Academic literature on the topic 'Effect of fires on'
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Journal articles on the topic "Effect of fires on"
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Yue, C., P. Ciais, D. Zhu, T. Wang, S. S. Peng, and S. L. Piao. "How past fire disturbances have contributed to the current carbon balance of boreal ecosystems?" Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 17 (September 9, 2015): 14833–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-14833-2015.
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Abstract. Boreal fires have immediate effects on regional carbon budgets by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere at the time of burning, but also have legacy effects by initiating a long-term carbon sink during post-fire vegetation recovery. Quantifying these different effects on the current-day pan-boreal (44–84° N) carbon balance and relative contributions of legacy sinks by past fires is important for understanding and predicting the carbon dynamics in this region. Here we used the global dynamic vegetation model ORCHIDEE-SPITFIRE to attribute the contributions by fires in different decades of 1850–2009 to the carbon balance of 2000–2009, taking into account the atmospheric CO2 change and climate change since 1850. The fire module of ORCHIDEE-SPITFIRE was turned off in each decade sequentially, and turned on before and after, to model the legacy carbon trajectory by fires in each past decade. We found that, unsurprisingly, fires that occured in 2000–2009 are a carbon source (−0.17 Pg C yr−1) for the 2000s-decade carbon balance, whereas fires in all decades before 2000 contribute carbon sinks with a collective contribution of 0.23 Pg C yr−1. This leaves a net fire sink effect of 0.06 Pg C yr−1, or 6.3 % of the simulated regional carbon sink (0.95 Pg C yr−1). Further, fires with an age of 10–40 years (i.e. those occurred during 1960–1999) contribute more than half of the total sink effect of fires. The small net sink effect of fires indicates that current-day fire emissions are roughly in balance with legacy sinks. The future role of fires in the regional carbon balance remains uncertain and will depend on whether changes in fires and associated carbon emissions will exceed the enhanced sink effects of previous fires, both being strongly affected by global change.
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Oris, France, Hugo Asselin, Adam A. Ali, Walter Finsinger, and Yves Bergeron. "Effect of increased fire activity on global warming in the boreal forest." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 3 (September 2014): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0062.
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Forest fires are an important disturbance in the boreal forest. They are influenced by climate, weather, topography, vegetation, surface deposits, and human activities. In return, forest fires affect the climate through emission of gases and aerosols, and changes in surface albedo, soil processes, and vegetation dynamics. The net effect of these factors is not yet well established but seems to have caused a negative feedback on climate during the 20th century. However, an increase in boreal forest fires is predicted by the end of the 21st century, possibly changing the effect of fires on climate change to a positive feedback that would exacerbate global warming. This review presents (1) an overview of fire regimes and vegetation succession in boreal forests; (2) the effects on climate of combustion emissions and post-fire changes in ecosystem functioning; (3) the effects of fire regime variations on climate, especially on carbon stock and surface albedo; (4) an integrative approach of fire effects on climate dynamics; and (5) the implications of increased fire activity on global warming by calculating the radiative forcing of several factors by 2100 in the boreal region, before discussing the results and exposing the limits of the data at hand. Generally, losses of carbon from forest fires in the boreal region will increase in the future and their effect on the carbon stock (0.37 W/m2/decade) will be greater than the effect of fire on surface albedo (−0.09 W/m2/decade). The net effect of aerosol emissions from boreal fires will likely cause a positive feedback on global warming. This review emphasizes the importance of feedbacks between fires and climate in the boreal forest. It presents limitations and uncertainties to be addressed in future studies, particularly with regards to the effect of CO2 fertilization on forest productivity, which could offset or mitigate the effect of fire.
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Yue, C., P. Ciais, D. Zhu, T. Wang, S. S. Peng, and S. L. Piao. "How have past fire disturbances contributed to the current carbon balance of boreal ecosystems?" Biogeosciences 13, no. 3 (February 4, 2016): 675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-675-2016.
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Abstract. Boreal fires have immediate effects on regional carbon budgets by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere at the time of burning, but they also have legacy effects by initiating a long-term carbon sink during post-fire vegetation recovery. Quantifying these different effects on the current-day pan-boreal (44–84° N) carbon balance and quantifying relative contributions of legacy sinks by past fires is important for understanding and predicting the carbon dynamics in this region. Here we used the global dynamic vegetation model ORCHIDEE–SPITFIRE (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems – SPread and InTensity of FIRE) to attribute the contributions by fires in different decades between 1850 and 2009 to the carbon balance of 2000–2009, taking into account the atmospheric CO2 change and climate change since 1850. The fire module of ORCHIDEE–SPITFIRE was turned off for each decade in turn and was also turned off before and after the decade in question in order to model the legacy carbon trajectory by fires in each past decade. We found that, unsurprisingly, fires that occurred in 2000–2009 are a carbon source (−0.17 Pg C yr−1) for the carbon balance of 2000–2009, whereas fires in all decades before 2000 contribute carbon sinks with a collective contribution of 0.23 Pg C yr−1. This leaves a net fire sink effect of 0.06 Pg C yr−1, or 6.3 % of the simulated regional carbon sink (0.95 Pg C yr−1). Further, fires with an age of 10–40 years (i.e., those that occurred during 1960–1999) contribute more than half of the total sink effect of fires. The small net sink effect of fires indicates that current-day fire emissions are roughly balanced out by legacy sinks. The future role of fires in the regional carbon balance remains uncertain and will depend on whether changes in fires and associated carbon emissions will exceed the enhanced sink effects of previous fires, both being strongly affected by global change.
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Момот and Aleksandr Momot. "Effect of road density on the occurrence and effects of forest fires." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 3 (December 8, 2014): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6283.
