Academic literature on the topic 'Effect of military maneuvers on'

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Journal articles on the topic "Effect of military maneuvers on"

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Santos, Sara, Jose A. Parraca, Orlando Fernandes, Santos Villafaina, Vicente Javier Clemente-Suarez, and Filipe Melo. "The Effect of Expertise during Simulated Flight Emergencies on the Autonomic Response and Operative Performance in Military Pilots." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 9141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159141.

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Heart rate variability (HRV) and performance response during emergency flight maneuvers were analyzed. Two expert pilots (ages 35 and 33) and two rookie pilots (ages 25) from the Portuguese Air Force participated in this case–control report study. Participants had to complete the following emergency protocols in a flight simulator: (1) take-off engine failure, (2) flight engine failure close to the base, (3) flight engine failure far away from the base, and (4) alternator failure. The HRV was collected during all these maneuvers, as well as the performance data (the time it took to go through the emergency protocol and the subjective information from the flight simulator operator). Results regarding autonomic modulation showed a higher sympathetic response during the emergency maneuvers when compared to baseline. In some cases, there was also a higher sympathetic response during the emergency maneuvers when compared with the take-off protocol. Regarding performance data, the expert pilots accomplished the missions in less time than the rookie pilots. Autonomic modulation measured from HRV through portable devices can easily relay important information. This information is relevant since characterizing these maneuvers can provide helpful information to design training strategies to improve those psychophysiological responses.
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Müller, Cândida Regina, Fabrício de Araújo Pedron, Beatriz Wardzinski Barbosa, Miriam Fernanda Rodrigues, Paulo Ivonir Gubiani, Ricardo Simão Diniz Dalmolin, and Ricardo Bergamo Schenato. "Soil degradation after the traffic of a military combat vehicle leopard 1a5br." Ciência e Natura 43 (February 17, 2022): e87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x62685.

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Heavy vehicle traffic, especially large military combat vehicles, causes soil compaction, which reduces their physical quality and increases their susceptibility to soil erosion. A large contingent of the Brazilian Army conducts combat vehicle training at the Santa Maria Instruction Field (CISM), which has been caused degradation of the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combat vehicle Leopard 1A5BR traffic on soil physical properties in an Abruptic Alisol with military vehicle traffic history. Two types of maneuvers were evaluated: (i) straight traffic with 0, 1 and 3 passes, and (ii) pivoting maneuver with 0, 1 and 2 pivots. Soil morphology, particle size distribution and organic carbon content were analyzed in the 0.00-0.10 and 0.20-0.30 m layers. Bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, penetration resistance and preconsolidation pressure were evaluated in the 0.00-0.04, 0.10-0.14 and 0.20-0.24 m layers. The preconsolidation pressure of the surface layer indicated that the soil surface layer is susceptible to traffic compaction of Leopard 1A5BR. Only one pass (straight traffic) and one pivoting maneuver were sufficient to increase soil penetration resistance and bulk density and reduce the total porosity and macroporosity in the surface layer (0.00-0.04 m).
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Metzler, Mari M. "G-LOC Due to the Push-Pull Effect in a Fatal F-16 Mishap." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5461.2020.

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BACKGROUND: The risks associated with high positive Gz (+Gz) aerobatic flight, especially with respect to +Gz-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC), are well known. Less appreciated is the effect of negative Gz (−Gz) flight on subsequent +Gz maneuvers, known as the “push-pull effect.” This is an example involving the loss of an F-16 and pilot that was caused by the push-pull effect.CASE REPORT: The mishap pilot (MP) was killed during a training flight when his F-16 crashed without an ejection attempt. The MP, while transitioning from prolonged −Gz flight to sustained +Gz flight, maneuvered the mishap aircraft (MA) from −2.06 Gz to +8.56 Gz in less than 5 s. At this point, there were only minimal control inputs for 5 s, indicating the MP experienced transient incapacitation, most likely due to G-LOC or almost loss of consciousness (A-LOC). The MP’s subsequent recovery attempt was interrupted by ground impact. The Accident Investigation Board (AIB) concluded the MP experienced G-LOC due to the push-pull effect.DISCUSSION: Since this is not the first time the push-pull effect has resulted in G-LOC mishaps, the adverse effects of such maneuvers should continue to be emphasized during military physiological training, as well as during general aviation (GA) aerobatics training. Furthermore, A-LOC, instead of being considered a discrete phenomenon, may need to be included in a broader G-LOC definition that encompasses the entire continuum of G-LOC and A-LOC.Metzler MM. G-LOC due to the push-pull effect in a fatal F-16 mishap. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(1):51–55.
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Prose, Doug V. "Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert." Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 7, no. 3 (September 1985): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02528800.

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Hale, Alan, Milt Davis, and Jim Sirbaugh. "A Numerical Simulation Capability for Analysis of Aircraft Inlet-Engine Compatibility." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1925649.

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Two primary aircraft propulsion subsystems are the inlet and the engine. Traditionally these subsystems have been designed, analyzed, and tested as isolated systems. The interaction between the subsystems is modeled primarily through evaluating inlet distortion in an inlet test and then simulating this distortion in engine tests via screens or similar devices. Recently, it has been recognized that significant improvements in both performance and operability can be realized when both the inlet and the engine are designed with full knowledge of the other. In this paper, a computational tool called Turbine Engine Analysis Compressor Code is used to evaluate the effect of inlet distortion on a three-stage military fan. This three-stage military fan is further connected to an F-16 inlet and forebody operating at an angle of attack and sideslip to demonstrate the effect of inlet distortion generated by flight maneuvers. The computational approach of simulating an integrated inlet-engine system is expected to provide additional insight over evaluating the components separately.
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Hackney, A. C., J. M. Shaw, J. A. Hodgdon, J. T. Coyne, and D. L. Kelleher. "Cold exposure during military operations: effects on anaerobic performance." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.1.125.

