation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636814.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the problem of individuation from the perspective of experimental practices. In previous work, the author suggests a conception of experimental individuality (defined by separability, manipulability, and maintainability of structural unity) extracted from experimental individuation whose process and conditions in turn are the topic of this chapter. The author identifies the creation of individuals in experimenting as the ontological mode of experimental individuation and the presentation of individuals as the epistemological mode. Three experimental cases (the creation of Bose-Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates and the presentation of individual genes) are examined to explain the two modes. The author argues that effective experimental mechanisms and operative conditions for maintaining the structural unity of experimented entities when those entities are separated and manipulated occur in both modes of experimental individuation.
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Radley, Keith C., and Evan H. Dart, eds. Handbook of Behavioral Interventions in Schools. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190843229.001.0001.
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Teachers face a number of challenges when educating students. While tasked with providing effective instruction, teachers are also required to manage student behavior. Prevalence of student problem behavior is a strong indicator of failing schools, with problem behavior being correlated with reduced academic achievement, truancy, bullying, and loss of teacher time. Given the increased focus on school and teacher accountability, there also has been an increased demand for intervention programs that may effectively reduce levels of problem behavior in school settings. Though many practices have been found to be effective in modifying behavioral trajectories, researchers have often found that evidence-based practices are underutilized in applied settings. Given that many empirically supported interventions have failed to be widely adopted, this book provides school-based personnel (in training and practice) with a thorough description of the application of behavioral interventions in schools. Interventions are described in terms of a tiered model of service delivery. For intervention strategies described, case examples are provided to illustrate application of the described strategies. Additionally, book chapters have been developed to align with the Behavior Analysis Certification Board Task List (5th ed.). The book walks trainees and practitioners through the entire process of assessment of problem behaviors to intervention and progress monitoring.
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Yuliani, Dewi. Is Feed-In-Tariff Policy Effective for Increasing Deployment of Renewable Energy in Indonesia? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0008.
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To achieve the targeted portion of renewable energy and to attract more investment in renewable electricity Indonesia’s government has issued several feed-in-tariff regulation, which is policy instrument successfully applied in many countries. This study is an exploratory research to evaluate how the policy works in Indonesia, especially in the field. The study shows that while the policy triggers investment interests, many obstacles are encountered due to imperfections in the feed-in-tariff policy package, and other non-cost factors. Several unanticipated side effects were also identified as consequences of the upturn in investment interest, indicating that transition to cleaner energy is much more challenging for developing countries such as Indonesia.
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Woodroffe, Rosie, and Christl A. Donnelly. European badgers and the control of bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0020.
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The European badger has become infamous because of its incompletely understood role in the spread of bovive tuberculosis to cattle, despite in actuality being directly implicated in only 5.7% of herd breakdowns. Randomised Badger culling trial data suggest that badger culling could make only a limited contribution to TB eradication in Britain. Surviving badgers in both proactive and reactive culling areas immigrate into the surrounding area, which generally worsens the rate of cattle herd breakdowns by around 25% in these areas. While badger vaccination appears promising as a potential TB control tool, there is not yet sufficient evidence to judge its effectiveness. Free shooting of badgers has proven less effective than hoped, failing to reach cull targets. Furthermore, instances of badger suffering have been reported. Consequently, controlling TB through badger management remains technically, ethically and politically challenging and alternative approaches directed at cattle are likely to be more effective.
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Bülte, Jens, Barbara Felde, and Christoph Maisack, eds. Reform des Tierschutzrechts. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748928478.
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How can the current animal welfare law be changed to protect animals more effectively? This work assesses and evaluates the necessary changes to the legal situation. Furthermore, the work contains a proposal for a new animal protection law with specifications for animal husbandry, animal experiments, animal transports, a penal norm and the instrument of the nationwide valid association complaint for animal protection officers and recognized animal protection organizations. Long-standing demands, e.g. for effective fire protection regulations for animal stables, bans on certain forms of husbandry and a ban on the exhibition of wild animals in circuses, are also taken up and specifications permissible under European law are formulated. With contributions by Prof. Dr. Jens Bülte; Anna-Lena Dihlmann, LL.B.; Ri’in Dr. Barbara Felde; RAin Linda Gregori and RiAG a.D. Dr. Christoph Maisack and an introduction by Renate Künast.
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Lewis, Cara C., Enola K. Proctor, and Ross C. Brownson. Measurement Issues in Dissemination and Implementation Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0014.
