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1
Rodríguez-Caballero, C. Vladimir, and J. Eduardo Vera-Valdés. "Long-Lasting Economic Effects of Pandemics:Evidence on Growth and Unemployment." Econometrics 8, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/econometrics8030037.
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This paper studies long economic series to assess the long-lasting effects of pandemics. We analyze if periods that cover pandemics have a change in trend and persistence in growth, and in level and persistence in unemployment. We find that there is an upward trend in the persistence level of growth across centuries. In particular, shocks originated by pandemics in recent times seem to have a permanent effect on growth. Moreover, our results show that the unemployment rate increases and becomes more persistent after a pandemic. In this regard, our findings support the design and implementation of timely counter-cyclical policies to soften the shock of the pandemic.
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Sönmez, Hakan. "Pandemics and Post-Pandemic Times." Revista Angelus Novus, no. 17 (October 10, 2021): 185721. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-5487.v12i17p185721.
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This essay investigates some of the major pandemics in human history and scrutinizes their sociological, economic, and political pay-offs. To what extent can pandemics transform our society? How do the pandemics in history relate to the current? The Plague of Athens caused disappointment towards Greek gods since the Athenians felt they were not getting enough support from Apollo. The Plague of Justinian brought revolts across the empire and led to the end of Classical Antiquity. The Black Death changed the future vision of Europeans significantly because death was omnipresent. Although the death toll of cholera pandemic was limited, it triggered stigmatization, violence, and racism towards Asian people, especially to Indians. The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés would never have been able to colonize the Aztec civilization without the smallpox outbreak. After an episode of absurdism and Dadaism, the Spanish flu brought the Roaring Twenties with widespread use of radio, dance-halls, jazz, Harlem Renaissance, gay and lesbian scenes, and women’s suffrage. Coronavirus pandemic shows that society is digitizing at light speed among the art world. This essay also shows that our economy is a positive-sum economy in contrast to the zero-sum economy in times of the Black Death and before. There is also a delicate balance that must be maintained between keeping the pandemic under control and respecting the democratic principles. The essay concludes that each pandemic has an idiosyncratic nature and a pandemic can have different effects in different societies or regions in the world.
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Zanon, Ana Beatrice Bonganha, Elias Ribeiro Rosa Júnior, Nátaly Adriana Jiménez Monroy, Luciana Graziela de Godoi, Bruna Rodrigues de Mattos, Cristiane de Freitas Paganoti, Rossana Pulcineli Vieira Francisco, Agatha Sacramento Rodrigues, and Rafaela Alkmin da Costa. "The Effect of Being Pregnant during Respiratory Pandemics: A Comparison between 2009/10 Flu and 2020/21 COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil." Vaccines 10, no. 8 (July 28, 2022): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081202.
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Pregnant women undergo physiological changes that make them a challenging group of patients during pandemic respiratory diseases, as previously found during H1N1 2009 pandemic and recently ratified in COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis on 5888 hospitalized women for H1N1 flu pandemic (2190 pregnant and 3698 non-pregnant) and 64,515 hospitalized women for COVID-19 pandemic (5151 pregnant and 59,364 non-pregnant), from the Brazilian national database, to compare demographic profile, clinical aspects, and mortality in childbearing aged women during both pandemics. Additionally, the effect of being pregnant was compared between both pandemics. In both pandemics, pregnant women were younger than non-pregnant women. Overall, pregnant women had lower frequencies of comorbidities and were less symptomatic. Among hospitalized women, pregnant women presented lower mortality rates than non-pregnant women (9.7% vs. 12.6%, p = 0.002 in the H1N1 pandemic and 9.7% vs. 17.4%, p < 0.001 in the COVID-19 pandemic) and this difference was statistically more pronounced in the COVID-19 pandemic, even after balancing pregnant and non-pregnant groups regarding age and chronic diseases.
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Hossen, Md Arman, Md Merazur Rahman, Md Nabil Ahmed Nahid, Rafiul Islam, Sumit Kumar Banshal, Vedika Gupta, and Pranav Dass. "Impact on GDP and the stock market during pandemics or epidemics of 21st century." Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics 26, no. 5 (2023): 951–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47974/jim-1533.
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In this article, we present the effect on GDP growth rate during key major pandemics in the twenty-first century. Ebola, cholera, and the most dangerous pandemic, Covid-19, are all fatal pandemics. It was said that Coronavirus started spreading from Wuhan, China. The virus then afflicted the entire human race worldwide. The major goal of this paper is to compare the most catastrophic pandemic to another pandemic in terms of its effect on GDP. This study also examined the impact of the pandemic on the stock market. We offer a descriptive examination of economic impact over the course of 19 years for different countries.
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Zhou, Jinyi, and Ke-fu Zhang. "Effect of ethical nurse leaders on subordinates during pandemics." Nursing Ethics 29, no. 2 (November 8, 2021): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09697330211030673.
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Background: As caring in times of pandemics becomes extremely stressful, the volume and intensity of nursing work witness significant increase. Ethical practices are therefore even more important for nurses and nurse leaders during this special period. Research aim: The aim was to explore the relationship between ethical nurse leaders and nurses’ task mastery and ostracism, and to examine the mediating role of relational identification in this relationship during pandemics. Research design: Based on social exchange theory, this study tests a theoretical model proposing that ethical nurse leaders can increase nurses’ task mastery and reduce their ostracism by improving their relational identification with leaders during pandemics. Participants and research context: A multilevel and multi-wave field study using data from 172 nurses from 45 departments of two comprehensive hospitals was performed from April to August 2020 to test proposed hypotheses. Ethical considerations: We received formal approvals from the ethical committee of the hospital where we conducted this study before the data collection. Results: Ethical nurse leaders can indeed increase nurses’ task mastery and reduce their ostracism during the pandemic period; furthermore, nurses’ identification with their leaders mediates these relationships. We find that ethical leadership plays an even more important role in improving nurses’ task mastery and reducing their ostracism that may be facilitated by pandemics this special time. Nurses will become more identified with their leaders when they are treated by ethical ways. Discussion: The study tries to advance our understanding of the important role of ethical leadership in nurse management literature and provide useful suggestions for healthcare institutions, nurse leaders, and nurses during pandemics. Conclusion: Theoretical contributions and practical implications of our findings are discussed. Specifically, we suggest that healthcare institutions cultivate ethical nurse leaders to facilitate nurses’ relational identification, which in turn will positively influence work outcomes.
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Debraj Mukhopadhyay, J. Swaminathan, Soham Basu, Sudarshan Ramaswamy, and Arun Kumar Sharma. "Effect of Air Pollution on the Occurrences and Death of COVID-19." International Healthcare Research Journal 4, no. 12 (March 12, 2021): SC1—SC3. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/0412.03397.
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Air contamination continues to be the leading environmental risk factor for all causes of death, leading to substantial years of lives and economic decline adapted to incapacity increased deaths in air pollution in past pandemics, in 1918, Spanish Flu and in 2003 with SARS-CoV-1. The host susceptibility and respiratory virulence are increased and viral clearance is decreased. Therefore, there is a question about the effect of air contamination on the current 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). History and research have until now been concerned with the huge potential consequences of the COVID-19 air pollution pandemic. In order to validate this correlation, more epidemiological and environmental research is necessary. Moreover, countries must leverage air emissions reduction funds to benefit their wellbeing and enhance their possible impact on future pandemics.
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An, Lu Vi. "Epidemics and pandemics in human history: Origins, effects and response measures." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i4.612.