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This study examined the effects of military field operations (MFO) under different environmental conditions on anaerobic performance. US Marines were tested in the field under the following conditions: 1) noncold environment (NC; n = 30, 10–32 degrees C) and 2) cold environment (CO; n = 32, -2 to -22 degrees C). Subjects performed 30-s Wingate tests (WIN) pre- and immediately post-MFO to assess anaerobic performance. The MFO consisted of approximately 4.5 days of combat training maneuvers while carrying field equipment (packs and weapon, approximately 25 kg). WIN measures obtained were absolute and relative mean power (MP), 5-s peak power (PP), and fatigue index (% decline). Significant main effects (P less than 0.01) were observed for time (pre-post MFO). Reductions occurred in absolute MP [651.8 +/- 30.3 to 616.4 +/- 28.5 (SE) W] and PP (897.8 +/- 41.6 to 857.0 +/- 39.1 W); however, no effect on fatigue index was seen. Significant interaction effects (P less than 0.05) were observed in relative measures. Reductions (pre-post) in MP (NC = 8.64 +/- 0.16 to 8.37 +/- 0.14 W/kg; CO = 8.91 +/- 0.26 to 8.04 +/- 0.15 W/kg) and PP (NC = 11.80 +/- 0.24 to 11.61 +/- 0.33 W/kg; CO = 12.23 +/- 0.35 to 11.20 +/- 0.19 W/kg) were greater under CO than NC conditions. These changes were found despite significant (P less than 0.05) but comparable pre-post weight reductions in both CO and NC conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Nascimento, Marcos A., Henrique A. Amorim, Catharina M. C. Scassola, Tatiana S. Cunha, and Karina R. Casali. "Effect Of Controlled Ventilatory Maneuver On Military Performance In The Basic Military Shooting Test." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 53, no. 8S (August 2021): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000763388.64713.5c.

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Lakhin, R. Y., E. A. Zhirnova, V. V. Shustrov, S. G. Shulman, A. A. Yemelyanov, and B. N. Bogomolov. "Ultrasonography in the Assessment of Lung Recruitment in Patients with Severe Pneumonia." Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care" 8, no. 4 (January 17, 2020): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2019-8-4-418-422.

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BACKGROUND. Ultrasound study significantly expanded the possibilities of bedside diagnosis in patients with respiratory failure. Using ultrasound, it is possible to determine the volume of lung damage in the form of collapsed alveoli and infiltration areas with preserved airness of the lung tissue. AIM OF STuDY To study the possibility of assessing the recruitment maneuver of the alveoli based on changes in the ultrasound signs of lung tissue damage.MATERIAL AND METHODS. A prospective study was performed in the Clinic of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation of S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy. The study included 36 patients who were treated in the period from 2010 to 2017 with a duration of respiratory support of at least 48 hours and oxygenation index less than 300 mmHg. For 36 patients, 48 alveoli recruitment maneuvers were performed according to a step-by-step method under the control of dynamic compliance and average tidal volume. Ultrasound determined the type and extent of destruction of lung tissue by signs of infiltration and consolidation.RESULTS. In the studied patients, after carrying out a maneuver of recruitment of the alveoli, arterial blood oxygenation indices increased statistically significantly, PaCO2 level decreased, pulmonary tissue compliance improved, respiratory volume grew. All this confirmed the mobilization of the alveoli and improved lung ventilation. Ultrasonographic evaluation of lung tissue showed a significant decrease in the severity of the ultrasound sign of infiltration after recruitment maneuver from 46.5 (38; 57.5) to 37.5 (30.5; 49.5). However, recruitment had practically no effect on the volume of the consolidated area of lung tissue: the general consolidation index before (4 (3; 5)) and after (4 (3; 5)) the maneuver had no statistically significant differences.CONCLUSIONS. The pneumonia-affected consolidated lung tissue has a low recruitment potential and the volume of consolidation does not change with the growth of PEEP. After the recruitment maneuver, the number of B-lines decreases, indicating a decrease in infiltration and an increase in lung airness.Authors declare lack of the conflicts of interests.
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Triantafyllou, T., T. Nikolaidis, M. Diakostefanis, and P. Pilidis. "Stability assessment of an airflow distorted military engine’s FAN." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 232, no. 13 (June 27, 2017): 2584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410017716478.

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Military aircraft are often subjected to severe flight maneuvers with high angles of attack and angles of sideslip. These flight attitudes induce non-uniformity in flow conditions to their gas turbine engines, which may include distortion of inlet total pressure and total temperature at the aerodynamic interface plane. Operation of the downstream engine’s compression system may suffer reduced aerodynamic performance and stall margin, and increased blade stress levels. The present study presents a methodology of evaluating the effect of inlet flow distortion on the engine’s fan stability. The flow distortion examined was induced to the aerodynamic interface plane by means of changing the aircraft’s flight attitude. The study is based on the steady-state flow results from 27 different flight scenarios that have been simulated in computational fluid dynamics. As a baseline model geometry, an airframe inspired by the General Dynamics/LMAERO F-16 aircraft was chosen, which has been exposed to subsonic incoming airflow with varying direction resembling thus different aircraft flight attitudes. The results are focused on the total pressure distribution on the engine’s (aerodynamic interface plane) face and how this is manifested at the operation of the fan. Based on the results, it was concluded that the distorted conditions cause a shift of the surge line on the fan map, with the amount of shift to be directly related to the severity of these distorted conditions. The most severe flight attitude in terms of total pressure distortion, among the tested ones, caused about 7% surge margin depletion comparing to the undistorted value.
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Triantafyllou, T., T. Nikolaidis, M. Diakostefanis, and P. Pilidis. "Total pressure distortion levels at the aerodynamic interface plane of a military aircraft." Aeronautical Journal 119, no. 1219 (September 2015): 1147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000011179.

