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1
Mignolli, Francesco, Graciela Beatriz Rojas, and María Laura Vidoz. "Supraoptimal ethylene acts antagonistically with exogenous gibberellins during Solanum lycopersicum (Solanaceae) hypocotyl growth." Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 51, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v51.n2.14836.
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In many plant species, ethylene and gibberellins interact to regulate plant growth and development. In some cases, these hormones can act in a synergistic way whereas in others they can be antagonistic. To date, the control of hypocotyl elongation by ethylene and gibberellins has been poorly explored in tomato. In this paper, we report that, application of exogenous ethylene to tomato seedlings or high endogenous ethylene production, as in the epinastic mutant, strongly prevent the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) application. Moreover, constitutive activation of gibberellin signal in a DELLA deficient mutant is not able to counteract the inhibitory effect of ethylene on hypocotyl elongation, suggesting that ethylene acts independently from DELLA-mediated gibberellin response. Interestingly, when ethylene perception is blocked, the GA3 promotive effect on hypocotyl length is less effective, indicating that the presence of a basal level of ethylene could synergistically enhance hypocotyl growth. Taken together, these observations may suggest that, in tomato, supraoptimal concentrations of ethylene are able to antagonize gibberellin effect but normal levels seem to promote gibberellin-induced hypocotyl elongation.
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Janas, Krystyna M., and Jiři Šebánek. "Effect of cotyledons and epicotyl upon the activity of endogenous gibberellins in roots of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seedlings." Acta Agrobotanica 34, no. 2 (2013): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1981.017.
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In 11-day-old flax seedlings, the level of endogenous gibberellins in roots decreased within 12 hours after the excision of cotyledons and the epicotyl; however, 24 to 48 hours after excision the gibberellin level increased again. The decrease in the gibberellin level within the first 12 hours after excision suggests a participation of the cotyledons and the epicotyl in the biosynthesis of endogenous gibberellins.
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Yogi, Yogi, St Subaedah, and Muliaty Galib. "INVIGORASI BENIH KEDELAI (Glycine max L Merill) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BERBAGAI DOSIS DAN WAKTU PERENDAMAN HORMON GIBERELIN." AGrotekMAS Jurnal Indonesia: Jurnal Ilmu Peranian 4, no. 1 (April 18, 2023): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/agrotekmas.v4i1.319.
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This study aimed to determine the effect of seed invogoration using the concentration and soaking time of the gibberellin hormone and the interaction between the two on the viability and vigor of soybean seeds. Indonesia. This study was arranged based on a completely randomized design with a 2-factor pattern. The first factor was the concentration of growth hormone gibberellin GA3 with 3 levels, namely without growth hormone (control), 50 ppm gibberellins and 100 ppm gibberellins. The second factor is immersion time with 3 levels, namely soaking 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes. The results showed that the administration of 100 ppm gibberellins gave better results in terms of germination, germination speed (46.60%/etmal) and germination at the same time. The gibberellin immersion time of 60 minutes gave better results for germination speed, which was 46.09. %/etmal. The interaction between the administration of the hormone gibberellin 100 ppm with an immersion time of 60 minutes had no significant effect.
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Putri, Asri Insiana, and Toni Herawan. "Pengaruh Gibberellin (GA4) terhadap Waktu Perkecambahan dan Pertumbuhan Tinggi Semai Cendana (Santalum Album Linn.)." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2008): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.821.
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Effect of Gibberellins (GA4) on Germination Time and Height of Cendana (Santalum album Linn.) The hemiparasite Santalum album Linn. (cendana) grows very slow, in nature the rare and difficult seeds need stimulation to germinate. Gibberellins (including GA4) are growth regulators, usually used to increase growth as well as to break seed dormancy. The objectives of this research were to investigate the influence of gibberellins on germination percentage and height of cendana growth. Experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design with 3 replicates of 300 seeds for germination percentage and 3 replicates of 10 seeds for seedling growth. Gibberellin was applied as treatment with 100, 300, and 500 ppm. The seed germination was recorded until 9 weeks, and height of plants measured until 8 months at the greenhouse. The results showed that the addition of gibberellins at all treatment increased the percentage of germination and caused the seeds germinated four weeks earlier than the control. In the first 4 months, 500 ppm gibberellins gave the highest acceleration of germination, afterward all treatments have relatively the same influences. Gibberellins gave positive effect on height of cendana growth. After 7 months, the growth decreased although all gibberellin treatments gave higher growth than the control.
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Kyari, B. A., Z. A. Lawan, M. S. Waziri, H. M. Ajiri, B. Apagu, H. Mari, and M. A. Ibrahim. "Effect of Imbibition Time on Hormonal Changes of Germinating Tamarindus indica and Prosopis juliflora." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 5, no. 3 (June 16, 2023): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/injar.v5i03.6573.
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Imbibition time and hormonal changes play a significant role in seed germination. This study, evaluated the effects of some phytohormones; indole acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin and cytokinins) and imbibition time (0, 48 and 96 hours) on Tamarindus indica and Prosopis juliflora. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the concentrations of the hormones. Results indicated significantly higher and faster in P. juliflora than T. indica. The germination rate was 4.1 - 68.1% and 4.0 - 61.4%, and model for inhibition time 28.256ln(x) and 25.791ln(x), respectively. Similarly, results also expressed highly significant variable changes in the concentrations of the four studied phytohormones between T. indica (0.491 - 0.705 mg/ml) and P. Juliflora (0.109 - 1.130 mg/ml). The concentrations of IAA and ABA were significantly higher by 60.6% and 77.7% in the seeds of T. indica than P. juliflora, respectively. P. juliflora had 37.6% and 12.5% higher cytokinin and gibberellin than T. indica, respectively. Cytokinin (0.7951 - 1.0939 mg/ml), gibberellins (0.535 - 0.757 mg/ml), IAA (0.363 - 0.419 mg/ml) and ABA (0.250 - 0.335 mg/ml) also varied significantly over the periods. In general, cytokinin and gibberellins increased by 8.1 - 27.3% and 22.9 - 23.0%, while that of IAA and ABA decreased 13.6 - 15.4% and 26.4 - 34.0%, over the imbibitions time of 0-96 hours. In conclusion, higher germination of P. juliflora is attributed to cytokinin and gibberellins, and the lower germination in T. indica to the higher inhibitory effects of IAA and ABA.
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Sabovljevic, Aneta, Marko Sabovljevic, and D. Grubisic. "Gibberellin influence on the morphogenesis of the moss Bryum argenteum Hedw. in in vitro conditions." Archives of Biological Sciences 62, no. 2 (2010): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1002373s.
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The moss Bryum argenteum Hedw. was treated with gibberellins as well as some inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis in order to investigate their influence on B. argenteum morphogenesis. Generally, gibberellins have not been chemically identified in bryophytes, while other groups of classical phytohormones (auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene) have been chemically identified in these plants. The in vitro culture of the moss Bryum argenteum was established from sterilized spores. The apical shoots of untreated gametophytes grown in vitro were used to investigate the influence of different substances on secondary protonema and on the growth and multiplication of the gametophytes. B. argenteum reacts differently to the growth regulators applied. Both gibberellins applied in vitro (GA3 and GA7) have a positive effect on B. argenteum morphogenesis. Shoot multiplication was negatively affected by three tested growth retardants (ancymidol, BX-112 and chlorocholine chloride), while these substances did not have such strong effects on the moss protonema development.
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Liu, Shuping, Junyang Lu, Jun Tian, Ping Cao, Shuhao Li, Haicui Ge, Mingxuan Han, and Fenglin Zhong. "Effect of Photoperiod and Gibberellin on the Bolting and Flowering of Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage." Horticulturae 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2023): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121349.
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Non-heading Chinese cabbage (cabbage) is an essential green leafy vegetable, and bolting and flowering are necessary for reproduction. However, further research is needed to study the effect of photoperiod on the bolting and flowering of cabbage, particularly on the development of the stem. In this study, we performed phenotypic analysis and measured endogenous gibberellin levels in the cabbage. We carried out these experiments under four different photoperiodic treatments, 12 h (light)/12 h (dark), 14 h (light)/10 h (dark), 16 h (light)/8 h (dark), and 18 h (light)/6 h (dark). The results showed that the time of bolting and flowering gradually decreased with increasing light duration. The development of stems was optimal under the 16 h (light)/8 h (dark) photoperiod treatment, and the same result was obtained via cytological observation. In addition, the changes in the endogenous gibberellin3 (GA3) content under different photoperiodic treatments were consistent with the development of stems and peaked at 16 h (light)/8 h (dark). At the same time, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the relative expression of the key gibberellin synthase genes, BcGA3ox2 and BcGA20ox2, exhibited upregulation. When treated with exogenous GA3 and its synthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol (PAC), exogenous gibberellins significantly promoted bolting; conversely, gibberellin inhibitors suppressed the bolting, flowering, and stem elongation of cabbage. Therefore, the photoperiod may regulate cabbage bolting by regulating endogenous GA3.
