Journal articles on the topic 'Effect of fires on'
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1
Yue, C., P. Ciais, D. Zhu, T. Wang, S. S. Peng, and S. L. Piao. "How past fire disturbances have contributed to the current carbon balance of boreal ecosystems?" Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 17 (September 9, 2015): 14833–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-14833-2015.
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Abstract. Boreal fires have immediate effects on regional carbon budgets by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere at the time of burning, but also have legacy effects by initiating a long-term carbon sink during post-fire vegetation recovery. Quantifying these different effects on the current-day pan-boreal (44–84° N) carbon balance and relative contributions of legacy sinks by past fires is important for understanding and predicting the carbon dynamics in this region. Here we used the global dynamic vegetation model ORCHIDEE-SPITFIRE to attribute the contributions by fires in different decades of 1850–2009 to the carbon balance of 2000–2009, taking into account the atmospheric CO2 change and climate change since 1850. The fire module of ORCHIDEE-SPITFIRE was turned off in each decade sequentially, and turned on before and after, to model the legacy carbon trajectory by fires in each past decade. We found that, unsurprisingly, fires that occured in 2000–2009 are a carbon source (−0.17 Pg C yr−1) for the 2000s-decade carbon balance, whereas fires in all decades before 2000 contribute carbon sinks with a collective contribution of 0.23 Pg C yr−1. This leaves a net fire sink effect of 0.06 Pg C yr−1, or 6.3 % of the simulated regional carbon sink (0.95 Pg C yr−1). Further, fires with an age of 10–40 years (i.e. those occurred during 1960–1999) contribute more than half of the total sink effect of fires. The small net sink effect of fires indicates that current-day fire emissions are roughly in balance with legacy sinks. The future role of fires in the regional carbon balance remains uncertain and will depend on whether changes in fires and associated carbon emissions will exceed the enhanced sink effects of previous fires, both being strongly affected by global change.
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Oris, France, Hugo Asselin, Adam A. Ali, Walter Finsinger, and Yves Bergeron. "Effect of increased fire activity on global warming in the boreal forest." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 3 (September 2014): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0062.
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Forest fires are an important disturbance in the boreal forest. They are influenced by climate, weather, topography, vegetation, surface deposits, and human activities. In return, forest fires affect the climate through emission of gases and aerosols, and changes in surface albedo, soil processes, and vegetation dynamics. The net effect of these factors is not yet well established but seems to have caused a negative feedback on climate during the 20th century. However, an increase in boreal forest fires is predicted by the end of the 21st century, possibly changing the effect of fires on climate change to a positive feedback that would exacerbate global warming. This review presents (1) an overview of fire regimes and vegetation succession in boreal forests; (2) the effects on climate of combustion emissions and post-fire changes in ecosystem functioning; (3) the effects of fire regime variations on climate, especially on carbon stock and surface albedo; (4) an integrative approach of fire effects on climate dynamics; and (5) the implications of increased fire activity on global warming by calculating the radiative forcing of several factors by 2100 in the boreal region, before discussing the results and exposing the limits of the data at hand. Generally, losses of carbon from forest fires in the boreal region will increase in the future and their effect on the carbon stock (0.37 W/m2/decade) will be greater than the effect of fire on surface albedo (−0.09 W/m2/decade). The net effect of aerosol emissions from boreal fires will likely cause a positive feedback on global warming. This review emphasizes the importance of feedbacks between fires and climate in the boreal forest. It presents limitations and uncertainties to be addressed in future studies, particularly with regards to the effect of CO2 fertilization on forest productivity, which could offset or mitigate the effect of fire.
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Yue, C., P. Ciais, D. Zhu, T. Wang, S. S. Peng, and S. L. Piao. "How have past fire disturbances contributed to the current carbon balance of boreal ecosystems?" Biogeosciences 13, no. 3 (February 4, 2016): 675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-675-2016.
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Abstract. Boreal fires have immediate effects on regional carbon budgets by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere at the time of burning, but they also have legacy effects by initiating a long-term carbon sink during post-fire vegetation recovery. Quantifying these different effects on the current-day pan-boreal (44–84° N) carbon balance and quantifying relative contributions of legacy sinks by past fires is important for understanding and predicting the carbon dynamics in this region. Here we used the global dynamic vegetation model ORCHIDEE–SPITFIRE (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems – SPread and InTensity of FIRE) to attribute the contributions by fires in different decades between 1850 and 2009 to the carbon balance of 2000–2009, taking into account the atmospheric CO2 change and climate change since 1850. The fire module of ORCHIDEE–SPITFIRE was turned off for each decade in turn and was also turned off before and after the decade in question in order to model the legacy carbon trajectory by fires in each past decade. We found that, unsurprisingly, fires that occurred in 2000–2009 are a carbon source (−0.17 Pg C yr−1) for the carbon balance of 2000–2009, whereas fires in all decades before 2000 contribute carbon sinks with a collective contribution of 0.23 Pg C yr−1. This leaves a net fire sink effect of 0.06 Pg C yr−1, or 6.3 % of the simulated regional carbon sink (0.95 Pg C yr−1). Further, fires with an age of 10–40 years (i.e., those that occurred during 1960–1999) contribute more than half of the total sink effect of fires. The small net sink effect of fires indicates that current-day fire emissions are roughly balanced out by legacy sinks. The future role of fires in the regional carbon balance remains uncertain and will depend on whether changes in fires and associated carbon emissions will exceed the enhanced sink effects of previous fires, both being strongly affected by global change.
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Момот and Aleksandr Momot. "Effect of road density on the occurrence and effects of forest fires." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 3 (December 8, 2014): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6283.
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The article is devoted to actual problem of for-est fires. Especially it concerns the forests of the Russian Federation, so they make up 22 % of all forests in the world. And the conse-quences of burning of forests can be even more catastrophic than now. The aim of the article is the analysis of the dependence of the number of fires caused by the density of the transport network and the consequences, which are ex-pressed in the burned forest land, which entails huge emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere and the death of the animal and vegetable world. Article brings some results of studying the dependence of the number fires, the number of the total area burned from the density of the transport network.
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Wotton, B. M., R. S. McAlpine, and M. W. Hobbs. "The effect of fire front width on surface fire behaviour." International Journal of Wildland Fire 9, no. 4 (1999): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf00021.
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To determine the effect of fire front width on surface fire spread rates, a series of simultaneously ignited experimental fires was carried out in a pine plantation. Fires were ignited in plots with widths ranging from 0.5 m to 10 m and were burned in low wind conditions. Flame lengths were small in all fires, ranging from 20 cm to 60 cm. Since pre-heating of the forest litter from flame radiation is assumed to be an important mechanism in the spread of low intensity, low wind surface fires, it then follows that the width of a flaming front should effect on the heating of the fuel to ignition temperatures. Total flame radiation was also measured at a point 50 cm ahead of the advancing flame front for a number of the fires. Experimental results indicate that a flame radiation measured ahead of the fire stays fairly constant once the flame width is between 2 and 5 m. Theoretical flame radiation calculations confirm this trend. Rates of spread between the 5 and 10 metre width fires also appear to be similar; this indicates that, for the type of fires studied, once flame width is greater than about 2 m, radiation from any extra width of fire front has little effect on spread rate.
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Zhang, Houyao, Chenfeng Li, Nan Zhao, Bai-Qiao Chen, Huilong Ren, and Jichuan Kang. "Fire Risk Assessment in Engine Rooms Considering the Fire-Induced Domino Effects." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111685.
