Journal articles: 'Effect of inoculation on structure and mechanical properties of ductile cast iron'

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Badmos, Adebayo, and Kelvin Fakehinde. "Multiple inoculations of ductile iron and the effects on properties." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 4, no. 4 (November 5, 2015): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v4i4.4872.

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Multiple inoculation of ductile iron and the effects on the structure and mechanical properties have being investigated. Samples of ductile iron were produced with inoculation carried out either once or twice and with different materials as inoculants. Ferrosilicon was used for the primary inoculation and either ferrosilicon or nickel-ferrosilicon for the secondary inoculation. It is observed that the nodules produced are more and finer with multiple inoculations and the effect is more pronounced with nickel-ferrosilicon as the secondary inoculant. Multiple inoculations produce an increase in the hardness of ductile iron when ferrosilicon is used as the secondary inoculant while a decrease in the hardness is observed with nickel-ferrosilicon despite the finer nodules. This is explained by the fact that nickel enhances graphitization in cast iron thereby depleting carbon in the matrix and making the cast iron weaker but with more nodules.

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Mourad, Mohamed Mahmoud, Shimaa El-Hadad, Mervat Mohamed Ibrahim, and Adel Abdelmonem Nofal. "Effect of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Heavy Section Ductile Iron." Journal of Metallurgy 2015 (January 26, 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/931535.

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The main objective of the current work is to investigate the influence of different inoculation conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of heavy section ductile iron (DI) castings. Inoculation treatment was done via one step and double step treatments with different amounts of inoculants. The mechanical properties of the fabricated samples were evaluated. The best inoculation procedure in terms of graphite nodules characteristics and mechanical properties was double inoculation with 0.8% inoculants added at first and 0.2% in the late inoculation step. The presence of Sb in one of the cast alloys controlled the growth of graphite nodules in these heavy section ductile iron castings; however low impact toughness was recorded. The matrix structure of ductile cast iron showed a significant influence not only on the strength and impact properties but also on the fracture mode during testing.

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Zhang, Yu, Erjun Guo, Liping Wang, Yicheng Feng, Sicong Zhao, and Meihui Song. "Research and Analysis of the Effect of Heat Treatment on Damping Properties of Ductile Iron." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (October 4, 2019): 566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0058.

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Abstract With the continuous development of metal manufacturing technology, high-strength and high-hardness ductile iron materials have excellent comprehensive performance. Many performance indexes are comparable to those of alloy steels, and they have excellent casting properties. Many large-scale parts produced by cast steel are slowly being replaced by this material. Ductile iron is obtained by a spheroidizing treatment and inoculation to obtain spheroidal graphite. The mechanical properties of cast iron have been effectively improved, especially plasticity and toughness, and the strength obtained is higher than that of carbon steel. Ductile iron has the properties of iron and the properties of steel. It is a new type of engineering material with high plasticity, strength, corrosion resistance, and wear-resistance. Because of its excellent performance, it has been successfully used to cast parts with high-stress conditions, high strength, toughness and wear resistance. Due to the small splitting effect of ductile iron on the metal matrix, the stress concentration is effectively eliminated. Therefore, the matrix structure of ductile cast iron is changed by heat treatment, thereby improving its mechanical properties and the damping performance of the material itself. Through a heat treatment process experiment of ductile iron, the related process and technical measures of damping performance in the heat treatment production process are obtained.

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Serban, Florin, Andrzej Baczmanski, E. Labbe, Krzysztof Wierzbanowski, and Alain Lodini. "Effect of Graphite Inclusions on Mechanical Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.73.