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Epidemics and pandemics are kind of the regular disasters that not only threaten human health, but also affect economy, social and politic life of many societies and civilizations. In the timeline of human history, there have long been a lot of catastrophic epidemics, rapidly spreading all over the world, leading to massive deaths and becoming horrible challenges to human existence. They included the plague of Antonine in Ancient Rome; the Justinian pandemic and ``the Black Death'' in the Medieval period; the pandemic of cholera and the Asian plague in the modern age; the 1918- 1919 flu pandemic, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the influenza pandemic in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019-2020. The main infectious diseases that cause pandemics in human history are plagued, smallpox, cholera and flu. By approaching the macrohistory and environmental history, the article made some overviews of epidemics and pandemics in human history from ancient ages to modern ages. Firstly, the article researches the terms ``epidemic, pandemic" and their levels. Next, the article analyzes the origins of epidemics and pandemics, the causes of their appearance, including biological factors, natural conditions and social conditions. Then, the article presents the outbreaks, spreads and impacts of some significant epidemics and pandemics in human history. Hence, the article also initially evaluates some response measures to epidemics and pandemics in history.
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Fisher, Thomas. "Post-Pandemic Public Space: How COVID-19 May Permanently Alter the Public Realm." International Journal of Architectural Engineering Technology 10 (December 23, 2023): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-9821.2023.10.6.
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This research looks at the impact that pandemics can have on public space. The goal of the research was to learn from the past to anticipate the long-term effects of COVID-19 on the public realm. The research involved exploring the history of the effects of two major global pandemics – the 19th C. Cholera and the 20th C Influenza pandemics – as well as documenting the effects of COVID-19 as they occurred. The main finding of the research is that pandemics have long-lasting impacts on public space, although each has a somewhat different effect, depending upon whether it is bacterial or viral-based and how different countries and cultures respond. The research also shows that COVID-19 has been unique in rebalancing what we do in-person or remotely, physically or digitally, which will likely have profound effects on the use of public as well as private space. This, in turn, will demand a re-evaluation of public policies, many of which are based on pre-pandemic assumptions about in-person interactions as the primary way in which people work, shop, learn, and live.
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Castañeda-Millán, David Andrés, Sebastián Rodríguez-Piraquive, Pedro Luis Guachetá-Bomba, David Augusto Cortés-Páez, Juan Pablo Alzate-Granados, Juan Camilo Álvarez-Restrepo, Cesar Capera-López, et al. "Effects of the first–wave COVID-19 pandemic's on emergency urological care in Colombia: A multicenter study." Revista Mexicana de Urología 81, no. 5 (December 7, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.48193/revistamexicanadeurologa.v81i5.766.
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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemics has caused millions of deaths worldwide, has increased the demand for in-hospital beds and has affected in-hospital activities of "non-respiratory patients." There is currently no known effect of the pandemic on the emergency urological care in our region. This study aims to estimate the first – wave COVID-19 pandemics effect on emergency urological care in four tertiary Colombian hospitals.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional retrospective multicenter study were made. The emergency urological care activities between April – May 2019 and April – May 2020 were compared. We calculated descriptive statistics and assessed differences during the study periods. We used Stata 13.0.
Results: 1570 patients were included. There was a 22.20% decrease in the number of patients who visited the emergency room (ER) for urological disease during the pandemic's initial phase. Urolithiasis and urological infectious were the most common reasons for consulting in the ER. there was a significant decrease in ER visits caused by acute urinary retention (p: 0.001). The surgical index for patients who required emergency urological care had a increase of 10.74% (p: 0.0001). There was a decrease of 0.74 days in hospital stay for patients who required urological emergency care in the initial COVID-19 pandemic period.
Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on emergency and elective urological care worldwide. During the initial phase of this emergency there was a significant decreased in hospital admission due to urological diseases (including acute urinary retention) and average hospital stays due to urological emergencies in Colombia, however, the surgical index for critical urological diseases increased by 10.74%. According to the pandemics dynamics, a greater effect on urological care is expected.
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Etukudo, Udobia Elijah, and zubike Cyprain Nwokocha. "THE EFFECT OF COVID – 19 ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MATHEMATICS." International Journal of Education and Social Science Research 05, no. 04 (2022): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37500/ijessr.2022.5404.
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The effect of COVID – 19 pandemics pandemic on the academic achievement of senior secondary school students in the rural communities of Akwa aibom state of Nigeria was studied. Five hundred (500) students were randomly selected from 2057 Senior Secondary School Class Two (SSC2) students. The scores of the students in Mathematics were collected from the terminal examination result broad sheets. Using causal comparative (ex- post facto) design, the analysis of data revealed that there existed significant differences in academic achieve of the students before and after the OVID – 19 pandemics. students’ achievement decline after COVID -19, due to the negative effect of the pandemic on learning and education in general. Students need palliatives and motivations to recover from shock cause by the COVID – 19.
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Streimikiene, Dalia. "Energy poverty and impact of Covid-19 pandemics in Visegrad (V4) countries." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, no. 1 (March 2022): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-1/1.
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The article aims to analyse the effect of COVID 19 pandemics on energy poverty in Visegrad (V4) countries, namely Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and Czech Republic. The literature review on energy poverty was performed and the main indicators energy poverty were discussed. The dynamics of the main indicators of energy poverty during COVID 19 pandemics and post pandemic period were critically analysed and compared among V-4 countries trying to identify the successful policies and measures helping to mitigate negative COVID 19 pandemics impact on energy poverty in analysed group of countries.
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NWOKOCHA, Azubuike Cyprian, and Udobia Elijah ETUKUDO. "The Effect of COVID – 19 on Academic Achievement of Senior Secondary School Students in English Language." International Journal of English Language Education 10, no. 1 (July 13, 2022): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijele.v10i1.20075.
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The effect of COVID – 19 pandemics pandemic on the academic achievement of senior secondary school students in the rural communities of Akwa aibom state of Nigeria was studied. Five hundred (500) students were randomly selected from 2057 Senior Secondary School Class Two (SSC2) students. The scores of the students in English Language were collected from the terminal examination result broad sheets. Using causal comparative (ex- post facto) design, the analysis of data revealed that there existed significant differences in academic achieve of the students before and after the COVID – 19 pandemics. students’ achievement decline after COVID -19, due to the negative effect of the pandemic on learning and education in general. Students need palliatives and motivations to recover from shock cause by the COVID – 19.
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Escobar, Maria Antonia. "Are Pandemics Bad for Business?" Ecos de Economía 25, no. 53 (January 27, 2023): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17230/ecos.2021.53.2.
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The economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 contingency cannot be denied. Many authors have studied the effects of the sanitary emergency on labor force and the demand and supply of goods and services. This paper aims to understand the consequences of the shock to the economy caused by the pandemic, measured through mobility restrictions, in the business context. Using Google Mobility and The New York Times report, stay-at-home orders were used as a proxy for mobility restrictions. The effect of said restrictions on initial unemployment benefit claims and new business applications provides an insight into the change in people’s livelihoods. The difference-in-differences and event study methodologies were applied with data from 2010 to the third week of August 2020. The results indicate that the restrictions on mobility had a significant impact on both outcome variables. The effect on unemployment claims was still present at the time of this paper, while the behavior of new business applications was mostly affected for the first few weeks and then had a quick rebound.
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Gnamamani, G. S. Vimal, and C. Jothi. "Crisis and Self-Realization in Jack Hunt’s Novel Phobia and Anxiety." World Journal of English Language 13, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n6p507.