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This paper proposes a dynamic evolutionary model to quantify the domino effect of ship engine room fires. Based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of fire accidents, the dynamic probability of the domino effect of multiple accident units is calculated using matrix calculation and Monte Carlo simulation. The uncertainties of shipboard personnel, automatic detection systems, sprinkler systems, and the synergistic effects of multiple escalation vectors from different units are addressed. The dynamic probability of the domino effect of multiple accident units is calculated, and a risk assessment of complex fire scenarios in ship engine rooms is implemented. This study also presents the model feasibility in terms of fire risk assessment in cabins with numerous pieces of equipment. The results indicate that 2 min and 4 min are vital time nodes for the development and spread of fires. The extinguishing work on key equipment in the path of the fire's spread can effectively restrain its further expansion. The results can provide critical references for ship fire prevention, fire suppression, and fire protection design.
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Becker, Devan G., Douglas G. Woolford, and Charmaine B. Dean. "Assessing dependence between frequency and severity through shared random effects." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): e0271904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271904.
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Research on the occurrence and the final size of wildland fires typically models these two events as two separate processes. In this work, we develop and apply a compound process framework for jointly modelling the frequency and the severity of wildland fires. Separate modelling structures for the frequency and the size of fires are linked through a shared random effect. This allows us to fit an appropriate model for frequency and an appropriate model for size of fires while still having a method to estimate the direction and strength of the relationship (e.g., whether days with more fires are associated with days with large fires). The joint estimation of this random effect shares information between the models without assuming a causal structure. We explore spatial and temporal autocorrelation of the random effects to identify additional variation not explained by the inclusion of weather related covariates. The dependence between frequency and size of lightning-caused fires is found to be negative, indicating that an increase in the number of expected fires is associated with a decrease in the expected size of those fires, possibly due to the rainy conditions necessary for an increase in lightning. Person-caused fires were found to be positively dependent, possibly due to dry weather increasing human activity as well as the amount of dry few. For a test for independence, we perform a power study and find that simply checking whether zero is in the credible interval of the posterior of the linking parameter is as powerful as more complicated tests.
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Hartono, Arief, Omo Rusdiana, Heru Bagus Pulunggono, Denis Muba Pandapotan Simanihuruk, and Ilham Saputra. "Changes in some soil chemical properties in peatland after two years of fire in Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 12, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.12.4.644-650.
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Peatland fire that occurred in 2018 are located in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan. The fire was claimed to cause the changes leading to peatland damage. The initial study based on samples collected in fire period reported that there were some changes of chemical properties leading to peatland damage. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of land fires on changes in some soil chemical properties after two years of fires. Soil samples of fired and unfired peatland were subjected to soil analyses. Soil analyses covered soil pH, organic carbon (C), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and bulk density (BD). The results showed that after two years of peatland fires did not affect the changes of peat soil pH, organic C, P, Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Zn, Mn and BD. One plot of fired peatland showed that the weight of frond and leaf area of oil palm grown on it was not statistically different from those of unfired peatland. The results suggested some chemical properties return to previous equilibrium due to high buffering capacity of peat soil.
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Gómez-Mares, Mercedes, Luis Zárate, and Joaquim Casal. "Jet fires and the domino effect." Fire Safety Journal 43, no. 8 (November 2008): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.01.002.
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Speer, James H., Darrin L. Rubino, and Joseph R. Robb. "The Effect of Fire on Multiple Tree Species in the Eastern Deciduous Forest." Fire 7, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7010022.
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Fire is a disturbance that serves to maintain the diverse mosaic of vegetation in the Eastern Deciduous Forest. However, our ability to reconstruct fire occurrence from hardwood tree scars still lags far behind our expertise in reconstructing fire history from conifers in the western United States. This study examines the fidelity of fire scaring in multiple tree species in the Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge in Indiana, which is located in the central hardwood region of the Eastern Deciduous Forest. All 15 species, except for red oak, showed evidence of past fires, and most samples recorded multiple fire events. No fire scars were recorded in the latewood of the samples. Most of the fires scars occurred in the earlywood (May) suggesting the dormant season fires are likely associated with fires in March to April before the growing season begins. No synchronous fires were recorded across all sites, but fires occurred in 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, and 1988 across multiple sites. This suggests that these were larger spreading fires. Establishment pulses were documented in association with fire events in 1981, 1984, and 1995, suggesting that fire may benefit the establishment or root sprouting of some hardwood species. Fourteen of the fifteen species that we sampled preserved fire scars, suggesting that the diverse suite of species in the Eastern Deciduous Forest is a viable sampling pool for examining fire history across this forest type.
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POTOČNIK, VIKTOR. "KONCEPT EŠALONIRANJA OGNJEV IN SISTEMI OGNJENE PODPORE V SLOVENSKI VOJSKI." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2016/ ISSUE 18/1 (May 30, 2016): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.18.1.5.
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V članku se ukvarjamo s konceptom ešaloniranja ognjev. Zmogljivosti sistemov za ognjeno podporo pri majhnih vojskah so omejene, zato je pravilna in smotrna upraba koncepta ešaloniranja ognjev bistvena za uspeh na bojišču. Hkrati pa predvsem manjše članice Nata upravičeno pričakujejo, da bodo v operacijah zavezništva deležne tudi učinkov sistemov združene ognjene podpore, ki jih imajo na voljo velike države. Vnadaljevanju predstavimo koncept ešaloniranja ognjev in njegov vpliv na oblikovanje dobrega sistema ognjene podpore na taktični ravni, od ravni voda do brigade. Nazadnje pa pogledamo na zmogljivosti Slovenske vojske in njenih sistemov za posredne ognje znotraj širšega sistema ognjene podpore Slovenske vojske in združene ognjene podpore zavezništva ter navedemo nekaj ključnih ugotovitev, ki bi lahko služile kot premislek pri nadaljnji gradnji zmogljivosti Slovenske vojske. The article discusses the concept of echelonment of fires. Small armed forces such as the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) have a limited joint fires capability. Therefore, in order to succeed on the battlefield, they have to correctly apply the principles of echelonment of fires. Additionally, smaller NATO members rightfully expect to receive some of the Joint Fires Effects from larger member armies in the Joint Operational Environment. The article looks at the Joint Fire Support and indirect fire systems, and what the terms mean for small NATO member states with limited capabilities. It then goes on to present the concept of echelonment of fires and some key terms within the concept. Lastly, it looks at SAF capabilities through the echelonment of fires concept and Indirect Fire Systems. The author also puts forward some suggestions for future development of SAF capabilities.
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Zivanovic, Stanimir, Milena Gocic, Radomir Ivanovic, and Natasa Martic-Bursac. "The effect of air temperature on forest fire risk in the municipality of Negotin." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 95, no. 4 (2015): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1504067z.
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Fires in nature are caused by moisture content in the burning material, which is dependent on the values of the climatic elements. The occurrence of these fires in Serbia is becoming more common, depending on the intensity and duration have a major impact on the state of vegetation. The aim of this study was to determine the association between changes in air temperature and the dynamics of the appearance of forest fires. To study the association of these properties were used Pearson correlation coefficients. The analysis is based on meteorological data obtained from meteorological station in Negotin for the period 1991-2010. Research has found that the annual number of fires, correlating with an average annual air temperature (p = 0.317, ? = 0.21). Also, it was found that the annual number of fires positive, medium intensity, correlate with the absolute maximum air temperature (p = 0.578, ? = 0.26), but not statistically significant (p> 0.05).
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Cochrane, Mark A., and William F. Laurance. "Fire as a large-scale edge effect in Amazonian forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 3 (March 26, 2002): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002237.
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Amazonian forests are being rapidly cleared, and the remaining forest fragments appear unusually vulnerable to fire. This occurs because forest remnants have dry, fire-prone edges, are juxtaposed with frequently burned pastures, and are often degraded by selective logging, which increases forest desiccation and fuel loading. Here we demonstrate that in eastern Amazonia, fires are operating as a large-scale edge effect in the sense that most fires originate outside fragments and penetrate considerable distances into forest interiors. Multi-temporal analyses of satellite imagery from two frontier areas reveal that fire frequency over 12-14-y periods was substantially elevated within at least 2400 m of forest margins. Application of these data with a mathematical core-area model suggests that even large forest remnants (up to several hundred thousand ha in area) could be vulnerable to edge-related fires. The synergistic interactions of forest fragmentation, logging and human-ignited fires pose critical threats to Amazonian forests, particularly in more seasonal areas of the basin.