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Recently, austempered ductile iron (ADI) has emerged as a new class of ferrous materials and represents a major achievement in cast iron technology [1]. The mechanical strength and impact toughness of nodular iron are provided by the precipitation of the graphite phase as spheroids surrounded by ferrite (bull’s-eye structure) in a continuous pearlite matrix. The quality of ductile iron increases with the number of the graphite spheroids. A high spheroids volume fraction, which is mainly controlled by the inoculation process, limits the chemical segregation during solidification and ensures the structural homogeneity of the component. In this work, a lower value of Young modulus was obtained when the graphite phase was taken into account in the self-consistent modelling. For 12% of graphite the theoretical Young modulus agrees with the measured one (mechanical tensile test). The volume fraction of graphite was confirmed independently by micrographic observation (14%). It can be concluded that the macroscopic behaviour of ADI steel can be modelled by the self-consistent approach in which the austeno-ferritic aggregate is represented by an effective matrix, while instead of the graphite spherical empty spaces are introduced. Using such an approach it was shown that in the elasto-plastic range of deformation, presence of graphite phase caused stress relaxation.

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Wei, De Qiang. "The Influence of Boron on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Bainite Ductile Iron in the Step Austempering in Room Temperature Machine Oil." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.235.

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In this paper, the low alloy bainite ductile cast iron has been obtained by a new heat treatment technique of the step austempering in room-temperature machine oil. The effects of element boron, manganese and copper on structure and mechanical properties of the bainite ductile cast Iron in above-mentioned process are investigated. The phenomenon, hardness lag of the alloyed bainite ductile cast Iron, has been discussed. It shows that after the step austempering in room-temperature machine oil, the hardness will increases with the time. It is found that boron and manganese can increase the hardness and reduce the impact strength while copper can increase the impact strength. The results show that reasonable alloyed elements can improve mechanical properties of the bainite ductile cast Iron. Essentially, hardness lag of the alloyed bainite ductile cast Iron is resulted from solute drag-like effect.

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Kovalko, M. S., A. T. Volochko, A. V. Ziziko, and V. V. Rubanik. "Structure and properties forming in ductile iron during isothermal hardening using ultrasound." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2020-4-118-124.

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The paper considers the possibility of intensifying isothermal holding processes during quenching of high-strength cast irons by using an external source of physical impact in the form of ultrasonic waves. For experimental evaluation of this effect in the laboratory of MiAM of the Physical-Technical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, prototypes of highstrength cast irons were cast in an ISV 0.004 crucible induction furnace. A mixture of NaNO2 and KNO3 salts in a 1:1 ratio was used as a liquid cooling medium during quenching. Ultrasonic treatment of the salt melt during the cooling of the samples was carried out using an UZG-20–15 generator in cooperation with the ITA of NAS of Belarus. The mechanical properties and structure of the treated cast irons were determined both in the cast state and after isothermal quenching.To study the effect of ultrasonic treatment of the quenching bath on the formation of the structure and properties of highstrength cast irons during isothermal quenching, a number of comparative experiments were carried out, consisting in cooling the samples from 910 °C to 350 °C with and without the use of dynamic waves to the bath. With the help of metallographic analysis, measurements of hardness and friction coefficient, the beneficial effect of ultrasonic treatment of the cooling medium on the structure and properties is shown, which is reflected in an increase in the uniformity of the distribution of hardness over the cross section of cast iron and in its wear resistance, as well as a reduction in the isothermal holding time by up to two times.

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Kopyciński, D., D. Siekaniec, A. Szczęsny, E. Guzik, and A. Nowak. "The Effect of Fe-Ti Inoculation on Solidification, Structure and Mechanical Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0321.

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AbstractThe results of studies of the effect of different amounts of the Fe-Ti inoculant on structure and selected mechanical properties of High Chromium Cast Iron (conventionally abbreviated as HCCI) are presented. The main purpose of the inoculation is structure refinement and hence the improvement of casting properties. Generally considered a strong carbide-forming element, titanium is an effective inoculant for the high chromium cast iron. However, there is an optimal amount of titanium addition beyond which the mechanical properties begin to deteriorate. The studies enabled determining the amount of Fe-Ti inoculant optimal for the cast iron of a given chemical composition.

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Alabbasian, Farjad, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Boutorabi, and Shahram Kheirandish. "Effect of inoculation and casting modulus on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ductile Ni-resist cast iron." Materials Science and Engineering: A 651 (January 2016): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.09.024.