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AbstractMilitary aircrafts are often subjected to severe flight maneuvers with high Angles-of -Attack (AOA) and Angles of Sideslip (AOSS). These flight attitudes induce non-uniform in flow conditions to their gas turbine engines which may include distortion of inlet total pressure and total temperature at the Aerodynamic Interface Plane (AIP). Operation of the downstream compression system with distorted inflow typically results in reduced aerodynamic performance, reduced stall margin, and increased blade stress levels. In the present study the steady state total pressure distortion induced to the Aerodynamic Interface Plane due to the aircraft’s flight attitude have been estimated in terms of distortion descriptors. The distorted conditions at the interface between the intake and the engine have been predicted by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), where 33 different aircraft flight attitudes have been tested. Based on the obtained results the effect of Angle-of-Attack (AOA) and Angle of Side Slip (AOSS) on the distortion descriptors have been studied. The results showed that the distortion effect becomes more pronounced whenever this specific airframe configuration is exposed to incoming flow with an AOSS. Among the tested cases, the greatest total pressure defect at the AIP in terms of difference from the average value and of circumferential extent was calculated for the flight attitudes of 0·35M flight with 0° AOA and 8° AOSS and 0·35M fight with 16° AOA and 16° AOSS.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effect of military maneuvers on"

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Stephenson, Thomas Robert. "Mule deer response to military activity in southeast Colorado." Thesis, This resource online, 1989. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07292009-090244/.

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Pugh, Ginger E. "Assessing the hydrologic impacts of military maneuvers." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15677.

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Master of Science
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Stacy Hutchinson
Military land management is vital to the future health and usability of maneuver training areas. As land disturbance increases, runoff from the area also increases and may create significant erosion potential. Determining the relationship between what is safe training versus what is harmful to the environment can be done by determining runoff potential at different disturbance percentages given different training intensities. Various studies have shown that soil density, soil structure, plant biodiversity, animal biodiversity, and many other essential ecosystem factors are greatly damaged by continuous training. These ecosystem factors influence runoff amounts and likewise erosion potential in that area. The primary factor examined in this study was the Curve Number (CN). Since military procedures do not have predefined CNs, representative CNs were created based off of CNs for agricultural use and supplemental research about training impacts on the land. Training intensity was broken into four classes: undisturbed, light use, moderate use, and heavy use. Five sample watersheds on Fort Riley were used as replications for the study. Disturbance intensity indexes were broken into 10% increments, and changes in runoff amount and peak rate modeled with TR-55. Statistical analysis was done comparing watersheds, training intensities and disturbance percentages for different storm magnitudes to assess statistically significance of changes in runoff amount and peak rate. This analysis showed that runoff amount and rate were both significantly impacted at every 10% increase on disturbance percentage. Results also showed that at the lower disturbance percentage (less than 30%), runoff amount and rate were not significantly impacted by training use classes. From this it can be seen that even with very little training done to the land increased erosion can be expected.
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Bocvarov, Spiro. "Time-optimal reorientation maneuvers of an aircraft." Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135603/.

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McCarthy, Laura Elaine 1960. "Impact of military maneuvers on Mojave Desert surfaces: A multiscale analysis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282131.

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Concern for environmental management of our natural resources is most often focused on the human impacts upon these resources. Minor stresses on surface materials in sensitive desert landscapes can greatly increase the rate and character of erosion. The National Training Center, Ft. Irwin, located in the middle of the Mojave Desert, California, provides a study area of intense off-road vehicle (ORV) activity spanning a 50-year period. This study documents a case of concentrated ORV activity on sensitive desert environments, and the resulting environmental impacts. Geomorphic surfaces from two study sites within the Ft. Irwin area were mapped from 1:28,400 scale black and white aerial photographs taken in 1947. Surface disruption attributed to military activity was then mapped for the same areas from 1993, 1:12,000, black and white aerial photographs. Several field checks were conducted to verify this mapping. Images created from SPOT panchromatic and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) multispectral data acquired during the spring of 1987 and 1993 were analyzed to assess both the extent of disrupted surfaces and the surface geomorphology discernable from satellite data. Classified and merged images were then created from these data and demonstrate the capabilities of satellite data to aid in the delineation of disrupted geomorphic surfaces. Correlations were also established between highly disrupted surfaces and soil surface conditions on selected geomorphic surfaces. Disruption maps produced from the air photos indicate that the amount of disrupted surfaces within the study sites grew from a combined total of 1.3 km² in 1947 to 33.4 km² by 1993. A combination of 6 bands of Landsat TM data with a seventh band of SPOT panchromatic data yielded a product that delineated broad geomorphic surfaces that closely correlate with those mapped from the aerial photography. An error matrix between these two products resulted in an overall accuracy of 83.36% and a Kappa Index of Agreement of 77.28%. A 15-class unsupervised classification of the SPOT panchromatic data produced the representation of the extent and levels of disruption present in the study areas that closely matched field observations. Field sampling of soil strength and clay/silt percentages on disturbed and undisturbed surfaces reveals that these arid land surfaces react to intense ORV activity by becoming more compact and exhibiting higher percentages of clays and silts.
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Carter, Benjamin R. "Time-optimization of high performance combat maneuvers." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FCarter.pdf.