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Mathieu, Renaud, Russell Main, David P. Roy, Laven Naidoo, and Hannah Yang. "The Effect of Surface Fire in Savannah Systems in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, on the Backscatter of C-Band Sentinel-1 Images." Fire 2, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2030037.
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Savannahs are mixed woody-grass communities where low-intensity surface fires are common, affecting mostly the grass layer and rarely damaging trees. We investigated the effect of surface fires in a savannah system in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, on the backscatter of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) C-band Sentinel-1A images. Pre-fire and post-fire dual polarized (VH, VV) C-band backscatter values were examined for 30 burn events. For all events, a systematic backscatter decrease from pre-fire to post-fire conditions was observed, with mean backscatter decreases of 1.61 dB and 0.99 dB for VH and VV, respectively. A total of 90% and 75% of the burn events showed a decrease in VH and VV backscatter greater than 0.43 dB, the overall absolute radiometric of Sentinel-1A products. The VH data were, overall, 1.7 times more sensitive to surface fire effects than the VV data. C-band data are likely sensitive to a reduction in grass biomass typical of surface fires, as well as in grass/soil moisture levels. Early season fires had higher backscatter decreases due to greater early season moisture conditions. For region with more than 30% woody cover, the effect of fire on the C-band backscatter was reduced. Denser woody communities tend to produce lower grass fuel load and less intense surface fires, and limit the penetration of C-band microwaves to the ground where most savannah fires and associated effects occur. This research provides evidence that C-band space-borne SAR is sensitive to the effects of surface-level fires in southern African savannahs. The unique availability of frequent and spatially detailed C-band data from the Sentinel-1 SAR constellation provide new opportunities for burned area mapping and systematic monitoring in savannahs systems, for instance, for fine-scale fire propagation studies.
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Ardiansyah, Fiqri, and Ananto Triyogo. "KERENTANAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN BERDASARKAN KARAKTER UMUR TANAMAN JATI." Wahana Forestra: Jurnal Kehutanan 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/forestra.v16i1.5530.
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Forest management in Java dominated with Teak plantation that organize with community. One threats of forest damages is forest fires. Forest fires caused by susceptible fuel, oxygen rate, and fires resource. Teak plantation closed with community activities that using fires within purpose or not. This research aim to identify the effect of plant age towards forest fires susceptibility by combustion rate. This research conducted in Wanagama I EduForest. The effects of plant age towards forest fires susceptibility analysed by bark thickness and water content of bark. Teak bark samples taken on various age of 5th, 15th, and 40th. Foresf fires suceptibility observed by combustion test. The effects of teak age towards on bark thickness and water content, combustion rate analysed using anova with 10% of confident level. The results showed that 1) plant age affecting thickness and water content of teak bark; 2) bark thickness affect fire susceptibility rate of teak on various age, bark thickness has growth along age increase which more tolerant towards of combustion; and 3) Surface forest fires in Wanagama I caused by multiple sources of fire ignition that closed to road accesibility, and the damage mostly occurred until 100 cm of height from forest ground.
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Oliveira, Emanuel, Paulo M. Fernandes, David Barros, and Nuno Guiomar. "Unraveling the Effect of Fire Seasonality on Fire-Preferred Fuel Types and Dynamics in Alto Minho, Portugal (2000–2018)." Fire 6, no. 7 (July 6, 2023): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6070267.
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Socio-demographic changes in recent decades and fire policies centered on fire suppression have substantially diminished the ability to maintain low fuel loads at the landscape scale in marginal lands. Currently, shepherds face many barriers to the use of fire for restoring pastures in shrub-encroached communities. The restrictions imposed are based on the lack of knowledge of their impacts on the landscape. We aim to contribute to this clarification. Therefore, we used a dataset of burned areas in the Alto Minho region for seasonal and unseasonal (pastoral) fires. We conducted statistical and spatial analyses to characterize the fire regime (2001–2018), the distribution of fuel types and their dynamics, and the effects of fire on such changes. Unseasonal fires are smaller and spread in different spatial contexts. Fuel types characteristic of maritime pine and eucalypts are selected by seasonal fires and avoided by unseasonal fires which, in turn, showed high preference for heterogeneous mosaics of herbaceous and shrub vegetation. The area covered by fuel types of broadleaved and eucalypt forest stands increased between 2000 and 2018 at the expense of the fuel type corresponding to maritime pine stands. Results emphasize the role of seasonal fires and fire recurrence in these changes, and the weak effect of unseasonal fires. An increase in the maritime pine fuel type was observed only in areas burned by unseasonal fires, after excluding the areas overlapping with seasonal fires.
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Chen, Ling, Xuan Wang, Baiyi Li, and Peng Lin. "Experimental Study of Scale Effect in Tunnel Fires at Different Sealing Ratios." Fire 6, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6030092.
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Fully or partially sealing the openings of tunnels to accelerate the self-extinction of fires provides a promising firefighting tactic to beat large fires in a long tunnel. So far, most experimental studies on the characteristics of fire with different sealing ratios have been conducted in reduced-scale tunnels. However, whether the findings in a reduced-scale tunnel can be converted to its full-scale prototype tunnel based on scaling laws has not yet been adequately studied. A series of experiments with heat-release rates of 15.8, 31.6 and 63.2 kW were conducted with sealing ratios ranging from 0% to 100% in a prototype tunnel measuring 20 m long, 0.9 m wide and 0.46 m high. The experimental results were compared with those from a 1/2 reduced-scale tunnel measuring 10 m long, 0.45 m wide and 0.23 m high. It showed that temperature rise along the tunnel in the 1/2 reduced-tunnel could be significantly underestimated. The differences in temperature rise increased monotonously with distance away from the fire seat, and they were as high as 70% at the tunnel portals, irrespective of the heat-release rates and sealing ratios. The study showed that the scale effect of fires was not sensitive to the Reynolds number of flows in tunnels. The minimal sealing ratio for the self-extinction of fires in the prototype tunnel was 85%, whilst it was 75% in the 1/2 reduced-scale tunnel, and the study revealed that the fires were much easier to extinguish in the 1/2 reduced-scale tunnel than those in the prototype tunnel, where the fires can sustain in a lower oxygen concentration. The study demonstrated that scaling laws could be invalid for tunnel fires with different sealing ratios and that results observed in reduced-scale tunnels should be further verified when applied to full-scale prototypes.
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Cruz, Miguel G., Richard J. Hurley, Rachel Bessell, and Andrew L. Sullivan. "Fire behaviour in wheat crops – effect of fuel structure on rate of fire spread." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 3 (2020): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19139.
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A field-based experimental study was conducted in 50×50m square plots to investigate the behaviour of free-spreading fires in wheat to quantify the effect of crop condition (i.e. harvested, unharvested and harvested and baled) on the propagation rate of fires and their associated flame characteristics, and to evaluate the adequacy of existing operational prediction models used in these fuel types. The dataset of 45 fires ranged from 2.4 to 10.2kmh−1 in their forward rate of fire spread and 3860 and 28000 kWm−1 in fireline intensity. Rate of fire spread and flame heights differed significantly between crop conditions, with the unharvested condition yielding the fastest spreading fires and tallest flames and the baled condition having the slowest moving fires and lowest flames. Rate of fire spread in the three crop conditions corresponded directly with the outputs from the models of Cheney et al. (1998) for grass fires: unharvested wheat → natural grass; harvested wheat (~0.3m tall stubble) → grazed or cut grass; and baled wheat (<0.1m tall stubble) → eaten-out grass. These models produced mean absolute percent errors between 21% and 25% with reduced bias, a result on par with the most accurate published fire spread model evaluations.
