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1
Cropper, Paul Edward. "A kinetic template effect in arylphosphonium salt formation." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1988. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19513/.
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This thesis describes studies of a "kinetic template effect" which assists the formation of arylphosphonium salts from aryl halides and tertiary phosphines in the presence of a transition metal halide catalyst in refluxing ethanol. The "kinetic template effect" arises from the presence in the aryl halide of a limited range of orthosubstituents capable of intramolecular coordination with the metal at a critical stage of the reaction. In Chapter One, the "kinetic template effect" is compared with the better known "thermodynamic template effect". Earlier work on related "kinetic template effects" in the formation of aryl-phosphorus bonds is reviewed. The evidence for the possible involvement of aryl-metal intermediates in such reactions is also discussed. Chapter Two is concerned with the design and synthesis of potential template molecules. A model is proposed for the features necessary in the template substituent in terms of the nature and position of the donor atom or group essential for the replacement of the ortho-halogen under mild conditions. Chapter Three describes a kinetic study of the nickel (II) catalysed reactions of ortho-haloaryl Schiff's base and ortho-haloarylazo-dyestuff templates with tertiary phosphines. A rate law is deduced which indicates a first order dependence in each reactant, i.e. rate a [template] [phosphine] [catalyst], an overall third order expression. Rate studies also indicate that the nature of the orthohalogen is important, the order of replacement being I > Br > Cl. The effects of substituents remote from the ortho-haloaryl template are also considered. A mechanistic scheme consistent with the rate data is proposed. The X-ray crystal structures of two arylphosphonium salts derived from template aryl halides are discussed in Chapter Four, providing unequivocal proof that the position of replacement of halogen in substrates bearing more than one replaceable halogen, in different positions, is ortho with respect to the template donor group.
2
Steward, Scott D. "The Effect of Salt Splash on Nylon 6,6." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35635.
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One of the most common environmental exposures that nylon undergoes, when used for automotive applications, is that of salt splash, which commonly occurs during winter driving. This study looks at the effect of various salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2) on the thermal and mechanical properties of nylon when exposed to one and four molar aqueous salt solutions. It was found that the diffusion of salt solutions into nylon 6,6 occurred in a pseudo-Fickian manner. Also, it was found that the presence of salt had an effect on the rate of decrease of yield stress with increasing exposure time. The presence of residual salt was found to accelerated deterioration of nylon 6,6, possibly via hydrolysis. In addition, it was found that residual salt was left after water was removed from the system and that this salt was removable.Master of Science
3
Andrade, Maria Isabel. "PHYSIOLOGY OF SALT TOLERANCE IN GUAR, CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA (L.) TAUB." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275416.
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Morita, Tateo 1958. "Effect of inbreeding on germination salt tolerance in alfalfa." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276644.
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The performance of an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) population has been improved by recurrent selection for germination salt tolerance. However, recurrent selection may lead to increased inbreeding. Since alfalfa is subject to severe inbreeding depression, accumulation of inbreeding during the selection process may negatively affect performance. This experiment was designed to determine the effects of inbreeding on germination performance in alfalfa under saline and non-saline conditions. The germination performance of seed having three different levels of inbreeding as examined. No adverse effects of inbreeding were observed in non-saline conditions. Consistent (but nonsignificant) declining trends were observed in germination percentage in saline conditions as the level of inbreeding increased. Proportionately larger declines were observed between generations in germination speed and early seedling vigor. These results suggest heterozygosity in alfalfa may be maintained simultaneously while recurrent selection for germination salt tolerance is conducted. Moreover, reducing inbreeding during recurrent selection for germination salt tolerance may be more successful if germination speed index or early seeding vigor are used for the measurement.
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Kalifa, Ali. "Salt stress, and phosphorus absorption by potato plants cv. 'Russet Burbank'." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29727.pdf.
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Alm, David Michael. "Comparison and interaction of heat and salt stress in cultured tobacco cells." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/445616.
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Cultured tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv Wisconsin-38) were subjected to temporary sub-lethal heat and salt shock treatments to determine the effects of these treatments on various physiological parameters after subsequent lethal heat or salt stresses. Tobacco cells developed a tolerance to a non-permissive temperature stress (54C for 14 min) when pretreated with heat shock of 38C for 2h but not when pretreated at 42C for 2h. Cells pretreated at 38 (2h) exhibited less than 30% normal growth when the 54C stress came immediately after the 38C treatment. Tolerance to the 54C stress developed with increased interval between shock and stress with cells exhibiting 95% normal regrowth when the 54C stress was administered 8h after the 38C shock. The developement of heat tolerance was inhibited if heat shock was done in the presence of a non-injuring level of EGTA (.0.5mM). Cells treated with EGTA during heat shock grew normally at 23C but not after a 54C heat stress. EDTA (0.5mM) had little effect on the acquisition of tolerance to heat stress.Wisconsin-38 cells developed a tolerance to a non-permissive salt stress (2% NaCl for 16h) when pretreated at a lower salt level (1.2% NaCl) for 3h. Cells heat shocked at 38C exhibited increased tolerance of the lethal salt stress up to 8h. Conversely, cells heat shocked at 42C exhibited immediate tolerance to lethal salt stress and this tolerance decayed over eight hours. The heat shock-induced acquisition of salt tolerance was inhibited by both EGTA and EDTA.Proteins synthesized during heat and salt stress treatments were labeled with [35S]-methionine and/or [3H]-leucine and separated using Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fluorographic analysis of the gels indicate that a number of proteins are produced in response to heat shock. Similar analysis of proteins from salt shocked cells indicates that no salt shock proteins are produced in response to a brief low-level sodium chloride shock.
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McKimmie, Timothy Irving 1948. "CHARACTERIZATION OF SALT TOLERANCE IN ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276348.
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Atkinson, Janelle. "A salt on the land: The osmolyte production and physiological responses of selected Myrtaceae species exposed to salt and water stress." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2005. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/135.
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Glasshouse trials were conducted on Calothamnus quadrifidus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Melaleuca uncinata
to test relative tolerance and uniformity of response in the Myrtaceae family to salt, waterlogging and salt x waterlogging. Seed sources from both saline (SA) and non-saline areas were used to compare differences in survival, growth and proline production to these stresses.
9
Attumi, Al-Arbe. "Effect of salt stress on phosphorus and sodium absorptions by soybean plants." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20242.
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The radiotracer methodology was combined with the Hoagland solution culture of growing soybean in a greenhouse to investigate the absorptions of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na) as a function of salinity. Salt stress was varied by using zero to 120 mM NaCl. The research was initiated because of a need to increase soybean production in the saline soils of the semi-arid regions of the world. Although P absorption increased with time at each concentration of NaCl, increasing its concentrations ([NaCl]) to 120 mM reduced P uptake considerably. The addition of inorganic P (Pi) to the salt medium improved P absorption significantly (P < 0.0001) in stem, petiole, and roots. Polynomial regressions showed the relationship between 22Na activity and [NaCl] for leaves and petiole to be cubic (R2 = 1) while in the stem a quadratic relationship prevailed. A maximum of P and Na absorption was observed at 40 mM NaCl. The relationship between 32P activity and increasing [NaCl] was linear for the roots (a positive slope) and the stem (a negative slope). 45Ca and 32P dual labelling part of the experiments failed to produce results because an unexpectedly high degree of tissue quenching which prevented from obtaining the minimum counting requirements for separation. Shoot fresh and dry weights decreased linearly with increasing [NaCl] as did the root fresh and dry weights. Leaf chlorophyll content during the last week of the final harvest showed a linear relationship with time. Chlorophyll increased with time linearly when the growth medium contained zero and 40 mM NaCl; whereas a negative slope was obtained for 80 and 120 mM NaCl. It seems that P fertilization of the soil could ameliorate the salt effect. 22 Na uptake results indicated that there is a mechanism for exclusion of Na from soybean plant parts.
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Khrais, Tala. "Evaluation of salt tolerance in potato (Solanum spp.)." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23901.
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This research was carried out to identify salt tolerant potato genotypes in vitro among 131 tetraploid potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum), 9 diploid simple hybrid clones (4 clones of S. chacoense $ times$ S. tuberosum, 4 clones of S. phureja/S. stenotomum $ times$ S. tuberosum, and 1 clone of S. tuberosum $ times$ S. tuberosum), 1 primitive cultivated diploid S. phureja/S. stenotomum accession, 12 tetraploid complex hybrids, and 13 diploid S. chacoense accessions. Four levels of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 120 mM) were used. The cultivars, and the simple and complex hybrids were tested for salt tolerance at the vegetative stage in the nodal cutting bioassay. The thirteen S. chacoense accessions were tested for salt tolerance at the germination and early seedling growth stage, in a seedling bioassay. Eleven of these S. chacoense accessions were further tested at the vegetative stage, in the nodal cutting bioassay. There was a progressive decline in the morphological parameters measured, with increased salt levels, in the nodal cutting bioassay. The parameters were used collectively in ranking the different genotypes, averaged over three NaCl levels (40, 80, and 120 mM). Twenty potato cultivars, two clones of the simple hybrid S. chacoense $ times$ S. tuberosum, and one complex hybrid were all considered salt tolerant at the vegetative stage. Ranking of seven S. chacoense accessions was similar between early seedling growth and later vegetative stage. Two of these accessions were promising as sources of salt tolerance.