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Verma, Meena, Roop Singh Bora, Imran Sheikh, Vinod Kumar, Punesh Sangwan, and Harcharan Singh Dhaliwal. "Effect of gibberellins and ascorbic acid treatment on phytic acid and micronutrients dialyzability in germinated biofortified wheat seeds." Indian Journal of Community Health 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2021.v33i01.017.
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Introduction: Phytic acid chelate minerals, including Fe and Zn and render them inaccessible once ingested by human beings. The evaluation of differences in the dialyzability of macronutrients including Fe and Zn in various wheat derivatives is therefore important for the enhancement of nutritional quality of grains. Objectives: The objective of current study was to improve the micronutrient content in wheat grain. Methods: During germination (12, 24, 48, 72, 96 h), effects of gibberellins and ascorbic acid on phytic acid content as well as dialyzability of iron and zinc of wheat derivatives were determined. Results: The phytic acid content in wheat flour was determined and it was found 7.61 to 7.48 mg/g. After the treatment with gibberellins, it was significantly reduced from 8.68 to 21.6 % and 9.65 to 20.9 % with ascorbic acid. In wheat flour dialyzabilty of Fe was 4.53 to 8.97 mg/kg. After germination, Fe content was increased from 9.77 to 32.0 % with gibberellin, and 13.9 to 31.0 % with ascorbic acid. Moreover, with gibberellins, Zn content was increased from 8.68 to 21.6 % and 9.65 to 20.9 % with ascorbic acid, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggested that gibberellins as well as ascorbic acid can be exploited to improve the dialyzability of iron and zinc content due to reduced antinutrient i. e phytic acid and make the minerals available for the absorption in monogastric animals including human beings.
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Castro-Camba, Ricardo, Conchi Sánchez, Nieves Vidal, and Jesús Mª Vielba. "Plant Development and Crop Yield: The Role of Gibberellins." Plants 11, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 2650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192650.
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Gibberellins have been classically related to a few key developmental processes, thus being essential for the accurate unfolding of plant genetic programs. After more than a century of research, over one hundred different gibberellins have been described. There is a continuously increasing interest in gibberellins research because of their relevant role in the so-called "Green Revolution", as well as their current and possible applications in crop improvement. The functions attributed to gibberellins have been traditionally restricted to the regulation of plant stature, seed germination, and flowering. Nonetheless, research in the last years has shown that these functions extend to many other relevant processes. In this review, the current knowledge on gibberellins homeostasis and mode of action is briefly outlined, while specific attention is focused on the many different responses in which gibberellins take part. Thus, those genes and proteins identified as being involved in the regulation of gibberellin responses in model and non-model species are highlighted. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art perception of gibberellins molecular biology and its effects on plant development. This picture might be helpful to enhance our current understanding of gibberellins biology and provide the know-how for the development of more accurate research and breeding programs.
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Iskandaria, Weyni, Nindi Darmawanti, Siti Nur Annisa Boang Manalu, Indayana Febriani Tanjung, and Febry Ramadhani Hasibuan. "The Effect of Growth Regulating Substances Giberelin on The Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i1.4603.
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Cucumber is one of Indonesia's agricultural commodities which is in great demand by the public, but in an effort to fulfill the number of requests a way is needed to be able to increase the amount of production. One of them is the use of growth regulators in supporting the growth of cucumber seeds. Gibberellin is a growth regulator that stimulates the growth of plant stems and leaves. This study aims to determine the effect of using gibberellins on cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus). The method used in this study was direct testing with 4 treatments, namely 0 ppm, 150 ppm, 175 ppm and 200 ppm with each treatment being tested with 5 samples. The materials used in this study were cucumber seeds, sand, manure, water and the hormone gibberellin (GA3). The tools used are digital scales, measuring cups, label paper, scissors, ruler, tape measure, polybags and hoes. The results of the study found that in treatment VI (200 ppm) the hormone gibberellins had a more significant effect on the growth of cucumber seeds compared to treatments I (0 ppm), II (150 ppm and III (175 ppm).
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Wiseman, Nadine J., and Colin G. N. Turnbull. "Effects of photoperiod and paclobutrazol on growth dynamics of petioles in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)." Functional Plant Biology 26, no. 4 (1999): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp98001.
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Petiole elongation of strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa) is modified by photoperiod, and gibberellins may mediate this response. To test the relationship further, we measured petiole growth dynamics under short and long days, in comparison with responses to paclobutrazol, which reduces gibberellin biosynthesis. Growth rate in short days was lower after 2 days, and at its maximum was 60% of long-day controls. Petiole length at maturity was 75%, and was accounted for primarily by decreased cell length. Subsequent leaves showed similar patterns, but in the third leaf, cell number was also reduced. Petiole growth rate after treatment with paclobutrazol (5 mg plant–1) was maximal at 2 days, 44% of the control maximum at day 7. Mature length was 30% of controls, again due to reduced cell length. Second leaves had even more severely reduced growth rates. Increasing paclobutrazol concentration over the range 0.025–1.0 mg progressively reduced growth, but a gibberellin-independent component accounted for 20% of elongation. Effects of combined paclobutrazol and photoperiod treatments were additive. The normal short-day response therefore occurred in paclobutrazol-treated plants with already slowed growth and reduced capacity for gibberellin synthesis. We conclude that assessment of the function of gibberellins requires direct measurement of gibberellins in petioles during growth.
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Moncur, M. W., G. F. Rasmussen, and O. Hasan. "Effect of paclobutrazol on flower-bud production in Eucalyptusnitens espalier seed orchards." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-007.
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Eucalyptusnitens (Dean & Maiden) Maiden grafts growing as espaliers at Ridgley, Tasmania, and Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, were treated with paclobutrazol as a single collar drench application. Umbel production was enhanced for 3 years at Ridgley and 2 years at Canberra. Canberra grafts were also treated by trunk injection, which proved effective only in the 1st year. Untreated grafts did not produce an appreciable number of umbels until year 3. Paclobutrazol reduced the level of endogenous gibberellins. Close association between gibberellin levels and increases in reproductive activity of E. nitens grafts suggests that the effects of paclobutrazol treatment may be mediated via a reduction in the rate of gibberellin biosynthesis.
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Adelina, Enny, Nuraeni Nuraeni, Yohanis Tambing, and Ida Musdalifa. "EFFECTIVENESS OF GIBBERELLINS IN BREAKING DORMANCY OF SNAKEFRUIT SEEDS (SALACCA SNAKEFRUIT GEARTNER)." AGROLAND The Agricultural Sciences Journal (e-Journal) 7, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/agroland.v7i2.616.
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This study aims to examine the effectiveness of gibberellins in breaking dormancy to produce high viability snakefruit (Salacca snakefruit Geartner) seeds. The materials used are snakefruit seeds from Tamareja Village, Donggala Regency, sterile sand media, aquades, and GA3 solution. This research was arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, namely the provision of gibberellin, consisting of five levels of concentration, namely P0 = control (without treatment), P1 = 30 ppm and P2 = 40 ppm P3 = 50 ppm P4 = 60 ppm. each treatment was repeated five times so that there were 25 experimental units. Each experimental unit used 20 seeds. Observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey' HSD test if the treatment tested showed a significant effect. The results showed that gibberellin administration effectively broke snakefruit seeds' dormancy and produced seeds with high viability. The higher the gibberellins' concentration would increase germination speed plumule length, radicle length, and faster embryo axis emergence. Gibberellin 60 ppm resulted in germination power 98%, germination rate 20.97 days, plumule length 5.52 cm, radicle length 5.15 cm, and embryo axis emergence 9.2 days.
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Basnizki, Jehuda, and Eliezer E. Goldschmidt. "FURTHER EXAMINATION OF GIBBERELLIN A, EFFECTS ON FLOWERING OF GLOBE ARTICHOKES (CYNARA SCOLYMUS L.) UNDER CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT AND FIELD CONDITIONS." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 42, no. 2 (May 13, 1994): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1994.10676567.