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The article is devoted to actual problem of for-est fires. Especially it concerns the forests of the Russian Federation, so they make up 22 % of all forests in the world. And the conse-quences of burning of forests can be even more catastrophic than now. The aim of the article is the analysis of the dependence of the number of fires caused by the density of the transport network and the consequences, which are ex-pressed in the burned forest land, which entails huge emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere and the death of the animal and vegetable world. Article brings some results of studying the dependence of the number fires, the number of the total area burned from the density of the transport network.
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Wotton, B. M., R. S. McAlpine, and M. W. Hobbs. "The effect of fire front width on surface fire behaviour." International Journal of Wildland Fire 9, no. 4 (1999): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf00021.
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To determine the effect of fire front width on surface fire spread rates, a series of simultaneously ignited experimental fires was carried out in a pine plantation. Fires were ignited in plots with widths ranging from 0.5 m to 10 m and were burned in low wind conditions. Flame lengths were small in all fires, ranging from 20 cm to 60 cm. Since pre-heating of the forest litter from flame radiation is assumed to be an important mechanism in the spread of low intensity, low wind surface fires, it then follows that the width of a flaming front should effect on the heating of the fuel to ignition temperatures. Total flame radiation was also measured at a point 50 cm ahead of the advancing flame front for a number of the fires. Experimental results indicate that a flame radiation measured ahead of the fire stays fairly constant once the flame width is between 2 and 5 m. Theoretical flame radiation calculations confirm this trend. Rates of spread between the 5 and 10 metre width fires also appear to be similar; this indicates that, for the type of fires studied, once flame width is greater than about 2 m, radiation from any extra width of fire front has little effect on spread rate.
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Zhang, Houyao, Chenfeng Li, Nan Zhao, Bai-Qiao Chen, Huilong Ren, and Jichuan Kang. "Fire Risk Assessment in Engine Rooms Considering the Fire-Induced Domino Effects." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111685.
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This paper proposes a dynamic evolutionary model to quantify the domino effect of ship engine room fires. Based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of fire accidents, the dynamic probability of the domino effect of multiple accident units is calculated using matrix calculation and Monte Carlo simulation. The uncertainties of shipboard personnel, automatic detection systems, sprinkler systems, and the synergistic effects of multiple escalation vectors from different units are addressed. The dynamic probability of the domino effect of multiple accident units is calculated, and a risk assessment of complex fire scenarios in ship engine rooms is implemented. This study also presents the model feasibility in terms of fire risk assessment in cabins with numerous pieces of equipment. The results indicate that 2 min and 4 min are vital time nodes for the development and spread of fires. The extinguishing work on key equipment in the path of the fire's spread can effectively restrain its further expansion. The results can provide critical references for ship fire prevention, fire suppression, and fire protection design.
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Becker, Devan G., Douglas G. Woolford, and Charmaine B. Dean. "Assessing dependence between frequency and severity through shared random effects." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): e0271904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271904.
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Research on the occurrence and the final size of wildland fires typically models these two events as two separate processes. In this work, we develop and apply a compound process framework for jointly modelling the frequency and the severity of wildland fires. Separate modelling structures for the frequency and the size of fires are linked through a shared random effect. This allows us to fit an appropriate model for frequency and an appropriate model for size of fires while still having a method to estimate the direction and strength of the relationship (e.g., whether days with more fires are associated with days with large fires). The joint estimation of this random effect shares information between the models without assuming a causal structure. We explore spatial and temporal autocorrelation of the random effects to identify additional variation not explained by the inclusion of weather related covariates. The dependence between frequency and size of lightning-caused fires is found to be negative, indicating that an increase in the number of expected fires is associated with a decrease in the expected size of those fires, possibly due to the rainy conditions necessary for an increase in lightning. Person-caused fires were found to be positively dependent, possibly due to dry weather increasing human activity as well as the amount of dry few. For a test for independence, we perform a power study and find that simply checking whether zero is in the credible interval of the posterior of the linking parameter is as powerful as more complicated tests.
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Hartono, Arief, Omo Rusdiana, Heru Bagus Pulunggono, Denis Muba Pandapotan Simanihuruk, and Ilham Saputra. "Changes in some soil chemical properties in peatland after two years of fire in Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 12, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.12.4.644-650.
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Peatland fire that occurred in 2018 are located in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan. The fire was claimed to cause the changes leading to peatland damage. The initial study based on samples collected in fire period reported that there were some changes of chemical properties leading to peatland damage. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of land fires on changes in some soil chemical properties after two years of fires. Soil samples of fired and unfired peatland were subjected to soil analyses. Soil analyses covered soil pH, organic carbon (C), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and bulk density (BD). The results showed that after two years of peatland fires did not affect the changes of peat soil pH, organic C, P, Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Zn, Mn and BD. One plot of fired peatland showed that the weight of frond and leaf area of oil palm grown on it was not statistically different from those of unfired peatland. The results suggested some chemical properties return to previous equilibrium due to high buffering capacity of peat soil.
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Gómez-Mares, Mercedes, Luis Zárate, and Joaquim Casal. "Jet fires and the domino effect." Fire Safety Journal 43, no. 8 (November 2008): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.01.002.
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Speer, James H., Darrin L. Rubino, and Joseph R. Robb. "The Effect of Fire on Multiple Tree Species in the Eastern Deciduous Forest." Fire 7, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7010022.