11
Woodward, Andrew J. "The use of proline to determine salt tolerance in eucalyptus species and clones." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2004. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/841.
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There have been a number of studies that have examined the Eucalyptus spp. for their salt and waterlogging tolerance: but they have done so using conventional methods. A wide range of plants are known to produce greater amounts of proline when stressed, be it salt, temperature, 'drought or several other types of stress. This study looked at production of proline in salt stressed eucalypts to determine whether it can be used to differentiate between individuals andspecies. A range of Eucalyptus species and salt tolerant clones of E. camaldulensis were grown to investigate their proline response to salt stress.
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Crystal, Susan. "Effect of early pregnancy vomiting on offspring salt taste preference /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9014.
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Zhou, Maoqian 1961. "Nitrogen fixation by alfalfa as affected by salt stress and nitrogen levels." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277231.
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The growth and Nitrogen fixation by one low salt tolerant alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and two germination salt tolerant selections inoculated with were investigated at two salt levels (0, -0.6 Mpa) and two N rates (1, 5ppm) using a system which automatically recirculates a nutrient solution. The high level of salinity (-0.6 Mpa osmotic potential of culture solution) resulted in substantial reduction in the N fixation percentage and total fixed N. The effect of salinity was more pronounced for later cuttings than for the earlier cutting. The N fixation percentages were substantially decreased by increasing N level and the reduction was enhanced by time. The N treatment levels did not exhibit a significant effect on total fixed N. Cultivars did not differ in either growth or N fixation. However, the interaction of N and salinity significantly decreased the percentage and amount of N fixation.
14
Guo, Kunmei. "Functional assessment of the role of cyclic nucleotide-gates channel (CNGC10) and salt overly sensitive (SOS1) antiporter in salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis." University of Western Australia. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0063.
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Control of intracellular ion homeostasis is pivotal to plant salt tolerance. Plants have developed a number of mechanisms to keep ions at appropriate concentrations. Both transporters and channels on the plasma membrane play important roles in this function. Plant cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) in the plasma membrane are non-selective monovalent and divalent cation channels. So far, most studies on plant CNGCs have been conducted on heterologous systems. In planta, reverse genetic studies revealed the role of different CNGCs in cation uptake, transport and homeostasis. However, there is little information available about the functional characteristics of plant CNGCs. Among the 20 members of this protein family in Arabidopsis, only AtCNGC2 has been functionally identified as an ion channel; therefore, more functional characterization needs to be done on other members of this protein family. Several CNGCs were suggested to be involved in K+, Ca2+ and Na+ uptake and transport, but available information is scarce. This study investigated the relationship between CNGC10 and ion transport in Arabidopsis, with a particular emphasis on the involvement of CNGC10 in salt tolerance. Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (WT) and two AtCNGC10 antisense lines (A2 and A3) were used to characterise the impact of different level of salt stress on (i) root growth, ion concentration in tissues, ion fluxes across the root surface and intracellular ion concentration and pH at the seedling stage, and (ii) photosynthesis and ion concentration in tissues at the flowering stage. Plants of both antisense lines had higher K+ and lower Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations in shoots than WT plants when grown in non-salt control 1/4 Hoagland solution. Altered K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ internal concentrations in AtCNGC10 antisense lines compared with WT plants under non-salt conditions indicated disturbed long distance ion transport, especially xylem loading/retrieval and/or phloem loading. The results of ion fluxes across the root surface also suggested that AtCNGC10 might be involved in transport of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in tissue. Under sudden salt exposure, higher Na+ efflux and smaller K+ efflux in both antisense lines suggested that AtCNGC10 channels are involved in Na+ and K+ transport. The shoots of AtCNGC10 antisense lines A2 and A3 contained higher Na+ concentrations and significantly higher Na+/K+ ratios compared to WT, resulting in impaired photosynthesis and increased salt sensitivity in A2 and A3 than in WT plants. In contrast, seedlings of both antisense lines exposed to salt stress had lower shoot Na+/K+ ratios and longer roots than WT seedlings, indicating that A2 and A3 were more salt-tolerant than WT in the seedling stage, likely because growth is less dependent on photosynthesis in the seedling than in the flowering stage. These results suggested CNGC gene might play a different role during different developmental stages and in various plant organs.
15
Robinson, David Lowell 1955. "RECURRENT SELECTION FOR GERMINATION SALT TOLERANCE IN ALFALFA (SALINITY, FORAGES, BREEDING)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277015.
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Marvar, Paul J. "Effect of high salt intake on arteriolar responses to metabolic stimuli." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4696.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 197 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Drake, Arly Marie. "EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON CREEPING BENTGRASS GROWTH AND HEALTH DURING HEAT, SALT, AND COMBINED HEAT AND SALT STRESS." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1546450732510932.
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Badenhorst, Petrus Cornelius. "Identification of molecular markers for Thinopyrum distichum chromosomes contributing to salt tolerance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51794.
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Thesis (MSc.)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The detrimental effect of soil salinity on crop production is a growmg problem worldwide (Tanji, 1990b). The degree to which plants can tolerate high concentrations of salt in their rooting medium is under genetic control with different genetic and physiological mechanisms contributing to salt tolerance at different developmental stages (Epstein & Rains, 1987). Only limited variation exists for salt tolerance in the cultivated cereals. This has prompted attempts to select tolerant progeny following hybridisation of cultivated species and wild, salt-tolerant species. Thinopyrum distichum, an indigenous wheatgrass that is naturally adapted to saline environments (McGuire & Dvorak, 1981), was crossed with triticale (x Triticosecale) in an attempt to transfer its salt tolerance and other hardiness characteristics (Marais & Marais, 1998). The aims of this study were to (i) identify Thinopyrum chromosomes carrying genes for salt tolerance and to identify molecular markers for these chromosomes, (ii) identify a number of diverse monosomic and disomie addition plants. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA), in combination with AFLP, RAPD and DAF marker analysis was implemented to screen for polymorphisms associated with salt tolerance. Five putative AFLP markers and two RAPD markers were detected using bulks composed of salt tolerant plants and bulks composed of salt sensitive plants. The distribution of the markers in these bulks suggests that more than one Thinopyrum chromosome carry genes for salt tolerance. Salt tolerant monosomic and disomie addition plants were characterised for AFLP, RAPD and DAF polymorphisms in an attempt to find markers associated with the chromosome(s) conditioning salt tolerance. One salt tolerant monosomic and one disomie addition plant was identified. One AFLP and two RAPD markers were identified for the Thinopyrum chromosome( s) present in the monosomic addition plant, while three AFLP and three RAPD markers were identified for the disomie addition plant. An attempt was also made to identify diverse chromosome addition plants having complete or near complete triticale genomes plus an additional random Thinopyrum chromosome. Plants with 2n = 43 /44 were identified and characterised for molecular markers (AFLP and RAPD). Cluster analysis was used to group the putative monosomic or disomie addition plants according to the specific Thinopyrum chromosomes they retained. Seventeen AFLP and RAPD markers could be used to group the 24 putative addition plants into six broadly similar groups with different additional Thinopyrum chromosomes. While the members of each group are likely to carry the same additional Thinopyrum chromosomes, this may not necessarily be the case as the interpretation of the marker results is complicated by heterogeneity among plants with regard to the triticale background chromosomes they possess. It is also likely that chromosome translocations occurred during backerossing which may further complicate data. Nonetheless, it is now possible to select disomie addition plants from each group that are likely to represent different Thinopyrum chromosomes. The data will also be useful in future attempts to find further addition plants carrying the remaining Thinopyrum chromosomes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die skadelike effek van grond versouting op gewasproduksie neem wêreldwyd toe (Tanji, 1990b). Die mate waartoe plante hoë konsentrasies sout in die wortelstelsel kan hanteer is onder genetiese beheer en verskillende genetiese en fisiologiese meganismes dra by tot die soutverdraagsaamheid tydens verskillende ontwikkelingstadia (Epstein & Rains, 1987). Slegs beperkte variasie bestaan vir soutverdraagsaamheid in verboude grane. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot pogings om soutverdraagsame nageslag te selekteer na hibridisasie van verboude spesies en wilde, soutverdraagsame spesies. Thinopyrum distichum, 'n inheemse koringgras, wat aangepas is by brak omgewings (McGuire & Dvorak, 1981), is met korog (x Triticosecale) gekruis in 'n poging om die gene vir soutverdraagsaamheid en ander gehardheidseienskappe oor te dra (Marais & Marais, 1998). Die oogmerke van hierdie studie was om (i) Thinopyrum chromosome te identifiseer wat gene bevat vir soutverdraagsaamheid en molekulêre merkers te vind vir hierdie chromosome, (ii) 'n aantal diverse monosomiese en disomiese addisieplante te identifiseer. Bulksegregaatanalise (BSA), gekombineer met AFLP-, RAPD- en DAF-merkeranalise, is gebruik om polimorfismes geassosieerd met soutverdraagsaamheid op te spoor. Vyf moontlike AFLPmerkers en twee RAPD-merkers is geïdentifiseer met gebruik van bulks bestaande uit soutverdraagsame plante en bulks bestaande uit soutgevoelige plante. Die verspreiding van die merkers in soutverdraagsame bulks dui daarop dat meer as een Thinopyrum chromosoom bydra tot soutverdraagsaamheid. Soutverdraagsame, monosomiese en disomiese addisieplante is gekarakteriseer vir AFLP- en RAPD-polimorfismes in 'n verdere poging om merkers te vind vir chromosome betrokke by soutverdraagsaamheid. Een soutverdraagsame monosomiese en een disomiese addisieplant is geïdentifiseer. Een AFLP- en twee RAPD-merkers is geïdentifiseer vir die Thinopyrum chromosoom(e) teenwoordig in die monosomiese addisieplant, terwyl drie AFLP- en drie RAPDmerkers geïdentifiseer is vir die disomiese addisieplant. 'n Poging is ook gemaak om diverse addisieplante te identifiseer met 'n volledige koroggenoom plus 'n addisionele Thinopyrum chromosoom. Plante met 2n = 43 / 44 is geïdentifiseer en gekarakteriseer met molekulêre merkers (AFLP en RAPD). Tros-analise is gebruik om die vermoedelik monosomiese of disomiese addisieplante te groepeer volgens die spesifieke Thinopyrum chromosome wat hulle behou het. Sewentien AFLP- en RAPD-merkers is gebruik om die 24 vermoedelike addisieplante in 6 groepe met verskillende Thinopyrum chromosome te groepeer. Alhoewel dit voorkom of die verskillende plante in 'n groep dieselfde addisionele Thinopyrum chromosoom het, is dit nie noodwendig die geval nie aangesien die interpretasie van die merkers bemoeilik word deur die heterogeniteit tussen die plante wat betref die agtergrond korogchromosome wat hulle besit. Dit is ook moontlik dat chromosoom herrangskikkings plaasgevind het gedurende die terugkruisings, wat die data verder kan bemoeilik. Nietemin, dit is nou moontlik om disomiese addisies te selekteer uit elke groep wat moontlik verskillende Thinopyrum chromosome bevat. Die data kan ook gebruik word om in die toekoms verdere addisieplante te identifiseer wat die oorblywende Thinopyrum chromosome bevat.
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Al-Hagdow, Moftah Moh. "Interactions between sodium and potassium in micropropagated potato cultivars differing in salinity tolerance." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20554.
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The response of in vitro-grown Solanum tuberosum L., cvs. Russet Burbank (RB) (salt-sensitive) and Sierra (S) (salt-tolerant) potatoes was investigated when [NaCl] was increased from 0 to 80 mM in the presence of 6, 20, and 30 mM [K] in a Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. The tested growth parameters, Mg and Ca content, and K+/Na + ratios in the laminae and the roots were negatively affected as [NaCl] increased. The salt stress was relatively severe on growth of RB plants whereas the salt-tolerant (S) variety was affected to a lesser extent. There were indications that Na in the plant may promote Na translocation. In both cultivars, 22Na was not distributed equally in all plant parts; the lower lamina accumulated the highest amount (216 and 183 DPM mg -1 FW) followed by stem (197 and 182), petioles (187 and 168), and the upper lamina (149 and 121) for RB and S, respectively.The salt resistance of S is associated not only with a superior capacity to accumulate high Na+ in the roots for osmotic adjustment, but also with resistance to Na movement to the shoot.
The effect of [K] on plant growth showed two main characteristics. In non-saline media, increasing [K] enhanced growth of S, while RB showed optimum growth when the normal (20 mM) level was present in the MS medium. In saline media, elevating [K] alleviated the growth reduction of RB at low salinity, and S at both low and high salinity. This ameliorative effect of K may be attributed to the suppression of both Na+ uptake, and Na + translocation in the plant.
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LEDBETTER, CRAIG ALLEN. "HERITABILITY OF SALT TOLERANCE DURING GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE IN SHORT STAPLE COTTON (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L.)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183961.
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Soil salinity is a serious problem for farmers in irrigated agriculture. Soil salts cause reduced stands and yields because of toxic ion and osmotic problems for surviving seedlings. The tolerance to sodium chloride during germination and emergence was studied in three commercial cultivars of short staple cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). It is this stage of the life cycle that cotton is most sensitive to salts in the soil solution. The objectives of this study were to increase the tolerance to sodium chloride during germination and emergence and to determine the narrow sense heritability of this factor. Parental cultivars initially demonstrated 15% emergence at -1.2 MPa NaCl. Surviving salt tolerant plants were planted in the field and seeds from these plants were used as the germplasm for the next cycle of salt tolerance selection. Experiments were conducted to determine the relative salt tolerance of all plants at -1.2, -1.4, -1.6, and -1.8 MPa NaCl. Emergence of salt tolerant accessions from the first cycle of selection ranged from 3.1 to 25.8% in the first relative salt tolerance experiment. The average emergence of all accessions taken over all four salinity levels was 8.9% for first cycle plants. After a second cycle of selection for salt tolerance, the average emergence percentage increased to 13.0% over the four salinity levels. Emergence ranged from 0.7 to 32.6% in the second relative salt tolerance experiment. Narrow sense heritability of sodium chloride tolerance during germination and emergence was estimated at 0.38 using data from the first and second relative salt tolerance experiments.
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Slail, Nabeel Younis 1963. "INFLUENCE OF SODIUM-CHLORIDE ON TRANSPIRATION AND PLANT GROWTH OF TWO TOMATO CULTIVARS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276516.
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Seedlings were grown at five salinity levels in Hoagland's solution for 4 weeks. Transpiration, leaf diffusive resistance, leaf temperature and plant growth of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars 'VF 145B' and 'VF 10' were examined at different levels of NaCl ranging from 0 to -12 bars. Salinity-reduced transpiration increased leaf diffusive resistance and increased leaf temperature for both cultivars. Shoot length, root length, shoot and root weight and leaf area were all lower for the two cultivars at increasing salinity levels. However, the two cultivars responded differently to salinity, with VF 10 showing better growth at the control and the -4 bar treatment than VF 145 B. At -9 and -12 bar treatment, the reverse was true. Selection of tomato for salt resistance should not be based on vigorous growth at non-saline conditions because different genes may control the salt tolerance ability of the plants at high salinity levels.
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Lund, Lars. "Effekt av salt på telehiv." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18529.
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Det har i denne oppgaven blitt sett på effekten av salt på telehiv. For å finne effekten av salt på telehiv, og forklaringer på dette fenomenet, har det blitt gjort et litteraturstudie, et feltforsøk og et laboratorieforsøk. Det finnes mye litteratur på telehiv, derimot er det ikke en entydig teori som forklarer mekanismene rundt dannelse av telehiv. Blant annet finnes det fire hovedteorier for hvordan vannoppsuget er med på dannelsen av islinser. Det er i litteraturen vist at salt har betydning på mekanismer rundt dannelse av telehiv. Det har også blitt registrert at økende saltinnhold senker telehiv i laboratorieforsøk og teoretiske modeller. Det finnes også forsøk som viser at salt kan erstatte temperaturgradienten og danne telehiv uten denne temperaturgradienten. Salt har betydning for vannstrømmen i materialet og det er vist at den hydrauliske konduktiviteten går ned ved økende saltinnhold. Det har blitt utført et feltforsøk for å se på effekten av salt rundt sprekker. I litteraturen henvises det til ett prosjekt i USA hvor det vises til lokalt telehiv rundt sprekker. Forklaringen på dette var tilsig av finmateriale, vann og salt i sprekk. I feltforsøket som ble utført i denne oppgaven ble det ikke registrert forandringer rundt sprekker. Dette var heller ikke mulig da det var mangel på frost i forsøksperioden. Til slutt ble det utført et laboratorieforsøk som så på effekten av å tilsette saltløsning av NaCl i prøven. Disse ble sammenlignet med prøver uten salt. Forsøket ble utført med en temperaturgradient og tilgang på saltløsning i bunn av prøven. Resultatet av laboratorieforsøket viser at det var en reduksjon i telehiv med økende saltinnhold. Resultatene viste også redusert vannoppsug med økende saltinnhold, og derav mindre vanninnhold. Det er i litteraturen vist at temperaturgradienten kan erstattes av en saltgradient. I jord med saltgradient finnes derfor to drivkrefter ved dannelse av telehiv, da en temperaturgradient vil finnes in-situ. Det er usikkert hvilken av disse drivkreftene som har mest å si for dannelsen av telehiv. Likevel viste laboratorieforsøket, med temperaturgradient, at salt hadde tydelig effekt på dannelse av telehiv, og at saltkonsentrasjonene varierte som funksjon av dybden i prøven. Resultatene i laboratorieforsøket bekrefter dermed deler av litteraturen som tar for seg salts betydning på telehiv.