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Meeks, Jeremy C. "Fugitive dust emissions from off-road vehicle maneuvers on military training lands." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15607.

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Master of Science
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Ronaldo G. Maghirang
Military installations in the United States may be large sources of fugitive dust emissions. Off-road vehicle training can contribute to air quality degradation resulting from increased wind erosion events as a result of soil disruption; however, limited information exists regarding the impacts of off-road vehicle maneuvering. This study was conducted to determine the effects of soil texture and intensity of training with off-road vehicles on fugitive dust emission potential due to wind erosion at military training installations. Multi-pass trafficking experiments, involving wheeled and tracked military vehicles (i.e., M1A1 Abrams tank, M925A1 water tanker and various HMMWV models), were conducted at three military training facilities with different climate and soil texture (i.e., Fort Riley, KS; Fort Benning, GA; and Yakima Training Center, WA). Dust emissions were measured on site using a Portable In-Situ Wind Erosion Laboratory (PI-SWERL) coupled with a DustTrak™ dust monitor. In addition, a top layer of soil was collected in trays and tested in a laboratory wind tunnel for dust emission potential. In wind tunnel testing, the amount of emitted dust was measured using glass-fiber filters through high-volume samplers. Also, the particle size distribution and concentration of the emitted dust were measured using a GRIMM aerosol spectrometer. Comparison of the PI-SWERL (with DustTrak™ dust monitor) and wind tunnel test (with GRIMM aerosol spectrometer) results showed significant difference and little correlation. Also, comparison of the filter and GRIMM aerosol spectrometer data showed significant difference but high correlation. The dust emission potential (as measured with the GRIMM spectrometer) was significantly influenced by soil texture, vehicle type and number of passes. For the light-wheeled vehicle, total dust emissions increased from 66 mg m-2 for undisturbed soil to 304 mg m-2 (357%) and 643 mg m-2 (868%) for 10 and 50 passes, respectively. For the tracked vehicle, an average increase in total dust emission of 569% was observed between undisturbed conditions and 1 pass, with no significant increase in emissions potential beyond 1 pass. For the heavy-wheeled vehicle, emissions increased from 75 mg m-2 for undisturbed soil to 1,652 mg m-2 (1,369%) and 4,023 mg m-2 (5,276%) for 10 and 20 passes, respectively. Soil texture also played an important role in dust emission potential. For all treatment effects, there was a 1,369% difference in emissions between silty clay loam soil and loamy sand soil.
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Cesur, Fatih. "Optimizing formation movement over heteregeneous terrain." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FCesur.pdf.

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Garrett, Frederick Earl. "Fast half-loop maneuvers for the F/A-18 fighter aircraft using a singular pertubation feedback control law." Thesis, This resource online, 1988. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04122010-083818/.

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Santos, Ignacio. "Simulation and Study of Gravity Assist Maneuvers." Thesis, KTH, Rymdteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276462.

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This thesis takes a closer look at the complex maneuver known as gravity assist, a popular method of interplanetary travel. The maneuver is used to gain or lose momentum by flying by planets, which induces a speed and direction change. A simulation model is created using the General Mission Analysis Tool (GMAT), which is intended to be easily reproduced and altered to match any desired gravity assist maneuver. The validity of its results is analyzed, comparing them to available data from real missions. Some parameters, including speed and trajectory, are found to be extremely reliable. The model is then used as a tool to investigate the way that different parameters impact this complex environment, and the advantages of performing thrusting burns at different points during the maneuver are explored. According to theory, thrusting at the point of closest approach to the planet is thought to be the most efficient method for changing speed and direction of flight. However, the results from this study show that thrusting before this point can have some major advantages, depending on the desired outcome. The reason behind this is concluded to be the high sensitivity of the gravity assist maneuver to the altitude and location of the point of closest approach.
Detta examensarbete tittar närmare på den komplexa manöver inom banmekanik som kallas gravitationsassisterad manöver, vilken är vanligt förekommande vid interplanetära rymduppdrag. Manövern används för att öka eller minska farkostens rörelsemängd genom att flyga förbi nära planeter, vilket ger upphov till en förändring i fart och riktning. En simuleringsmodell är skapad i NASAs mjukvara GMAT med syftena att den ska vara reproducerbar samt möjlig att ändra för olika gravitationsassisterade manövrar. Resultaten från simuleringarna är validerade mot tillgängliga data från riktigt rymduppdrag. Vissa parametrar, som fart och position, har en väldigt bra överenstämmelse. Modellen används sedan för att noggrannare undersöka hur olika parametrar påverkar det komplexa beteendet vid en graviationsassisterad manöver, genom att specifikt titta på effekterna av en pålagd dragkraft från motorn under den gravitationsassisterade manövern. Teoretiskt fås mest effekt på fart och riktning om dragkraften från motorn läggs på vid punkten närmast planeten. Resultaten från denna studie visar att beroende på vilken parameter man vill ändra så kan man erhålla mer effekt genom att lägga på dragkraften innan den närmsta punkten. Förklaringen till detta är att den gravitationsassisterade manövern är väldigt icke-linjär, så en tidigare pålagd dragkraft kan kraftigt förändra farkostens bana nära planeten, så att farkosten t.ex. kommer närmare och då påverkas mer.
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Savage, Joshua G. "“Thank God It’s Only Maneuvers!:” Tennessee and the Road to War." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2317.