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The National Institutes of Health, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the CDC, and a number of private foundations have expressed the need for advancing the science of dissemination and implementation. Interest in dissemination and implementation research is present in many countries. Improving health care requires not only effective programs and interventions, but also effective strategies to move them into community based settings of care. But before discrete strategies can be tested for effectiveness, comparative effectiveness, or cost effectiveness, context and outcome constructs must be identified and defined in such a way that enables their manipulation and measurement. Measurement is underdeveloped, with few psychometrically strong measures and very little attention paid to their pragmatic nature. A variety of tools are needed to capture health care access and quality, and no measurement issues are more pressing than those for dissemination and implementation science.
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Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., and Charles Glisson. Conclusion and Future Challenges for Improving Human Service Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0014.
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This concluding chapter suggests that future research and development efforts focus on four interrelated areas. These four areas, together, describe how more specific information about the ARC strategies can increase the capacity for improving human services. The authors argue that the emphasis on evidence-based practices should be expanded to include strategies that focus on the organization’s social context. Knowing which strategies are most effective to alter specific OSC profiles and knowing the sequence of strategies that are most effective for targeted outcomes will allow organizations to tailor improvement efforts with the greatest efficiency. The chapter calls for more information about how an array of strategies can be used most efficiently by an organization to target outcomes over an extended period and how to determine, a priori, the optimal application of the various strategies necessary to achieve success with the least amount of resources.
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Barnett, Michael N., Jon C. W. Pevehouse, and Kal Raustiala, eds. Global Governance in a World of Change. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108915199.
Full textAbstract:
Global governance has come under increasing pressure since the end of the Cold War. In some issue areas, these pressures have led to significant changes in the architecture of governance institutions. In others, institutions have resisted pressures for change. This volume explores what accounts for this divergence in architecture by identifying three modes of governance: hierarchies, networks, and markets. The authors apply these ideal types to different issue areas in order to assess how global governance has changed and why. In most issue areas, hierarchical modes of governance, established after World War II, have given way to alternative forms of organization focused on market or network-based architectures. Each chapter explores whether these changes are likely to lead to more or less effective global governance across a wide range of issue areas. This provides a novel and coherent theoretical framework for analysing change in global governance.
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Blonigen, Daniel M., John W. Finney, Paula L. Wilbourne, and Rudolf H. Moos. Psychosocial Treatments for Substance Use Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0023.
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The most effective psychosocial modalities for treating substance use disorders are cognitive-behavioral interventions, motivational interviewing and motivational enhancement, contingency management, community reinforcement, behavioral couples and family therapies, and 12-step facilitation approaches. The foci of these interventions include substance use behavior, patients’ life contexts, and their social and personal resources. Limited evidence is available for these interventions’ differential effectiveness. Brief interventions are highly effective in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. However, as stand-alone treatments, they are best suited for individuals with mild to moderate alcohol use problems. Therapists who are interpersonally skilled, empathic, and nonconfrontational, and who develop a strong therapeutic alliance, are more effective at helping patients achieve better outcomes.
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Murray, E. Lee, and William C. Barrow. Vascular Disease. Edited by Karl E. Misulis and E. Lee Murray. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259419.003.0016.
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Stroke is the most common reason for neurologic admission or consultation in many hospitals, especially in those which are certified stroke centers. Evaluation and management has become more effective but also more complex. Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are discussed.
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Makela, Susanna, Yajuan Si, and Andrew Gelman. Graphical Visualization of Polling Results. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.12.
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This chapter argues that it is wasteful to do a large, expensive poll and then just report a few percentages. Statistical modeling allows researchers to make the most effective use of available data, and graphs make it possible to convey more information more directly, both to general audiences and to specialists. Graphs are an invaluable tool at each step of the modeling process: exploring raw data, building and refining the model, and understanding and communicating the results are all made easier with graphs. In addition, graphical methods can be useful to survey researchers to understand weighting and other aspects of survey construction and analysis. The chapter includes several examples.
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Minbashian, Amirali. Within-Person Variability in Performance. Edited by David G. Collings, Kamel Mellahi, and Wayne F. Cascio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758273.013.27.
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Understanding individual performance at work is an important element in developing effective talent-management systems. Although research on individual performance has largely addressed between-person differences in performance, more recently, focus has been on within-person variability in performance. This chapter reviews the literature on within-person variability. A model of individual performance is presented that incorporates short-term and long-term within-person performance variability and individual differences. The benefits of the model as a framework for explaining individual performance are outlined, as are its implications for the conceptualization of talent and the development of talent-management systems. Specific talent-management practices with respect to employee assessment and employee motivation are discussed.