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Pribulová, Alena, Peter Futaš, and Marcela Pokusova. "Influence of Charge Composition on EN-GJS-500-7 Ductile Iron Properties in Foundry Operating Conditions." Materials Science Forum 998 (June 2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.998.42.

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Worldwide production of ductile iron castings reached in year 2017 26,428,148 metric tons, which is 34% of the total weight of all castings made from cast iron. The most significant increase in ductile iron castings was recorded in Slovakia, up to 78.6%. Castings from ductile iron have a very huge utilization thanks their very good foundry and mechanical properties. The current economic situation in all industries forces entrepreneurs and producers to rationalize production and reduce production costs, with a worldwide trend to increase the share of steel scrap, a technology for the production of ductile cast iron. The paper describes the results of research focused on the effect of charge composition, mainly the share of scrap steel on the final properties and structure of ductile iron EN-GJS-500-7 under the operating conditions of foundry. Six melts with different charge composition were made. The samples from all melts were taken and chemical analysis, microstructure analysis and testing on mechanical properties were made on them. The mechanical properties of produced globular cast irons were according with the relevant standard. It is important to mention that there has been a significant increase in strength characteristics in melts in which the carbon content exceeded 4% (CE = 4.7 and 4.8%, respectively).

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Borsato, Thomas, Paolo Ferro, Filippo Berto, and Carlo Carollo. "Effect of Solidification Time on Microstructural, Mechanical and Fatigue Properties of Solution Strengthened Ferritic Ductile Iron." Metals 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010024.

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Microstructural, mechanical, and fatigue properties of solution strengthened ferritic ductile iron have been evaluated as functions of different solidification times. Three types of cast samples with increasing thickness have been produced in a green sand automatic molding line. Microstructural analyses have been performed in order to evaluate the graphite nodules parameter and matrix structure. Tensile and fatigue tests have been carried out using specimens taken from specific zones, with increasing solidification time, inside each cast sample. Finally, the fatigue fracture surfaces have been observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that solidification time has a significant effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of solution strengthened ferritic ductile iron. In particular, it has been found that with increasing solidification times, the microstructure becomes coarser and the presence of defects increases. Moreover, the lower the cooling rate, the lower the tensile and fatigue properties measured. Since in an overall casting geometry, same thicknesses may be characterized by different microstructures and mechanical properties induced by different solidification times, it is thought that the proposed methodology will be useful in the future to estimate the fatigue strength of cast iron castings through the numerical calculation of the solidification time.

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Rashidi, Ali M., and M. Moshrefi-Torbati. "Effect of tempering conditions on the mechanical properties of ductile cast iron with dual matrix structure (DMS)." Materials Letters 45, no. 3-4 (September 2000): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(00)00105-1.

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Rashidi, A. M., and M. Moshrefi-Torbati. "Dual matrix structure (DMS) ductile cast iron: The effect of heat treating variables on the mechanical properties." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 13, no. 5 (March 2001): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2001.11819410.

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13

Çelik, G. A., M. I. Tzini, Ş. Polat, J. Aristeidakis, Ş. H. Atapek, P. I. Sarafoglou, and G. N. Haidemenopoulos. "Simulation and analysis of the solidification characteristics of a Si-Mo ductile iron." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 57, no. 1 (2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb200717003c.

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High silicon and molybdenum ductile cast irons (Si-Mo alloys) are commonly used as exhaust manifold materials suffering from high temperature-oxidation and thermal-mechanical fatigue. The structural integrity of cast Si-Mo alloys under these service conditions is attributed to their microstructure consisting of spheroidal graphite and Mo-rich carbide embedded in a ferritic matrix. However, the cast structure includes also pearlite structure having a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties, therefore the cast matrix needs to be heat treated. In this study, the solidification of a Si-Mo ductile iron was investigated using (i) thermodynamic and kinetic calculations by Thermo-Calc and DICTRA software and (ii) thermal analysis in order to reveal out the sequence of phase formation and the phase transformations during solidification and (iii) microanalysis by energy dispersive spectrometer in order to determine elemental segregation and compare with the calculated values. The solidified structure was also characterized and all microstructural features were specified.