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This paper contends that the investigation of psychoanalysis of characters during the pandemic significant piece of artistic examination. The world has seen various plagues and pandemics at various times. The pandemics have presumably made a tremendous effect on the social, social, and monetary fields, getting a change in human existence. Journalists and writers from different countries and societies have answered the pandemics, planning the times that they have seen and remarking on their unsafe encounters. Numerous fundamental books are composed on the difficult stretches of sicknesses and pandemics in which in some cases even fifty percent of a country or a city is crushed. The current world is gigantically impacted by COVID-19, which is a lethal infection supposedly spreading from China. The infection is killing a large number of individuals consistently, contaminating millions and seriously endangering the entire world. The essayists and artists of the contemporary world are likewise composing superb fiction and verse, answering the emergency and looking for approaches to mending and making due. Drawing on the extraordinary works created by the effects of the pandemic in various seasons of history, the paper investigates how people make due in the midst of such pandemics, look for ways of mending themselves, and study writing during the pandemic. The main purpose of this paper is to momentarily explain and remark on how the characters experienced the situation of the pandemic called Agora Virus in Jack Hunt’s novel Phobia and Anxiety and how they struggled to survive during the worse situation and how they realised themselves during the crisis. By the end, every one realised who they are and what they mean to society.
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Ssemwanga, Davis, Ronald Ssengendo, Lilian Oryema, and Ivan Bamweyana. "Exploring the spatial variation of the effect of Covid-19 on property market activity in Kampala District." South African Journal of Geomatics 12, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v12i1.2.
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The real estate sector in Uganda has been substantially impacted by the onset of COVID-19 in this country. Studies conducted worldwide have indicated that, pandemics affect property market activities differently. Additionally, the effect of pandemics on property market activity varies from one place to another. Studies conducted in Uganda, however, have not captured how the effect of COVID-19 on property market activities varies from one place to another. This study therefore explored the spatial variability of the effect of COVID-19 on property market activities in Kampala district, Uganda. The study took advantage of the spatial statistical analytical models advocated by GIS (Getis-Ord Gi*, OLS, GWPR) and a unique dataset of property transactions registered by the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development (MLHUD) during the outbreak of the deadly disease. Whereas the study observed high volumes of property transactions registered in the residential outskirts of the city, low volumes were observed in the Central Business District (CBD) and the low-income areas of the eastern and western parts of the district. On the other hand, the local model approach of GWPR exposed the substantial effects of COVID-19 on property market activities that varied from -39% to 10%. It was further established that COVID-19 generated negative effects in areas with low and high prices of land per acre, to the extent of increasing as the prices dropped or increased. On the contrary, a positive effect was realized in the residential outskirts of the city where prices of land per acre were moderate. Work from home, land parcel size as well as the composition of the population, proved to be the main drivers of the changes in property market transactions (activity). The findings of the study underpin the earlier postulations of various researchers that pandemics affect property market activity. However, the effects of the pandemics vary from one pandemic to another and from one place to another.
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Meenakshi Jaiswal, Anita Wanjari, Bharat Rathi, Mujahid Khan, and Dhirajsingh Rajput. "A Review on Etiology of Janpadodhwans (pandemic) according to Ayurveda and contemporary sciences with special reference to COVID-19." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (December 5, 2020): 1374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3646.
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There have been so many pandemics since human civilization. COVID-19 is currently causing a world pandemic, and the pandemic related crises have caused enormous negative impacts on both wealth and health globally. Ayurveda, an ancient medical treatise of human civilization, describes some basic principles as tenets of Pandemics in the name of its causes, the effect on human's health and its management which are same as contemporary science. There is no specific text as epidemiology in Ayurveda, but according to contemporary theories of epidemiology the principles described in it can be compiled, analyzed, and interpreted. Internet-based search engines revealed that there is very little work done in the field of Ayurveda for epidemiology. Hence, an attempt has been made to analyze basic principles of Ayurveda and epidemiology which can cause pandemics and thus interpret their contemporary significance. This article will also explore the literature for the basic concepts and history of pandemics in the light of Ayurveda and contemporary sciences.
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Antràs, Pol, Stephen J. Redding, and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg. "Globalization and Pandemics." American Economic Review 113, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 939–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201479.
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We provide theory and evidence on the relationship between globalization and pandemics. Business travel facilitates trade and travel leads to human interactions that transmit disease. Trade-motivated travel generates an epidemiological externality across countries. If infections lead to deaths, or reduce individual labor supply, we establish a general equilibrium social distancing effect, whereby increases in relative prices in unhealthy countries reduce travel to those countries. If agents internalize the threat of infection, we show that their behavioral responses lead to a reduction in travel that is larger for higher-trade-cost locations, which initially reduces the ratio of trade to output. (JEL D91, F14, F60, I12, N30, N70, Z31)
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de Vries, Rory, Sander Herfst, and Mathilde Richard. "Avian Influenza A Virus Pandemic Preparedness and Vaccine Development." Vaccines 6, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6030046.
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Influenza A viruses can infect a wide range of hosts, creating opportunities for zoonotic transmission, i.e., transmission from animals to humans, and placing the human population at constant risk of potential pandemics. In the last hundred years, four influenza A virus pandemics have had a devastating effect, especially the 1918 influenza pandemic that took the lives of at least 40 million people. There is a constant risk that currently circulating avian influenza A viruses (e.g., H5N1, H7N9) will cause a new pandemic. Vaccines are the cornerstone in preparing for and combating potential pandemics. Despite exceptional advances in the design and development of (pre-)pandemic vaccines, there are still serious challenges to overcome, mainly caused by intrinsic characteristics of influenza A viruses: Rapid evolution and a broad host range combined with maintenance in animal reservoirs, making it near impossible to predict the nature and source of the next pandemic virus. Here, recent advances in the development of vaccination strategies to prepare against a pandemic virus coming from the avian reservoir will be discussed. Furthermore, remaining challenges will be addressed, setting the agenda for future research in the development of new vaccination strategies against potentially pandemic influenza A viruses.
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Abdulkadir, Abubakar, Abdulkadir Saidu Shettima, Ahmad Abdullahi, and Fatima Abdulkadir. "The Challenges of Sustainable Development in Nigeria Amidst the Global Pandemic (COVID-19)." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): e0206. http://dx.doi.org/10.37497/sdgs.v10i1.206.
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Background: Sustainable Development is that which meets the needs of the present without undermining the ability of future generations to fulfill their own needs. Unfortunately, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets set by the United Nations to be achieved by 2030 have been affected to a large extent by the current COVID-19 Pandemic. The Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic has so far infected more than 270 million people and killed over 5.3 million. Aside from the direct impact on people's lives and health, the Pandemic's most considerable impact has been by far on Education, the Economy, and Social infrastructures, especially in developing countries. Objective: The work reviews of literature and SDG Reports on the impact of the Pandemics on the Goals relating to the Economy (SDG 1, 2, and 8), Education (SDG 4), and health (SDG 3) in the Nigerian context, using some of the critical indicators of these Goals. Methods: We explore data from the SDG interactive platform to compare the trend and changes in these indicators before and after the Pandemic's start to determine the pandemics' effect on these Goals. In addition, we discussed the global efforts toward vaccine access to bring an end to the current Pandemic. Conclusions: The review suggested that the Pandemic has significantly impacted all indicators targeted in this work. It also suggests some possible solutions, using exemplary sustainable developments that still impact ordinary citizens' economies and livelihoods. Further recommends deploying online teaching-learning methods and other stakeholders' investments in the health and education sectors.