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The effect of gibberellin A3 (GA3) treatments on flowering of seed-grown globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) was investigated under controlled environment and field conditions. GA3 induced flower initiation in lines ‘060’ and ‘Talpiot’ under strictly noninductive, short-day-high-temperature conditions. In ‘Talpiot’, GA3 induced microscopically detectable flower initiation but no stem elongation, suggesting involvement of gibberellins in the flower formation process. Under field conditions, GA3 replaced the cold requirements of line ‘HU 271’, thereby enabling the start of flowering during autumn. The vegetative clone Bianca d'Espana flowered during autumn without GA3 treatment, probably due to its minimum cold requirements. Definition of the response type and the role of gibberellins in the flowering of globe artichoke are discussed.
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Murrinie, Endang Dewi, Untung Sudjianto, and Khoirinnidha Ma’rufa Ma’rufa. "PENGARUH GIBERELIN TERHADAP PERKECAMBAHAN BENIH DAN PERTUMBUHAN SEMAI KAWISTA (Feronia Limonia (L.) Swingle)." Agritech: Jurnal Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto 23, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/agritech.v23i2.12614.
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Wood-apple is a rare plant that is almost extinct, so efforts are needed to increase the population. Wood-apple is generally propagated generatively. Wood-apple seeds need 2-3 weeks to germinate, so when germinated many seeds are rotten before germination. Soaking in gibberellins is one way that can be done to shorten germination. The study aimed to determine the effect of concentration and duration of soaking in gibberellins on germination and growth of wood-apple seedlings. The study consisted of two factors which were designed in a completely randomized design. The first factor was the concentration of gibberellins, consisting of three levels, namely 25 ppm (k1), 50 ppm (k2), and 75 ppm (k3). The second factor was soaking time, consisting of three levels, namely 6 hours (l1), 9 hours (12), and 12 hours (13), so there were 9 treatment combinations and one treatment without gibberellins (control), each treatment was repeated three times. The results showed that the gibberellin treatment increased the height of the seedlings compared to the control. The concentration of gibberellins affects the length and diameter of the hypocotyl and the length of the radicle. Concentrations of 50 and 75 ppm resulted in higher hypocotyl diameter and radicle length than 25 ppm. The concentration of 75 ppm gave the highest hypocotyl length. Soaking time affects the percentage of germination, germination rate, and growth rate of wood-apple seedings. Soaking in gibberellins for 12 hours gave a faster growth rate of seedlings than 6 and 9 hours.
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Tefa, Anna, Hermina Manlea, Rikardus Kolo, Antonius Ola, and Gebhardus Djugian Gelyaman. "Vegetative and Generative Growth Responses of Eban Local Cultivar Shallots Treated with Gibberellins (GA3) and P Fertilizers." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 2151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i4.3112.
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One strategy to increase shallot productivity is to use fertilizers and growth regulators. The aim of the study was to determine the response of vegetative and generative growth of shallots to local Eban cultivars through the application of gibberellins and P fertilizers in the middle plains of North Central Timor District. This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD). The first factor was the application of gibberellins (GA3), consisting of three treatments, namely without application of GA3 (control), application of 100 ppm GA3 and application of 200 ppm of GA3. The second factor was P fertilizer treatment which consisted of three treatments, namely without P fertilizer (P0), P fertilizer 50 kg/ha (P1) and P fertilizer 100 kg/ha (P2). The results showed that the 200 ppm gibberellin treatment had an effect on plant height. Treatment of 100 ppm gibberellins affected tuber diameter, tuber fresh weight and tuber dry weight. Treatment of P 200 kg/ha had an effect on plant height and number of leaves, treatment of P 100 kg/ha had an effect on the number of tillers. Generative growth did not occur in all the treatments tried, this was due to the influence of environmental factors such as high temperatures during the study
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Puspitasari, Diah Rochana, Anne Nuraini, and Sumadi Sumadi. "Pematahan Dormansi Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.) Varietas Lumbu Hijau dengan Perlakuan Lama Penyimpanan Umbi pada Suhu Rendah dan Aplikasi Giberelin." Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 8, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v8i2.189.
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Low temperature and gibberellin treatments affected on breaking dormancy. The effects of low temperature in storage duration and gibberellin treatrments on breaking of dormancy of garlic were examined in this study. The aims of this study to determinate the best treatments for breaking garlic bulb dormancy. The sorted garlic bulbs were stored at 4 ± 0.4 ° C for 0 (control), 15, 30 and 45 days. The bulbs that have been treated by low temperature then treated by gibberellins at various concentrations including 0, 75, 150, and 225 mgL-1 by soaking for 24 hours. The bulbs were planted in the seedling house. The low temperature storage (4±0,4ᵒC) for 45 days is more effective than 0, 15 and 30 days, while the concentration of gibberellins were not have a significant effect on breaking dormancy. GA3 endogenous was increased during low temperature storage, on the other hand, it accelerated on breaking dormancy . The highest percentage of sprouting bulb produced by treatment at low temperature storage for 45 days. Growth parameters such as shoot length, shoot dry weight and leaves get the best at 45 days storage time. Low temperature storage (4±0,4ᵒC) is effective in breaking dormancy of garlic bulb.
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da Silva, Gustavo Cabral, Ivan de-la-Cruz-Chacón, Ana Beatriz Marques Honório, Bruna Cavinatti Martin, Marília Caixeta Sousa, Felipe Girotto Campos, Carmen Sílvia Fernandes Boaro, and Gisela Ferreira. "Temperature and GA3 as Modulating Factors in the Biosynthesis of Alkaloids during Imbibition and Early Development of Annona x atemoya Mabb. cv. ‘Gefner’ Seedlings." Horticulturae 8, no. 9 (August 26, 2022): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090766.
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Alkaloids are products of the specialized metabolism of plants and temperature is a factor capable of modulating their biosynthesis. Species of the Annonaceae family biosynthesize alkaloids and present dormancy in their seeds, which can be overcome with the use of gibberellins. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate whether temperature variations and the use of gibberellin in seeds affect the production of alkaloids during germination and early development of Annona x atemoya Mabb. cv. ‘Gefner’ seedlings. Results showed that the temperature of 30 °C associated with imbibition in water caused an increase in the production of total alkaloids and liriodenine and that the use of gibberellin decreased production. In addition, it was possible to identify the presence of nine other alkaloids with organ-specific distribution. The presence of none of them was induced by the effect of temperature or gibberellic acid. Therefore, it could be concluded that temperature variation and the use of GA3 alter the biosynthesis of alkaloids, with high temperature causing increased concentration, but the use of GA3 reducing production.
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Farida, Farida, and Nani Rohaeni. "PENGARUH KONSENTRASI HORMON GIBERELIN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN OKRA." ZIRAA'AH MAJALAH ILMIAH PERTANIAN 44, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v44i1.1601.
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The effect of gibberellins hormone concentration on the growth and yield of okra. The aims of research are (1) to determinate the effects of growth and yield of okra plant with gibberellins hormon treatment, (2) to determine the best concentration of gibberellns hormone on the growth and yield of okra plants. This research obtained for three mounth on January to Aprl 2018. The research was conducted in Diponegoro Street, Village Sangatta Sub-distrct East Kutai. This research uses is Completely Randomized Design (CRD) of non factorial experiments each of four treatments and six replcates, are : g0 = without fertilizer, g1 = 150 ppm, g2 = 200 ppm, g3 = 250 ppm. The obtained data was analyzed by F test 1% and 5% and be continued with LSD at 5% if the treatment had significant effect. The results of the best growth research plant height 7 MST (75,141 cm) and growth of the leaves number 7 MST, best flowering age at 32,167 day and the best yield production result is 971,333 gram solid treatment.
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B. Gujar, Shivani, Aparna G. Pathade, and Girish R. Pathade. "Impact of Plant Growth Regulators on Strawberry Plant – A Review." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, Suppl (2024): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i02s.053.
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Strawberry is soft, luscious, nutritious, tasty, and perishable fruit which are grown in temperate climatic conditions where the plant like a small perennial herb and also grown in a sub-tropical climate whose plant behaves as an annual belonging to the family Rosacea. Application of growth regulators has been practiced commercially to increase the production and quality of crops. Gibberellic acid has a significant role in plant heights, number of runners, number of flowers, fruit set percentage, number of fruits, fruit size, fruit weight and fruit quality. In this study we present influence of gibberellic, yield and fruit quality of strawberry, Triacontanol and NAA on growth on yield and quality, chlormequat. Gibberellins are well-known for acting as a long-day hormone in short-day plants. Gibberellin treatment increases vegetative growth but limits flower development applied gibberellic acid promoted blooming and growth. However it was observed that the highest effect on leave, runner, crown, inflorescence and flower production. Triacontanol, Activol and NAA resulted in increased vegetative growth of strawberry as compared control. Highest crown height (7.2cm) was obtained with 100 ppm Activol and highest leaf number/plant (7.2) and leaf region (49.4m2) were obtained with 50ppm tricontanol treated plants.