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Fire is a disturbance that serves to maintain the diverse mosaic of vegetation in the Eastern Deciduous Forest. However, our ability to reconstruct fire occurrence from hardwood tree scars still lags far behind our expertise in reconstructing fire history from conifers in the western United States. This study examines the fidelity of fire scaring in multiple tree species in the Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge in Indiana, which is located in the central hardwood region of the Eastern Deciduous Forest. All 15 species, except for red oak, showed evidence of past fires, and most samples recorded multiple fire events. No fire scars were recorded in the latewood of the samples. Most of the fires scars occurred in the earlywood (May) suggesting the dormant season fires are likely associated with fires in March to April before the growing season begins. No synchronous fires were recorded across all sites, but fires occurred in 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, and 1988 across multiple sites. This suggests that these were larger spreading fires. Establishment pulses were documented in association with fire events in 1981, 1984, and 1995, suggesting that fire may benefit the establishment or root sprouting of some hardwood species. Fourteen of the fifteen species that we sampled preserved fire scars, suggesting that the diverse suite of species in the Eastern Deciduous Forest is a viable sampling pool for examining fire history across this forest type.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effect of fires on"
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Pool, Christiaan Frederik. "The effect of modified fuel loads on fire behaviour in Pinus patula and Eucalyptus macarthurii stands in the Mpumalanga Highveld forestry region of South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010958.
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The effectiveness of harvesting slash treatments are questionable when wild fires, fuelled by post harvesting slash, burn out of control. In order to quantify effectiveness of various slash treatments, fire behaviour in Pinus patula and Eucalyptus macarthurii compartments in the Highveld area (Piet Retief) of Mpumalanga, South Africa, were assessed after application of five different post-harvesting slash treatments. Treatments included mulching, chopper rolling, windrowing, removal of slash (inter-windrowing) and broadcasting. Independent fuel and environmental variables were measured prior and during application of fire to the study areas and effects on fire behaviour were compared afterwards. Dependant fire behaviour variables such as the rate of spread, fire temperature and flame height were measured in respective slash treatment plots and compared. Results of the study indicated that fire behaviour assessed in mulched areas in both the P. patula and E. macarthurii compartments were significantly less intense when compared to fire behaviour in chopper roll, broadcast and windrow treatments. Fire behaviour in mulched plots compared favourably with areas where harvesting slash was removed (inter-windrow treatment). Comparisons between fuel loads of different treatments also indicated accelerated mineralization of organic material in mulched areas. Mulching of harvesting slash seems to be an effective method to restrict fire behaviour in post-harvesting compartments and should be considered as part of a fire management strategy.
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Balfour, Victoria Nairn. "The effect of forest fires on runoff rates the role of duff removal and surface sealing by vegetative ash, western Montana /." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12202007-181528/.
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Roben, Charlotte. "Effect of cooling and non-uniform fires on structural behaviour." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14292.
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Williams, Richard L. "Effects of a summer wildfire on populations of Rattus fuscipes and Antechinus stuartii in sclerophyll forest of south-eastern Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28083.
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Wildfire has been important in shaping Australian ecosystems through its direct
and indirect effects on vegetation communities and faunal assemblages. Predictions that
wildfire incidence and intensity will increase with forecast changes in climate, make it
essential to understand wildfire impacts on native fauna and factors important for their
recovery. The intention of this thesis is to contribute to this knowledge base.
In December 2003 a high intensity Wildfire swept through large parts of
Booderee National Park in southeastern Australia. Using a replicated design I studied
the impacts of this fire on small mammal populations in open sclerophyll forest for 18
months after the fire. The small mammals present were Rattus fuscipes and Antechz'nus
stuartz'z'. Additionally, I experimentally investigated factors that may have limited small
mammals post-fire, specifically food and blood parasites. I monitored the response of R.
fuscipes and A. stuartii to a food supplementation experiment at both the population
level and at the scale of individual behaviour for one year.
Immediately following the wildfire, populations of both R. fuscz'pes and A.
stuartii declined to below 50% of populations unaffected by the fire. Rates of individual
survival were low during the fire and for the first 3 months after the fire, probably due
to high fire mortality, emigration and poor survival post-fire due to changes in resource
availability and predator impact with the depletion of vegetation in the fire. However,
within 18 months of the fire, populations of both species were present on all sites at
approximately 50% the size of those on unbumt sites; survival rates matched those on
unburnt sites and juveniles also were present in populations, indicating reproductive
recruitment. This rapid post-fire recovery was attributed to the seasonal timing and
patchiness of the wildfire, the presence of moist gullies in close proximity to study sites,
and seemingly low numbers of feral predators due to fox control.
The food supplementation experiment revealed that R. fuscipes was food limited
post—fire, with populations increasing 2-fold on burnt supplemented sites, probably due
largely to immigration and increased survival or residency of females. Behavioural
studies showed that the added food (rat breeder pellets) was generally used only as a
supplement because individuals did not aggregate around food stations or change their
patterns of habitat use. Instead they preferred the denser vegetation associated with
watercourses, which experienced rapid re—growth post-fire, just as did the individuals
that received no additional food. This preference for dense cover, despite the provision
of a constant and plentifiJl food source, suggests that predation risks are equally as
important as food for small mammals. A. stuartii showed no response to the food
supplementation despite accessing the food stations. This may be because the dried
pellets were not an appropriate food source for this insectivore. Prevalence of blood
parasite infection in R. fuscipes populations was not affected significantly by the
wildfire or food supplementation, suggesting that parasite infection did not contribute to
the variance in populations. However, any differences in host susceptibility between
populations was not measured.
The findings of this thesis have important implications for fire management in
Australian eucalypt forests, within the context of conserving populations of small
mammals and potentially other fauna. Future fire management regimes should aim to
achieve mosaic landscapes characterised by vegetation of varying seral stages. A regime
providing an intensity and frequency of burns that promotes plant diversity and
preferred habitat structure of mammals should be adopted. Moist habitats such as gullies,
swamps and rainforests should be protected from fire in any burning regime, or burnt
very infrequently and in small patches. Additionally, when planning fire regimes, the
breeding biology of fire-sensitive and threatened species should be considered, as
should additional management applications such as feral predator control and food
supplementation. The need for better planned and more comprehensive fire regimes will
become increasingly important in the future given the projections for increases in fire
severity and frequency with predicted changes in climate.