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Nofrianto, Nofrianto, Deni Pandu Nugraha, Amanj Mohamed Ahmed, Zaenal Muttaqin, Maria Fekete-Farkas, and István Hágen. "Exploring the Resilience of Islamic Stock in Indonesia and Asian Markets." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 17, no. 6 (June 7, 2024): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17060239.
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This study aims to investigate the relationship between returns and risk of Islamic stock under stable economic conditions, crises, and pandemics within the scope of Indonesian and Asian Islamic capital markets. How do economic conditions affect the risks and returns of investors in the Indonesian and Asian Islamic capital markets? Verification of the veracity of the Islamic capital market serves as a more resilient option for alternative investments. This study uses Granger causality to determine exogenous and endogenous variables when building the model. The model that is formed is then analyzed using regression with dummy variables of stable economic conditions, crises, and pandemics. The first research findings on differences in crisis, stable and pandemic times in the Asian stock market show that there is no significant difference in effect between stable times and during a crisis, but there are differences in the effect during stable and pandemic times. The second research finding states that the return on Asian market Shariah stocks has no influence on increasing or reducing the value of risk or value at risk. The third finding explains that Islamic stocks in Indonesia have a greater risk value during pandemics and crises than in stable times, but the effect of pandemic and crisis conditions is not as great as Islamic stocks in Asia as a whole. In order to stabilize markets and reduce risks, regulatory bodies and governments frequently employ a variety of actions during times of crisis. When applied to trading volume, risk, and return patterns, these findings can help determine the appropriate policy.
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KARELI, Aikaterini, Alexandra SKITSOU, and Georgios CHARALAMBOUS. "The Effect of COVID-19 on Mental Health Disorders." Health Review 32, no. 182 (April 30, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54042/hr569hhsma.
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Introduction: Mental health is an issue that has emerged rapidly as one of the most significant effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the fact that the pandemic is on going, there is not much research on its effects on mental health. Especially in Greece there is a complete lack of research in this field. However, the existing research worldwide, as well as the data from previous illnesses, sug- gest that mental health needs to be investigated as a mat- ter of urgency due to the significant impacts that make it a top priority. Aim: To examine the key impacts on mental health results caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: In this research, we conducted a systematic review approach to collect, analyze and synthesize data regarding the COVID‐19 outbreak’s drastic negative effects on mental health. The articles were searched, between March 2020 and February 2021, οn the electronic databases Elsevier, PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Keywords were used to search the literature: (“COVID- 19” OR “pandemic” AND “mental health” OR “depression” OR “anxiety”). Results: Significant data emerged from the surveys examined. It has been confirmed that people who have experienced pandemics develop mental health problems. The main factors that lead to the development of mental health problems are isolation, lack of social support, involuntary job loss, as well as the fear people feel for their safety and future. Conclusions: The research of previous pandemics has shown both short-term and long-term effects on mental health. Depression and anxiety are expected psychological consequences if one considers the sudden nature of death from the virus, and lack of social support due to measures of social distancing. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital that the health authorities of each country take inter- vention measures at an early stage to ensure the mental well-being of all subgroups of the population.
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van den Bosch, F., J. A. J. Metz, and J. C. Zadoks. "Pandemics of Focal Plant Disease, a Model." Phytopathology® 89, no. 6 (June 1999): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.6.495.
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An analytical model of a pandemic, initiated by a single focus and spreading over a continent, is developed using foci as the smallest units of disease and fields as the smallest units of host. A few generalizing assumptions lead to a parameter-sparse model that may answer general questions on pandemics in a qualitative manner. For pandemic spread of disease during one season, a ‘within-season velocity of pandemic spread,’ C, is expressed as a set of integral equations. Reduction of inoculum during the off-season is expressed by a ‘survival ratio’ of inoculum, ε. The effect of the off-season is a ‘push-back’ of the pandemic front over a distance Δh. It will be shown how Δh is related to C and ε. The mean pandemic spread over successive years is calculated as the ‘polyetic velocity of pandemic spread,’ V, which depends on C and the push-back distance. The concept of ‘pandemic effectiveness’ is parameterized. Relations between the two velocities of pandemic spread and several model parameters are studied. Somewhat unexpectedly, velocities of pandemic spread depend only in a very limited way on field density represented by the ‘cropping ratio’ ζ. This implies that our model and methods will also apply to situations with inhomogeneous field distributions. The effect of parameter values on rates of severity increase are analyzed. Finally, generalizations of the model are developed and their applications discussed.
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Vrdoljak, Ana Filipa, and Alexander A. Bauer. "Pandemics and the role of culture." International Journal of Cultural Property 27, no. 4 (November 2020): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739121000060.
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Pandemics creep up on us slowly, and without our suspecting, while we are distracted. Likewise, human experience shows that they recede gradually and without our noticing. For those in the eye of its storm—those that experience their devastating impact firsthand without the hope of an end in sight—they touch and shape their daily lives and their societies, in big and small ways. History shows, that across millennia, pandemics throw a harsh light on existing cleavages in societies and shortcomings in their organization; fuel deliberation, agitation, and the search for new ideas; and accelerate or bring about change. There is no reason to believe the effect of the pandemic that is presently affecting every continent will not follow a similar path.
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Ho, Linh Tu, and Christopher Gan. "Foreign Direct Investment and World Pandemic Uncertainty Index: Do Health Pandemics Matter?" Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14030107.
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This paper explores the impacts of health pandemics on foreign direct investment (FDI) using the new world pandemic uncertainty index (WPUI). We investigate the effects of pandemics, including COVID-19, on FDI based on a sample of 142 economies and sub-samples (incomes and regions) from 1996 to 2019. The two-step system Generalised Method of Moments estimation of linear dynamic panel-data model (DPDGMM) is used in this study. The estimation results are robust with the results of the two-step sequential (two-stage) estimation of linear panel-data models (SELPDM) and the two-step system Generalised Method of Moments estimation (BBGMM). The results show that health pandemics have negative impacts on FDI. Significantly, the uncertainty caused by pandemics creates adverse shocks on FDI net inflows in Asia-Pacific countries and emerging economies.
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Kiyani, Amber, Syed Hamza Zia, Kanwal Sohail, Zarnab Rizwan, and Ghina Rizwan. "The Effect of Fear of COVID-19 on Dental Anxiety Levels." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 31, no. 02 (July 17, 2022): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.312.95.
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OBJECTIVE: Dental anxiety can be adversely affected by pandemics like corona virus. Most patients have preferred to defer their dental appointments and that patients generally neglect their health in epidemics. The investigation was carried out to determine the effect of the current coronavirus pandemic on dental anxiety by comparing through and post 1st wave of pandemic dental anxiety scores. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the Pakistani population using online surveys from June to August 2020. A total of 681 participants were recruited. Standardized and validated questionnaires were used to measure dental anxiety scores during and after the 2nd wave of pandemic. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22. Independent t-test was used to compare dental anxiety scores through and after the 2nd wave of COVID-19. Fear of COVID-19 among the participants was also evaluated. RESULTS: From a total of 681 participants, 668 responses were retained in accordance to the inclusion criteria. A statistically significant difference was obtained regarding the dental anxiety levels during and after the 2nd wave of COVID-19 (p value =0.001). However, there was no significant difference between fear of COVID-19 scale and dental anxiety scores during COVID-19 (p value = 0.284). CONCLUSION: The coronavirus pandemic has demonstrated an adverse effect on patient dental anxiety scores. We also noted that the majority of the people were not willing to attend their dental appointment during this pandemic. KEYWORDS: COVID-19, coronavirus infection, dental anxiety, fear.