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Muizzaddin, Muizzaddin, Siti Masreah Bernas, and Sarno Sarno. "EFFECT OF WATER CONTENT AND SOIL IMPROVEMENT (HYDROGEL) ON PEAT FIRE SUPPRESSION." BIOVALENTIA: Biological Research Journal 7, no. 1 (July 19, 2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24233/biov.7.1.2021.215.
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Forest and land fires are Indonesia's biggest problem which has continued from 2014 to the present. The number of activities to find the best solution in fire is something that has been done until now. Various methods, both preventive and repressive, have been implemented to prevent forest and land fires from occurring. This research aims to be a sureextinguishing gel, namely hydrogel, which can be used in efforts to extinguish forest and land fires. Extinguishing forest and land fires using hydrogel is a new method that is expected to prevent forest and land fire zones from spreading. This research shows that the tendency of decreasing the average water content of peat due to the drying process based on different intervals of oven time, namely the lowest yield ranged from 61.25% to the highest with a water content of 109.57%.
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Wen, Ling, Mei Yong, Yulong Bao, Rong Fu, and Eerdemutu Jin. "Effect of Grassland Fires on Dust Storms in Dornod Aimag, Mongolia." Remote Sensing 15, no. 24 (December 5, 2023): 5629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15245629.
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Grassland fires and dust weather in Mongolia can trigger major cascading disasters. Grassland fires from autumn to the following spring can indirectly affect dust weather occurrence in the spring by affecting land surface vegetation cover. In this paper, we selected the aimag (province) of Dornod, Mongolia, a typical temperate grassland area, as the study area. The study aims to (1) analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of grassland fire and dust weather in the past 22 years, as well as the effect of grassland fire on dust weather and to (2) explore in depth the mechanisms of the effects of grassland fire on dust weather. To achieve these goals, we utilize high-resolution satellite burned-area data and Synop dust data. In general, grassland fire and dust weather occurrence clearly varied spatiotemporally across the study area. Grassland fires are typically more frequent in spring and autumn, and dust weather is mainly concentrated in spring. Cumulative grassland fires (both days and burned area) from autumn to the following spring affected the spring cumulative dust weather days significantly, especially the spring cumulative dust storm days. Analysis of the mechanism of the effect of grassland fire on dust storms showed that abundant summer precipitation resulted in higher vegetation cover and more accumulated fuel from autumn to April of the following spring. Consequently, the cumulative grassland fire days were higher, and the cumulative burned area was larger during the period, leading to a significant increase in cumulative dust storm days in May of the spring. In Mongolia, grassland fires are often caused by human factors. The findings of the present study could facilitate the crafting of measures to prevent and reduce grassland fires and indirectly minimize dust weather frequency to protect the ecological environment and promote sustainable development.
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Indien Winarwat. "Law Enforcement Of The Stockholm Declaration Principles In Relation To Forest And Land Fires In Indonesia." Technium Social Sciences Journal 50 (November 1, 2023): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v50i1.9883.
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The frequent forest fires in Indonesia are of important concern for ASEAN countries since Indonesia is considered the biggest contributor to smoke-haze pollution. Land and forest fires in Indonesia contribute to exporting haze to Malaysia and Singapore, causing the two countries to urge Indonesia to immediately address the issue of forest fire since the resulting smoke haze is terribly disturbing and dangerous for the people of both countries. Indonesia is one of the developing countries currently in the international spotlight due to the severe damage to its tropical forests annually. Land and forest fires in Indonesia constitute a transnational environmental pollution, creating a thick smoke haze to disrupt the continuity of life and economic activities in most of the region of ASEAN countries. The impacts of the smoke haze caused by forest and land fires are immense, requiring the Indonesian Government to take a firm stand by immediately making regulations to ensnare forest and land burners to cause a deterrent effect not to do the foregoing again. The present paper addresses law enforcement arrangements for land and forest fires in Indonesia and the harmony of the Stockholm Declaration principles with law enforcement arrangements for forest and land burners. The present study is analytical descriptive using the normative juridical approach. It describes the phenomenon and analyzes the legal issues of law enforcement arrangements for land and forest fires. Results show that law enforcement by the Government of Indonesia is regulated by Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry, Law Number 18 of 2004 concerning Plantations and Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. Each of these laws includes provisions on criminal sanctions and fines for forest and land burners. Law enforcement of the Stockholm Declaration principles for forest and land fires is accommodated in Articles 49 and 50 of Law on Forestry.
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Koyama, Akihiro, Kirsten Stephan, and Kathleen L. Kavanagh. "Fire effects on gross inorganic N transformation in riparian soils in coniferous forests of central Idaho, USA: wildfires v. prescribed fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 1 (2012): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10132.
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We investigated differences between wildfires and prescribed fires in their effects on nitrogen (N) dynamics in mineral soils collected from riparian coniferous forests of central Idaho, USA. Specifically, we investigated how the two types of fires affected inorganic N concentrations, microbial biomass N and gross transformation rates of inorganic N in mineral soils relative to their corresponding unburnt controls. There was no significant difference in soil NH4+ concentrations between burnt and control soils in either type of fires. However, wildfires significantly reduced gross ammonification and microbial NH4+ uptake rates relative to their controls (P = 0.05 and 0.08). No such effect was found in soils burnt by the prescribed fires relative to their controls. Burnt soils had significantly higher NO3– concentrations than control soils when all the data were pooled (P = 0.08). The elevated NO3– concentrations in the soils burnt by either type of fire were not caused by increased gross nitrification, but likely by significantly reduced microbial NO3– uptake (P ≤ 0.02). We concluded that controlled prescribed fires conducted in early spring had less of an effect on soil N dynamics than wildfires in the region.
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Corbett, Jon M., Samantha Brennan, and Aidan Whitely. "Harnessing the Chaotic." International Journal of E-Planning Research 5, no. 3 (July 2016): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.2016070103.
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Communities in the Okanagan Valley, Canada are increasingly under threat from forest fires due to climate change and expanding urban development into fire interface zones. The effects of forest fires are not always quantifiable ‘hard' impacts. The fluid and chaotic ‘soft' impacts can have a profound effect on the collective consciousness of the people living close to the fires. To make sense of these impacts and understand where and when these forest fires have taken place, the authors have developed and implemented a Geoweb tool to support citizen-to-citizen dialogue and tell the stories of these impacts. This article will explore the interlinked ‘chaos' that exists between forest fires, GIS and volunteered geographic information, using a Geoweb focused case study from the Okanagan Valley, and argue that the Geoweb offers an unprecedented opportunity for citizen-citizen interaction and combines many types of dissimilar and unstructured data into a unified whole.
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Ilyina, Valentina, Anna Mitroshenkova, Stepan Senator, Vera Solovyeva, and Stanislav Rogov. "Impact of natural fires on the vegetation cover of steppe and forest-steppe zones (European part of Russia, Middle Volga region)." E3S Web of Conferences 265 (2021): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126501019.
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The effect of natural fires on the vegetation cover of steppe and forest-steppe zones in the south-east of European Russia (the middle course of the Volga River) has been evaluated. The research used methods of studying biosystems at organism, species, population and cenotic levels. The study revealed the possibility of regrowth of aboveground plant parts after fires, changes in the population structure of species, and resistance of populations and zonal plant communities to the effects of natural fires. The most vulnerable among zonal vegetation types are pine forests, feather-grass and petrophytic steppes. Frequency, intensity and area of natural fires in the Middle Volga region cause significant changes in the structure of vegetation cover and reduction of biodiversity. The results obtained in the study of the impact of fires on vegetation can be used in the planning and implementation of environmental and reforestation measures.
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Ward, D. S., S. Kloster, N. M. Mahowald, B. M. Rogers, J. T. Randerson, and P. G. Hess. "The changing radiative forcing of fires: global model estimates for past, present and future." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 4 (April 24, 2012): 10535–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-10535-2012.