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Adebayo, Abdullahi Olawale, Akinlabi Oyetunji, and Kenneth Kenayo Alaneme. "MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, MECHANICAL AND WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM-ALLOYED DUCTILE IRONS SUBJECTED TO TWO AUSTEMPERING PROCESSES." Acta Polytechnica 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2020.60.0185.

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The effect of aluminium addition and austempering processes on the microstructures, mechanical and wear properties of rotary melting furnace processed ductile irons was investigated. Ductile irons containing 1−4 wt.% Al were produced and subjected to single and two-step austempering processes. Optical microscopy was used to characterize the graphite features and estimate the volume fraction of the matrix phases present, while the x-ray diffractogram was also carried out to analyse the samples. Mechanical and wear properties of the alloys were equally evaluated. From the results, it was observed that both the as-cast and austempered ductile iron microstructures contained nodular graphite, and the matrix structure for the as-cast ductile irons consisted predominantly of pearlite and ferrite, while that of the austempered grades, contained principally, ausferrite. The microstructure and intermetallic compound obtained played dominant role on the properties of the alloys. The aluminium addition and austempering processes had a significant influence on the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the alloys. The austempered ductile irons exhibited superior strength and wear resistance compared to the as-cast samples, albeit ductility values were lower in the composition group. Austempering increased the strength by over 100% while the addition of Al further enhanced the strength. The improved properties were linked to the refined microstructure, increased proportion of ausferrite phase and intermetallic compound formed. For all properties evaluated, the two-step austempering yielded better properties combination than the single step process. The rotary melting furnace processing adopted was found viable for ductile iron production.

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Kalinichenko, A. S., V. A. Sheinert, V. A. Kalinichenko, and A. G. Slutsky. "THE EFFECT OF PREPARATION CONDITIONS OF RAPIDLY SOLIDIFIED IRON BASED GRANULES ON PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL FORMED BY CASTING TECHNOLOGY." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2017-1-136-142.

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The variety of requirements for friction pairs requires the development of different technologies for the production of tribological materials with reference to the operation modes. Composite materials obtained by the casting technology have been successfully applied for the normalization of the thermomechanical state of the steam turbines. These composites consist of the matrix based on copper alloys reinforced with cast iron granules. Because the structure and properties of cast iron are determined by the conditions of their production studies have been conducted on determination of preparation conditions on grain structure and properties of the synthesized composite material. Using an upgraded unit for production of granules technological regimes were determined providing narrow fractional composition. It has been found that granules formed are characterized with typical microstructure of white cast iron containing perlite and ledeburite. Microhardness of pilot cast iron granules is characterized by high values (from 7450 up to 9450 MPa) and depends on the size of the fraction. Composite materials obtained using experimental granules had a microhardness of the reinforcing cast iron granules about 3500 MPa, and a bronze matrix – 1220 MPa, which is higher than the hardness of the composite material obtained by using the annealed DCL-1granules (2250 MPa). Metal base of experimental granules in the composite material has the structure of perlitic ductile iron with inclusions of ferrite not exceeding 10–15% and set around a flocculent graphite. As a result, the increase of physical-mechanical properties of finished products made of composite material is observed.

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Soivio, Kaisu. "Austempering Experiments of Production Grade Silicon Solution Strengthened Ductile Iron." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.239.

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Austempered ductile iron provides a feasible way to produce high strength components. However, in heat treatments resulting in highest strengths some of the ductility is lost due to formation of bainitic carbides. The role of silicon in inhibiting the formation of iron carbides in as-cast ductile irons as well as its solution strengthening effect is well known and acknowledged in industry. The effect of silicon on austemperability, resulting microstructures, and mechanical properties of austempered ductile irons with silicon contents with 3.4-3.8 w-% was researched. Quenching and austempering heat treatments were carried out for production grade silicon solution strengthened ductile irons EN GJS 500-14. Results indicate, that it is possible to manufacture a fully ausferritic structure into a silicon solution strengthened matrix and indeed good ductility can be achieved in combination with ultimate tensile strength of 1600 MPa. Segregation of silicon reduces the solubility of carbon into the matrix especially close to the graphite nodules which reduce the stability of carbon stabilized austenite and leads into compromised machinability.