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Kumar, Ravinder, Vartika Srivastava, and Kripa N. Nand. "The Two Sides of the COVID-19 Pandemic." COVID 3, no. 12 (December 4, 2023): 1746–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/covid3120121.
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On 5 May 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the end of the coronavirus disease-19 (or COVID-19) pandemic. Even before the official announcement from the WHO, signs of recovery from the pandemic started appearing, especially after rapid worldwide vaccination. As society is getting back to its usual with each passing day, with the increasing socio-economic activities, discussion of the negative and positive outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic remain the predominant topic of debate. Through this review, we discuss the bright side of the pandemic without undermining the pain and suffering everyone has gone through in this pandemic. The review also examined the painful side of the pandemic. Therefore, this review can be looked at as a comparison between this pandemic’s positive and negative effects. The review discussed aspects ranging from technological development, including mRNA-based vaccines, artificial intelligence-based screening, and telemedicine, to social behavior, from individual to global and from health to the environment. The review also examined the areas needing more attention for managing future pandemics. The review also highlighted what should be followed or continued for our preparedness for any possible pandemic. Toward the end, we also discussed how this pandemic has better prepared the world for future pandemics, as predicted by experts.
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Tisdell, Clement A. "Determinants of the Economic Vulnerability of Businesses to Pandemics and Similar Events." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14110532.
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After providing a general overview of factors that make businesses economically vulnerable to pandemics (such as COVID-19), this article identifies specific elements that increase the vulnerability of businesses to pandemics. These specifics include the extent to which the demand for their production declines, how easy it is for them to reduce the costs of their production (cost escapability), the importance of disruptions or breaks in the supply chains of inputs utilized by businesses, and their ability to sustain their liquidity. Businesses that rely on personal contacts for sales are especially threatened, for example, those in the hospitality and tourism sector. However, others are also vulnerable for the reasons given. Nevertheless, some businesses do gain as a result of pandemics and similar events. Their economic gain adds to GDP. However, it could be more appropriate to regard their gains as a part of the cost of a pandemic rather than a benefit of it. The effect on the vulnerability of businesses if government policies designed to control pandemics is also considered. The main original contribution of this article is to show how the microeconomic theory of the firm can be adapted to conceptualize the vulnerability of individual businesses to pandemics, particularly COVID-19, while also noting the limitations of this approach.
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Palo, Subrata Kumar, Shubhankar Dubey, Sapna Negi, Mili Roopchand Sahay, Kripalini Patel, Swagatika Swain, Bijaya Kumar Mishra, et al. "Effective interventions to ensure MCH (Maternal and Child Health) services during pandemic related health emergencies (Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19): A systematic review." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): e0268106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268106.
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Introduction Ensuring accessible and quality health care for women and children is an existing challenge, which is further exacerbated during pandemics. There is a knowledge gap about the effect of pandemics on maternal, newborn, and child well-being. This systematic review was conducted to study maternal and child health (MCH) services utilization during pandemics (Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19) and the effectiveness of various interventions undertaken for ensuring utilization of MCH services. Methodology A systematic and comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, Epistemonikos, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Of 5643 citations, 60 potential studies were finally included for analysis. The included studies were appraised using JBI Critical appraisal tools. Study selection and data extraction were done independently and in duplicate. Findings are presented narratively based on the RMNCHA framework by World Health Organization (WHO). Results Maternal and child health services such as antenatal care (ANC) visits, institutional deliveries, immunization uptake, were greatly affected during a pandemic situation. Innovative approaches in form of health care services through virtual consultation, patient triaging, developing dedicated COVID maternity centers and maternity schools were implemented in different places for ensuring continuity of MCH care during pandemics. None of the studies reported the effectiveness of these interventions during pandemic-related health emergencies. Conclusion The findings suggest that during pandemics, MCH care utilization often gets affected. Many innovative interventions were adopted to ensure MCH services. However, they lack evidence about their effectiveness. It is critically important to implement evidence-based appropriate interventions for better MCH care utilization.
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Mumtaz, Ayesha, Faiza Manzoor, Shaoping Jiang, and Mohammad Anisur Rahaman. "COVID-19 and Mental Health: A Study of Stress, Resilience, and Depression among the Older Population in Pakistan." Healthcare 9, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040424.
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Extending studies of the adverse effects of SARS-2 coronavirus on general health consequences, this research explores complexities related to the mental health of the elderly as a result of pandemic-related stress. The study addresses this issue by using resilience theory to examine the effects of fear and exposure related to COVID-19 and depression. Besides, our study examines the moderating effects of self-efficacy in order to provide an understanding of how the coping abilities of the elderly may mitigate the effect of stress levels on mental health during pandemics. Our model is tested by analysing the survey data collected from Rawalpindi, a metropolitan city in Pakistan. The main results of the study confirm the positive association of pandemic-related fear and exposure virus with depression. However, self-efficacy shows a negative direct effect on depression, and the findings also confirm the moderation effect of self-efficacy on the fear of COVID-19 and depression, but the moderation effect of self-efficacy on COVID-19 exposure and depression is not supported. Based on the outcomes, some severe geriatric care policies that could weaken the pandemic-related fear, exposure to the virus, and depression are recommended.
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Shibani, Abdussalam, Dyaa Hassan, and Nehal Shakir. "The Effects of Pandemic on Construction Industry in the UK." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 11, no. 6 (November 21, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2020-0063.
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Pandemics such as: Covid-19 virus have a major impact on the economy of the world and the construction industry has not been exempted. This research investigates the effects of pandemic on construction industry in the UK, and particularly, ways in which the UK construction industry stakeholders such as project managers, contractors, engineers and subcontractors have responded to these pandemics. The research involved a 30 study participants who comprised site engineers, project managers, construction teams, subcontractors and contractors. The findings reported construction companies both dealing with residential and commercial development were major affected by Covid-19 pandemic due to lockdown and social distancing in construction sites. The strategy that was applied by construction companies was maintaining a good relationship with their suppliers and the safety of construction teams. The findings of the research will offer construction companies in the UK insights on how to deal with such pandemics in future to become more resilient.
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Parama Bannerji, Pradip Chauhan, Rohit Bannerji, and Uday Chatterjee. "Humanizing Pandemics by Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Societal Response to Pandemics: The case of Bengal (aka West Bengal)." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 15, no. 2 (April 5, 2024): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/6757mv53.
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This study is interdisciplinary in nature and brings in its fold dissemination of social science research on health. In the light of the recent Covid 19 crisis, there has been an increasing interest towards epidemiology and to understand the concept of epidemics or pandemics. Intermittent outbreaks of infectious diseases have had profound effect on societies throughout history. Historical perspective helps in understanding the extent to which panic, connected with social stigma, threat, prejudice, frustrated public health efforts can control the spread of disease. The intensity of the spread of a pandemic and the number of people affected in country and specific regions depend a lot on the measures of state control at the local and centre-level. However, the severity of an epidemic which slowly pervades into a pandemic depends on the spatio-temporal frame of a region. The research poses a basic question, how do members of the society respond to the threat of pandemic and to the hygiene, social isolation and other measures proposed by public health, over time and selects the case of Bengal which has witnessed three pandemics since the 18thcentury.. The study follows a mixed-method approach and the discussion provided a few general observations which however are not exhaustive to pandemic reaction, for the study area like threat Perception, emergence of leadership, science communication etc.