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Odhiambo, Benedict Oithe. "The effect of fire damage on the growth and survival mechanisms of selected native and commercial trees in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96924.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Surface fires are known to affect trees of different species differently, depending on the capacity of the bark to shield the cambium from heat. Tree bark characteristics differ among species and thus potentially influence the protective ability against cambium damage. The objectives of this study were to compare the protective role of bark against fire for selected indigenous and exotic species in the Western Cape, South Africa, and to investigate post-fire growth impacts following surface fire damage on Pinus radiata. In the first part of the study, trees were felled and billets of 25 cm height harvested from different heights along the trunk. Bark thickness, compass direction, stem diameter at breast height, bark moisture content and relative height of the sample in the stem were tested for their effect on heat insulation capacity of bark. Heating experiments were conducted at 400°C on the fresh billets with intact bark. Time to heat the cambium to lethal 60°C was determined. The second part of the study investigated the role of bark surface topology, bark density and bark chemical composition for its fire resistance. The same size billets were harvested from the lower trunk section of selected species. Surface topology was characterised by means of x-ray based computer tomography, density by moisture saturation method and bark chemical composition by thermo-gravimetrical analyses (TGA). The third part of the study investigated the impact of high intensity surface fires on growth of an 18 year old Pinus radiata plantation which was exposed to a ground fire 5 years prior to the analysis. Tree ring measurements were done on cores obtained by non-destructing coring method and various growth indices, based on yearly basal area increment (iBA) used to quantify growth response to the fire damage. Statistical analysis based on correlation, multi-model inference and multiple regression revealed no significant influence of compass direction and diameter at breast height. Heat resistance was mainly determined by bark thickness and to a lesser degree by moisture content. In several species relative height at the stem modulated the bark thickness effect. Higher up the stem bark of the same bark thickness offered less protection against heat. The results also suggest that in particular bark topology plays a role, while the correlations with bark density and chemical composition could not be secured statistically. A main finding was that fissures in the bark play a significant role. A regression model showed a significant influence of fissure width, fissure frequency and the minimum bark thickness to the cambium, which is a function of fissure depth. The results show that structural bark parameters are a necessary addition to explain heat resistance of bark. Statistical analysis employing one-way Anova and incorporating Tamhane’s T2 Post Hoc test revealed significant growth reductions following high intensity surface fire damage on Pinus radiata in the fire year with the impact being passed on to the following year. The recovery phase extended a two year period. During this time the trees showed increased diameter growth probably due to increased water availability.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is bekend dat oppervlakvure in bos-ekostelsels verskillende boomspesies verskillend affekteer, afhangende van die vermoë van bas om die kambium van hitte te beskerm. Baseienskappe verskil tussen spesies en het dus 'n potensiële invloed op die beskermende vermoë teen kambiumskade. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om die beskermende rol van bas teen vuur te vergelyk tussen inheemse en uitheemse spesies in Wes-Kaapland, Suid Afrika asook om die na-vuur impak op groei te ondersoek met brandskade aan Pinus radiata. In die eerste deel van die studie is bome geoes en stompe van 25 cm lengte van verskillende hoogtes verwyder. Basdikte, kompasrigting, stompdiameter by borshoogte, basvoggehalte en die relatiewe hoogte van die stomp in die stam is getoets vir hul invloed op hitte-isolasiekapasiteit van bas. Verhittingseksperimente is gedoen teen 400 °C op die vars stompe wat steeds bas opgehad het. Die tyd om die bas tot by 'n skadelike 60 °C te verhit is bepaal. Die tweede deel van die studie het die rol van basoppervlaktopologie, basdigtheid, en die bas chemiese samestelling ondersoek in vuurweerstand. Dieselfde grootte stompe is geoes van die laer dele van die stam van uitgesoekte spesies. Oppervlaktopologie is bepaal deur middel van X-straal rekenaartomografie, digtheid deur die versadigingsvoggehaltemetode, en chemiese samestelling deur termo-gravimetriese analise (TGA). Die derde deel van die studie het die impak van hoë intensiteit oppervlakvure op groei van 18-jaar oue Pinus radiata ondersoek. Jaarringmetings is gedoen op inkrementboorsels wat nie-destruktief bekom is en verskeie groei-indekse, gebaseer op jaarlikse basale oppervlak aanwas, is gebruik om die groeireaksie op brandskade te kwantifiseer. Statistiese analise gebaseer op korrelasie, multi-model inferensie, en veelvuldige regressie het gewys dat kompasrigting en deursnee op borshoogte nie 'n beduidende invloed gehad het nie. Hitteweerstand was hoofsaaklik bepaal deur basdikte, en in 'n mindere mate basvoggehalte. By verskeie spesies het die relatiewe hoogte die basdikte-effek gemoduleer. Hoër in die stam het dieselfde dikte bas minder beskerming gebied as bas van laer in die stam. Die resultate impliseer dat basoppervlaktopologie ook 'n rol speel in hitteweerstand terwyl basdigtheid en chemiese samestelling nie 'n statisties beduidende rol gespeel het nie. 'n Belangrike bevinding was dat gleuwe of openinge in die bas 'n beduidende rol speel. 'n Regressiemodel wys dat 'n beduidende invloed deur gleufwydte, gleuffrekwensie en die minimum basdikte na die kambium. Die resultate wys dat strukturele basparameters 'n belangrike bykomende rol speel om hitteweerstand van bas te verduidelik. Die statistiese analise waar eenrigting ANOVA met Tamhane se T2 Post Hoc toets gebruik is toon dat ‘n beduidende groeivermindering teweeg gebring is in die Pinus radiata as gevolg van skade veroorsaak deur hoë intensiteit oppervlakvure waarvan die impak eers in die jaar na die vuur sigbaar was. Die herstelfase het oor twee jaar gestrek. Gedurende hierdie tyd het die bome 'n toename in deursneegroei getoon, waarskynklik as gevolg van verhoogde waterbeskikbaarheid.