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Al-Shahwany, Ayyad W., Fatima K. Mohammad, and Ropak Tofiq. "Influence Soaking Gibberellin acid on seed germination for Citrus limetta and Citrus limonum and their seedlings growth." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2014.8.1.301.
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Study was undertaken to test the effects of soaking seeds Citrus limetta and Citurs limonum in Gibberellic acid (GA3) solutions 0, 100, 500, 1000 mg / L for 24 hours prior on the rate of germination, some morphological characteristics for seedlings also were investigated in this study. Factorial experiment was carried out 4×2×5 in a randomized complete block design with five replicates for each type of seed during the period of March to September 2011. The results showed significant differences in most traits, as it reached the highest percentage of germination for the treatment with 500 mg/l for both types of seeds, while the highest dry and fresh weights of shoot and root, main root length, highest shoot, leaves number and leaf area index were in 1000 mg /l treatment. No significant effect of GA3 treatment on the amount of A, B and total chlorophyll in the seedlings leaves. The best treatment was soaking seed in 1000gm/l Gibberellic acid. The information documented the stimulating effects of seedling be used to increase the ratio of germination. Also gibberellins stimulated effects continues for some seedlings morphological characteristics and progressively with gibberellins seed treatments influence vary according to genotypes of citrus seeds, that can increase concentrations which used in soaking seeds solutions.
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Wang, Bing, and Alan R. Langille. "Response of a Gibberellin-deficient Potato Mutant to Induction and Growth Regulators as a Working Model for Tuber Initiation." HortScience 42, no. 3 (June 2007): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.3.540.
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To explore further the role endogenous gibberellins play in the formation of the potato tuber, a gibberellin-deficient dwarf of Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena (PI 281036) and its normal sibling were used in this study. Because gibberellins are known to be elevated and to affect tuber formation negatively when potato plants are grown under long day conditions, test plants were first grown in a growth chamber under conditions that did not favor tuberization (noninducing conditions). The stem apices of dwarfs received weekly applications of a 100-ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) solution to achieve growth similar to that of normal plants. When the requisite height was achieved, five dwarfs and five normal sibs were treated to foliar runoff with a 100-ppm GA3 solution, and a like number of these plants received a control spray of distilled water. These plants were then placed in a growth chamber adjusted to inducing conditions for tuber initiation. An additional five dwarfs and five normal sibs were sprayed with 600 ppm paclobutrazol (PB), a gibberellin inhibitor, and a similar number of plants received a distilled water control spray. This group of plants was returned to the noninducing chamber. After 1 week, plants were removed from their respective growth chambers and divided into two-node apical, medial, and basal leaf-bud cuttings. Basal buds of the cuttings were buried in moist potting mix in a mist chamber with a 16-hour photoperiod. Rhizome and tuberization responses were evaluated after 3 weeks. The experiment was repeated and results combined for statistical treatment. Orthogonal contrasts revealed that apical cuttings from normal donor plants produced rhizomes only under noninducing conditions or when treated with GA3. No rhizomes formed on apical cuttings from normal plants growing under inducing conditions (favoring tuberization) or noninduced plants receiving PB (a gibberellin inhibitor). For apical dwarf tissues, there were no effects of treatments on rhizome production, except for the PB treatment, which resulted in shorter rhizomes. Tuberization was observed in apical tissues of induced and noninduced dwarfs, which lack the ability to synthesize gibberellin, but only in induced cuttings of normal sibs. Noninduced dwarf cuttings tuberized as well as those from normal plants receiving the antigibberellin treatment. Tuber weights from induced apical cuttings of dwarfs and normal sibs were not significantly different. These results support the significant role played by gibberellins in tuber formation.
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Michalski, Leszek. "Effects of ionizing radiation on changes in the level of gibberellin-like substances during Scotch pine seeds germination." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 45, no. 3 (2015): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1976.022.
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The level of gibberellin-like substances in pine seeds exposed to ionizing radiation was investigated using extraction, fractionation, acid hydrolysis, partitioning on chromatographic columns and biological tests. It was found that the level of free and bound gibberellin-like substances is dependent on the applied gamma radiation dose. It is assumed that ionizing radiation may re-lease bound gibberellins into free ones.
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Harkess, Richard L., and Robert E. Lyons. "Gibberellin- and Cytokinin-induced Growth and Flowering Responses in Rudbeckia hirta L." HortScience 29, no. 3 (March 1994): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.3.141.
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BA and GA4+7, were applied to vegetative, mature Rudbeckia hirta plants at the beginning of long days (LD). There were no synergistic effects, but BA inconsistently affected branching and had no effect on flowering. Floral initiation of the terminal inflorescence was promoted by GA4+7, although axillary inflorescences were not. Increasing GA4+7 levels decreased the time to terminal inflorescence anthesis. However, the interval between the terminal and second axillary inflorescence anthesis was increased. The net result was no significant effect on the time to second axillary inflorescence anthesis. Gibberellins may enhance the LD effect on the apical meristem of Rudbeckia, but axillary meristems, which initiate later, remained unaffected. Chemical names used: benzyladenine (BA), gibberellin4+7, (GA4+7).
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Lilis Karlina, Dede Suhendra, and Warnita. "VIABILITY OF ROBUSTA COFFEE (Coffea canephora) SEEDS AT SEVERAL CONCENTRATIONS AND DURATION OF GIBERELIN (GA3)." Jurnal Riset Perkebunan 4, no. 1 (March 14, 2023): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrp.4.1.35-44.2023.
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Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) germination takes a long time because robusta coffee beans have a hard seed coat that makes it difficult for water and oxygen to penetrate, causing the germination process to be hampered. The purpose of this study is to determine the gibberellin concentration, and the proper soaking time in the germination of robusta coffee seeds and to obtain the best interaction between gibberellin concentration and soaking time on the viability of coffee seeds that have been peeled. The research was conducted at the Dharmasraya Campus III Seed Technology Laboratory from July to September 2022. This study was a two-factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor was the concentration of gibberellins which had four levels: 0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm, the second factor was soaking time which had 3 levels: 8, 16, and 24 hours. The results showed that the treatment with gibberellin of 300 ppm significantly increased seed germination, plumule, radicle elongation, and vigor index on robusta coffee seeds. And, the best soaking time of 24 hours, the long soaking treatment had a significant effect on the germination power of robusta coffee seeds. With the best treatment, a gibberellin concentration of 300 ppm and 24 hours, the interaction between gibberellins concentration and soaking time can increase the germination power of robusta coffee seeds.
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Han, Jennifer, Jan E. Murray, Qingyi Yu, Paul H. Moore, and Ray Ming. "The Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Sex Expression and Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Papaya." HortScience 49, no. 3 (March 2014): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.3.378.
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The vegetative forms of male (XY), female (XX), and hermaphrodite (XYh) papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants are phenotypically identical. However, the flower and inflorescence morphology of each sex type is unique. Gynodioecious varieties SunUp, SunUp Diminutive mutant, and dioecious AU9 were used to test the response of papaya to gibberellic acid (GA3). Exogenous applications of GA3 on female and hermaphrodite flowers of papaya did not yield any sex reversal phenotype but caused a significant increase in peduncle elongation and inflorescence branch number in all treated plants. An increase in flower number was seen in females but not hermaphrodites or males. There was an increase in plant height for all treated plants except SunUp Diminutive mutant, suggesting that the mechanism causing the dwarf phenotype is independent of gibberellins. Gibberellin metabolism genes were identified in the papaya genome, none of which mapped to the sex-determining region of either the male- or hermaphrodite-specific region of papaya Y or Yh chromosome. We hypothesize that a transacting regulatory element that enhances gibberellin biosynthesis plays a role in the extreme length of the male papaya peduncle.
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Jaques, Lanes B. A., Ivan R. Carvalho, Vinícius J. Szareski, João R. Pimentel, Cristian Troyjack, Simone M. Dellagostin, Mayara T. Mendonça, et al. "Gibberellic Acid Utilization in Seeds and Plants of Beans: Effect on Growth and Seeds Physiological Quality." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n2p541.