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Morens, David M., Jeffery K. Taubenberger, and Anthony S. Fauci. "A Centenary Tale of Two Pandemics: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and COVID-19, Part II." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 7 (July 2021): 1267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306326.
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Both the 1918 influenza pandemic and the 2019‒2021 COVID-19 pandemic are among the most disastrous infectious disease emergences of modern times. In addition to similarities in their clinical, pathological, and epidemiological features, the two pandemics, separated by more than a century, were each met with essentially the same, or very similar, public health responses, and elicited research efforts to control them with vaccines, therapeutics, and other medical approaches. Both pandemics had lasting, if at times invisible, psychosocial effects related to loss and hardship. In considering these two deadly pandemics, we ask: what lessons have we learned over the span of a century, and how are we applying those lessons to the challenges of COVID-19?
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Ragulskaya, Maria. "Solar activity and COVID-19 pandemic." Open Astronomy 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/astro-2021-0020.
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Abstract Solar activity (SA) dynamics increases mankind’s evolutionary adaptability to pandemics. Flu pandemics from 1880 to 2020 took place during maximum or minimum of solar cycles. The article discusses several factors that modulated the development of the COVID-19 pandemic: SA dynamic, genetic population features, environment temperature, the effect of lockdowns, and vaccination in various countries. The population genetic composition turned out to be the most significant factor for coronavirus mortalities during a SA global minimum 2019-2020. COVID-19 pandemic is most severe in countries with a dominant haplogroup R1b (the relative number of deaths per million is more than 12-25). Local COVID-19 epidemics were more easily in countries with a dominant haplogroup N (relative number of deaths less than 3). The incidence per million people in haplogroups R1b: R1a: N has a ratio of about 7: 2: 1. This ratio does not depend on the pandemic waves and the population vaccinated rate. Vaccination effectiveness may depend on the population’s genetic characteristics too. It is expected to maintain extremely low solar activity during the 30 years. Under these conditions, a twofold increase in the number of pandemics (every 5-6 years instead of 10-11 years) can be expected with pronounced genogeographic differences.
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Tiwari, C. K., A. Pal, and T. Khandelwal. "Pandemics and Their Business Impacts: A Global Perspective." CARDIOMETRY, no. 25 (February 14, 2023): 764–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.25.764772.
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In the long and medium term, the evolution of pandemics and the resulting harm to the global economy have been alarming. Pandemics have a variety of detrimental effects on the economy. They impact families, companies, and the government by reducing labor supply, worker productivity, and population income, increasing company expenditures and public healthcare infrastructure costs. This research aims to examine and organize the present body of knowledge in the field of pandemics and their economic effect. With the help of a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis, the study presents the status and development in this area of research. All business sectors, including supply chain, logistics, travel & tourism, entertainment, recreation and fitness, hospitality, have been negatively impacted worldwide. The paper contributes to the existing state of literature by examining the impact of significant pandemics on various business activities around the globe. However, there is a surge in telecommunication, including data providers and e-commerce businesses.
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Sultan, Muhammad Faisal, Huma Zafar, and Shuja Ahmed Mahesar. "Perceived Effect of COVID-19 on Increase of Poverty in Pakistan: Empirical Analysis through Opinion of Leading Economists." Journal of Marketing Strategies 4, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52633/jms.v4i2.220.
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There are many causes of poverty like recession, money devaluation, trade deficits, lack of technology, infrastructure, and industrialization. In recent times, studies that focus on the effect of COVID-19 are in the headlines; among them, very few are focused on the impact of COVID-19 on poverty. Specifically, there is minimal research work on the effect of the pandemic on the outbreak of poverty concerning Southeast Asia and Pakistan. Therefore, this study has been conducted explicitly with reference to Pakistan to estimate the effect of COVID-19 on the increase of poverty through collecting data from leading economists. The study is one of the initial studies; thus, it is focused primarily on primary data in order to show the perceived impact of COVID-19 on the increase in poverty in Pakistan. The study findings and in-depth analysis could help devise relevant economic policies that may address poverty concerns burgeoning from pandemic-like situations and create a ripple effect of disturbing macroeconomic indicators and socio-economic variables in developing countries. The study uses SMART-PLS for data analysis, indicating that pandemics such as COVID-19 significantly impact the increase of poverty in Pakistan. Thus, robust policies are required to eradicate poverty and combat the causes which stem poverty issues in developing economies, specifically during pandemics where socio-economic activities become halted and income generating opportunities are ceased.
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Mamelund, Svenn-Erik, Clare Shelley-Egan, and Ole Rogeberg. "The association between socioeconomic status and pandemic influenza: Systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): e0244346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244346.
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Background The objective of this study is to document whether and to what extent there is an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and disease outcomes in the last five influenza pandemics. Methods/principle findings The review included studies published in English, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Records were identified through systematic literature searches in six databases. We summarized results narratively and through meta-analytic strategies. Only studies for the 1918 and 2009 pandemics were identified. Of 14 studies on the 2009 pandemic including data on both medical and social risk factors, after controlling for medical risk factors 8 demonstrated independent impact of SES. In the random effect analysis of 46 estimates from 35 studies we found a pooled mean odds ratio of 1.4 (95% CI: 1.2–1.7, p < 0.001), comparing the lowest to the highest SES, but with substantial effect heterogeneity across studies,–reflecting differences in outcome measures and definitions of case and control samples. Analyses by pandemic period (1918 or 2009) and by level of SES measure (individual or ecological) indicated no differences along these dimensions. Studies using healthy controls tended to document that low SES was associated with worse influenza outcome, and studies using infected controls find low SES associated with more severe outcomes. A few studies compared severe outcomes (ICU or death) to hospital admissions but these did not find significant SES associations in any direction. Studies with more unusual comparisons (e.g., pandemic vs seasonal influenza, seasonal influenza vs other patient groups) reported no or negative non-significant associations. Conclusions/significance We found that SES was significantly associated with pandemic influenza outcomes with people of lower SES having the highest disease burden in both 1918 and 2009. To prepare for future pandemics, we must consider social vulnerability. The protocol for this study has been registered in PROSPERO (ref. no 87922) and has been published Mamelund et al. (2019).
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Guo, Chao, Xiyuan Hu, Dianqi Yuan, Huameng Tang, and Peisen Yang. "THE EFFECT OF PANDEMICS ON TRUST IN DOCTOR IMPROVEMENT AMONG CHINESE OLDER ADULTS: LESSONS FROM COVID-19." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.3635.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the physician-patient relationship. For older adults, trust in doctors during the pandemic affects their lives and health. This study aimed to estimate the effect of the first wave of COVID-19 transmissibility in China on older adults’ trust in doctors. We obtained individual data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS). A total of 2,225 participants aged 65 and older were included in this study. The COVID-19 pandemic was used as a natural experiment. We obtained difference-in-differences (DID) estimates of the pandemic’s effects by exploiting temporal variation in the timing of COVID-19 exposure across participants interviewed from 2018 to 2020 together with the geographical variation in COVID-19 severity at the provincial district level. Overall, the DID estimates showed that the COVID-19 pandemic could significantly increase trust in doctors after controlling for multiple covariates (adjusted β: 0.053, 95% CI: 0.028–0.078). Stratified analyses showed that the effect was only in females and the more educated ones but not in their counterparts. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic showed a positive effect on trust in doctors among 65-79-year-olds (0.082, 0.056–0.109), but older adults over the age of 80 showed significantly reduced trust in doctors (-0.236, -0.418–-0.055). Our findings confirm the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and trust in doctors among older Chinese people. Hospitals and other medical organizations should pay more attention to improving older adults’ trust in doctors and building a better physician-patient relationship to face the future pandemic.