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Mendenhall, Scout. "Effect of Deposition from Static Test Fires on Corn and Alfalfa." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1404.
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A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of deposition from static rocket test fires on corn and alfalfa. Seeds were germinated in a wide concentration range of depositional material, called test fire soil (TFS). Additionally, the impact of chloride and aluminum, two major components of test fire soil, on germination was also evaluated. Furthermore, plants were grown in packed columns and exposed to test fire soil, either in the root zone or on foliage. Tissue was weighed and analyzed to compare biomass production and plant composition.
Corn and alfalfa exposed to test fire soil in the root zone produced less biomass than controls, but foliar treatment had no effect on biomass production. No kernels were produced by corn exposed to test fire soil in the root zone. Leaves of plants exposed to test fire soil in the root zone accumulated more metals and nutrients than controls, whereas plant tissue treated with test fire soil on the leaves contained only elevated levels of aluminum, although levels were still within reasonable concentrations for plants.
Germination of seeds was not affected below 1% test fire soil in soil; however higher concentrations of test fire soil decreased percent germination. Addition of chloride to soil also inhibits germination, but addition of aluminum has no effect on germination percentage. Corn germination was restored in test fire soil leached with 200 mm artificial rainwater.
The results of this research contribute information regarding the potential impact of test fire soil from static test fires on crop production. Test fire soil inhibits germination and growth if deposited in the root zone, and even foliar application alters tissue composition. However, plant composition is not altered significantly in terms of feed criteria, and germination can be restored by irrigating the TFS. The effects of test fire soil are attributed to high levels of chloride that induce salt stress. Crop damage may be avoided by conducting static test fires after crops are harvested or providing extra irrigation to soil impacted with the TFS.
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Kodandapani, Narendran. "Fire regimes and their ecological effects in seasonally dry tropical ecosystems in the Western Ghats, India." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.
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Myers, Alexandra. "A computational study of the effect of cross wind on the flow of fire fighting agent." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FMyers.pdf.
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Ratsele, Clement Ratsele. "Long-term ecological effects of rangeland burning, grazing and browsing on vegetation and organic matter dynamics." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006844.
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To proffer a sustainable solution to ecological degradation in rangeland ecosystems as a consequence of fire, grazing and browsing, an understanding of rangeland ecological processes is vital. Due to the complexity of ecological processes and their interrelationships, it is usually difficult or expensive to directly measure status of ecological processes. Therefore, biological and physical characteristics are often used to indicate the functionality of ecological processes and site integrity. Long-term effects of fire, grazing and browsing on characteristics of the vegetation and organic matter and their subsequent effects on selected rangelands ecosystem ecological processes was conducted at Honeydale section of the University of Fort Hare farm in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and Matopos Research Station in Zimbabwe. In this study, attributes of biotic community integrity (species richness, composition and diversity), soil stability (basal cover, standing dead grass biomass, tuft to tuft distance, tufts diameter, canopy distance and stem to stem distance), productivity and plant vigour (grass yield, total canopy volume, plant height, canopy height, canopy diameter, main stem diameter, sprouts diameter and number of sprouts) and hydrologic function and nutrient cycling (grass litter biomass, soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon) were used to estimate long-term effects of burning, grazing and browsing by goats on the functionality of ecological processes in the rangeland ecosystem. Burning did not have differential effect on grass species richness (P>0.05), woody species diversity as well as compositional percentage for D.eriatha, C.plurinodis, S.fimbriatus, A.karro and E.rigida. Burning increased decreasers and increaser II species proportions and reduced (P ≤ 0.05) grass yield, total canopy volume, tree height, canopy height main stem diameter and sprouts diameter. Long-term burning, grazing, and goats browsing had differential effects on site stability. The effects on basal cover, tuft to tuft distance, tufts diameter, canopy distance and basal distance as a consequence of long-term burning, grazing, and goats browsing were not significantly different, whereas the effects on standing dead grass biomass as a result of long-term burning frequencies were significantly different. Long-term effects of burning followed by ten-year period of fire exclusion had significantly different effects on tuft-tuft distance but did not have statistically different effects on tufts diameter, canopy distance and basal distance. Long-term burning grazing and browsing had significantly different effects on attributes of hydrologic functions and nutrient cycling in the rangeland ecosystem (grass litter biomass, SOC and BMC). Long-term effects of burning followed by ten-year period of fire exclusion had significantly different effects on grass litter biomass, and SOC. Through their effect on vegetation and organic matter characteristics, burning, grazing and browsing could influence functionality of selected rangeland ecological processes such as biological community integrity, productivity and plant vigour, site stability, hydrologic function and nutrient cycling.
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Parsons, Russell Andrew. "Spatial variability in forest fuels simulation miodeling and effects on fire behavior /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05272008-141125/.
Full textBooks on the topic "Effect of fires on"
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Velasco, Anna M. Vicente. El foc, un desastre ecològic? Manresa: Centre d'Estudis del Bages, 1993.
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Álvaro del Campo Parra Lara. Incendios de la cobertura vegetal en Colombia. Edited by Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Red Colombiana de Formación Ambiental, and United Nations Environment Programme. Cali: Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2011.
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W, Ryan Mark, ed. Effect of pressure on leakage of automatic sprinklers. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.
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S, Johnston David, and Chimney Fire Education and Research Task Force., eds. Chimney fires: Causes, effects & evaluation. Olney, Md. (P.O. Box 309, Olney 20830): Chimney Safety Institute of America, 1992.
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Pyne, Stephen J. Fire : [nature and culture]. London: Reaktion Books, 2012.
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Johnson, Charles G. Vegetation response after wildfires in national forests of northeastern Oregon. [Portland, Or.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, 1998.
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Johnson, Charles G. Vegetation response after wildfires in national forests of northeastern Oregon. [Portland, Or.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, 1998.
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Reimers, G. W. Effect of additives on pyrite oxidation. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.