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The growth regulators from gibberellins, when applied on plants, might improve physic and physiological features, stimulate cell division and elongation, this study aimed at evaluating the influence of gibberellic acid doses applied exogenously on bean crop through seed treatment, and analyzing its effects on morphological attributes of seedlings and physiological quality of the seeds produced. The experimental design was completely randomized design, with treatments corresponding to the doses: zero (distilled water only), 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1, arranged in four replicates. The use of gibberellic acid in bean seeds did not result in changes on the number of leaves, leaf area, dry mass of leaves and stem. Applications of foliar gibberellic acid potentiated stem height and root dry mass of seedlings.
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Zhang, L., S. Rajapakse, R. E. Ballard, and N. C. Rajapakse. "Light Quality Regulation of Gene Expression in Chrysanthemum." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 446c—446. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.446c.
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A major part of Clemson light quality research program focuses on understanding the mechanisms of plant growth alteration under spectral filters. We have extended this research to understand the molecular basis for plant height control by spectral filters. From the whole plant research we have found that gibberellins (GA) play a key role in height control under spectral filters. However, it is not clear whether an alteration of endogenous gibberellin levels or a change in sensitivity to gibberellins is causing the observed effects. Since gibberellins are a key hormone in cell expansion and flower development, an understanding of gibberellin regulation and metabolism under spectral filters is critical for the control of height and flowering of plants grown under these filters. For the molecular study, we have selected the gene that code for enzyme GA 20-oxidase, one of the key enzymes involved in producing functional GAs in the mevalonic acid pathway. GA 20-oxidase is thought to be a site of regulation of GA synthesis by the environment. We are currently studying the regulation of the expression of this gene by light quality using Northern analysis. Results from temporal and tissue specific regulation of chrysanthemum plants grown under CuSO4 filters will be presented.
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Webber, J. E., S. D. Ross, R. P. Pharis, and J. N. Owens. "Interaction between gibberellin A4/7 and root-pruning on the reproductive and vegetative process in Douglas-fir. II. Effects on shoot elongation and its relationship to flowering." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-056.
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Shoot elongation and female flowering response were assessed for gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) and root-pruning (RP) treatments in 9- and 10-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings of families with good- and poor-flowering histories. In families with a poor-flowering history, stem injections of GA4/7 significantly enhanced elongation of third-whorl terminal shoots but produced no flowering response. In families with a good-flowering history, GA4/7 treatment had no effect on shoot elongation but did result in a significant increase in seed-cone buds. In contrast, root-pruning significantly retarded shoot growth in families with both good- and poor-flowering histories and was also the single most effective treatment for enhancing flowering. Combined, GA4/7 plus RP had a synergistic effect on flowering and GA4/7 partially overcame the inhibition of shoot growth caused by RP alone. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that exogenous and endogenous gibberellins are used preferentially for vegetative growth processes, with increased flowering occurring only after a threshold concentration of effector gibberellins is reached.
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Novita, Aisar, Nini Rahmawati, Abdul Rahman Cemda, Silvia Nora, and Fitra Syawal Harahap. "The Effect of Gibberelin in Salin Soil on Growth of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.)." Jurnal Pertanian Tropik 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v8i1.6359.
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Salinity is one of the problems in agricultural land in the world, including in Indonesia. Vetiver is quite tolerant of planting in saline soils at a certain level of salinity, but vetiver growth is inhibited at high salinity levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of gibberellin in saline soils on the growth and production of vetiver (Vetiveria Zizanioides L.). This research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatra Utara, Medan. This study used a non-factorial completely randomized design, It was salinity stress (S) which consisted of 3 factors: Gibberellin concentrations of 0 (without treatment), 50 ppm, and 100 ppm. The results of this study indicate that giving Gibberellins in salinity stress conditions has a significant effect on the observed variables of plant height, specific leaf area, and cuticle thickness.
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Budiarto, Rahmat, Syariful Mubarok, Muhammad Achirul Nanda, Maulidan Nabiyyu, and Moh Haris Imron S. Jaya. "The Increase in Kaffir Lime Leaf Production Due to Gibberellin Is Diminished by Pruning." Horticulturae 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2023): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9091018.
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Gibberellin regulates the flowering and fruiting response of fruit-oriented citrus, but there are a lack of studies on the methods for boosting the production of leaf-oriented citrus. This study aimed to analyze the effects of exogenous gibberellins and pruning on the leaf production of kaffir lime. Kaffir lime seedlings, grafted into rangpur lime, were arranged in a split-plot design under an open field condition. Four gibberellin concentrations (control, 0.005%, 0.01%, and 0.02%) and two pruning levels (no pruning and pruning at 30 cm main stem) were subjected to selected seedlings. The result showed a contrasting effect between gibberellin and pruning on the plant height and shoot number. Pruning significantly reduced the flush number, flush length, leaf length, leaf area, and leaf weight by 38%, 44%, 17%, 26%, and 28%, respectively. Without pruning, applying 0.02% gibberellin could produce the longest flush, with an increase in the number and weight of leaves by about 77% and 64%, compared with the control, respectively. Multivariate analysis also confirmed the positive effect of gibberellin on leaf production. However, these positive results are diminished by pruning due to limited source capacity, as indicated by the fewer leaves. Future research is required to analyze whether increasing gibberellin concentrations can speed up the recovery of post-pruned kaffir lime.
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Swiegers, Hendrik Willem, Barbara Karpinska, Yan Hu, Ian C. Dodd, Anna-Maria Botha, and Christine H. Foyer. "The Effects of High CO2 and Strigolactones on Shoot Branching and Aphid–Plant Compatibility Control in Pea." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 12160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012160.
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Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) regulate plant architecture and susceptibility to insects. We explored the mechanisms underpinning these responses in wild type (WT) peas and mutants defective in either strigolactone (SL) synthesis or signaling. All genotypes had increased shoot height and branching, dry weights and carbohydrate levels under eCO2, demonstrating that SLs are not required for shoot acclimation to eCO2. Since shoot levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) tended to be lower in SL signaling mutants than the WT under ambient conditions, we compared pea aphid performance on these lines under both CO2 conditions. Aphid fecundity was increased in the SL mutants compared to the WT under both ambient and eCO2 conditions. Aphid infestation significantly decreased levels of JA, isopentenyladenine, trans-zeatin and gibberellin A4 and increased ethylene precursor ACC, gibberellin A1, gibberellic acid (GA3) and SA accumulation in all lines. However, GA3 levels were increased less in the SL signaling mutants than the WT. These studies provide new insights into phytohormone responses in this specific aphid/host interaction and suggest that SLs and gibberellins are part of the network of phytohormones that participate in host susceptibility.
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Mulyanti, Dewi Yana, and Lukman Martunis. "Jicama Seed Response After Administering Auxiliary Hormones and Gibberellins." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i1.4656.
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Plant growth and development is influenced by hormones, which are chemical compounds that are synthesized in a part of the organs that are distributed to the organs, and play a special role at low doses or are slightly able to stimulate plant growth, development and metabolic processes. One of the plants that need growth regulators or hormones for growth and development is Jicama. The aim of the study was to see the response of jicama seeds after administration of auxin and gibberellin hormones. This study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD), namely the first factor of the Auxin hormone with levels A0 = 0 ml, A1 = 1 ml, A2 = 2 ml. The second factor is the Gibberellin hormone with a level of G0 = 0 ml, G1 = 1 ml, G2 = 2 ml. All treatments were repeated 5 (five) times to obtain 45 experimental units. The results of the study showed that the auxiliary hormone and gibberellins and the combination of the two hormones had a very significant effect on live sprouts and shoot height.
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Jazuli, MI, SN Aini, and NS Khodijah. "PEMANFAATAN GIBERELIN UNTUK MEMACU PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI MELON MENGGUNAKAN HIDROPONIK SISTEM SUMBU." Jurnal Bioindustri 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31326/jbio.v4i1.1220.
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Melon production has decrease due to decreasing agriculture land area. An effort to increases melon production can be done by cultivating melons using a hydroponic system. Gibberellins can be used to increase melon production in Bangka Belitung. This research aims to determine the effect and gibberellin doses that has increase melon growth and production which cultivated using hydroponic wick system. This research was conducted from January to April 2020 at the Research and Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Fisheries and Biology, Universitas Bangka Belitung. The experimental design used in this study was a single completely randomized design (CRD) with various gibberellin concentrations (0 ppm, 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 60 ppm, 80 ppm, 100 ppm). Gibberellin was applied by giving it at the soaking seeds period and by spraying it onto the leaves of the plants. The results of study showed that the application of gibberellin (GA3) had a significant effect on stem diameter, leaf area, fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp thickness and total plant dissolved solids. The application of gibberellin with 100 ppm concentration is the best treatment to increasing growth and 80 ppm concentration is the best treatment to increasing yield of melon with wick hydroponic cultivation system.