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Korelina, V. E., I. R. Gazizova, A. V. Kuroyedov, and M. D. Didur. "Glaucoma progression during the COVID-19 pandemics." Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology 21, no. 3 (2021): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2311-7729-2021-21-3-147-152.
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The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) provides powerful effects on all pathogenic aspects of the primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The property of this virus to initiate disseminated intravascular coagulation, damage endotheliocytes, and impair coagulation result in numerous severe complications affecting all organs and systems. This disorder provokes retinal ischemia and hypoxia and spurs apoptosis of ganglionic cells. Cytokine storm and oxidative stress resulting from the COVID-19 potentially contribute to the progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Distressing effect of the pandemic, a growing number of patients with depressive and anxiety disorders increase the risk of POAG and ocular hypertension, reduce treatment compliance, and exacerbate glaucoma course. Ophthalmic patients should be informed on potential risks and consequences of the COVID-19 and educated on the safety and efficacy of vaccination and the need for these preventive measures for elderly patients (in particular, with glaucoma). A year of the COVID-19 pandemic has radically changed the attitude to many processes of doctor-patient relationships. There is a need for the development of the technologies of distant monitoring of patients with glaucoma. Keywords: primary open-angle glaucoma, COVID-19, telemedicine, pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, cytokine storm, oxidative stress, intraocular pressure, apoptosis of ganglionic cells, glaucomatous optic neuropathy, post-COVID-19 syndrome. For citation: Korelina V.E., Gazizova I.R., Kuroyedov A.V., Didur M.D. Glaucoma progression during the COVID-19 pandemics. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021;21(3):147–152 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2021-21-3-147-152.
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Makki, Anas A., and Ammar Y. Alqahtani. "Capturing the Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak on the Financial Performance Disparities in the Energy Sector: A Hybrid MCDM-Based Evaluation Approach." Economies 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11020061.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the financial performance of companies in different sectors. One of the most important sectors affected is the energy sector. Therefore, this research study aims to conduct a financial performance evaluation of companies in the Saudi energy sector in 2019, 2020, and 2021. This is to capture and analyze the effect on companies before, during, and post the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. A hybrid multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) approach is followed to achieve the objective. The financial performance evaluation of energy companies is based on four financial dimensions and 11 performance indicators. Results revealed that energy companies’ efficiency and profitability were relatively the most important dimensions, followed by leverage and liquidity. Furthermore, results revealed the relative importance of the indicators from the most to the least important. Results also revealed the effect of COVID-19 on energy companies’ financial performance, demonstrating the change over the three years. Implications include providing insights for energy companies on the financial dimensions and indicators to be maintained and monitored in the case of pandemics. Furthermore, to assist decision-makers in the energy sector in developing strategies to mitigate financial performance disparities during and post-pandemics.
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Duan, Jiahao, Yeshun Wu, Cunming Liu, Chun Yang, and Ling Yang. "Deleterious effects of viral pneumonia on cardiovascular system." European Heart Journal 41, no. 19 (May 8, 2020): 1833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa325.
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Abstract Viral pneumonia has a significant effect on the cardiovascular system through various mechanisms; even though it is traditionally regarded as a pulmonary disease characterized by dyspnoea and hypoxaemia. Recent research works have shown that cardiovascular events outweigh all other causes of death in various influenza pandemics. Therefore, the exploration of the effects of viral pneumonia on cardiovascular system becomes increasingly essential. The objective of this review is three-fold: first, to summarize the knowledge about the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of viral infections that are the recent causes of global pandemics; second, to explore the cardiovascular response to these infections; and third, to attempt in identifying the possible coping strategies of the Wuhan epidemic and the future viral infection pandemics.
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Cave, Emma. "Voluntary vaccination: the pandemic effect." Legal Studies 37, no. 2 (June 2017): 279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12144.
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Justification of a voluntary vaccination policy in England and Wales rests on tenuous foundations. Two arguments against voluntary vaccination are gaining ground. The first is that globalisation necessitates preparedness strategies for pandemics. Assuming sufficient supply, compulsory vaccination of adults and children constitutes a potential policy option in the context of a severe, vaccine-preventable pandemic outbreak. The second argument is that children have a right to preventive medicine and thus to vaccination. The influence of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and its emphasis on parents as the trustees of their children's best interests, and the increasingly global nature of our collective and individual responsibilities with respect to the transmission of vaccine-preventable disease present challenges to the right to refuse vaccination on our own behalf and on behalf of our children. Exploring methods of compulsion and persuasion utilised across Europe, the USA and Australia, this paper argues that necessity and proportionality must be reassessed, and national public health law and policy setting out a graduated and proportionate approach to compulsory vaccination developed as a matter of priority.
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Saad Mansour, Dalia. "Buffering Anxiety of Pandemics: A Post-pandemic Perspective to Steven Soderbergh’s Contagion." British Journal of Translation, Linguistics and Literature 3, no. 1 (February 20, 2023): 02–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54848/bjtll.v3i1.50.
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This interdisciplinary study aims to explore the psychological impact of pandemics in cinema with a special reference to Steven Soderbergh’s movie Contagion. The study refers to Orhan Pamuk’s essay, “What the Great Pandemic Novels Teach Us” (2020), about Pandemic novels where he traces the common initial responses to the outbreak of a pandemic by comparing the current coronavirus pandemic and the historical outbreaks of plague and cholera pinpointing the traits attributed to pandemics and suggesting other psychological defense mechanisms. In this respect, the study attempts exploring the re-contextualization of Pamuk’s ideologies in cinema through shedding the light on the functions of camera angle shots, colors, sound effects, point of view, and flashbacks.
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Antičević, Vesna. "The Effects of Pandemics on Mental Health." Drustvena istrazivanja 30, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 423–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5559/di.30.2.12.
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The aim of this paper was to present the existing scientific knowledge about the effects of a pandemic on psychological needs and mental health. A search of bibliographic databases (WoS, Scopus, Medline) found numerous studies published in various publications by entering the keywords: COVID-19 OR pandemic AND psychological needs AND mental health AND hardiness. The results of the research indicated that the fear of infecting oneself and loved ones, the consequences of social distancing and the economic consequences of a pandemic could have a significant effect on mental health. The following groups have been identified as particularly vulnerable to pandemic stressors: (a) people who have been in direct or indirect contact with the virus; (b) people with previous psychiatric problems; (c) health professionals and (d) people who constantly follow pandemic news. The consequences of a pandemic threaten basic psychological needs such as physiological needs, the need for safety, and the need for love and intimacy. The most common mental health problems that have been identified since the onset of the pandemic are anxiety, depression, symptoms of post-traumatic stress and substance abuse. In conclusion, since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of risk factors that can endanger mental health have been identified, as well as protective factors, such as psychological resilience.
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Hizra, F., C. Dewi, and Izziah. "Houses amid COVID-19: Environmental challenges and design adaptation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 881, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/881/1/012033.