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El-Sheikh, Medhat. "Studies on the cellular and molecular basis of salt resistance in a halotolerant Arabidopsis thaliana cell line." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274256.
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Njenga, H. N. "Low pressure and salt effect on the ethanol-water vapour-liquid equilibrium." Thesis, Swansea University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638334.
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Vapour-liquid equilibrium data for the ethanol-water system were obtained at 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 300 and 500 mm Hg absolute pressure. No azeotrope was detected at 70 and 80 mm Hg. Azeotropic data were estimated at other experimental pressures. The VLE data were obtained using a modified Othmer still. A computerised and automatic pressure control system was integrated into the still. An effective Cottrell pump and a new vacuum sampling technique were also incorporated. The data were successfully tested for thermodynamic consistency and thereafter correlated with the NRTL, the Wilson and expansions of the Margules and van Laar equations. The two-parameter Margules and the Wilson equations gave poor correlations. The two-parameter van Laar equation gave relatively good performance. The NRTL and the four-parameter Margules equations gave performances comparable with those of the van Laar equations. After observing the failure of the above equations to predict the correct azeotropic composition, two azeotrope-embedded equations based on the four-parameter Margules and van Laar equations were proposed and tried. Vapour pressure data for ethanol and for water containing between 0 and 0.113 mole fraction potassium acetate were obtained and correlated with the Antoine equation. The effect of potassium acetate on the VLE of the ethanol-water system was studied. Data at 0.053, 0.072, 0.097 and 0.113 mole fraction potassium acetate were obtained. These salt concentrations broke the azeotrope and significantly enhanced the VLE. Minima were observed in the temperature-composition data above 0.8 mole fraction ethanol. The experimental vapour pressure data were used in the correlation of the ternary VLE data using the special binary approach. The correlation was good at low ethanol and salt concentrations but deteriorated at high ethanol concentrations.
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PEREZ, HERNAN EDUARDO EISENHARDT. "SALT CREEP EFFECT ON THE ANNULAR PRESSURE BUILD UP IN SUBSALT WELLS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25705@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEste trabalho apresenta o crescimento de pressão no anular causado pela fluência do sal e relaciona com o cálculo deste fenômeno quanto ao efeito térmico, que é normalmente conhecido por APB (annular pressure build-up). Este fenômeno não é modelado em softwares comerciais e deve ser considerado em poços de pré-sal. O cálculo de APB considera três mecanismos geradores de pressão no anular: expansão térmica do fluido do anular, expansão do tubing e influxo e efluxo do fluido confinado no anular. Mudanças no volume do anular, causados pela fluência do sal, podem ser tratadas como um quarto mecanismo, equivalente ao influxo de fluido no cálculo do APB. O cálculo deste fenômeno pode ser incorporado a um modelo de cálculo acoplado ( multistring casing design ) através da programação do APB causado pelo efeito de expansão térmica dos fluidos confinados e o APB causado pela fluência do sal. Para isso é necessário adotar um modelo constitutivo para descrever o comportamento de fluência desta rocha em função do estado de tensão, perfil de temperatura, tipo de sal, tempo decorrido, energia de ativação e outros fatores. Os efeitos de APB devido à fluência do sal podem ser mais pronunciados quando a sapata do revestimento é assentada em um intervalo de sal com elevado gradiente de sobrecarga e elevado gradiente geotérmico. Não considerar o efeito da fluência do sal no crescimento de pressão do anular (APB) pode causar um dimensionamento inadequado de revestimento ou packoff e levar a perda da integridade do poço.
This paper presents the annular pressure build-up caused by salt creep and link to current calculation of this phenomenon due to thermal effect, which is commonly known as APB. This phenomenon is not currently modeled on commercial software and should be considered in subsalt wells. The calculation of APB considers three generator mechanisms: thermal expansion of annular fluid, influx or efflux and tubing buckling. Changes in the annular volume, caused by salt creep, may be treated as a fourth mechanism, equivalent to the influx in current calculation of APB. The calculation of this phenomenon can be incorporated into a multistring casing design model by programming the thermal expansion effect and the APB caused by salt creep. This requires adopting a constitutive model to describe the creep behavior of rock for differential stress, temperature profile, salt type, salt thermal activation and other factors. When the casing shoe is seated in deep salt sections with high overburden gradient and high temperature from the produced hydrocarbons, effects of APB due to salt creep and thermal effects may be more pronounced. Not considering the salt creep effect in the annular pressure build-up (APB) can lead to inadequate casing design and possible loss of well integrity.
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Bristow, Gwendolyn. "The effect of tidal forcing on iron cycling in intertidal salt marsh sediments." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07102006-112540/.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.Dr. Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Committee Member ; Dr. Ellery Ingall, Committee Member ; Dr. Martial Taillefert, Committee Chair.
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Zhang, Yanling 1955. "Development of in vitro bioassays for determination of salinity tolerance in potato (Solanum spp.)." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35659.
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Salinity problems seriously affect agricultural production by reducing crop yield and arable land. The evaluation of potato genotypes (Solanum spp.) for their salinity (NaCl) tolerance in conventional field trials is time consuming and labour intensive. The results are often confounded by many field and environmental variations. In vitro bioassays can overcome some of these difficulties by providing faster, more convenient and dependable methods for screening and selection of salt tolerant potato genotypes. The objective of this research was to develop in vitro bioassay methods for screening and selection of salt tolerant potato. Under in vitro NaCl stress conditions, seed germination, early seedling growth, and single-node cutting bioassays were used to evaluate salinity tolerance. The selected genotypes were further tested with three in vitro bioassays (single-node cuttings, root tip segments, and microtuberization). The rankings of potato cultivar salinity tolerance were similar in these bioassays. The single-node cutting bioassay was recommended because it was simpler to perform than the root tip segment and microtuberization bioassays and did not exclude certain genotypes as did the microtuberization bioassay. The in vitro bioassay rankings were compared with yield ranking in field lysimeters. In both the in vitro and in vivo saline stress experiments, cvs. Kennebec and Russet Burbank were more salt tolerant than Norland. The tubers and microtubers harvested from previous experiments were tested in the greenhouse to investigate salinity carry-over effect for seed tuber production. There was no apparent residual carry-over effect found. Microtuber yield increase in the presence of low NaCl concentration was induced primarily by specific ion (Na+), and not osmotic effects. This research clearly indicated that in vitro bioassays are relatively simple, rapid, convenient, repeatable, and agree with the field lysimeter results. They can be used to substitute for f
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Loubser, Dalene. "Molecular tagging of Thinopyrum distichum chromosomes involved in salt tolerance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53754.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Much has been written about the effects of soil salinity on plant growth. Its devastating effects have already been reported 2000 years BC. In the 21· century an alarming 80 million hectares of cultivated land area are affected by salt (Munns, 2002a) and represent a growing threat to agriculture. Salt tolerance is a complex trait moderately expressed in only a few plant genotypes (Ruiz, 2001). An attempt to transfer salt tolerance genes from the wild grass, Thinopyrum distichum, to triticale and éommon wheat was initiated by Marais and Marais (2003). A study of Th. distichum x rye hybrids enabled the authors to identify chromosomes 2Jld , 3Jld , 4Jld and SJld as being involved in the determination of salt tolerance. Indirect (yet unconfirmed) evidence suggested that 7Jld might also have a role. A programme aiming to transfer regions of the critical chromosomes to homoeologous triticale chromosomes, which relies heavily on the use of molecular markers, was launched. While an RFLP marker is available for each of the Thinopyrum chromosomes, these are not suited for the screening of large numbers of segregates. This study therefore represents an attempt to convert the RFLP markers into less time consuming and cost-effective SCAR markers. The published DNA sequences of the RFLP probes in question were used as templates to design PCR primers. The PCR reactions were optimised using DNA of Th. distichum, rye and their FI hybrid. When Thinopyrum specific amplification products were obtained, the primers were also tested on a panel of genotypes with and without the target chromosomes. Seemingly polymorphic bands were confirmed by Southern blotting and hybridisation with the corresponding RFLP probes. The primers were also tested on a panel of genotypes that included 'Rex' triticale to ensure that they would also detect a difference in a triticale genetic background during transfer. Polymorphic bands were then isolated and sequenced to further refine the markers. In certain eases, sequences of the same fragment amplified in triticale ('Rex') and Thinopyrum were aligned in an attempt to design more specific markers. Using this approach, it was possible to develop chromosome specific SCARs for Thinopyrum chromosomes 3Jld and 7J2 d . Three and one set(s) of PCR markers, respectively, have been developed and can be used to unequivocally detect the Thinopyrum chromosomes involved in salt tolerance against a triticale background. A SCAR marker was also found for chromosome 6J. Thus, an attempt was made to convert thirteen RFLP probes to SCAR markers. Only three were successfully converted. The main reason for the low success rate is the syntenic relationships between the genomes of the different cereals that made it an arduous- task to find discriminating primer sets. Based on the results obtained, an adapted procedure is suggested for future attempts to develop chromosome specific markers utilizing published sequence information that was obtained for a different species.