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Gökbayrak, Zeliha, Hakan Engin, Arda Akçal, and Hatice Kiraz. "Pollen of Arbutus unedo: Effects of plant growth regulators." Botanica Serbica 44, no. 1 (2020): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb2001055g.
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Arbutus unedo is a species mainly used for landscaping purposes and lately for honey production. Its antioxidant characteristics have also been a subject of of research interest. The germination of pollen grains freshly collected from flowers was tested in vitro, and 30% sucrose gave the highest pollen germination. Subsequently, three growth regulators belonging to the categories of gibberellins and brassinosteroids [24-epibrassinolide (Ebl) and 22S,23S-homobrassinolide (Hbl)] were added to the growth medium singly or in double combinations (gibberellin + brassinosteroid), and the petri dishes were kept for 24 hours at 26?1?C. The results showed that the highest germination rates were obtained from treatments with 0.01 ppm Hbl (45.47%) and 0.001 ppm Hbl (26.74%). They were followed by treatments with 0.001 ppm Ebl, 25 ppm GA3 and 0.1 ppm Ebl. As the concentration of GA3 increased, the germination rate declined considerably. Statistical analysis of the combined treatments showed that combinations of growth regulators lowered the germination rates compared to their individual application. Moreover, action of the lowest GA3 concentration (25 ppm) best matched the effects of brassinosteroids, and increasing the GA3 concentration in combined treatments did not improve germination. The highest germination was obtained with 0.1 ppm Hbl, followed by all Ebl treatments. Brassinosteroids might be an inducer of pollen germination in plants depending on their type and concentrations. When individually included in the growth medium, the extent of this induction was greater with the homobrassinolide than with the epibrassinolide. Their interactions with gibberellins are shown to be mostly dependent on the concentration of gibberellic acid used. The tested epibrassinolide was more consistent than the homobrassinolide in maintaining higher germination levels. The findings of this study indicate that gathering more information from studies involving other plant species is needed to clarify the role of brassinosteroids in in vitro and in vivo germination.
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Miceli, Alessandro, Alessandra Moncada, Leo Sabatino, and Filippo Vetrano. "Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Leaf Lettuce and Rocket Grown in a Floating System." Agronomy 9, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070382.
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Gibberellins (GAs) are growth hormones strongly involved in a wide variety of physiological activities. Currently, gibberellins are commercially used to enhance phenotypic characteristics, earliness, and productivity of many vegetable and ornamental crops. In this work, the efficacy of supplementation of low levels of gibberellic acid (0, 10−8, 10−6, and 10−4 M GA3) through the mineral nutrient solution of a floating system on yield and quality of leaf lettuce and rocket plants was tested. The marketability of plants was lost when 10−4 M GA3 was added to the mineral nutrient solution. This study demonstrated that the addition of 10−4 M GA3 exceeded the acceptable threshold for use in hydroponics production systems. Below the concentration of 10−4 M, the presence of GA3 in the mineral nutrient solutions (MNS), especially at 10−6 M GA3, stimulated plant growth and enhanced the yield. Various morphological and physiological traits were enhanced by GA3 treatments (biomass accumulation, leaf expansion, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency (WUE), Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), etc.), with superimposable trends in both lettuce and rocket. The addition of 10−6 M GA3 to the nutrient solution of a hydroponic floating system can promote growth and quality of lettuce and rocket plants.
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Nabila, Annisa, Rita Hayati, and Marai Rahmawati. "Pengaruh Konsentrasi dan Pewiwilan terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Tin (Ficus carica L.)." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 7, no. 4 (November 13, 2022): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v7i4.22352.
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Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi giberelin dan pewiwilan serta interaksi antara kedua perlakuan tersebut terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tin. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 2021 sampai Desember 2021 dirumah kaca II Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam, Banda Aceh. Rancangan Acak Kelompok Faktorial (RAKF) digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan pola split plot 3x2 dengan 4 ulangan terdiri dari 2 faktor yaitu konsentrasi giberelin sebagai petak utama dengan tingkat konsentrasi 100, 200, 300 ppm dan pewiwilan sebagai anak petak dengan 2 taraf yaitu kontrol (tanpa pewiwilan) dan pewiwilan. Data penelitian menunjukkan hasil bahwa konsentrasi giberelin berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, diameter pangkal batang, jumlah cabang sekunder, tinggi cabang sekunder, jumlah daun, panjang daun, lebar daun, jumlah buah yang dipanen dan berat buah yang dipanen. Tanaman tin cenderung memiliki pertumbuhan lebih baik pada perlakuan giberelin dengan konsentrasi 300 ppm. Sedangkan, perlakuan pewiwilan tanaman tin berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap jumlah cabang sekunder dan jumlah daun pada umur 42 HSP, berpengaruh nyata pada tinggi tanaman umur 14 HSP dan 28 HSP. Namun, berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman pada umur 42 HSP, diameter pangkal batang, jumlah cabang sekunder pada umur 14 dan 28 HSP, tinggi cabang sekunder, jumlah daun umur 14 HSP dan 28 HSP, panjang daun, lebar daun, jumlah buah yang dipanen serta berat buah yang dipanen. Pewiwilan cenderung lebih baik pada perlakuan kontrol. Antara konsentrasi giberelin dan pemangkasan wiwilan terdapat interaksi nyata terhadap jumlah cabang sekunder umur 14 HSP. Interaksi cenderung lebih baik pada konsentrasi giberelin 100 ppm dengan perlakuan kontrol.Kata kunci: Tin, KonsentrasiGiberelin, Pewiwilan Abstract. This study aims to determine the effect of gibberellins concentration and pruning of leaf axillary buds and the interaction between them on the growth and yield of fig plants. This research was conducted from October 2021 to December 2021 in greenhouse II, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh. This study used a factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with a 3x2 split plot pattern with 4 replications consisting of 2 factors, namely the concentration of gibberellins as the main plot with a concentration level of 100, 200, 300 ppm and pruning of leaf axillary buds as a subplot with 2 levels, namely control and pruning of leaf axillary buds. The results of this study showed that the concentration of gibberellins had no significant effect on plant. The growth of fig plants tended to be better in gibberellin treatment with a concentration of 300 ppm. Meanwhile, the fig plant pruning of leaf axillary buds treatment had a very significant effect on the number of secondary branches and the number of leaves at 42 DAP, and significantly on plant height at 14 DAP and 28 DAP. However, it had no significant effect on plant height at 42 DAP, stem diameter, number of secondary branches at 14 and 28 DAP, secondary branch height, number of leaves at 14 DAP and 28 DAP, leaf length, leaf width, and number of fruits harvested. and weight of fruit harvested. pruning of leaf axillary buds tends to be better in the control treatment. There was a significant interaction between gibberellins concentration and pruning of leaf axillary buds on the number of secondary branches at 14 DAP. The interaction tends to be better at the concentration of gibberellins 100 ppm with the control treatment.Keywords: Fig, Gibberellin Concentration, Leaf Axillary Shoot Removal
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Nanda Raja P.C. Manullang, Rosita Sipayung, and Haryati. "The Effect of Immersion Time at Initial Water Temperature of 50°C and Gibberellin Concentration on Viability of Arabica Coffee Seeds (Coffea arabica L.)." JURNAL ONLINE AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI 10, no. 1 (November 12, 2022): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/joa.v10i1.10202.
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The coffee nursery process takes a relatively long time hence it can affect the production period of coffee plants because of it a seed treatment is needed before planting i.e. immersion with the initial water temperature and in the gibberellin solution. This research aim was to obtain the immersion time of the seeds at the initial water temperature of 50°C and the optimal gibberellins concentration to increase the viability of Arabica coffee seeds. The method used was Factorial Randomized Group Design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the immersion time with an initial water temperature of 50°C with 4 levels, namely; 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes. The second factor was the gibberellins concentration with 4 levels, namely; 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm. The results showed that an increase in the immersion time of the seeds at the initial water temperature of 50°C was able to accelerate the germination rate and accelerate the time of leaves appearance. The increased of gibberellin concentration can accelerate germination rates, increase the percentage of normal sprouts, decrease the percentage of dead seeds, increase the vigor index, increase hypocotyl length, increase root length, accelerate leaf emergence and decrease the percentage of abnormal sprouts but reduce the percentage growth potential. The treatments interaction can increase the viability of Arabica coffee seeds, namely germination rate for 21.74 days, the percentage of abnormal germination by 0%, vigor index of 0.85 germinating seeds/day, and root length of 8.78 cm.