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Abstract Pandemics recur every 30 to 40 years. Every pandemic that has ever occurred brings changes in architectural design. This study conducts a literature study of the effect of pandemics on adaptation of the design of the artificial environment. Particularly the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on changes in human behavior and its adaptation to residential architectural designs. In this paper, a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis methods is used to get a deep and a very basic understanding based on the problem being observed. The uncertain conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic have resulted in humans realizing that they cannot avoid the spread of this virus, so that a new environment and lifestyle are formed to live with this virus in a better way. During Covid-19, a house must adapt so it can effectively protect its residents from infectious diseases and facilitate all activities that were previously carried out outside the house. Some of the adaptations needed for residential design during this pandemic are in: housing characteristics; housing layout; interior, building material and furniture; natural lighting and indoor air quality; exterior, outdoor, and landscape; and value.
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Lyubenova-Vashkova, Lyubka. "Psychological Reactions to the COVID-19 Pandemic." Diogenes 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.54664/qbtu4654.
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COVID-19 is a new infectious disease and as such we are faced with uncertainties in its course and treatment. Modern methods of containing pandemics are more behavioral and educational – psychological factors play a role in their success. Previous pandemics such as the Spanish flu, the swine flu and SARS have had effects on mental stress and disorders. Personality characteristics give a clearer look at vulnerability to stressors – people with high scores of negative emotionality (neuroticism) will face serious difficulties during pandemics. The different personality traits are relevant to our understanding of pandemic-related anxieties and sufferings, and the psychological effect of pandemics may be more pronounced, more widespread, and more lasting than the pure somatic effect of the infection.
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Jalles, João Tovar. "Governments' accounts and pandemics." Journal of Economics and Development, March 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jed-07-2022-0125.
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PurposeEarly evidence suggests that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a sharp deterioration in fiscal accounts worldwide. This paper empirically assesses the fiscal impact of previous pandemics and epidemics.Design/methodology/approachUsing a large sample of 170 countries from 2000 to 2018, this study relies on Jordà's (2005) local projection method to trace pandemics' short- to medium-term dynamic impact on several fiscal aggregates.FindingsThis paper shows that (qualitatively) similar responses to those observed more recently with COVID-19 have characterized the effects of previous pandemics. While the fiscal effect has been economically and statistically significant and persistent, it varies; pandemics affect government expenditures more strongly than revenues in advanced economies, while the converse applies to developing countries. The author also finds that asymmetric responses depend on whether a country is characterized as a chronic fiscal surplus or deficit type. Another factor that generates an asymmetric fiscal response is the prevailing phase of the business cycle the economy was in when the pandemic shock hits.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper's findings provide a lower bound to what the current COVID-19 pandemic will inflict on countries’ fiscal situation. That said, the set of pandemics and epidemics used in this paper are geographically more concentrated and did not affect all countries in such a systemic and synchronized manner as did COVID-19 more recently.Originality/valueThis is the first paper to explore the fiscal side of this type of health-related shocks, as most of the literature has focused on the more traditional macroeconomic effects.
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Bavili, Dr Negin. "Pandemics, Populism and Democracy." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 06, no. 07 (July 18, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i7-43.
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Covid 19 pandemic is an external factor that imposed itself on the global stage. Societies are considered open systems that can be influenced by the pandemic. This research will firstly explore the obligatory etiquettes that have been imposedon people's lifestyles by the emergence of Covid-19 pandemic. Secondly, it will study the triggering effect of Covid-19 pandemic on the populist environment. Thirdly, it will investigate the relationship among Covid-19, populism, and democratic systems. A qualitative research methodology will be used, specifically a phenomenological hermeneutic analysis of the phenomenon of populism in the Covid-19 pandemic crisis environment and its effect on democratic rights. Additionally, the different responses ofpopulists towards the Covid- 19 pandemic will be studied in order to see whether populist rhetoric triggers democratic decay of rights.
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Cohen-Louck, Keren. "Differences in post-traumatic growth: Individual quarantine, COVID-19 duration and gender." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (July 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920386.
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ObjectiveThis study focuses on positive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and aims to identify associations between gender, individual quarantine and duration of the COVID-19 (short- medium- and long-term pandemic), and posttraumatic growth (PTG).MethodThe data was collected via an online survey in Israel, and included 1,301 participants, 543 participants experienced short-term pandemics, 428 participants experienced medium-term pandemics and 330 participants experienced long-term pandemics. Most of the participants were female (73.6%), ranging from 18 to 89 years-old. The participants answered questions about their demographic background, individual quarantine experiences and ranked their PTG level.ResultsThe results indicate a significant main effect of gender and pandemic duration (short-, medium- and long-term pandemic). Women reported higher PTG levels than men, and participants experiencing short-term pandemic reported significantly lower PTG levels than participants experiencing medium- or long-term pandemic. There was also a significant interaction between gender and pandemic duration regarding PTG and a significant interaction in PTG by gender, pandemic duration and individual quarantine.ConclusionThe discussion addresses the findings in the context of traditional gender roles and gender differences in finding meaning and worth in home confinement situations.
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Cevik, Serhan, and Fedor Miryugin. "Pandemics and Firms." IMF Working Papers 20, no. 276 (December 11, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513563893.001.
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The global economy is in the midst of an unprecedented slump caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess the likely evolution of nonfinancial corporate performance going forward, this paper investigates empirically the impact of past pandemics using firm-level data on more than 537,000 companies from 14 developing countries during the period 1998–2018. The analysis indicates that the prevalence of infectious diseases has an economically and statistically significant negative effect on nonfinancial corporate performance. This adverse impact is particularly pronounced on smaller and younger firms, compared to larger and more established corporations. We also find that a higher number of infectious-disease cases in population increases the probability of failure among nonfinancial firms, particularly for small and young firms. In the case of COVID-19, the magnitude of these effects will be much greater, given the unprecedented scale of the outbreak and strict policy responses to contain its spread.
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Esseau-Thomas, Chrys, Omar Galarraga, and Sherif Khalifa. "Epidemics, pandemics and income inequality." Health Economics Review 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13561-022-00355-1.
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AbstractThe novel coronavirus is part of a series of infectious disease outbreaks that include: Ebola, Avian influenza, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and Influenza A. This paper addresses the question of how do these epidemics and pandemics affect income inequality in countries around the world during the first two decades of this century. To achieve its objective, the paper develops a model that indicates a positive association between these health crises and income inequality. To empirically test our theoretical predictions, the paper explores the effect on the Gini coefficient of a dummy variable that indicates the occurrence of an epidemic or a pandemic in a country in a given year and the number of deaths per 100,000. To properly address potential endogeneity, we implement a Three-Stage-Least Squares technique. The estimation shows that the number of deaths per 100,000 population variable has a statistically significant positive effect on the Gini coefficient, especially when we incorporate COVID-19 data. This suggests that not only the occurrence, but also the health consequences of COVID-19 have a significant and economically important effect on income inequality.Background: The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of epidemics and pandemics on income inequality. This has important implications as the outcome of this study can guide policymakers into implementing policies that can mitigate the economic consequences of these health crises.Methods: The study is a cross country analysis using fixed effects estimation. To address potential endogeneity and determine causality, the paper uses the Three-Stage-Least-Squares estimation.Results: The paper finds that the number of epidemic deaths per 100,000 population variable has a statistically significant positive effect on the Gini coefficient, especially when we incorporate COVID-19 data.Conclusions: The paper finds that it is not only the occurrence of an epidemic, captured by the epidemics dummy variable, but also the health consequences, captured by the number of deaths per 100,000 population, that have a significant effect on income inequality. This is especially the case when we incorporate COVID-19 in our analysis.Trial registration: Not Applicable.