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Baie is al geskryf oor die uitwerking van grond versouting op plantproduksie. Die vernietigende gevolge van versouting is alreeds 2000 jaar VC gerapporteer. In die 21* eeu is 'n geraamde 80 miljoen hektaar (Munns, 2002a) bewerkte land-area sout-geaffekteerd. Die ontstellende verwikkelinge verteenwoordig 'n groeiende bedreiging vir die landbou. Soutverdraagsaamheid is 'n komplekse kenmerk en slegs enkele plantgenotipes met matige verdraagsaamheid kon nog ontwikkel word (Ruiz, 2001). 'n Poging om soutverdraagsaamheidsgene vanaf die wilde gras, Thinopyrum distichum, na triticale en gewone koring oor te dra, is deur Marais en Marais (2003) geïnisieer. 'n Studie van Th. distichum x rog hibriede het die skrywers in staat gestelom chromosome (2Jld, 3Jld, 4Jld en SJld) wat bydra to soutverdraagsaamheid te identifiseer. Indirekte (maar onbevestigde) aanduidings is gevind dat 7J1dook' n rol mag speel. 'n Program is daarna geloods om segmente van chromosome na homoeoloë triticale chromosome oor te dra, 'n onderneming wat swaar steun op die gebruik van molekulêre merkers. Alhoewel daar'n RFLP merker beskikbaar is vir elk van die Thinopyrum chromosome, is hierdie merkers nie geskik vir die sifting van groot getalle segregate nie. Hierdie studie verteenwoordig 'n poging om die RFLP merkers om te skakel na 'n minder tydrowende en meer koste-effektiewe SCAR merkers. Die gepubliseerde DNS-volgordes van die betrokke RFLP peilers is as templaat gebruik om PKR inleiers te ontwerp. Die PKR reaksies is geoptimiseer deur gebruik te maak van DNS van Th. distichum. rog en hulle FI hibried. In gevalle waar Thinopyrum spesifieke amplifikasie produkte verkry is, is die inleiers ook getoets op 'n paneel van genotipes met en sonder die teikenchromosoom. Skynbare polimorfiese bande is bevestig deur 'n 'Southern' klad te maak en te hibridiseer met die tersaaklike RFLP peiler. Die inleiers is ook getoets op 'n paneel van genotipes waarby 'Rex' triticale ingesluit was om te verseker dat dit ook verskille in 'n triticale genetiese agtergrond opspoor (nodig tydens oordrag). Polimorfiese bande is verder verfyn. Dit is geïsoleer en die DNS-volgorde daarvan is bepaal. Tn sekere gevalle is ooreenstemmende fragmente geamplifiseer in triticale ('Rex') en Thinopyrum. Die volgordes is dan bepaal en met mekaar vergelyk in 'n poging om meer spesifieke merkers te ontwerp. Met die gebruik van hierdie benadering was dit moontlik om chromosoom-spesifieke SCAR-merkers vir die Thinopyrum chromosome 3Jld en 7J2d te ontwikkel. Drie en een stel(le) PKR merkers is onderskeidelik ontwikkel en kan gebruik word om ondubbelsinnig te bepaal of die betrokke Thinopyrum chromosoom segregeer in 'n triticale kruising. 'n SCAR merker is ook gevind vir chromosoom 6J. Dus, daar is probeer om dertien RFLP peilers na SCAR merkers om te skakel. Slegs drie van die pogings was suksesvol. Die hoofrede vir die lae sukseskoers is die hoë graad van sintenie tussen die genome van die verskillende grane wat dit 'n moeilike taak gemaak het om diskriminerende inleierstelle te ontwerp. Op grond van die resultate word 'n ietwat gewysigde prosedure vir die toekomstige pogings om chromosoom-spesifieke merkers te ontwerp met gebruik van gepubliseerde volgorde inligting vanaf' n ander spesie, voorgestel.
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Suckling, Rebecca Jo. "Salt-potential mechanisms and its effects." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546784.
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Al-Bahrany, Abdulaziz Maatook 1960. "Physiological and biochemical responses of short staple cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to salt stress." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184634.
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Three cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasms (DP62, 84027, and 84033) were used to investigate the physiology of salt tolerance. Lines 84027 and 84033 were developed from the parental line DP62 and showed superior vigor under varying NaCl conditions (0.5 to 2.0 M) during germination and emergence. Proline levels increased in the leaves of all germplasms in response to increasing salinity. Varietal differences in proline levels did not reflect their variation in salt tolerance. Several physiological characteristics were also evaluated under non-saline condition in the greenhouse. There were no significant differences among germplasm sources for all parameters measured. However, salinity reduced transpiration rate, increased leaf diffusive resistance and leaf temperature for all lines. Ribosomal-RNA levels in all germplasms were evaluated after seeds were stressed for 24 hrs in various concentrations of NaCl and then germinated under normal conditions for 72 hrs. Ribosomal-RNA levels were inversely related to salt concentrations. Line 84033 followed by line 84027 had highest ribosomal-RNA content than the parental line DP62 when averaged over the four salt concentrations. Sodium content (ppm/g FW) and Cl⁻ content (ppm/g FW) were evaluated in microsomal and cell walls fractions as well as a cytoplasmic fraction which consisted of vacuoles, mitochondria, and plastids. The Cl⁻ ion exhibited a greater consistency in a concentration shift from one fraction to another as a function of time than did the Na⁺ ion. As a result, there may be a correlation between the drop in ribosomal-RNA and the amount of Cl⁻ in the microsomal fraction. Other parameters measured in the germinating seed were soluble protein (globulin), insoluble proteins (prolamin and glutelin) and fiber percentage. Variations within the germplasms were shown to exist. This study shows that even among lines that have been selected for salt tolerance from a single variety, the possibility exists that each of these lines may have a different mechanism to cope with salt stress.
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Collins, R. P. "The role of calcium and potassium in salinity tolerance in Brassica rapa L. cv. RCBr seed." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/e0d653ff-7d6b-4827-9467-dc8bcb6ff621/1.
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The possibility of manipulating calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+) levels in seeds of Brassica rapa by altering parent plant nutrition and investigating the potential for increased salinity tolerance during germination, given that considerable amounts of literature imply that greater amounts of available exogenous Ca2+ and K+ can ameliorate the effects of salinity on both whole plant growth and germination, was evaluated. The investigation consisted of four growth trials. Two preliminary growth trials suggested that seed ion manipulation was possible without affecting the overall growth and vigour of the plant. After developing suitable high and low Ca2+ and K+ nutrient solutions for growth, a trial was carried out in a growth room and greenhouse, with various substrates and the seed of a certain size category was collected for subsequent ion and salinity tolerance analysis. Seed Ca2+ and K+ was significantly affected by growth substrate and nutrient solution and data showed that a significant negative regression relationship existed between seed Ca2+, K+ and Ca2+ + K+ levels and salinity tolerance. Further experimentation using hydroponic culture attempted to remove any possible effects of substrate and also to compare size categories of seed with a view to elucidating localisation of Ca2+ and K+. Seed Ca2+ was found to be significantly altered by nutrient solution in the two different sizes tested and higher Ca2+ nutrient solution was found to increase salinity tolerance in daughter seed. One significant negative regression correlation between salinity tolerance and seed K+ concentration existed in smaller seed, but disregarding seed size in a regression analysis of seed ion content and salinity tolerance, a significant negative relationship existed between seed Ca2+, K+ and Ca2++ K+. The results, especially in terms of Ca2+ nutrition, contradict much previous research that suggests increased salinity tolerance at germination can arise with the increased presence of Ca2+ and/or K+. Salinity tolerance was greater in seeds of larger size across all nutritional treatments and the smaller size range exhibited increased Ca2+ and K+ per μg seed. Ca2+ concentration in smaller seeds with greater surface area:volume ratios provided a clue to the potential localisation of Ca2+. Cross sectional staining showed that a greater proportion of seed Ca2+ may reside in the coat. This was confirmed by analysis which showed an approximate 50% split of total extractable seed Ca2+, regardless of size, between coat and embryo within a seed; the majority of which, per μg, resides in the coat. Further work looked at the relative solubility of the Ca2+ and K+ in these tissues and whole seed to look at the potential bioavailability of Ca2+ during germination from various parts of the seed. Most water soluble Ca2+ exists in the embryo and most insoluble Ca2+ exists in the coat, but coat Ca2+ was found to be ionically exchangeable and therefore bioavailable. K+ appeared mostly water soluble in embryo and coat. In line with previous whole plant research in this species, most Ca2+ is readily water soluble or ionically exchangeable in form and the possible negative effects of how increasing bioavailable Ca2+ may reduce salinity tolerance was discussed.