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“Thank God It’s Only Maneuvers!:” Tennessee and the Road to War offers the reader a comprehensive explanation of the importance of the Tennessee Maneuvers of June 1941 to American preparation for World War II. Beginning with pre-war changes in the infantry, followed by the inception of the Armored Force, and continuing through the testing of both during the 1941 Maneuvers, the reader will gain an appreciation of the significance of these actions to overall American preparation before and during the Second World War. This work also presents a look at how these extensive combat actions influenced the people of the State of Tennessee throughout their existence.
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Books on the topic "Effect of military maneuvers on"

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1946-, Krausman Paul R., and Wildlife Society, eds. Effects of military operations on behavior and hearing of endangered Sonoran pronghorn. [Bethesda, Md.]: Wildlife Society, 2004.

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1973-, Pernin Christopher G., ed. Allocation of forces, fires, and effects using genetic algorithms. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp., 2008.

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Burns, Jillian. Night maneuvers. Toronto: Harlequin, 2011.

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Yarrison, James L. The modern Louisiana Maneuvers. [Washington, D.C.]: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1999.

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Yarrison, James L. The modern Louisiana maneuvers. Washington, D.C: [U.S. Chief of Military History], 1999.

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Kentrotēs, Kyriakos D. Aeronautikes askēseis sto Aigaio: Hellada-Tourkia : diethnes dikaio kai geōpolitikē. [Greece]: Proskēnio, 1999.

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Reagan, Ronald. Exercises by U.S. forces in the eastern Mediterranean: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting a report of the peaceful exercise conducted as part of a global freedom of navigation program. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Ronald, Reagan. Exercises by U.S. forces in the eastern Mediterranean: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting a report of the peaceful exercise conducted as part of a global freedom of navigation program. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Ronald, Reagan. Exercises by U.S. forces in the eastern Mediterranean: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting a report of the peaceful exercise conducted as part of a global freedom of navigation program. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Li, Qingshan. 122 ge guo jia jun shi yan xi nei mu. Beijing: Zhong gong dang shi chu ban she, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Effect of military maneuvers on"

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Hurtado-Torres, Sebastián. "Winds of War, Diplomatic Maneuvers (1974)." In An International History of South America in the Era of Military Rule, 96–115. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003205456-6.

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Sousa, M., P. Fonseca, R. Sebastião, S. Morais, I. de Sousa, L. Machado, F. Sousa, J. P. Vilas-Boas, D. Soares, and M. Vaz. "Military overloaded gait: Effect on biomechanical variables." In Advances and Current Trends in Biomechanics, 172–76. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003217152-39.

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Elveren, Adem Yavuz. "The effect of military expenditure on profitability in Marxist theories." In The Economics of Military Spending, 67–94. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429430947-5.

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Bastin, Rohan, and Premakumara de Silva. "Military tourism as a state-effect in the Sri Lankan civil war." In Military Pilgrimage and Battlefield Tourism, 101–24. New York : Routledge, [2017] | Series: Routledge studies in pilgrimage, religious travel, and tourism: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315595436-7.

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Posteguillo, Nicolás Alberto, and María Paula Bonomini. "The Effect of Breathing Maneuvers on the Interaction Between Pulse Fluctuation and Heart Rate Variability." In Artificial Intelligence in Neuroscience: Affective Analysis and Health Applications, 369–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06242-1_37.

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Adelaja, Olukayode. "Effect of Psychoactive Drugs in the Military — The Nigerian Experience." In Psychiatry, 551–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2365-5_85.

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Fonseca, Pedro, Ricardo Sebastião, Manoela Sousa, Leandro Machado, Filipa Sousa, João Paulo Vilas-Boas, Inês M. Sousa, and Mário Vaz. "Postural control in military personnel: Effect of load and footwear." In Advances and Current Trends in Biomechanics, 158–62. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003217152-36.

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Birrell, Stewart, and Robin Hooper. "The Effect of Military Load Carriage on Ground Reaction Forces." In Contemporary Ergonomics 2005, 146–50. London: Taylor & Francis, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003419969-33.

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op den Buijs, Tessa, and Peter Olsthoorn. "Human Resource Management for Military Organizations: Challenges and Trends." In Handbook of Military Sciences, 1–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_68-1.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we examine the challenges military organizations face today in terms of their HRM policies and the effect of the institutional environment and strategy on these policies. We begin with an overview of the evolution of HRM over time, and how it is understood today, and will outline some general theories within the HRM domain. Today’s changes in, for example, the internal and external environment of military organizations pose important challenges for the military’s personnel policies and organizational fit. We will discuss the reactions by military organizations to these challenges. What trends do the challenges lead to in relation to the professionalization of the armed forces? Next, we elaborate on some of the more pressing challenges, such as motivating young people, the development in the field of talent management in relation to the organizational strategy, recent technological developments, labor market developments such as diversity in the workforce, but also private military companies, and of course the global security situation. We end this chapter with a short conclusion.
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Vartanian, Oshin, Cathy Boscarino, Jerzy Jarmasz, and Vlad Zotov. "Training-Related Stress and Performance in the Military." In Handbook of Military Sciences, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_60-1.