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Establishment, Building Research. Toxic effects of fires. Borehamwood: Building Research Establishment, 1985.
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1953-, Schmoldt Daniel L., and Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), eds. Assessing the effects of fire disturbance on ecosystems: A scientific agenda for research and management. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Effect of fires on"
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Onodera, Shin-ichi, and John T. Van Stan. "Effect of Forest Fires on Hydrology and Biogeochemistry of Watersheds." In Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry, 599–621. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1363-5_30.
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Urbanski, Shawn P., Susan M. O’Neill, Amara L. Holder, Sarah A. Green, and Rick L. Graw. "Emissions." In Wildland Fire Smoke in the United States, 121–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87045-4_5.
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AbstractThis chapter assesses the current state of the science regarding the composition, intensity, and drivers of wildland fire emissions in the USA and Canada. Globally and in the USA wildland fires are a major source of gases and aerosols which have significant air quality impacts and climate interactions. Wildland fire smoke can trigger severe pollution episodes with substantial effects on public health. Fire emissions can degrade air quality at considerable distances downwind, hampering efforts by air regulators to meet air standards. Fires are a major global source of aerosols which affect the climate system by absorbing and scattering radiation and by altering optical properties, coverage, and lifetime of clouds. A thorough understanding of fire emissions is essential for effectively addressing societal and climate consequences of wildland fire smoke.
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Tyers, Ben. "Particle Fire Effect." In GameMaker: Studio 100 Programming Challenges, 75–76. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2644-5_38.
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Liu, Changcheng, Song Lu, Ruifang Zhang, Hui Yang, Xudong Cheng, and Heping Zhang. "The Effect of Aspect Ratios on Critical Velocity in Tunnel Fires." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 925–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_95.
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Liu, Wenbo, Junmei Li, and Yanfeng Li. "Numerical Simulation on Smoke Control for Extra-Long Tunnel Fires." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 113–22. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_10.
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AbstractBased on an actual project in Beijing, this article investigates the effect of smoke control strategies on smoke extraction efficiency under different fire source locations of the point smoke extraction system in extra-long tunnels using Airpak software. The results show that when a fire occurs in a tunnel, the smoke extraction efficiency of the tunnel smoke extraction system varies greatly depending on the location of the fire source and the adoption of different smoke extraction strategies. Due to the suction of the smoke exhaust shaft fan, the relative distance between the electric smoke exhaust valve and the entrance of the tunnel is close, which will cause the smoke exhaust valve within a certain range to be plug-holing, seriously affecting the smoke exhaust effect of the smoke exhaust system. Smoke exhaust valve beyond this range, although not occurring plug-holing the smoke exhaust efficiency is also relatively low, by changing the opening strategy of the smoke exhaust valve can effectively improve the smoke exhaust valve plug-holing, so as to improve the smoke exhaust efficiency.
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Planas-Cuchi, E., and J. Casal. "Modelling of Fire Effects on Equipment Engulfed in a Fire." In Prevention of Hazardous Fires and Explosions, 273–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4712-5_19.
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Giovannini, G., and S. Lucchesi. "Effects of Experimental Fires on Soil and Vegetation." In Responses of Forest Ecosystems to Environmental Changes, 887–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2866-7_208.
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Papakonstantinou, Xanthos, Lazaros S. Iliadis, Elias Pimenidis, and Fotis Maris. "Fuzzy Modeling of the Climate Change Effect to Drought and to Wild Fires in Cyprus." In Engineering Applications of Neural Networks, 516–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23957-1_57.
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Stoof, Cathelijne R. "Fire Effects on Soils and Hydrology." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_257-1.
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Higuera, Philip E. "First- and Second-Order Fire Effects." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_258-1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Effect of fires on"
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Liu, Quanyi, Yuanhua He, Rui Yang, and Hui Zhang. "Effect of Substrate Slope on the Aviation Kerosene Spill Fires." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70296.
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During the storage and transportation of aviation kerosene, spill fire and explosion caused by the corrosion of pipeline or faulty operation when released and ignited, will pose a huge threat to tanks or facilities nearby. It is critical to investigate the interaction mechanism between spreading and burning of aviation kerosene spill fires to effectively plan for civil aviation safety. In order to gain a better understanding of aviation kerosene spill fire on sloping surface, a large-scale experimental platform with varying slope of oil groove or substrate surface for aviation kerosene spill fire has been designed and built. Aviation kerosene was selected as the fuel in the continuous spill fire for different leaking rates based on the rotation of the peristaltic pump. Spill fires with the substrate slope of 0° (as the baseline case), 0.5°, 1° and 3° were conducted. The typical burning characteristic parameters of spill fire measured are included burning area, burning rate, flame front et al. It is obtained that 1) the characteristic parameters except the averaged steady burning rate for continuous aviation kerosene spill fire increases apparently with the increasing leaking rate. 2) The effect of substrate slope on the burning of continuous spill fire is significant even though there is only 0.5° variation of the slope. 3) There is a diametrically opposite findings for the averaged steady burning rates and the initial spreading rates of continuous aviation kerosene spill fire decrease with the increasing substrate slope.
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Ho, T. C., S. C. Fu, and Christopher Y. H. Chao. "Investigation of Flame Height From Multiple Liquefied Natural Gas Fire." In ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59567.
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The research of multiple liquefied natural gas fires is limited due to the unique condition of temperature and velocity. Therefore, the effect of the distance between multiple liquefied natural gas jet fires on the characteristics of the flame is investigated by numerical methods in this paper. Grid analyses have been carried out to establish sufficient resolution of the grid and to ensure the domain size is appropriate for jet fire cases. The temperature, velocity and concentration of the reactant inside the fire were calculated, and the shape of the flame was also studied. By changing the distance between the jets, the size and height of the fires are changed. Simulations of jet fires separated by different distances were carried out. Investigation of three discharge velocities (30, 40, 50 m/s) with different separation distances (0–28 m) were done. When the jets were close enough fires were observed to merge and were enhanced due to interaction. Both the flame height and the temperature increased. When the jets were separated by a significant distance, the flame height returned to the height of a single jet fire. The distance effect of multiple jet fires was investigated and reported in this paper.