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Posselt, Julia Rebekka. "Influence of giant sea salt aerosols on global precipitation and aerosol indirect effect /." Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17467.
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Lawson, L. J. "Vasopressin production in the salt loaded rat." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384031.
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Mbanya, J.-C. N. "Atrial natriuretic peptide, sodium and erythrocyte membrane transport in hypertension associated with diabetes mellitus." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233334.
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Al-Rawahy, Salim Ali. "Nitrogen uptake, growth rate and yield of tomatoes under saline conditions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184894.
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Results of two studies are reported here, a greenhouse study and a field study. In the greenhouse study, dry matter yield and nitrogen (total and 15N) uptake of leaves, stems and roots of tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., cv. Columbia) subjected to saline stress by NaCl were studied. The integrated effects of responses of these tissues to salinity on the whole plant basis and levels of Na⁺, Cl⁻ and K⁺ accumulation in these tissues were also studied. The treatments consisted of low (control, 0.3 bar), medium (4.3 bars), and high (8.3 bars) salinity. The saline treatments were prepared by adding NaCl to nutrient solution in sand culture. The plants were 80 days old at the start of the treatments and each was in a pot containing 1.8 kg of quartz sand. The ¹⁵N was provided to plants by adding K¹⁵NO₃ to the pots and the 15N treatment continued with the saline treatments up to 30 days. The plants were harvested at each 5-day interval during the treatment period. Dry matter production and nitrogen (total and ¹⁵N) uptake were significantly lower for saline treatments as compared with the control. Differences in dry matter production and ¹⁵N uptake on whole plant basis appeared in the latter part of the treatment period between the two saline treatments. For most of the parameters studied, the leaves were found to be affected most by salinity, the roots were intermediate in their response and the stems were the least affected by salinity. The effect of salinity on the studied parameters were attributed to osmotic effects and specific ion effects of Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻. A field study with two cultivars--Columbia and Pearson was conducted at the Safford Agricultural Center. Three N treatments were used: 0 kg N/ha, 84 kg N/ha and 168 kg N/ha and two treatments consisting of two water sources--river water with an EC of 1.15 dS/m and more saline well water of EC of 2.21 dS/m. Columbia had a significantly higher yield of tomatoes than Pearson for both water types. The N treatments had no effect on tomato yield apparently due to high residual N remaining in the field from the previous crop. Commercially acceptable fresh market yields were approached with both varieties and waters in spite of moderate salinity and sodium under heavy textural soil conditions, high temperatures and the presence of certain diseases in the area.
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Keyster, Marshall. "Nitric oxide-mediated signaling in legumes and its role in maize responses to salt stress." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6565.
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Pilic, Leta. "Salt sensitivity : genetic and physiological markers and its effects on salt taste perception and intake." Thesis, St Mary's University, Twickenham, 2018. http://research.stmarys.ac.uk/2934/.
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Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (BP) is an independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risk factor, present in both hypertensive and normotensive population. Better understanding of this phenotype in healthy individuals may lead to more effective prevention of hypertension and CVD. Salt sensitivity is genetically determined and it may affect the relationship between salt taste perception and salt intake. This thesis, for the first time, comprehensively explored the associations between genetics, salt sensitivity of BP, salt taste perception and salt intake as well as the potential of using genetic information in salt sensitivity biomarker development. The study population comprised young to middle-aged, healthy adults. Salt sensitivity was defined as the change in BP after seven days of low-salt (51 mmol sodium/day) and seven days of high-salt diet (308 mmol sodium/day). Salt taste perception was identified using British Standards Institution sensory analysis method (BS ISO 3972:2011). Salt intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire and two 24-hour dietary recalls based on the 5-step multiple pass method. DNA was genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SLC4A5, SCNN1B and TRPV1 genes coding for sodium and ion channels and transporters. Protein levels were measured from urinary exosomes with the focus, for the first time, on methods readily used in clinical setting, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that the participants with AA genotype of the rs7571842 (SLC4A5) exhibited the highest increase in BP (ΔSBP = 7.75 mmHg, p = 0.002). There was no association between genetics and salt taste perception as well as genetics and salt intake. No associations were observed between salt sensitivity of BP, salt taste perception and salt intake. These results warrant further investigation in a larger sample size study. Nevertheless, preference for salty taste or awareness of health risks related to increased salt intake may be a driver of salt intake in younger and healthy population and warrants further investigation. The involvement of SLC4A5 in salt sensitivity of BP, together with functional effects of the investigated SNPs, makes it a candidate for genetic and physiological marker of salt sensitivity. The ELISA measurement of its expression from urinary exosomes may serve as a method of choice in a clinical setting, if further optimised.
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Burke, R. M. "The effect of sodium chloride on the growth of Debaryomyces hansenii." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380075.
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Zheng, Liansheng 1955. "Gene expression in two different genotypes of alfalfa under salt stressed and unstressed conditions." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276936.
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Gene expression in two different genotypes of alfalfa, salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive, was examined by studying differences in protein products coded for by poly(A+) RNA isolated from shoot and root tissue. Plants were grown in hydroponics under unstressed or salt-stressed conditions. Two salinity levels (low salt: 30 mM NaCl and 6 mM CaCl2 and high salt: 133 mM NaCl and 27 mM CaCl2) and one unstressed control were applied. The salt-tolerant genotype showed higher biomass accumulation than the salt-sensitive genotype under both control and salt-stressed conditions. The difference in biomass accumulation between the two genotypes was greatest at the highest salt level. The effect of salt stress on gene expression was studied via in vitro translation of poly (A+) RNA with (35S) -methionine. The labeling pattern was similar in all treatments when analyzed by one dimensional SDS-PAGE. However, a two dimensional analysis (isoelectric focusing followed by SDS-PAGE) showed that salt-stress induced a number of new proteins and repressed several others.
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Amin, Md Shahrier. "Epithelial Sodium Channels in the Brain: Effect of High Salt Diet on Their Expression." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20074.
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Statement of the problem: The epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) play an important role in regulation of blood pressure (BP). Although the genes are identical in Dahl salt sensitive (S) and Dahl salt resistant (R) rats, expression of ENaC subunits is increased in kidneys of S rats on high salt diet. Intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of ENaC blocker benzamil prevents Na+ induced hypertension. It was not known whether ENaC subunits are expressed in the brain and whether or not brain ENaC plays a role in regulation of [Na+] in CNS.
Hypothesis: 1. Epithelial sodium channels are expressed in the brain. 2. Expression of ENaC is increased in the kidneys and brain of Dahl S rats on high salt diet. 3. ENaC in the brain contributes to regulation of [Na+] in the CSF and brain interstitium.
Methods of investigation: We studied expression and distribution of the ENaC subunits and assessed the effects of icv infusion of Na+-rich aCSF in Wistar rats or high salt diet in Dahl S rats in different areas of the brain. Function of ENaC in the choroid plexus was evaluated by studying the effects of benzamil and ouabain on Na+ transport.
Major findings: In Wistar rats, both mRNA and protein of all three ENaC subunits are expressed in brain epithelia and magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nucleus. ENaC abundance is higher on the apical versus basolateral membrane of choroid cells. Benzamil decreases Na+ influx into choroid cells by 20-30% and increases CSF [Na+] by ~8 mmol/L. Na+ rich aCSF increases apical membrane expression of βENaC in the choroid cells and of α and βENaC in basolateral membrane of ependymal cells, but has no effect on neuronal ENaC. Expression of ENaC is higher in choroid cells and SON of Dahl S versus R rats and the higher expression persists on a high salt diet. High salt attenuates the ouabain blockable efflux of Na+ from choroid cells and has no effect on CSF [Na+] in Dahl R rats. In contrast, high salt does not attenuate ouabain blockable efflux of 22Na+ and CSF [Na+] increases in Dahl S.