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Abstract. Fires are a global phenomenon that impact climate and biogeochemical cycles, and mediate numerous interactions between the biosphere, atmosphere and cryosphere. These impacts occur on a range of temporal and spatial scales and are difficult to quantify on a global scale based solely on observations. Here we assess the role of fires in the climate system using model estimates of radiative forcing (RF) from global fires in the preindustrial, present day, and future time periods. Fire emissions of trace gases and aerosols were derived from transient simulations with the Community Land Model and then used in a series of Community Atmosphere Model simulations with representative emissions from the years 1850, 2000, and 2100. Additional simulations were carried out with fire emissions from the Global Fire Emission Database for a present-day comparison. Reduced land carbon storage due to fires suggests a large preindustrial positive RF from atmospheric CO2. This effect of fires also limits the amount of carbon that can be released during the large-scale conversion of forests to agricultural land that took place during the 19th and 20th centuries, resulting in a negative change in RF from fire-emitted CO2 from the year 1850 to 2000. The remaining greenhouse gas forcings from fire emissions (methane, nitrous oxide and ozone) were smaller in magnitude. The indirect radiative effects of fire aerosols on clouds are dominant in the present and future time periods with a negative RF (cooling) of 1.0 W m−2 or greater for all time periods. We also consider the impacts of fire on the aerosol direct effect, land and snow surface albedo, and indirect aerosol effects on biogeochemistry, which lead to small RFs. Overall, we conclude that fires are responsible for an RF of about −1.2 W m−2 in the preindustrial climate (with respect to a preindustrial climate without fires), and human activities have increased the RF of fires by about 0.7 W m−2 from 1850 to 2000 and potentially 0.4 W m−2 from 1850 to 2100 in the model representation by a combination of effects on fire activity and on the background environment in which fires occur. Thus, fires play an important role in both the natural equilibrium climate and the climate perturbed by anthropogenic activity and need to be considered in future climate projections.
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Sadowska, Beata, Zimon Grzegorz, and Nina Stępnicka. "Forest Fires and Losses Caused by Fires – An Economic Approach." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (March 12, 2021): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.18.
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A defined forested area performs various functions such as economic, protective and social. Regardless of the level of civilization development and human knowledge, it cannot be stated that humans have full control over the phenomena occurring in forests or their surroundings. Forest hazards, including fire hazards, constitute a direct or indirect factor of human activity that has an effect on nature. Forest fires cause specific losses and generate costs, thus affecting a financial result. The research area of the study is forest fires and losses caused by them, i.e. determining the financial and non-financial effects of fires. The main aim of the study is to present the problem of forest fires in selected European countries, including Poland, and to determine the level of losses caused by them. The research hypothesis is: "Forest fires occurring in European countries, including Poland, cause significant losses in the natural and social environment, which forces organizations to incur costs of implementing measures to protect forest areas against fires". In the case of Poland, the area of interest is public forests managed by the State Forests National Forest Holding. The following research methods were used: critical analysis of the literature, comparative method, desk research, the method of induction and synthesis. In the field of empirical research, the current research results and studies of the Central Statistical Office and the reports of the State Forests were used.
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RUBAJ, Tomasz. "FIELD ARTILLERY IN JOINT FIRE SUPPORT." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 164, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.2782.
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Joint fires are defined as fires produced during the employment of forces from two or more components in coordinated action to produce desired effects in the support of a common objective. When joint fires assist air, land, maritime, and SOF to move, manoeuvre, and control territory, populations, airspace, and key waters are called Joint Fire Support (JFS).According to the latest standardization agreements, the range of capabilities to influence enemy forces has been extended to the sphere of influence in order to achieve the desired effect, not only a physical one but also a psychological one. That way Joint Fire Support (JFS) and Effects is the coordinated and integrated employment of all weapon platforms delivering fires (including land, air, naval indirect fires) to achieve the required effects on ground targets to support land operations in the full spectrum of conflict. It encompasses the integration of indirect fires and effects in order to influence the adversary forces, installations or functions. Joint Fire Support Element (JFSE) could either encompass influence elements as, for example, PSYOPS, CIMIC, EW, or be incorporated in a wider cell dealing with overall influence activities.The necessity of conducting JFS more often occurs at the tactical level because of the complexity of contemporary operational environment (non-linear and non-continuous battlespace, dispersion of forces, high operations tempo, and short time of reaction). For this reason, JFS should be coordinated, synchronized and integrated in the framework of three vital components: surveillance and target acquisition (STA), command and control (C2), weapon (delivering) systems. Among them, Field Artillery Forces possess a relevant part of each of the abovementioned subsystems and their capabilities. The article presents selected solutions from different countries, experimented so far, and experiences from current military, peace and stabilization operations, indicating the plans and directions for further development of Joint Fire Support and Effect.
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Belval, Erin J., Christopher D. O’Connor, Matthew P. Thompson, and Michael S. Hand. "The Role of Previous Fires in the Management and Expenditures of Subsequent Large Wildfires." Fire 2, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2040057.
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Previously burned areas can influence the occurrence, extent, and severity of subsequent wildfires, which may influence expenditures on large fires. We develop a conceptual model of how interactions of fires with previously burned areas may influence fire management, fire behavior, expenditures, and test hypotheses using regression models of wildfire size and suppression expenditures. Using a sample of 722 large fires from the western United States, we observe whether a fire interacted with a previous fire, the percent area of fires burned by previous fires, and the percent perimeter overlap with previous fires. Fires that interact with previous fires are likely to be larger and have lower total expenditures on average. Conditional on a fire encountering a previous fire, a greater extent of interaction with previous fires is associated with reduced fire size but higher expenditures, although the expenditure effect is small and imprecisely estimated. Subsequent analysis suggests that fires that interact with previous fires may be systematically different from other fires along several dimensions. We do not find evidence that interactions with previous fires reduce suppression expenditures for subsequent fires. Results suggest that previous fires may allow suppression opportunities that otherwise might not exist, possibly reducing fire size but increasing total expenditures.
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Bowman-Prideaux, Chris, Beth A. Newingham, and Eva K. Strand. "The Effect of Seeding Treatments and Climate on Fire Regimes in Wyoming Sagebrush Steppe." Fire 4, no. 2 (March 27, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4020016.
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Wildfire size and frequency have increased in the western United States since the 1950s, but it is unclear how seeding treatments have altered fire regimes in arid steppe systems. We analyzed how the number of fires since 1955 and the fire return interval and frequency between 1995 and 2015 responded to seeding treatments, anthropogenic features, and abiotic landscape variables in Wyoming big sagebrush ecosystems. Arid sites had more fires than mesic sites and fire return intervals were shortest on locations first treated between 1975 and 2000. Sites drill seeded before the most recent fire had fewer, less frequent fires with longer fire return intervals (15–20 years) than aerially seeded sites (intervals of 5–8 years). The response of fire regime variables at unseeded sites fell between those of aerial and drill seeding. Increased moisture availability resulted in decreased fire frequency between 1994 and 2014 and the total number of fires since 1955 on sites with unseeded and aerially pre-fire seeding, but fire regimes did not change when drill seeded. Greater annual grass biomass likely contributed to frequent fires in the arid region. In Wyoming big sagebrush steppe, drill seeding treatments reduced wildfire risk relative to aerial seeded or unseeded sites.
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Kolstad, Einar Arthur, Vidar Frette, Ulrich Krause, and Bjarne C. Hagen. "Lip-height effect in diffusive pool fires." Fire Safety Journal 125 (October 2021): 103428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103428.
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Wagner, C. E. Van. "Effect of slope on fires spreading downhill." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 820–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-125.