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Ye, Xiaoman, Ofodike A. Ezekoye, and Qize He. "PPV Effect on Smoke Movement Through a Shaft in High-Rise Fires: Experiments and CFD Simulation." In ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2019-3733.
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Abstract While Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) has proven to be effective in high-rise fire-fighting, its effect on smoke movement through a stairwell shafts in high-rise fires is still inconclusive. Towards better understanding of the effects of PPV for smoke transport in high-rise type structures, a 1/4 reduced-scale 7-floor building with dimensions of 1.0 m × 0.5 m × 4.2 m consisting of a vertical shaft and several rooms over a number of floors has been designed and tested. Both experiments and CFD simulations for this model were conducted. It was found that there are several potential PPV tactics that could be useful in high-rise smoke control in fires. In the cases examined, PPV was considered to be applied from outside the building through vents in external rooms of the building. When a PPV fan is applied above the floor containing the fire layer, the pressure induced by the PPV flow should be larger than the pressure difference caused by the stack effect induced by the hot fire product gases. Insufficient PPV flow rates is shown to lead to accumulation of smoke and further increase in the gas temperature within the shaft due to the blocking effect. A better option is applying PPV below the fire floor. With the same pressurization air flow rate, applying PPV from below the fire floor is more effective than applying it from the top of building. In this situation, PPV not only prevents accumulation of the smoke in the shaft, but also prevents smoke from entering the shaft. The results of this study can guide the development of firefighter ventilation tactics for smoke control in high-rise fires.
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"The effect of fire channelling on fire severity in the 2009 Victorian fires, Australia." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.a3.price.
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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Jinmo Wu, Haixiang Chen, Jiao Lei, and Jesse S. Lozano. "CFD Simulations of Urban and Wildland Fire Spread Among Discrete Fuels Under Effect of Wind." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37152.
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It is important to investigate the urban and wildland fire behavior to mitigate the fire hazards. There have been many studies on such fires, but the need of real time fire simulations has recent increased and a demand to predict fire spread patterns in urban and wildland regions for decision-making strategies against fires has emerged. However, the knowledge of fire spread behavior is still insufficient, particularly for the condition of discrete fuel distributions. Under this condition the fire spread behavior shows high complexity due to the significant interactions between the radiation, conduction and convection heat transfer, especially under significant ambient wind effects. This paper investigates urban and wildland fire spread behavior by utilizing CFD simulations for two types of fuels under the effect of wind. A 15×15 square array, consisting of 225 fuel sources, is used to simulate the discrete fuel distribution, with varying fuel spacing and wind speed. The simulation method is similar to that used in our previous study, but with different ignition heaters. The comparison of the simulated results for the reduced and real scale models is reasonable, as verified by the similarity law. The critical fire spread distance, the wind effect upon fire spread, and the variation of fire spread rate for the two types of fuels are extensively investigated.
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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Qiong Liu, and K. T. Yang. "Preliminary Study of Fire Spread in Cities and Forests, Using PMMA Specimen as a Fuel in CFD Simulations." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10037.
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It is important to examine the behavior of forest fires and city fires to mitigate the property damages and victims by fires. There have been many previous studies on forest fires where the fire spreading patterns were investigated, utilizing artificial satellite pictures of forest fires, together with the use of corresponding weather data and GIS data. On the other hand, large area city fires are very scarce in the world, particularly in modern cities where high-rise concrete buildings are constructed with sufficient open spaces. Thus, the examples of city fires to be referred are few and detailed investigations of city fires are limited. However, there have still been existing old cities where traditional houses built with flammable material such as wood, maybe historically important, only separated with very small open spacing. Fires may freely spread in those cities, once a big earthquake happens there and then water supply for the fire brigade is damaged in the worst case along with the effect of strong wind. There are some fundamental differences between the forest fires and city fires, as the fuel may distribute either continuously or discretely. For instance, in forest fires, the dead fallen leaves, dry grasses and trees are distributed continuously on the ground, while the wooden houses in cities are discretely distributed with some separation of open spacing, such as roads and gardens. Therefore, the wooden houses neighboring the burning houses with some separation are heated by radiation and flames to elevate the temperatures, thus causing the ignition, and finally reaching a large city fire. The authors have studied the forest fire spread and are planning to start a laboratory experiment of city fire spreading. In the preliminary investigation, a numerical study is made to correlate with the laboratory experiment of city fire propagation, utilizing the three-dimensional CFD simulations. Based on the detailed experimental analysis, the authors are attempting to modify the three dimensional CFD code to predict the forest fires and city fires more precisely, taking into account the thermal heating and ignition processes. In this study, some fundamental information on the city fire propagation has been obtained, particularly to know the safe open spacing distances between the houses in the cities and also the wind speed.
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Miranda, A. I., V. Martins, P. Cascão, J. H. Amorim, J. Valente, R. Tavares, O. Tchepel, et al. "Monitoring fire-fighters’ smoke exposure and related health effects during Gestosa experimental fires." In FOREST FIRES 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/fiva100081.
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Weckman, Elizabeth J., Cecilia S. Lam, Jennifer E. Weisinger, Walter Gill, and Alexander L. Brown. "The Effects of Wind on Liquid Fuelled Pool Fires." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47535.