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Tarigan, Sri Murti, Eka Bobby Febrianto, and Lufy Andria Cik. "PENGARUH KONSENTRASI GIBERELIN (GA3) DENGAN WAKTU APLIKASI SEBELUM PANEN TERHADAP MUTU FISIK TANDAN BUAH SEGAR KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)." Jurnal Agro Fabrica 1, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47199/jaf.v1i2.106.
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Physical damage to fruit on oil palm fresh fruit bunches due to harvest and postharvest activities include injured fruit mesocarp, fruit weight loss, and loss in fruit bunches. One of the postharvest handlings that can maintain the physical quality of the fruit is by giving gibberellins (GA3). This research aims to determine the effect of the concentration of gibberellins (GA3) whit application time before harvest on the physical quality of postharvest oil palm fresh fruit bunches. The research was conducted at Afdeling VI Garden Cot Girek PT. Perkebunan Nusantara I and in the Cot Girek Palm Oil Factory laboratory. The time of the research was conducted in June until July 2019. The study used a non factorial randomized block design method with 4 treatment levels (0 mg/l, 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l, and 150 mg/l) with 3 replications. The administration of gibberellins has a significant effect on fruit loss and fruit weight reduction with the best concentration of gibberellins is 50 ppm but does not have a significant effect on pH, moisture content, and fruit free fatty acids.
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Pizarro, Alberto, and Carmen Díaz-Sala. "Effect of polar auxin transport and gibberellins on xylem formation in pine cuttings under adventitious rooting conditions." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 67, no. 1-2 (February 25, 2020): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22238980-20191120.
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Maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation is one of the major factors affecting adventitious rooting in forest tree species. We demonstrate that inhibition of polar auxin transport promoted cambium and xylem differentiation in rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings from Pinus radiata under conditions of adventitious root formation. Treatments with bioactive gibberellins inhibited rooting while at the same time inducing both the differentiation of a continuous ring of cambium and xylem formation. Treatments with inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis did not affect the rooting response. The results demonstrate that xylem parenchyma and procambial cells at the xylem poles of rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings after excision and under conditions of adventitious root induction become adventitious root meristems or xylem, depending on the directional auxin flow. Gibberellin may interact with this pathway, inducing xylem differentiation and inhibiting rooting. We conclude that modifications of auxin flow at the rooting sites, and the priming of cambial cells to differentiate into xylem during tree ageing, may be associated with the maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation.
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Rizky, Sarah Afrita, Mardhiah Hayati, and Marai Rahmawati. "INISIASI PEMBENTUKAN BUAH MENTIMUN (Cucumis sativus L.) VARIETAS MERCY F1 SECARA PARTENOKARPI AKIBAT KONSENTRASI GIBERELIN DAN DOSIS PUPUK KALIUM." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v6i3.17559.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi giberelin dan dosis pupuk kalium, serta interaksi keduanya terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman mentimun varietas Mercy F1 secara partenokarpi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di lahan kebun Gampong Ilie-Ulee Kareng-Banda Aceh, Laboratorium Fisiologi Tumbuhan dan Laboratorium Hortikultura Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok pola faktorial 4 x 3 dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor yang diteliti yaitu konsentrasi giberelin (Kontrol, 100, 200 dan 300 ppm) dan dosis pupuk kalium (Kontrol, 100 dan 200 kg ha-1). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi giberelin berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap jumlah biji per buah dan bobot buah per tanaman. Hasil mentimun terbaik dijumpai pada konsentrasi giberelin 300 ppm dalam menurunkan jumlah biji per buah. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa dosis pupuk kalium berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap bobot buah per tanaman dan bobot buah per buah, berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah buah per tanaman dan panjang buah per buah. Hasil mentimun terbaik dijumpai pada dosis 200 kg ha-1 pupuk kalium dalam meningkatkan bobot buah per buah dan panjang buah per buah. Interaksi antara konsentrasi giberelin dan dosis pupuk kalium berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah buah per tanaman dan jumlah biji per buah. Hasil mentimun terbaik dijumpai pada kombinasi konsentrasi giberelin 300 ppm dengan dosis pupuk kalium 100 kg ha-1.(Parthenocarp Fruit Initiation of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Mercy F1 Variety due to the Concentration of Gibberellins and the Dose of Potassium Fertilizer)Abstract. This study aims to determine the effect of gibberellins concentration and potassium fertilizer dosage, as well as their interaction on the growth and yield of Mercy F1 cucumber plant by parthenocarpy. This research was carried out in the gardens of Gampong Ilie-Ulee Kareng-Banda Aceh, Plant Physiology Laboratory and Horticultural Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. The design used was a Randomized Factorial Block Design 3 x 4 with 3 replications. The factors observed were the concentration of gibberellins (Control, 100, 200 and 300 ppm) and the dose of potassium fertilizer (Control, 100 and 200 kg ha-1). The results showed that the concentration of gibberellins had a very significant effect on the number of seeds by fruit and fruit weight by plant. The best cucumber yields were found at a concentration of 300 ppm gibberellins in reducing the number of seeds by fruit. The results also showed that the dose of potassium fertilizer had a very significant effect on fruit weight by plant and fruit weight by fruit, significantly affected the number of fruits by plant and fruit length by fruit. The best cucumber yield was found at a dose of 200 kg ha-1 of potassium fertilizer in increasing fruit weight by fruit and fruit length per fruit. The interaction between the concentration of gibberellins and the dose of potassium fertilizer significantly affected the number of fruits by plant and the number of seeds by fruit. The best cucumber yields were found in a combination of 300 ppm gibberellin concentration with a dose of 100 kg ha-1 potassium fertilizer.
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Zairina, Farah, Marai Rahmawati, and Mardhiah Hayati. "Pengaruh Konsentrasi Giberelin Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Beberapa Varietas Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.)." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v7i2.20155.
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Bawang merah memiliki harga jual yang tinggi di pasaran. Penggunaan giberelin pada beberapa varietas bawang merah merupakan faktor pendukung dalam berhasilnya budidaya bawang merah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari kedua faktor yang diteliti yaitu konsentrasi giberalin dan varietas, serta interaksi antara kedua faktor tersebut. Pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan dua dan Laboratorium Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Syiah Kuala dari Juni hingga Agustus 2021. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok faktorial 3 x 3 dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor yang diteliti yaitu konsentrasi giberelin (0 ppm, 125 ppm, dan 250 ppm) dan tiga varietas (Bima Brebes, Tajuk, dan Vietnam). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan, konsentrasi giberelin berpengaruh nyata pada tinggi tanaman umur 40 HST. Tanaman tertinggi dijumpai pada perlakuan kontrol. Tinggi tanaman umur 70 HST tertinggi pada varietas Tajuk. Jumlah anakan per rumpun umur 30, 40, 50, 60 dan 70 HST, dan jumlah umbi per rumpun tertinggi pada varietas Bima Brebes. Tidak terdapat interaksi yang nyata antara kedua faktor yang diteliti. The Effect of Gibberellin Concentration on Growth and Yield of Several Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) VarietiesShallots are commodities that have a high selling value in the market. The use of gibberellins in several shallot varieties is a supporting factor to the success of shallot cultivation. The purpose of this research is to appropriate concentration of gibberellins and varieties, as well as the interaction between these two factors on the growth and yield of shallots. This research was conducted in Experimental Garden 2 and Horticulture Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Syiah Kuala University during June until August 2021. This research used a 3 x 3 factorial randomized block design that repeated three times. The factors researched was the concentration of gibberellins (0 ppm, 125 ppm, 250 ppm) and three shallot varieties (Bima Brebes variety, Tajuk variety, and Vietnam variety). The results showed, that the concentration of gibberellins significant to plant height on 40 DAP. The highest plants were found in the control treatment. The highest plant at 70 DAP was found in Tajuk variety. The best number of saplings per clump on 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 DAP, and the number of bulbs per clump on Bima Brebes variety. There was no interaction between the concentration of gibberellins and shallot varieties on all observed variables.
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Vattiprolu, N. M. R., D. J. Woolley, and B. M. van Hooijdonk. "EFFECT OF GIBBERELLINS AND ANTI-GIBBERELLINS ON THE VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF 'HAYWARD' KIWIFRUIT (ACTINIDIA DELICIOSA)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 913 (November 2011): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.913.58.
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Eunice, Monthe, Ndiso James, Gogo Elisha Otieno, and Muti Simon. "Effects of Auxin and Gibberellins Hormones on Regeneration of Pineapple Propagules from Crown Leaves (with Buds) in Kilifi County Kenya." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 25, no. 1 (February 2, 2024): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2024/v25i1575.