Main Conclusion: ENaC in the brain contributes to Na+ transport into the choroid cells and appear to be involved in reabsorption of Na+ from the CSF. Aberrant regulation of Na+ transport and of Na+K+ATPase activity, might contribute to increases in CSF [Na+] in Dahl S rats on high-salt diet. ENaC in magnocellular neurons may contribute to enhanced secretion of mediators such as ‘ouabain’ leading to sympathetic hyperactivity in Dahl S rats.
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Hernandez, Adrian V., Erin E. Emonds, Brett A. Chen, Alfredo J. Zavala-Loayza, Priyaleela Thota, Vinay Pasupuleti, Yuani M. Roman, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, and J. Jaime Miranda. "Effect of low-sodium salt substitutes on blood pressure, detected hypertension, stroke and mortality." BMJ Publishing Group, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652462.
Full textAbstract:
Objective A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) as a potential intervention to reduce cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Methods Five engines and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to May 2018. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling adult hypertensive or general populations that compared detected hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), overall mortality, stroke and other CV risk factors in those receiving LSSS versus regular salt were included. Effects were expressed as risk ratios or mean differences (MD) and their 95% CIs. Quality of evidence assessment followed GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology. Results 21 RCTs (15 in hypertensive (n=2016), 2 in normotensive (n=163) and 4 in mixed populations (n=5224)) were evaluated. LSSS formulations were heterogeneous. Effects were similar across hypertensive, normotensive and mixed populations. LSSS decreased SBP (MD-7.81 mm Hg, 95% CI-9.47 to-6.15, p<0.00001) and DBP (MD-3.96 mm Hg, 95% CI-5.17 to-2.74, p<0.00001) compared with control. Significant increases in urinary potassium (MD 11.46 mmol/day, 95% CI 8.36 to 14.55, p<0.00001) and calcium excretion (MD 2.39 mmol/day, 95% CI 0.52 to 4.26, p=0.01) and decreases in urinary sodium excretion (MD-35.82 mmol/day, 95% CI-57.35 to-14.29, p=0.001) were observed. Differences in detected hypertension, overall mortality, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose or BMI were not significant. Quality of evidence was low to very low for most of outcomes. Conclusions LSSS significantly decreased SBP and DBP. There was no effect for detected hypertension, overall mortality and intermediate outcomes. Large, long-term RCTs are necessary to clarify salt substitute effects on clinical outcomes.Wellcome Trust
Revisión por pares
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Weeks, Jon Randall 1949. "The growth and water relations of a coastal halophyte, Salicornia bigelovii." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191114.
Full textAbstract:
The succulent, annual euhalophyte, Salicornia bigelovii was grown in 1, 10, 35, 45 and 60 ppt Instant Ocean. This range represents approximately 1/35 to nearly twice the salinity of seawater. The plants in the 4 highest salinities had common final dry weights and seed yields of about 60 and 11 g, respectively, while the 1 ppt plants had 28 and nearly 5 g, respectively. The water relations data reflected the growth and seed production of the plants. The plants in the 4 higher salinities had water potentials sufficient to generate large import gradients and osmotic potentials which contributed to substantial turgors. The 1 ppt plants had a gradient like the rest, but a very low turgor of 0.11 MPa which was barely 23% of that of the lowest of the other treatments. Higher salinities resulted in slightly greater organic and inorganic osmotica contents. Overall, these results suggest a relatively fixed genetic response to a wide range of salinities, as well as an inability to function well at very low salinities. No plant grown at 0 ppt was ever able to reproduce. Therefore, this plant is an obligate halophyte. Experiments in the plant's native coastal estuary indicated meristem water potentials fluctuate with the tides, although they remain about 1.5 MPa below the corresponding soil water potentials. The plants occupy a discrete elevational range throughout the estuary, spending about 1/3 of their daylight hours submerged, and apparently never see dryness. Phenotype differences in the estuary suggest that, within the habitat, pacing and consequent resource domination may be important parameters affecting plant size and possibly fitness. Nitrogen, which is characteristically rare in this and other estuaries, may be critical in this regard. The plants produce large quantities of glycine-betaine, which may be for simultaneous osmoticum use and nitrogen storage. Most roots occur in the first 3 inches of soil. A mechanism is proposed, based on highly efficient compartmentation at the cellular level and the shuttling of organic osmoticum across the tonoplast, by which the tidally based cyclical water potentials could be explained.
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"Identification of salt stress responsive genes using salt tolerant and salt sensitive soybean germplasms." 2009. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893874.
Full textAbstract:
Cheng, Chun Chiu.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-183).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Thesis Committee --- p.i
Statement --- p.ii
Abstract --- p.iii
摘要 --- p.v
Acknowledgements --- p.vi
General Abbreviations --- p.viii
Abbreviations of Chemicals --- p.xi
List of Figures --- p.xv
List of Tables --- p.xvii
Table of Contents --- p.xix
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Salt stress in plants --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Overview of the molecular basis of salt tolerance in plants --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Stress perception --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Signal transduction --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Protein phosphatases --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- The SOS pathway for ion homeostasis --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.3 --- DNA and RNA helicases in post-transcriptional control --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.4 --- ROS scavengers --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.5 --- Proteases and proteinase inhibitors --- p.8
Chapter 1.2.6 --- Heat shock proteins (Hsps) --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.7 --- Highlights on DnaJ/Hsp40 --- p.9
Chapter 1.3 --- Review on functional genomics of salt stress responses in plants --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Genomics on model organisms --- p.12
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Transcriptomics for identifying salt stress responsive genes --- p.12
Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Multiple stress transcriptome analysis --- p.13
Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Genome-wide transcriptome analysis on molecular crosstalk --- p.14
Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Tissue specific transcriptome analysis --- p.16
Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Comparative transcriptome analysis --- p.17
Chapter 1.3.2.5 --- Transcriptome analysis of soybean --- p.24
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Proteomics in plant salt stress studies --- p.26
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Beyond the transcriptome and proteome --- p.27
Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of using soybean germplasms for identifying salt stress responsive genes --- p.28
Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives --- p.29
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.30
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.30
Chapter 2.1.1 --- "Plants, bacterial strains，and vectors" --- p.30
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Enzymes and major chemicals --- p.33
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Primers --- p.34
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Commercial kits --- p.34
Chapter 2.1.5 --- Equipment and facilities --- p.34
Chapter 2.1.6 --- "Buffer, solution, gel and medium" --- p.34
Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.1 --- cDNA microarray analysis --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Construction of cDNA subtraction libraries --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Assembly of cDNA microarray --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- External control RNA synthesis --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Probe labelling and hybridization --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.1.5 --- Hybridization signal collection --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.1.6 --- Image analysis --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.1.7 --- Data analysis --- p.42
Chapter 2.2.1.8 --- Selection of salt responsive genes using fold difference in expression --- p.45
Chapter 2.2.1.9 --- DNA sequencing --- p.46
Chapter 2.2.1.10 --- Real-time PCR analysis --- p.47
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Growth conditions and treatments of plants --- p.48
Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Soybean for microarray hybridization and real-time PCR --- p.48
Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Soybean for the study of GmDNJ1 expression under ABA treatment --- p.48
Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Wild-type and transgenic Arabidopsis for functional analysis --- p.49
Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Wild-type and transgenic rice for functional analysis --- p.49
Chapter 2.2.3 --- "DNA, RNA, and protein extraction" --- p.50
Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Plasmid DNA extraction from E. coli cells --- p.50
Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- RNA extraction from plant tissues --- p.51
Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Soluble protein extraction from plant tissues --- p.51
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Blot analysis --- p.51
Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Northern blot analysis --- p.52
Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Western blot analysis --- p.53
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Subcloning of GmDNJ1 into pGEX-4T-1 --- p.53
Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- "Restriction digestion, DNA purification and ligation" --- p.53
Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Transformation of competent Escherichia coli (DH5a and BL21) --- p.54
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Luciferase refolding assay --- p.54
Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- Culture of E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) --- p.54
Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- Cell lysis --- p.55
Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- Purification of the GST-GmDNJ1 fusion protein --- p.55
Chapter 2.2.6.4 --- Quantitation of protein --- p.55