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Healey, John H., and David McKeown. Orthopaedic surgery in the palliation of cancer. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0125.
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Metastatic spread of cancer to bone is frequent and causes pain, disability, and functional limitation. New understanding of the homing method of cancer cells to bone and the mechanism of cancer production of pain raise possible new treatment strategies. Non-surgical treatments such as chemotherapy and hormone therapy are effective in early disease. Bisphosphonates and inhibition of osteoprotegerin prevent progression of bone lesions and avoid pain, radiation, and surgery. Radiotherapy arrests disease and relieves pain in many cases. Surgery is needed when the bone is weak or fractured. It effectively relieves pain and preserves function. It usually requires replacing or bypassing the deficient bone with site-specific reconstructive surgery. Surgery should be selected based on projections of patient survival. New tools to make these projections have been validated and are now available. New targeted drug therapies appear to be changing metastatic bone disease into a more chronic condition. This will alter the management of local disease in many histological subtypes of metastatic cancers.
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Loraine, Sievers, and Daws Sam. Ch.10 Concluding Reflections. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199685295.003.0010.
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This concluding chapter reflects on the insights made in the preceding chapters, which themselves reveal that the procedures of the Security Council are extensive, complex, versatile, and progressive. But of course, Council procedures have also been met with criticism. Dissatisfaction with the procedures of the Security Council was one key element which led to a heightened interest in Security Council reform. However, the Council has in fact made a serious and sustained effort to adopt new methods to render its proceedings more efficient and effective, though its improvements have been underestimated. The dialogue over the Council's working methods can thus become more productive if the Security Council members and the wider UN membership keep in mind their shared interest in the effective implementation of effective decisions by the Council.
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Lebovitz, Harold E., and Shlomo Ben-Haim. Novel technologies: What does gastric electrical stimulation offer to the patient with type 2 diabetes and depression? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0014.
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Owing to the epidemiologic dimensions of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and depression, the development of novel and effective treatment options for these conditions is of great importance. One of the major challenges in this field is that many antidiabetic and antidepressive drugs may have disadvantageous metabolic effects by increasing weight and worsening insulin resistance. Novel technologies more effectively considering the pathophysiological changes related to this entity are needed. The DIAMOND electrical stimulation device improves glycaemic control, causes weight loss and decreases systolic blood pressure in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. The DIAMOND device detects food ingestion and automatically activates its postprandial metabolic effects. It does so with minimal side effects, no hypoglycaemia, modest weight loss, minimal requirement for self-blood glucose monitoring, and improvement in eating behaviour. The properties of DIAMOND treatment suggest that it may have merit for treating patients with comorbid diabetes and depression.
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Waltman, Max. Pornography. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197598535.001.0001.
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This book assesses American, Canadian, and Swedish legal challenges to the explosive spread of pornography and its contribution to violence against women within their significantly different democratic systems and constructs a political and legal theory for effectively challenging the sex industry under law. The obstacles are exposed as more ideological and political than strictly legal, although they often play out in the legal arena. The pornography industry is documented to exploit vulnerable populations in making its materials. A thorough analytical review of empirical studies that use complementing methods demonstrates that using pornography substantially contributes to consumers becoming more sexually aggressive, on average desensitizing them and contributing to a demand for more subordinating, aggressive, and degrading materials. Consumers often wish to imitate pornography with unwilling partners; many demand sex from prostituted people, who have few or no alternatives. Most young men regularly consume pornography. Legal challenges to the harms are shown to be more effective under legal systems that promote equality and when the laws empower those most harmed, in contrast to state-enforced regulations (e.g., criminal obscenity laws). Drawing on feminist theory, among others, this book argues that pornography is among the linchpins of sex inequality, contending that a civil society forum can empower those harmed, with representatives who have more substantial incentives to address them. This book explains why democracies fail to address the harms of pornography and offers a political and legal theory for making the necessary changes. The insights can be applied to other intractable problems of hierarchy.
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Ross, Robert, and Brian Fuehrlein. Levomethadyl Acetate versus Buprenorphine versus Methadone for Opioid Dependence. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0050.
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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on substance use disorders. Which of the following is most effective for treatment of opioid dependence: levomethadyl acetate, buprenorphine, high-dose methadone, or low-dose methadone? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case. The study demonstrates that buprenorphine, high-dose methadone, and levomethadyl acetate are equally effective in the treatment of opiate use disorder. All three treatments are significantly more effective than low-dose methadone.