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A laboratory experiment was performed to determine the effect of slope on the downhill spread rate of forest fire. Results with beds of pine needles showed that the spread rate decreased to 64% of the level rate as slope was raised to 22°, then gradually increased back to the level rate at 45°. Some theory about how the flame radiates to the unburned fuel was advanced to account for this phenomenon.
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Vaitkevicius, Arnas, Francesco Colella, and Ricky Carvel. "Investigating the Throttling Effect in Tunnel Fires." Fire Technology 52, no. 5 (July 18, 2015): 1619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-015-0512-z.
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Gayen, Sneha, Pritha Pal, Prayas Bhawalkar, Vinayak Malhotra, and T. Selvakumaran. "Self-inducing fires: the heat source effect." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (September 12, 2020): 042024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/912/4/042024.
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Bradstock, R. A., M. G. Tozer, and D. A. Keith. "Effects of High Frequency Fire on Floristic Composition and Abundance in a Fire-prone Heathland near Sydney." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 4 (1997): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96083.
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The effect of high frequency fire regimes on a coastal heathland north of Sydney was examined. Plant community composition and species frequency and density (of a subset of species) were compared among sites burnt by either one, two or three fires in the period 1988-1990 inclusive. Constrained ordination indicated that number of fires had a significant effect on floristic composition. Site variables also had a significant effect on floristics and frequency and accounted for a larger proportion of variation than did number of fires. Analyses of deviance indicated that frequency in 13 species was unaffected by fire regimes or site factors. Site factors significantly affected frequency in 42 species. Frequency in seven species was significantly affected by fire regimes (no site effect). In six of these, frequency was lower in areas subjected to either two or three fires compared to one fire. Three of these species were obligate seeders. Frequency in the other species (a herbaceous resprouter) was significantly higher in the area subjected to two fires. There was no significant effect of fire on species richness. Densities of seven out of a subset of eight species were also significantly affected by fire (two obligate seeder spp.) and site factors (four spp.), Significantly lower densities were related to multiple fires. The study indicated that regimes of frequent fire can deplete populations of some heathland species with the dominant shrub species, Banksia ericifolia L.f., being most affected.
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NJERI, WANGARI FAITH, J. M. GITHAIGA, and AGGREY K. MWALA. "The effects of fires on plants and wildlife species diversity and soil physical and chemical properties at Aberdare Ranges, Kenya." Asian Journal of Forestry 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjfor/r020104.
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Njeri WF, Githaiga JM, Mwala AK. 2018. The effects of fires on plant and wildlife species diversity and soil physical and chemical properties at Aberdare Ranges, Kenya. Asian J For 2: 25-38. This study was aimed to determine the effects of fires on species diversity (plants, animals, birds), and soil physical and chemical properties at the Aberdare Ranges forest, Kenya. Data were collected on five sites that experienced fires in 2002, 2009, 2012, 2013, and 2014 from both burnt and unburnt areas. Point Centered Quarter and quadrant methods were used for woody vegetation sampling and herbaceous vegetation sampling, respectively. Foot count was done for animal census and point count for birds. The data showed that the herbaceous vegetation in burnt sites had significantly higher species diversity than the unburnt sites in the areas that experienced fire before 2014. The fire had triggered the regeneration of the herbaceous plants. The burnt sites had a significantly higher percentage cover. The fire has an immediate adverse effect on the population of animals as demonstrated on the site consumed in 2014. No animal species was found on the site seven days after the fire when data was collected. The animal diversity was proportional to the vegetation density caused by the vegetation regeneration due to fires. All the burnt sites had fewer birds than the unburnt sites. Effects of fires were prominent in the upper layer of the soil for all the soil properties under study. Burning caused an increase in pH, potassium, organic carbon and cation exchange capacity. The study demonstrated that fires lead to an immediate adverse effect on vegetation, wildlife and soil chemical properties. Postfire management is necessary on sites that have recently experienced fires to rehabilitate them. Authorities responsible for the management of forests must ensure that people are kept out of those sites to allow vegetation to recover without interference. Reforestation can also be done on the burnt sites to increase plant and habitat for the wildlife.
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Heim, Ramona J., Andrey Yurtaev, Anna Bucharova, Wieland Heim, Valeriya Kutskir, Klaus-Holger Knorr, Christian Lampei, et al. "Fire in lichen-rich subarctic tundra changes carbon and nitrogen cycling between ecosystem compartments but has minor effects on stocks." Biogeosciences 19, no. 10 (June 1, 2022): 2729–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2729-2022.
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Abstract. Fires are predicted to increase in Arctic regions due to ongoing climate change. Tundra fires can alter carbon and nutrient cycling and release a substantial quantity of greenhouse gases with global consequences. Yet, the long-term effects of tundra fires on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks and cycling are still unclear. Here we used a space-for-time approach to investigate the long-term fire effects on C and N stocks and cycling in soil and aboveground living biomass. We collected data from three large fire scars (>44, 28, and 12 years old) and corresponding control areas and used linear mixed-effect models in a Bayesian framework to analyse long-term development of C and N stocks and cycling after fire. We found that tundra fires had no long-term effect on total C and N stocks because a major part of the stocks was located belowground in soils which were largely unaltered by fire. However, fire had a strong long-term effect on stocks in the aboveground vegetation, mainly due to the reduction in the lichen layer. Fire reduced N concentrations in graminoids and herbs on the younger fire scars, which affected respective C/N ratios and may indicate an increased post-fire competition between vascular plants. Aboveground plant biomass was depleted in 13C in all three fire scars. In soil, the relative abundance of 13C changed with time after fire. Our results indicate that in lichen-rich subarctic tundra ecosystems, the contribution of fires to the release of additional carbon to the atmosphere might be relatively small as soil stocks appear to be resilient within the observed time frame.
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ALACA, Çiğdem. "Solastalgia and Forest Fires." Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1172916.
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One of the important problems created by climate change is forest fires. Forest fires occur due to both natural and anthropogenic causes. Forest fires, which occur with the effects of climate change such as an increase in temperature, drought, heat waves, and climatic conditions, are increasing gradually. Acute and chronic effects caused by forest fires cause significant life changes. As a result of the fire, not only forests are damaged, but also flora, wildlife, water resources, soil, climate, areas used by people for recreational purposes, and settlements near and around forested areas. As a result, changes such as increases in temperature, pollution, epidemics, drought, food shortage, and forest fires, affect mental and physical health. While exposure to forest fires creates a direct traumatic effect; indirectly, it affects mental health for a number of social, political and economic reasons such as poverty, unemployment and housing. Forest fires also create an environmental change. This environmental change creates a sense of loss, the sense of belonging is lost, it cannot connect with the new environment, it becomes difficult to adapt and causes distress.Uncertainty about the future, helplessness, stress, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression are common psychological problems due to climate change. It defines some new mental health concepts as the consequences of climate change affect mental health. "Solastalgia" is one pf these new concepts. Solastalgia is defined as a term that expresses the pain and distress caused by the loss of the thing/things that people find solace and environmental change. Solastalgia is a necessary concept for mental health professionals to understand the links between ecosystem health and human health, especially the cumulative effects of climatic and environmental change on mental, emotional and spiritual health.
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Price, Owen F., and Ross A. Bradstock. "The effect of fuel age on the spread of fire in sclerophyll forest in the Sydney region of Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 1 (2010): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08167.
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We investigated the effect of fuel age on the truncation of spread of unplanned fires using a set of 1473 patches in the Sydney region of Australia. Twenty-two percent of patches derived from prescribed fire experienced a subsequent unplanned fire within 5 years, compared with 42% of patches derived from unplanned fires. Among those encounters, the subsequent unplanned fire stopped at the leading edge of 18% of prescribed patches and 11% of unplanned patches. In comparison, the subsequent fire stopped somewhere in the patch for 44% of both prescribed and unplanned fires. Overall, there was a 10% chance that a prescribed burn patch would experience an unplanned fire that stops within the patch. Statistical modelling revealed that the presence of a road barrier was the best predictor of the likelihood of stopping on the leading edge, but fuel age and weather also had an influence. Stopping on the trailing edge was less influenced by the variables analysed. In extreme weather, even 1-year-old patches have a low likelihood of stopping unplanned fires. Fuel age had little influence on the spread of unplanned fires. Consequently, prescribed fires will be most effective when sited at the urban interface where resultant reduced unplanned fire intensity will be a benefit.