Chapter 2.2.6.5 --- Luciferase refolding assay --- p.56
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.57
Chapter 3.1 --- Overview of cDNA microarray analysis --- p.57
Chapter 3.2 --- Identification of salt responsive genes in subtraction libraries concerning two contrasting soybean germplasms --- p.61
Chapter 3.3 --- Data processing before selection of salt stress responsive genes --- p.75
Chapter 3.3.1 --- M-A plots --- p.75
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Boxplots --- p.76
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Scatterplots --- p.76
Chapter 3.4 --- Selection of salt responsive genes using fold difference in expression --- p.77
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Selection of genes with differential expression between tolerant and sensitive germplasms --- p.77
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Selection of genes with differential expression between cultivated and wild germplasms --- p.89
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Data validation by real-time PCR analysis --- p.91
Chapter 3.5 --- Selection of salt responsive genes using statistical tools --- p.95
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Quantitative trait analysis for salt responsive genes --- p.95
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Identification of salt stress correlation genes --- p.100
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Cluster analyses --- p.104
Chapter 3.5.3.1 --- Clustering genes --- p.104
Chapter 3.5.3.2 --- Clustering samples --- p.108
Chapter 3.5.4 --- Data validation by real-time PCR analysis --- p.111
Chapter 3.6 --- Summary of cDNA microarray analysis --- p.112
Chapter 3.7 --- Studies on GmDNJ1 --- p.120
Chapter 3.7.1 --- Sequence analysis of GmDNJ1 --- p.120
Chapter 3.7.2 --- GmDNJ1 was induced by salt stress and ABA treatment in soybean (Glycine max) --- p.127
Chapter 3.7.3 --- Expressing GmDNJ1 in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) enhances the tolerance to salt stress and dehydration stress --- p.129
Chapter 3.7.4 --- Expressing GmDNJ1 in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) enhances the tolerance to salt stress and dehydration stress --- p.135
Chapter 3.7.5 --- The GmDNJ1 protein can replace DnaJ in the in vitro luciferase refolding assay --- p.141
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.145
Chapter 4.1 --- Overview of expression profiling of the 20 soybean germplasms --- p.145
Chapter 4.2 --- Identification of salt responsive genes from subtraction libraries --- p.146
Chapter 4.3 --- Normalization of data from microarray experiments --- p.148
Chapter 4.4 --- The fold difference analysis --- p.149
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Response to stress --- p.149
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Gene expression --- p.150
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Molecular function --- p.150
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Metabolic activity --- p.151
Chapter 4.4.5 --- Cellular component --- p.152
Chapter 4.4.6 --- Genes with 2.5-fold difference in expression between cultivated and wild germplasms --- p.153
Chapter 4.5 --- Selection of salt responsive genes using statistical tools --- p.153
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Quantitative trait analysis --- p.153
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Cluster analyses --- p.154
Chapter 4.6 --- Studies on GmDNJ1 --- p.157
Chapter 4.6.1 --- GmDNJ1 is a good candidate for gene studies --- p.157
Chapter 4.6.2 --- Sequence analysis of GmDNJ1 suggested it to be a DnaJ/Hsp40 homologue in soybean --- p.158
Chapter 4.6.3 --- GmDNJ1 was induced by salt stress and ABA treatment --- p.158
Chapter 4.6.4 --- GmDNJ1 has a higher expression in salt tolerant soybean germplasms over sensitive ones --- p.159
Chapter 4.6.5 --- Ectopic expression of GmDNJ1 enhanced the tolerance to salt stress and dehydration stress in transgenic Arabidopsis --- p.159
Chapter 4.6.6 --- Ectopic expression of GmDNJ1 enhanced the tolerance to salt stress and dehydration stress in transgenic rice --- p.160
Chapter 4.6.7 --- Luciferase activity assay showed that GmDNJ 1 functioned as a DnaJ/Hsp40 in vitro --- p.161
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.162
References --- p.164
Appendix I - Enzymes and major chemicals --- p.184
Appendix II - Primers --- p.188
Appendix III - Major commercial kits --- p.192
Appendix IV - Major equipment and facilities --- p.193
"Appendix V - Formulation of buffer, solution, gel, and medium" --- p.194
Appendix VI - Plots in microarray experiments --- p.198
Appendix VII - Clones with differential expression (>2.5-fold or >1.8-fold) between germplasms --- p.208
Appendix VIII - Salt responsive genes revealed by quantitative trait analysis --- p.216
Appendix IX - Supplementary data in real-time PCR analysis --- p.221
Appendix X - Supplementary data in functional analyses --- p.233
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Gouda, Swati Rekha. "Effect of salt on the micellisation of bile salts in aqueous medium." Thesis, 2011. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/2109/1/M.Sc._Dissertation_Swati_Dspace.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Bile salts are typical biosurfactants, biosynthesized in liver by the cytochrome P450 mediated oxidation of cholesterol and act as solubilizer and emulsifier for cholesterol and other lipids. Their unique biological importance lies in the fact that they form mixed micelles with otherwise insoluble biological lipids (e.g. lecithin, monoglyceride, fatty acid and cholesterol). Bile salts self-assemble in aqueous solution, similar to classical amphiphiles. In this present study we aim to investigate the effect of different salts on the micellisation of bile salts by UV-Vis. Pyrene has been employed as the probe and two bile salts sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and sodium cholate (NaC) have been used. The salts used were NaCl, KCl, KBr, CaCl2 and MgCl2. The CMC was calculated to be 6 mM for NaDC and 16 mM for NaC. However the CMC of NaDC shifted from 6 mM to 3 mM in presence of 0.05 M NaCl and to 2 mM in presence of 0.1 M NaCl. Similar observation was obtained for NaC where the CMC shifted from 16 mM in water to 12 mM in presence of 0.05 M NaCl and 10 mM in presence of 0.1 M NaCl. The absorption spectral behavior and CMC change were found to be very similar in case of KCl. Even the effect of KBr on the absorption behavior of pyrene in NaDC solutions was very similar to that of KCl and NaCl. However even a small amount (0.001 M) of CaCl2 or MgCl2 induced turbidity in the bile salt solution. So we confirmed that it is the charge that plays a major role and not the size of the cation or anion.
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En-Song, Ming, and 宋明恩. "Effect of multivalent salt on polyelectrolyte solution." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rw2dmn.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
化學工程與材料工程研究所
94
Abstract The phenomenon of counterion condensation around a linear polyelectrolyte chain with N monomers is investigated by Monte Carlo simulation in terms of a degree of ionization α, which is proportional to the effective charge. It is define as the ratio of observed to intrinsic counterion concentration, α=co/ci..In order to know the effect of salt addition, we add different valent salts in the system. Fixing polyelectrolyte in the center of the Wigner-Seitz cell, we calculate the degree of ionization, radius of gyration and persistence length. We observe that multivalent salt make radius of gyration, persistence length and degree of ionization decrease rapidly. The driven mechanism of counterion condensation is primarily the electrostatic internal energy, manifested by the effect of dielectric constant, while the counterion entropy influences the degree of ionization as well. In the last of the thesis, we compare the difference with Ewald summation and Cell model. We set different valent charged particles in two systems and calculate the degree of ionization. As low valent and low concentration, the results of cell model and Ewald summation are the same.
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Hou, Ching-Wen, and 侯景文. "Effect of Salt on the Activated Sludge." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22419215687276635291.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程研究所
103
Chloride/conductivity is a well-known inhibitor/factor on the microbial activity. However, what level might intrinsically affect the activity of activated sludge still is a question need to answer. For this purpose, the activated sludge obtained from the real field was cultured with various levels of sodium chloride of 10, 20, 25, 30 and 35 g/L and pH of 5.0, 6.0, and 9.0 according to experimental design. In this study, the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) was represented for the activity of the activated sludge. Subsequently, the kinetic simulation was applied to estimate the limit of chloride level affecting on the activity sludge. The experimental results reveal that chloride level affected proportionally on the sludge activity, but no obvious difference of activity was obtained while simultaneously changing pH and conductivity values. However, acid environment would have a more effect than that of alkaline on the bioactivity while chloride level was lower than 25 g/L. Kinetic estimations indicate that SOUR of the sludge would decrease 10 and 50% while the chloride levels were 9.3 and 31 g/L, respectively. Not surprisingly, no SOUR was obtained while the chloride level was greater than 3.5 g/L.
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Gao, Yuan Ph D. "Changes of tomato fruit composition in response to salinity." 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ag211.pdf.
Full text
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Gao, Yuan. "Changes of tomato fruit composition in response to salinity." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/110190.
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Chen, Jun-Jay, and 陳俊傑. "Influences of Organic Salts in Salt Effect on n-Butyl acetate―n-Butanol― Water." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dn3jt6.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
化學工程所
94
The salt effect on ternary system of n-butyl acetate / n-butanol / water mixture was investigated. The molecular or ionic interaction in the water phase has been changed when the Liquid-Liquid Equilibria (LLE) has been achieved under the condition of which containing saturate Acetylcholine chloride or Acetylcholine bromide at 298.15K. The solvation of Acetylcholine chloride in water is better than Acetylcholine bromide. The simulation using TTK-Wilson activity coefficient model also presented. The mole fraction of each component in different phase of Liquid-Liquid Equilibria (LLE) experiments were in good agreement as the result of simulation using TTK-Wilson activity coefficient model.
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Suntornvongsagul, Kallaya. "Effect of heavy metals on salt march biota." Thesis, 2005. http://library1.njit.edu/etd/fromwebvoyage.cfm?id=njit-etd2005-136.
Full text