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HORIKAWA, Noritaka, Sungsub LEE, Daigo SAMESHIMA, Tetsuya UCHIMOTO, Hiroyuki IKE, and Takahito TAKAGAWA. "1515 Effect of chill structure on the mechanical properties of thin wall ductile cast iron and evaluation by eddy current method." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2008.1 (2008): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2008.1.0_343.

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Riposan, Iulian, Valentin Uta, Ciprian Firican, Stelian Stan, Mihai Chisamera, Rod Naro, and David Williams. "World Crisis of Rare Earth – Inoculants Enhancer Solution for Ductile Iron Production." Advanced Materials Research 1114 (July 2015): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1114.100.

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The unique properties of rare earth elements (REE) have resulted in their being crucial to a growing number of emerging technologies. As the demand for REE currently exceeds annual production, the present worldwide crisis for REE will probably continue for the foreseeable future. Hence, it is highly likely that the availability of REE used in the metallurgy of cast iron will be significantly reduced and alternatives to REE usage may have to be developed. Graphite nodules nucleate heterogeneously on particles formed in the melt, having a duplex structure (sulphide as a core and oxide/silicate as a shell). Mg, Ca and REE appear to act in the nucleation first stage, while Si, Al, Mg, REE, Ca, Sr and Ba act predominately in the second stage. Generally, REE are employed in ductile irons to accomplish the following tasks: (a) neutralize tramp elements such as Ti, Pb, Bi, As etc; (b) assist in nodulizing or provide a supplementary effect to Mg to promote spheroidal graphite shapes; (c) assist in nucleating graphite. When anti-nodularising Thielman control factors (K) are less than 0.8, REE are usually not required since there are no trace elements to neutralize. REE are useful for K factors between 0.80 to 1.20 and are mandatory for K factors greater than 1.20. Theilman factors greater than 2.0 will always require REE. When Theilman factors are less than 0.80, REEreslevels of 0.01% are usually more than sufficient for ductile iron production. Three ductile iron inoculation alloys were selected for this research: (a) a conventional Ca bearing 75% FeSi inoculant (Ca-FeSi), used at a high consumption level; (b) an improved conventional Ca-FeSi alloy that incorporated active inoculating elements, such as Ba or REE, used at a medium consumption level, and (c) a combination of a commercial inoculant, such as Ca-FeSi alloy, used with a separate oxy-sulphide inoculant enhancer alloy addition. The last inoculation variant provided the best structural parameters and the lowest consumption level.

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Fellicia, Dian Mughni, Rochiem Rochman, and Clarissa Changraini. "Analysis the Effect of Temperature and Holding Time of Full - Annealing Heat Treatment to Micro Structure, Mechanical Properties, and Electrical Conductivity of Aluminium Copper (Al-Cu) Alloy." Materials Science Forum 964 (July 2019): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.964.280.

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Good electrical conductivity properties of aluminium are the main reason this metal become an option as material of electrical devices. To improve the ductility and electrical conductivity properties, aluminium is combined with copper. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of temperature and holding time of full-annealing heat treatment to the micro structure, hardness, and electrical conductivity of aluminium copper alloy (Al-Cu). In this research, pure aluminium with the addition of 4% copper (Cu) composition has been casted with gravity die casting mold made from ductile cast iron, and continued full-annealing heat treatment with 3 variations at temperature (2600C, 3500C, and 4400C), and 3 variations of holding time (2 hours, 3 hours, and 4 hours). It was found that the effect of higher temperature at the same holding time with the full-annealing heat treatment caused the grains of phase α become more regular and greater so that the hardness decreased and the electrical conductivity was increased.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Effect of inoculation on structure and mechanical properties of ductile cast iron'

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