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AbstractConsiderable research has focused on the effects of stress on the performance of military personnel on the battlefield. Less studied are the effects of stress on the performance of military personnel in the course of routine activities such as training. This chapter takes stock of stressors that impact learning and performance on a wide host of training-related activities, including simulated stress. This literature suggests a nuanced relationship between stress and performance in training, and highlights the moderating and mediating effects that social, contextual, and individual-differences factors exert on that relationship. Importantly, although training scenarios aim to mimic realistic levels of stress to develop resilience, it is critical that stress induced in the training environment does not surpass the regulatory abilities of the trainees to cause impairments in learning. Toward that end, we discuss regulatory mechanisms that can be engaged to manage the effect of stress on training-related performance, as well as novel findings from systems neuroscience on how the brain responds to the presence of acute stress.
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Conference papers on the topic "Effect of military maneuvers on"

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Hale, Alan, Milt Davis, and Jim Sirbaugh. "A Numerical Simulation Capability for Analysis of Aircraft Inlet – Engine Compatibility." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53473.

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Two primary aircraft propulsion subsystems are the inlet and the engine. Traditionally these subsystems have been designed, analyzed, and tested as isolated systems. The interaction between the subsystems is modeled primarily through evaluating inlet distortion in an inlet test and then simulating this distortion in engine tests via screens or similar devices. Recently, it has been recognized that significant improvements in both performance and operability can be realized when both the inlet and the engine are designed with full knowledge of the other. In this paper, a computational tool called Turbine Engine Analysis Compressor Code (TEACC) is used to evaluate the effect of inlet distortion on a three-stage military fan. This three-stage military fan is further connected to an F-16 inlet and forebody operating at an angle of attack and sideslip to demonstrate the effect of inlet distortion generated by flight maneuvers. The computational approach of simulating an integrated inlet-engine system is expected to provide additional insight over evaluating the components separately.
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Eslaminasab, N., and M. F. Golnaraghi. "Vibration Control Schemes of Semi- Active Hydro-Pneumatic Dampers for Military Vehicle Suspension." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14786.

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Hydro-pneumatic dampers are widely used in military and heavy vehicle suspension systems, where large suspension travel (more than 20 inches) is expected. Due to the nonlinear characteristics of these elements, suspension system performance and in particular ride comfort and road handling capabilities of the vehicle are altered. Although these nonlinear characteristics are inherent in nearly all vehicles suspension systems, their effects are dominant in certain maneuvers and especially in off-road conditions where the suspension system experiences rather large displacements. This paper investigates the control of a hydropneumatic damper suspension system, a highly nonlinear system comprised of a pneumatic spring (gas-spring) and a hydraulic damper. First, the hydro-pneumatic damper of a military vehicle is modeled. The model is validated using experiments performed with a dynamometer test machine. Based on the validated model, a 2DOF quarter car model is developed, simulated and analyzed. Secondly, the performance of two well-known semiactive control methods - Skyhook and Rakheja-Sankar (R-S) - are investigated as applied to suspension control in the 2DOF car model. To analyze the performance of these control strategies in the suspension systems where the nonlinear components exist, the method of averaging is deployed. Finally, a new control strategy based on Skyhook and R-S is proposed to address ride comfort and road handling utilizing the variable stiffness gas-spring together with a semiactive damper. The results of this new controller are then compared to that of several well known suspension control methods such as Skyhook to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
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Uddin, Mesbah, Spencer Nichols, Cortney Hahn, Adit Misar, Shishir Desai, Nathan Tison, and Vamshi Korivi. "Aerodynamics of Landing Maneuvering of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Close Proximity to a Ground Vehicle." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0118.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Autonomous takeoff and landing maneuvers of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) from/on a moving ground vehicle (GV) have been an area of active research for the past several years. For military missions requiring repeated flight operations of the UAV, precise landing ability is important for autonomous docking into a recharging station, since such stations are often mounted on a ground vehicle. The development of precise and efficient control algorithms for this autonomous maneuvering has two key challenges; one is related to flight aerodynamics and the other is related to a precise detection of the landing zone. The aerodynamic challenges include understanding the complex interaction of the flows over the UAV and GV, potential ground effects at the proximity of the landing surface, and the impact of the variations in the surrounding wind flow and ambient conditions. While a large body of work in this area can be found on the control aspect of the UAV landing and takeoff maneuvers, research on the aerodynamic aspects of such maneuvers is non-existent. This paper presents an in-depth computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based aerodynamic characterization of the transient flow fields associated with the landing of a hobby-model quadcopter (the UAV) on an idealized road vehicle (the GV), the 35-degree slant angle Ahmed body. Transient improved delayed detached eddy simulations (IDDES) are carried out using the commercial CFD code STAR-CCM+. Our study indicates that the pressure field is the first flow property that gets impacted by the proximity of the UAV to the GV.</div></div>
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Ames, Eric C., and Raja V. Pulikollu. "Virtual Life and Performance Modeling of Aerospace Spiral Bevel Gears." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12351.

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Spiral bevel gears are widely used in the tail rotor drive trains of most rotorcraft. The loads associated with the tail rotor drive train are generally much more variable than those in the main rotor drive train primarily resulting from maneuvers. Over the life of any particular military rotorcraft it is not uncommon for the aircraft’s operating gross weight to steadily increase, causing the aircraft to fly at higher mean power levels and thus increasing the operating load spectrum associated with the tail rotor drive train. Special missions and equipment such as pulling a mine sweeping sled or very high altitude high gross weight assaults can put severe load demands on the tail drive train. This paper details an effort conducted to evaluate the effects of short to moderate duration overloads on the spiral bevel gears of the UH-60 helicopter tail rotor drive train. The focus of the effort was on the Tail Take-off gear mesh (TTO). An initial analytical assessment of the effect of loads above the endurance limit was conducted using an American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) based approach. To confirm the validity of this approach, overload testing of the TTO gear mesh was conducted by the U.S. Army’s Aviation Applied Technology Directorate at the Navy’s test facility in Paxtuent River MD. Following the testing, the gear tooth bending and surface fatigue lives were analyzed using a microstructure based probabilistic tool developed by Sentient Corporation. The tool, known as Digital Clone was able to run hundreds of virtual tests that closely simulated the actual testing thus providing a low cost method for increasing the confidence associated with the effects of short to moderate high transient loads.
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Iliev, Andrej, Lazar Gjurov, and Zoran Cikarski. "HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP IN WARFARE." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.5.21.p19.