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Kilifi county has a large potential of over 2,000 Ha suitable for pineapple cultivation that has not been fully exploited due to lack of adequate clean planting material. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of auxin and gibberellin hormones on regeneration of pineapple propagules from pineapple crown leaves (with buds). The study was carried out at Pwani University Crop Science farm. A randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement replicated thrice was used. Treatments included auxin and gibberellins hormones where the cut crown leaves (with buds) were dipped and planted at a spacing of 4 cm by 6 cm in plastic containers filled with coir dust. Five plastic containers were used for each hormone treatment. In each container, three plants were tagged for data collection. The plastic containers (the plots) measured 30cm by 36cm by 15cm height. Data collected from the tagged plants included, time to shoot emergence, plant height, leaf length and breadth, number of leaves per plant, final root length and final number of roots. These were used to determine effects of auxin, gibberellins on growth of the propagules up to a height of 15-20 cm. Obtained data was subjected to ANOVA analysis using Genstat Statistical software 14th Edition and means obtained compared using Tukey’s honest significant difference test (p < 0.05). The results indicated auxin treated propagules had 50.7%, 50.6%, 64.2%, 52.6%, 24.4%, 10.4%, 39.0%, and 9.9% higher final values of plant weight, shoot weight, dry shoot weight, fresh root weight, plant height, leaf number, root number, dry root weight and root length, respectively, compared to those treated with gibberellins. The study also showed that auxin treated propagules had their initial roots originating from the base of the seedlings, while gibberellins treated propagules had their initial roots originating from the base of the cut crown leaves.
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Alwan, Samer Hussein, Mazen Amer Owen, Omar Arshad Omar, and Ziad Khalaf Salih. "Effect of Biochar Application and Foliar Application of Gibberellin and Cytokinin on Growth and Flowering of Chinese Carnations Dianthus chinensis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1158, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 042016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/4/042016.
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Abstract The experiment was carried out in the Horticulture Department and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the Agricultural season 2021-2022 to study the response of Chinese carnation to biochar and growth regular carried out with two factors Add biochar at two levels without adding and adding 10 g under the seedlings, the second factor was spraying with gibberellin and cytokinin growth regulators at four levels (no spray, spraying-1 with gibberellin at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 Cytokine spray at a concentration of 100 mg. Liter-1 and spraying with a mixture of gibberellin and cytokine). The experiment was in a randomized complete block design RCBD, and three replicates, results show that superiority of the treatment of adding charcoal and it gave the highest plant height of 77.26 cm and the highest branches numbers and dry weight 25.24 branches plant-1 and 76.15 g, Spraying with a mixture of gibberellins and cytokinin superior in the rest studied traits which were dry weight 16.02 g and NPK 1.60%, 0.26% and 1.75%, and flowers numbers 49.38 plant flowers-1, and flower diameter 3.36 cm.
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Kusnaini, Kusnaini, Hasanuddin Hasanuddin, and Syamsuddin Syamsuddin. "Pengaruh Perlakuan Benih Menggunakan Giberelin (GA3) Terhadap Viabilitas dan Vigor Benih Terung Belanda (Chyphomandra betaceae sendt)." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 7, no. 4 (November 13, 2022): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v7i4.21401.
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Abstrak. Benih terung belanda memiliki dormansi fisiologis, yaitu dimana adanya faktor penghambat yang dapat mencegah terjadinya proses perkecambahan yang terjadi. Metode yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi dormansi fisiologi yaitu dengan pengaplikasian larutan yang mengandung giberelin. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui dampak perlakuan benih menggunakan giberelin terhadap viabilitas dan vigor benih terung. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan kosentrasi giberelin sebagai faktor tunggal, terdiri dari kosentrasi 0- 100 ppm. Kosentrasi 50 ppm giberelin berpengaruh nyata terhadap parameter pengamatan (PTM), (DB), (IV), (KCTR), (KSP). Kosentrasi 10 ppm giberelin berpengaruh nyata dalam meningkatkan berat kering biomasa kecambah normal, serta berat basah biomassa kecambah normal. Perlakuan perendaman benih menggunakan giberelin tidak berpengaruh nyata pada parameter pengamatan (T50).Effect of seed trearment using giberellin (GA3) on viability and vigor of dutch eggplant seeds ( Chyphomandra betaceae sendt)Abstract. Dutch eggplant seeds have physiological dormancy, which is where there are inhibiting factors that can prevent the germination process from occurring. The method that can be used to overcome physiological dormancy is by applying a solution containing gibberellins. The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of seed treatment using gibberellins on viability and vigor of Dutch eggplant (Chyhmandra betaceae Sendt) seeds. This study used a completely randomized design (RAL) with the concentration of gibberellins as a single factor, consisting of concentrations of 0- 100 ppm. The concentration of 50 ppm gibberellins significantly affected the observed parameters (PTM), (DB), (IV), (KCTR), (KSP). The concentration of 10 ppm gibberellins significantly increased the dry weight of normal sprouted biomass and wet weight of normal sprouted biomass. Seed immersion treatment using gibberellins had no significant effect on the observational benchmark (T50)
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Roberts, A. V., P. S. Blake, R. Lewis, J. M. Taylor, and D. I. Dunstan. "The Effect of Gibberellins on Flowering in Roses." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 18, no. 3 (November 1999): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00007058.
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Luat, Andreas, Yusnaeni Yusnaeni, and Andam S. Ardan. "The effect of giving gibberellin at different concentrations on the elongation of palm oil palm oil (borrassus flabelifer)." Gema Wiralodra 14, no. 3 (October 21, 2023): 1275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31943/gw.v14i3.433.
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This research has been carried out in the greenhouse of BAPEDALDA NTT. The method used was an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of 4 (four) treatments, namely control (G0), giving gibberellin 100 ppm (G1), gibberellin 200 ppm (G2), and gibberellin 300 ppm (G3), each treatment consisted of 4 (four) replications so that the total experimental unit was 16 units. The parameters of this study were apokol elongation and the percentage of palmyra growth. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and continued with the honest significant difference test (BNJ) if there is a difference. The results showed a significant difference between the control and the gibberellin treatment for the apokol length parameter. Meanwhile, the percentage of palm growth showed no effect. The results of the analysis of variance for the average parameter of apokol elongation obtained F-Count > F-Table, where F-Count = 6.67 and F-Table 5% = 3.49. This means that there is an effect of giving gibberellins on the length of the apokol ejection. Because there are differences, it is continued with the Honest Significant Difference (BNJ) test. The results of the BNJ test showed that the G2 treatment was not different from the G1 and G0 treatments and was different from the G3 treatment. The G1 treatment was not different from the G0 treatment but different from the G3 treatment. The G0 treatment was no different from the G3 treatment.
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Strack, Z., R. Karwowska, and E. Kraszewska. "The effect of several stress conditions and growth regulators on photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates in the bean plant." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 44, no. 4 (2015): 567–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1975.052.
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Studies were performed on young bean plants, grown in water culture. The effect of salt stress, X-flays and flooding on growth, photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates was investigated. Salt stress (NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>), especially at - 4.5 atm. of water potential, depressed all the mentioned processes, but most dramatically - photosynthesis. Export of photosynthetes from the blades decreased. Salt stress not only reduced the rate of translocation, but also influenced the pattern of <sup>14</sup>C-distoibution, especially inhibited transport to apical part, with growth seriously retarded. Gibberellin (GA<sub>3</sub>, 100 ppm sprayed on leaves) counteracted the negative effects caused by salinization, but did not affected either photosynthesis, or translocation in plants from normal nutrient solution. The conclusion may be advanced, that salt stress disturbed the balance of plant hormones especially gibberellins, which probably participate in. regulation of assimilate translocation.
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Nowak, Tomasz J. "Effect of gibberellin, auxin and kinetin treatments combined with foliar applied NPK on the yield of Capsicum annuum L. fruits and their capsaicin content." Acta Agrobotanica 33, no. 1 (2013): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1980.007.
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The Wrocław version of hydroponic culture was applied. Under optimal conditions of root fertilization the plants were sprayed with growth regulators sueh as gibberellins, auxins and kinetins, and .their mixtures. Each growth regulator treatment was applied with or without NPK added. The influence of these treatments on the fresh and dry weight of the fruit, percentage of ripe fruits and content and yield of capsaicin was studied. The highest yield of fruits and capsaicin. was obtained from plants sprayed with gibberellic acid and kinetin (in concentrations of 10 and 5 mg/l, respectively) together with NPK foliar application. No influence of ,growth regulators and foliar-applied NPK was noted on capsaicin content and dry weight of fruits.