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Lim, G. C., and Paul D. McNelis. Tax-Rate Rules for Reducing Government Debt. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.5.
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This chapter uses an example to demonstrate the steps of specifying, calibrating, solving, and simulating a macroeconomic model in order to evaluate alternative policies for reducing domestic public debt. It extends the simple closed-economy New Keynesian model by incorporating the zero lower bound and asymmetric wage adjustment (in which wages are much more rigid in the downward direction). We examine the dynamics of adjustment, given a sharp increase in government debt due to a once-only big increase in spending. We find that selective tax-rate rules, incorporating a degree of tax relief in a period of fiscal consolidation, are effective instruments for rapidly reducing the overhang of a large stock of public debt.
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Williams, Nick. The Diaspora and Returnee Entrepreneurship. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190911874.001.0001.
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This book analyses the role that the diaspora play when returning as entrepreneurs to their homeland. Returnee entrepreneurs are defined as individuals who have moved away from their home country and lived as part of the diaspora, and have later returned home to live, invest, or both. With increased movements of people around the world, the role of transnational economic activity is becoming ever more significant, yet little is still understood about the motivations and contribution of those who return to their homeland to undertake entrepreneurial activity. The book examines return to post-conflict economies, with the returnees initially forced to move due to war. In doing so, it examines policy approaches to return and the intentions of returnees, and highlights the important role that emotional attachment plays in harnessing return. The book recognises the undoubted potential of diaspora entrepreneurs to benefit their homeland. Yet it also recognises the challenges in doing so. Not all diaspora entrepreneurship will be beneficial. Not all policy interventions will be effective, despite good intentions. Yet the lessons contained within this book are that by understanding the challenges and opportunities associated with diaspora return entrepreneurship, more effective strategies can be put in place.
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Mumford, Michael D., Tyler J. Mulhearn, Logan L. Watts, Logan M. Steele, and Tristan McIntosh. Leader Impacts on Creative Teams. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0006.
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Although many variables influence the creativity of teams, leadership has been found to be one of the more important influences. In the present effort, a tripartite model describing the key functions leaders must perform to encourage team creativity is proposed. This model holds that leadership of creative teams requires complex thinking skills. In addition, leaders must be able to plan creative projects, and they must be able to sell these projects to others. Finally, leaders must build the psychological, or creative, capital of team members. The implications of these observations for effective leadership of creative teams and the development of leadership potential are discussed.
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Hornsey, Matthew J., and Jolanda Jetten. Stability and Change Within Groups. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.10.
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This chapter examines the psychological tensions between protecting the status quo within groups and engaging in intragroup change. In the first section we review two research traditions that imply self-reinforcing cycles of stability and preservation of the status quo: (a) research on conformity and the punishment of deviance and (b) research examining biases toward shared knowledge in small decision-making groups. In the second section we provide the counterpoint to these theoretical traditions, exploring several reasons why, despite psychological pressures that appear to favor majority opinions and shared assumptions, intragroup change and reform is a robust reality of group life. In the third and final section of this chapter we move on to examine who within the group is most likely to push for change; who within the group is more effective at pushing for change; and what are the effective strategies for initiating change.
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Abdul Talib, Yurita Yakimin, and Rosli Mohamad. Microsoft Excel: Preparing Data, Analysing Data and Designing a Business Model A Practical Guide. UUM Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672363200.
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Microsoft Excel: Preparing Data, Analysing Data and Designing a Business Model A Practical Guidewill be a useful manual for readers who intend to master various functionalities offered in a spreadsheet application. The module serves as a teaching material, mainly for accounting program students, lecturers, financial analysts, accountants, and other interested parties. This textbook that comprises of eight chapters employs the Microsoft Excel, one of the most commonly used and popular spreadsheet applications, to demonstrate the applications of essential functionalities available in the spreadsheet applications. This application becomes one of the primary analytical tools in todays business. Excel functions, if used wisely and effectively, are capable of transforming business data into meaningful and valuable information.
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Marran, Christine L. Ecology without Culture. University of Minnesota Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9781517901585.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces my concept of the “biotrope” to navigate the broader question of why and how the material world has proven to be such an effective medium for representing culture. It then argues that ecocriticism needs to be more skeptical about cultural claims. The chapter then shows how literature, poetry, and film are at their most critical and effective when they are not made to replicate our desire for a world that appears to be made by and for specific human collectives or the anthropos.