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Ward, D. S., S. Kloster, N. M. Mahowald, B. M. Rogers, J. T. Randerson, and P. G. Hess. "The changing radiative forcing of fires: global model estimates for past, present and future." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2012): 10857–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10857-2012.
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Abstract. Fires are a global phenomenon that impact climate and biogeochemical cycles, and interact with the biosphere, atmosphere and cryosphere. These impacts occur on a range of temporal and spatial scales and are difficult to quantify globally based solely on observations. Here we assess the role of fires in the climate system using model estimates of radiative forcing (RF) from global fires in pre-industrial, present day, and future time periods. Fire emissions of trace gases and aerosols are derived from Community Land Model simulations and then used in a series of Community Atmosphere Model simulations with representative emissions from the years 1850, 2000, and 2100. Additional simulations are carried out with fire emissions from the Global Fire Emission Database for a present-day comparison. These results are compared against the results of simulations with no fire emissions to compute the contribution from fires. We consider the impacts of fire on greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosol effects (including aerosol effects on biogeochemical cycles), and land and snow surface albedo. Overall, we estimate that pre-industrial fires were responsible for a RF of −1 W m−2 with respect to a pre-industrial climate without fires. The largest magnitude pre-industrial forcing from fires was the indirect aerosol effect on clouds (−1.6 W m−2). This was balanced in part by an increase in carbon dioxide concentrations due to fires (+0.83 W m−2). The RF of fires increases by 0.5 W m−2 from 1850 to 2000 and 0.2 W m−2 from 1850 to 2100 in the model representation from a combination of changes in fire activity and changes in the background environment in which fires occur, especially increases and decreases in the anthropogenic aerosol burden. Thus, fires play an important role in both the natural equilibrium climate and the climate perturbed by anthropogenic activity and need to be considered in future climate projections.
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King, Karen J., Ross A. Bradstock, Geoffrey J. Cary, Joanne Chapman, and Jon B. Marsden-Smedley. "The relative importance of fine-scale fuel mosaics on reducing fire risk in south-west Tasmania, Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, no. 3 (2008): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07052.
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In many landscapes, an important fire management objective is to reduce the negative impacts from unplanned fires on people, property and ecological values. In Australia, there exists an inherent assumption that high spatial variability in fire ages and hence fuel loads will have negative effects on both the incidence and spread of subsequent fires, and will enhance ecological values. A recent study using the process-based computer simulation model FIRESCAPE-SWTAS predicted several relationships between prescribed burn treatment levels and spatial patterning and management objectives in south-west Tasmania, Australia. The present study extended this investigation to additionally explore the effects of prescribed burning treatment unit size on unplanned fire incidence and area burned both in the general landscape and specifically in fire-intolerant vegetation. Simulation results suggest that treatment level had the greatest influence on modifying fire effects, whereas treatment unit size had the least effect. The model predicted that all three parameters interacted to determine the mean annual area burnt by unplanned fires. In fire-intolerant vegetation, treatment unit size did not influence the incidence of unplanned fires and the area burnt by unplanned fires in these communities. Where significant differences were evident, fire risk was reduced by higher treatment levels, deterministic spatial patterns of burning units, and smaller burning unit sizes.
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Kotamarthi, V. R., P. V. Doskey, S. R. Springston, P. Hyde, J. S. Gaffney, and N. A. Marley. "Modeling of trace gases from the 1998 North Central Mexico forest fire smoke plume, as measured over Phoenix." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 2 (April 18, 2006): 3227–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-3227-2006.
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Abstract. Forest fires in North and Central America have been frequent and extensive over the past few years. Though much research has addressed the effects of forest fires in tropical South America and Africa on regional and global-scale oxidants, the same is not true for North America. Here we show that one of the days during an intensive field campaign conducted over Phoenix, Arizona, in 1998 was substantially influenced by transport from forest fires in central and southern Mexico. We combined data collected from aircraft platforms, surface stations, and satellite with model results to establish that the origin of the air sampled over Phoenix on 20 May 1998, was from forest fires in Mexico. We also investigated the effect of the smoke layer on photolysis rates and hence photochemistry over a five-day travel period from the source region to Phoenix. The results show that a smoke layer could reduce photolysis rates of key tropospheric constituents significantly and decrease the oxidant formation rates during the first few days of the plume history. The ultimate effect of the smoke layer on the evolution of oxidants in the plume was, however, shown to be minimal.
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Finney, Mark, Isaac C. Grenfell, and Charles W. McHugh. "Modeling Containment of Large Wildfires Using Generalized Linear Mixed-Model Analysis." Forest Science 55, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/55.3.249.
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Abstract Billions of dollars are spent annually in the United States to contain large wildland fires, but the factors contributing to suppression success remain poorly understood. We used a regression model (generalized linear mixed-model) to model containment probability of individual fires, assuming that containment was a repeated-measures problem (fixed effect) and individual fires were random effects. Changes in daily fire size from 306 fires occurring in years 2001–2005 were processed to identify intervals of high spread from those of low spread. The model was tested against independent data from 140 fires in 2006. The analysis suggested that containment was positively related to the number of consecutive days during which the fire grew little and the number of previous intervals. Containment probability was negatively related to the length of intervals during which the fire exhibited high spread and the presence of timber fuel types, but fire size was not a significant predictor. Characterization of containment probability may be a useful component of cost-benefit analysis of large fire management and planning systems.
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Lahaye, S., T. Curt, T. Fréjaville, J. Sharples, L. Paradis, and C. Hély. "What are the drivers of dangerous fires in Mediterranean France?" International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 3 (2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17087.
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Wildfire containment is often very challenging for firefighters, especially for large and rapidly spreading fires where the risk of firefighter entrapment is high. However, the conditions leading to these ‘dangerous’ fires are poorly understood in Mediterranean Europe. Here, we analyse reports and interviews of firefighters over the last 40 years in four regions of south-eastern France and investigate the weather conditions that induce large fires, fast-growing fires and fires that are conducive to entrapment. We adopt a quantile regression model to test the effect of weather conditions across different fire sizes and growth rates. The results show that strong winds drive the largest fires everywhere except in Corsica, the southernmost region, where high temperature is the main driver. Strong winds also drive entrapments whereas high temperatures induce rapidly spreading fires. This emphasises that wind-driven fire is the dominant pattern of dangerous fires in France, but it reveals that large ‘convective’ fires can also present considerable danger. Beyond that, the Fire Weather Index appears to be a good predictor of large fires and fires conducive to entrapments. Identifying weather conditions that drive ‘dangerous’ wildfires will provide useful information for fire agencies to better prepare for adverse fire behaviours.
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Shan, Yanlong, Xiang Chen, Sainan Yin, Lili Cao, Shuyuan Tang, Bo Yu, and Chenxi Cui. "Study on the Limit of Moisture Content of the Sub-Surface Fires Converted to the Surface Fires in the Boreal Forests of China." Fire 6, no. 9 (September 19, 2023): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6090364.