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The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century had a profound effect on the way the wars were fought. Historians often refer to the American Civil War (1861-65) as the first genuine modern war. History has shown that the effects of technological advances in industry are processes which follow the revolution in the history of war. Napoleon's military campaigns formed the basis of formal military education and lidership in the Western world. Wars as a social phenomenon were more effective through the use of the first modern railways, roads, and warships, which in most military operations changed the doctrine and tactics of warfare and the deployment of military forces on the battlefield. The first and second generation of modern warfare was dominated by the massive use of military force, and numerous armies. This generation of warfare culminates in the Renaissance with the wars of the french emperor and one of the famoust strategic military leaders in that time, Napoleon Bonaparte. The third generation of warfare was a product of the First World War and was generally developed by the German army and was better known as “Blitzkrieg” or maneuver warfare. The strategic military leader in this generation of warfare was Adolf Hitler. The fourth generation of warfare is an evolved form of rebellion that uses all available networks: political, economic, social, and military, in order to create an imaginary image of the adversary. Also, the fifth generation of warfare is defined as contactless warfare, which states and destroys a specific goal without the physical presence of a human. This generation of warfare begins with long-range artillery and naval firearms and longrange missile systems and has been studied since the US terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Strategic leadership in the fourth and fifth generation of warfare have been most developed by US military strategic leaders especially after the US terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. World-class warriors are strategic leaders which have moved beyond tactical and operational competence in the employment of the future force. They understand and implement a full spectrum of operations at the strategic level to include theater and campaign strategy, joint force, interagency in multinational operations. At the end, the military strategic leaders are using all spectrum of military elements of national political 208 power and technology in the execution of the national security strategy. The aim of this paper is to analyze the historical development of strategic lidership in warfare throughout history, taking into account the comprehensive social changes that have taken place in the world over the last two centuries. Keywords: historical development, strategic lidership, generations of warfare, strategy, tactics
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Castaneda, Javier, Ahad Mehdi, Domenico di Cugno, and Vassilios Pachidis. "A Preliminary Numerical CFD Analysis of Transonic Compressor Rotors When Subjected to Inlet Swirl Distortion." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46560.

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A preliminary investigation of a CFD capability to assess the impact of inlet swirl distortion on transonic compressor rotors has been carried out. In the late 1960s with the advent of turbo fan engines, industry and government agencies became increasingly aware of the inlet total pressure distortion problem. Since then, the inlet/engine compatibility assessment has become a significant issue within the propulsion system life cycle. Nowadays the development of high-performance military aircraft and UAV with maneuvers before unthinkable, entail considerable levels of inlet flow angularity. The importance of developing a rigorous methodology to understand the effect of inlet swirl distortion on turbomachinery has also become one of the major concerns of present day. NASA rotor 67 and 37 were selected for this investigation having different hub to tip radius and aspect ratios. The steady state CFD simulations were carried out on two types of inlet swirl distortion scenarios: Bulk swirl (both Rotor 37 and 67) and Ground vortex (only Rotor 67). A parametric study to define the swirl angle distribution for ground vortex cases was also accomplished. The non-dimensional ground clearance, wind conditions and core vortex location at the inlet/engine AIP were the parameters taken into account. The study carried out suggests that ground vortex core location and vortex rotational direction greatly affect the shift of the speedline. This emphasizes the importance of identifying the radial location of ingested vortex core at the AIP as the turbomachinery response differs depending on it. Similar shift in speedlines for the bulk swirl cases were also observed.
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Torrieri, Don. "Cyber Maneuvers and Maneuver Keys." In 2014 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2014.48.

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Feltman, Kathryn, and Amanda Kelley. "Evaluation of Helicopter Performance Indicators for use in the Development of Digital Twin based on Physiological Sensor Data from the Aviator." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004630.

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Ongoing work within the military, as well as in the civilian sector, continues to pursue the goal of operator state monitoring (OSM) through physiological metrics. The overarching goal of this effort is to provide a near real-time objective assessment of an operator’s state that is predictive of performance degradation. It is anticipated that such an endeavor would result in a human digital twin system (HDTS) (Miller & Spatz, 2022), whereby the physiological data collected from the human operator would be used to model and predict operator states under different flight conditions, subsequently used to predict future performance. Creation of such a system will require large quantities of data that will need to be accumulated from a variety of flight conditions (i.e., weather) and types of maneuvers (e.g., hover, takeoff). Although significant progress has been made to-date, a key component remains undefined. We have yet to define what aspects of performance are critical to be predicted within such a system. To maximize the utility of OSM within an operational setting, detecting when performance is likely to degrade, or has begun to degrade, is essential for the system to make use of this information, ultimately engaging some form of adaptive automation – through an HDTS. While a plethora of work has been completed to-date to determine the performance parameters necessary for implementing various cues to the aviator or in some cases, automation (e.g., automatic ground collision avoidance system), much of this work has been done with a relatively narrow scope. Ongoing work, through literature review, is aimed at evaluating performance parameters to determine what aspects of aviator performance have been demonstrated to indicate adequate performance across different maneuvers. Alongside this effort, we have recently evaluated the effects of various cues (auditory and tactile) within a UH-60 full-motion simulator on different performance outcomes (Feltman et al., 2024). While manipulating these cues, we evaluated the physiological data and performance outcomes of 16 Army aviators. From this study, we measured approach performance using a parameter derived from one of the visual cues (vertical speed indicator). The performance outcome was the amount of time participants spent within the target range of this visual cue, which indicated adequate performance for the task. Using this as an outcome measure, we demonstrated that auditory and tactile cueing combinations had different effects on this measure, F(3, 297) = 3.76, p = 0.011. The physiological data collected concurred with the findings of performance data, where those with better performance on this outcome measure showed increased physiological arousal (increased heart rate, F[3, 118] = 8.02, p < 0.0001, decreased heart rate variability, F[3, 118] = 9.39, p < 0.0001). Taken together, the result of this study provides an initial step toward defining flight performance outcomes that correspond with changes in physiological parameters of the aviator. Ongoing work continues to evaluate various types of performance measures that may be used independently or in combination with others (to create an index) for the purposes of OSM/HDTS development.
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Matthew Rice, Paul Ayers, and Alan B. Anderson. "Using GPS to evaluate vehicle platoon movement during military maneuvers." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20582.

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Matthew Rice, Paul Ayers, Alan B. Anderson, and Lisa Randolph. "Assessment of ecological impacts of military maneuvers in training areas." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22007.

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Reports on the topic "Effect of military maneuvers on"

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Story, Madison, Adam Smith, and Sunny Adams. Fort McCoy firing ranges and military training lands : a history and analysis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45600.

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The US Congress codified the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), the nation’s most effective cultural resources legislation to date, mostly through establishing the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The NHPA requires Federal agencies to address their cultural resources, which are defined as any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object. Section 110of the NHPA requires Federal agencies to inventory and evaluate their cultural resources, and Section 106 requires them to determine the effect of Federal undertakings on those potentially eligible for the NRHP. Fort McCoy is entirely within Monroe County in west-central Wisconsin. It was first established as the Sparta Maneuver Tract in 1909.The post was renamed Camp McCoy in 1926. Since 1974, it has been known as Fort McCoy. This report provides a historic context for ranges, features, and buildings associated with the post’s training lands in support of Section 110 of the NHPA.
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Story, Madison, and Adam Smith. Fort Hunter Liggett : a history and analysis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46340.

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The US Congress codified the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), the nation’s most effective cultural resources legislation to date, mostly through establishing the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The NHPA requires Federal agencies to address their cultural resources, which are defined as any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object. Section 110 of the NHPA requires Federal agencies to inventory and evaluate their cultural resources, and Section 106 requires them to determine the effect of Federal undertakings on those potentially eligible for the NRHP. Fort Hunter Liggett is located on California’s Central Coast within Monterey County. The fort has been used as a training facility for large-scale maneuvers and live-fire exercises since its establishment as a US Army training facility in 1941. The periods of significance for Criterion A are: from 1769 to 1833, relating to the founding and development of Mission San Antonio de Padua; from 1834 to 1923, relating to Euro-American land grants and ranchos; from 1923 to 1940, relating to Hearst’s purchase of the property and subsequent development; from 1940 to 1945, relating to the establishment of the Hunter Liggett Military Reservation (HLMR) and activities related to WWII; from 1959 to 1970, relating to the establishment and buildup of CDEC; and from 1975 to 1980, relating to HLMR’s redesignation as Fort Hunter Liggett and associated development. This report provides a comprehensive historic context for ranges, features, and buildings at Fort Hunter Liggett in support of Section 110 of the NHPA.
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Pham, Melissa V., William R. Fields, Dustin T. Brown, Dylan A. Pasley, Juan L. Davila-Parez, William D. Meyer, and Matthew D. Hiett. Bridge Resource Inventory Database for Gap Emplacement Selection (BRIDGES). U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47359.

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Wet gap crossings are one of the most complex maneuvers undertaken by military engineers, who, along with engineer planners, require better tools to increase the capacity for efficient use of limited bridging resources across the battlespace. Planning for bridging maneuvers often involves a complicated and inefficient system of ad hoc spreadsheets combined with an overreliance on the personal experience and training of subject matter experts (SMEs). Bridge Resource Inventory Database for Gap Emplacement Selection (BRIDGES) uses interactive mapping and database technology in order to streamline the bridging planning process and provide answers to question about myriad scenarios to maximize efficiency and provide better means of data persistence across time and data sharing across operational or planning units.
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Schoonover, Lois H. The Effect of Paradigms on Military Decision Making. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada293293.

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Anglin, Leighton W. The Effect Terrorist Labels Have on Military Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada567572.

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Bahr, James J. Societal Values and Their Effect upon the Military. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada222896.

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Barnes Jr, Robert L. Policies Governing Military Food Service Contracts Effect Soldier Readiness. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada543417.

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Rossetti, Manuel D., Scott J. Mason, Joshua B. McGee, Mohsen Manesh, Ashlea Bennett, Ryan Houx, and Amanda Mills. Quantifying the Effect of Commercial Transportation Practices in Military Supply Chains. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada447706.

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Lesser, Harry K., and Jr. The Revolution in Military Affairs and Its Effect on the Future Army. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada281690.

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Huffman, Ann H., Amy B. Adler, and Carl A. Castro. The Impact of Deployment History on the Wellbeing of Military Personnel: The Gender Effect. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada391607.

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