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A sub-surface forest fire is a type of smoldering combustion with a slower spread rate, longer combustion time, and lower combustion temperature compared with flame combustion. Sub-surface fires are usually accompanied by surface fires, and the surface fires’ conversion from sub-surface fires has great uncertainty. Therefore, there are considerable difficulties in monitoring and fighting sub-surface fires. However, there are few studies on the conversion from sub-surface fires to surface fires, and the mechanism and influencing factors of the conversion remain unclear. This study focuses on Larix gmelinii forests, which are representative of the boreal forest of China and hot spots of sub-surface fires, studies the moisture content limit of sub-surface fires’ conversion to surface fires by simulating a smoldering experiment, and establishes a monitoring model of sub-surface fires and an occurrence probability prediction model of sub-surface fires’ conversion to surface fires. The results showed that the moisture content limit of the conversion was 25% in the grass–Larix gmelinii forest and Ledum palustre–Larix gmelinii forest and 20% in Rhododendron dauricum–Larix gmelinii forest. There was a significant positive correlation between the time and temperature caused by the smoldering. The monitoring model of the sub-surface fires based on the surface temperature and moisture content had a good fitting effect (p < 0.01). The occurrence probability prediction model of the sub-surface fires’ conversion to surface fires, based on a logistic regression model, had high prediction accuracy (AUC = 0.987). The lower the moisture content of the humus, the closer the smoldering came to the surface and the higher the probability of conversion. This research could contribute to the study of the mechanism of sub-surface fires’ conversion into surface fires.
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Faria, Alessandra Saraiva, Albertina Pimentel Lima, and William Ernest Magnusson. "The effects of fire on behaviour and relative abundance of three lizard species in an Amazonian savanna." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001798.
Full textAbstract:
Most savanna areas are affected by fire (San José & Fariñas 1983, Scholes & Archer 1997), and presumably all of the fauna that normally occurs in them have characteristics that allow them to maintain populations despite regular fires. Fires are frequent in Amazonian savannas and the vegetation is fire adapted. The Amazonian savanna at Alter do Chão suffers regular fires that affect vegetation structure (Sanaiotti & Magnusson 1995). Fires pass quickly in this area, the vegetation recovers most of the pre-fire cover within 6 mo, and there appears to be no long-term effect on soil structure. Trees are generally little affected by fires and they retain most of their foliage after the fire passes.
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Plucinski, M. P., G. J. McCarthy, J. J. Hollis, and J. S. Gould. "The effect of aerial suppression on the containment time of Australian wildfires estimated by fire management personnel." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 3 (2012): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11063.
Full textAbstract:
The addition of aerial firefighting resources to wildfire suppression operations does not always result in faster fire containment. In this paper, containment times of fires with aerial suppression are compared with estimated containment times for the same fires without aerial suppression. Senior firefighting personnel who had worked on each fire estimated whether fires could have been contained within a time class if aircraft were not available. Data from 251 wildfires were analysed based on four fire-containment time classes: ≤2, 2–4, 4–8 and 8–24 h from the start of initial attack. Aircraft were perceived to reduce time to containment when firefighting conditions were more challenging owing to fuel hazard rating, weather conditions, slope, resource response times and area burning at initial attack. Comparisons of containment time with and without aircraft can be used to develop operational tools to help dispatchers decide when aircraft should be deployed to newly detected fires.
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BULDU, Bülent. "EFFECT OF HEAT TRANSFER ON FIRE DEVELOPMENT STAGES AND SPREAD OF FIRE." SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 8, no. 37 (May 15, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.889.
Full textAbstract:
Fire has played a leading role in the development of civilizations and fire and the energy produced by fire have been effective in every turning point throughout history. The main energy of the cannons used by Fatih Sultan Mehmet in the conquest of Istanbul in 1453 is the combustion reaction. On the basis of the industrial revolution and mechanization, the main energy source is the combustion reaction. Today, the combustion reaction is the basis of the operation of automobiles, heating, feeding and many other processes. Cooking, heating, lighting and pottery making, which are also the most basic needs, have always been thanks to fire. In this way, fire has become so important for human beings that it is the subject of myths. However, especially in the last century, with the rapid development of technology, the variety of building materials, items and devices used in the construction of living spaces has increased and the use of synthetic-based products as raw materials has become widespread in these areas. This situation can cause today's fires to be much more destructive. In today's fires, many different fire gases occur. Likewise, the heat value produced by fires can be much higher. This not only facilitates the growth and spread of fires, but also makes extinguishing efforts more difficult. It absolutely necessitates the use of personal protection equipment so that the heat and fire gases generated do not affect the extinguishing personnel. In recent years, many firefighters who entered the fire environment without using personal protective equipment or wearing them incorrectly have been injured or lost their lives. In this paper, the heat transfer patterns and fire stages that cause the rapid growth of indoor fires are examined, and the indicators that may be the harbinger of possible dangers in these stages are emphasized.
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Alexander, Martin E., and Miguel G. Cruz. "Assessing the effect of foliar moisture on the spread rate of crown fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 4 (2013): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12008.
Full textAbstract:
This paper constitutes a digest and critique of the currently available information pertaining to the influence of live fuel or foliar moisture content (FMC) on the spread rate of crown fires in conifer forests and shrublands. We review and discuss the findings from laboratory experiments and field-based fire behaviour studies. Laboratory experimentation with single needles or leaves and small conifer trees has shown an unequivocal effect of FMC on flammability metrics. A much less discernible effect of FMC on crown fire rate of spread was found in the existing set of experimental crown fires carried out in conifer forests and similarly with the far more robust database of experimental fires conducted in shrubland fuel complexes. The high convective and radiant heat fluxes associated with these fires and the lack of appropriate experimental design may have served to mask any effect of FMC or live fuel moisture on the resulting spread rate. Four theoretical functions and one empirical function used to adjust rate of fire spread for the effect of foliar or live fuel moisture were also concurrently examined for their validity over a wide range of FMC conditions with varying outcomes and relevancy. None of these model functions was found suitable for use with respect to dead canopy foliage.
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Baker, Patrick J., Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, and Andrew P. Robinson. "The impacts of large-scale, low-intensity fires on the forests of continental South-east Asia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, no. 6 (2008): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07147.
Full textAbstract:
South-east Asia’s tropical forests harbour high levels of species richness and endemism. In continental South-east Asia strong rainfall seasonality driven by the Asian monsoon lead to ground-fires during the dry season in most years. How these fires influence the region’s landscape mosaic of evergreen and deciduous forests and the biodiversity they support is poorly understood. In this paper we report on the impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation-induced 1997–98 fires that burned across much of western Thailand. We compare fire effects in the three common regional forest types – seasonal evergreen (SEG); mixed deciduous (MDF); and deciduous dipterocarp – and use data from a 50-ha study plot to evaluate the impacts of fire on these forests. We found few differences among the forest types. The fires created more large gaps in MDF than the other forest types. The SEG experienced greater fire mortality in the smallest size classes, abundant resprouting, and showed some evidence of lagged mortality among larger trees. The resilience of the SEG to fire and lack of major differences in fire effects among the forest types suggest that infrequent landscape-scale fires may have little effect on biodiversity in the landscape mosaic of seasonal tropical forests of continental South-east Asia.
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Lee, Seoung Soo, George Kablick III, Zhanqing Li, Chang Hoon Jung, Yong-Sang Choi, Junshik Um, and Won Jun Choi. "Examination of effects of aerosols on a pyroCb and their dependence on fire intensity and aerosol perturbation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 6 (March 23, 2020): 3357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3357-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Using a modeling framework, this study investigates how a pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) event influences water vapor concentrations and cirrus-cloud properties near the tropopause, specifically focusing on how fire-produced aerosols affect this role. Results from a case study show that when observed fire intensity is high, there is an insignificant impact of fire-produced aerosols on the development of the pyroCb and associated changes in water vapor and cirrus clouds near the tropopause. However, as fire intensity weakens, effects of those aerosols on microphysical variables and processes such as droplet size and autoconversion increase. Due to this, aerosol-induced invigoration of convection is significant for pyroCb with weak-intensity fires and associated weak surface heat fluxes. This leads to a situation where there is a greater aerosol effect on the transport of water vapor to the upper troposphere and the production of cirrus clouds with weak-intensity fires, whereas this effect is muted with strong-intensity fires.