Full textAbstract:
Macroscopic fire parameters such as fuel regression rate, flame height and flame tilt are critical to the development of detailed fire models and empirical tools for hazard analysis [1–3]. As a result, these characteristics have been investigated by many researchers using various measurement methods in studies of liquid fuelled pool fires of different diameters and fuel types, under a range of crosswind conditions. In investigations related to transportation accidents, fire scenarios have been complicated further through interactions between the fire and upwind or downwind objects [1,2]. Of particular interest is the determination of fuel regression rate, an important parameter but one that is generally difficult to characterize accurately. Many techniques have been reported for measurement of fuel regression rate. These include load cells [2,4,5], differential pressure systems [2,5–7], sight glass and float-type level meters [6–8] and thermocouple rakes [1]. In general, load cells have been employed most successfully for measurements in smaller scale fires [2,4], while researchers have turned to differential pressure and thermocouple type systems for measurements in fires above 5 m diameter [2,6,7]. All the techniques have been used with varying levels of success to measure fuel regression rate under quiescent conditions. Under crosswind conditions and in cases with an object present, however, inherent wandering of the fire plume and dynamic wind loading on the pool can be of additional concern as they affect the accuracy and repeatability of the measurements [1,2,6,7]. In several excellent reviews, available results have been summarized and used to derive empirical correlations relating overall fire characteristics to fire diameter, fuel type and/or wind velocity [3,9–11].
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Tian, Runhe, Quanyi Liu, Rui Feng, Kewei Chen, Rui Yang, and Hui Zhang. "Experiment Study of Cardboard Box Fire Behavior Under Dynamic Pressure in an Altitude Chamber." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50852.
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Fires recently at low ambient pressure such as cruising airplane and high altitude airport have attracted great attention. Understanding fire behavior under low pressure is one of important fundamental problems for fire safety engineering design in forementioned environment. Observation of cardboard fires under dynamic pressure is of significant meaning to study continuous variation of fire behaviors of solid fuel during depressurization. An altitude chamber of 2×3×4.65 m3 with a powerful pressure controlling system was designed to observe fire behavior of cardboard fires under dynamic pressure. In the chamber, two configurations of cardboard boxes filled with shredded office paper were tested under dynamic pressures at descent rates: 5.46kPa/min, 10.92kPa/min, and 19.68kPa/min for both configurations. Measured parameters in this study include flame temperature, radiative heat flux, and mass burning rate. The measurement data were analyzed to reveal depressurization effect on fire behavior.
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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Xiaodong Xie, and Wei Gao. "Numerical Study of Characteristics of Burning Phenomena in Equidistant Square Arrayed n-Heptane Fires." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37278.
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Merging of large-scale city fires and forest fires causes rapid acceleration of fire growth. Once a merging fire occurs, it becomes more difficult to suppress, with greater potential damages. In particular, merging fires may induce fire whirls in windy conditions. However, the details of interactions in multiple fires that cause fire merging have not been fully clarified. For the interactions in multiple fires, the inter-fire distance among fires greatly affects the merging phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to examine the detailed merging conditions, particularly the burning rate increase and total heat release rate, by numerical simulation of reduced scale fires. The burning behavior of n-heptane in n × n fire arrays is examined, using the fire simulation software, FDS by NIST. In addition, another simple model is employed. The number of array matrix, n, is varied, together with the inter-fire distance. The simulation results show that there are considerable differences between both simulations and experiments. However, the differences between the simpler simulation Method II and experiments are fewer than the simulation Method I. The following possibilities are considered: (1) The oil pan size affects the difference, but the results between simulations and experiments are so large. (2) The grid size for simulations may have some effects on the simulation results due to the resolution, (3) the experimental results may not always be precise, since the burning rates in the experiments are measured by the burn-out time and (4) the wind caused by merging fires may reduce the radiative heat flux to the adjacent fuel. The relationship between flame length and burning rate and the relationship between flame length and radiative heat flux are well-correlated.
Reports on the topic "Effect of fires on"
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Ohlemiller, T. J., and J. R. Shields. Effect of suppressants on metal fires. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5710.
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Klote, John H. Considerations of stack effect in building fires. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.89-4035.
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Aalto, Juha, and Ari Venäläinen, eds. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.
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Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.
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Bailey, J. L., F. W. Williams, and P. A. Tatem. Methanol Pan Fires in an Enclosed Space: Effect of Pressure and Oxygen Concentration. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada266108.
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Willi, Joseph, Keith Stakes, Jack Regan, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of Ventilation-Controlled Fires in L-Shaped Training Props. UL's Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mijj9867.
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Investigations of recent firefighter line of duty deaths caused by rapid fire progression have highlighted a deficiency in firefighters’ understanding of how certain tactics affect the fire dynamics of ventilation-controlled fires. Many fires are in a ventilation-limited, decay state by the time firefighters arrive at the scene, meaning that introducing additional ventilation to the environment has the potential to cause rapid and intense fire growth. To more effectively teach firefighters about the potential effects of ventilation on a compartment fire, ventilation-controlled fires should be gener- ated during training. Safely creating such fires while maintaining compliance with NFPA 1403: Standard on Live-Fire Training Evolutions allows instructors to educate students on this important principle of fire dynamics in the training environment. Structures utilized for live-fire training have evolved from typical concrete burn buildings to now include smaller purpose-built props, like those constructed from steel shipping containers or wood and gypsum board. Such props have been embraced by organizations due to their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve fire behavior training. Obtaining a thorough understanding of the capa- bilities and limitations of such props is critical for instructors to convey accurate messages during training and properly prepare firefighters for scenarios they’ll encounter in the field. Experiments were conducted to quantify the fire environment in L-shaped props with different wall constructions. One prop had an interior wall lining of gypsum board over wood studs and fiberglass insulation. The two other props were constructed from metal shipping containers with corrugated steel walls; one had ceilings and walls comprised solely of the corrugated steel, while the other had ceilings and walls comprised of rolled steel sheeting over mineral wool insulation with the corrugated steel wall as its backing. Three fuel packages were compared between the props: one contained furnishings mainly composed of synthetic materials and foam plastics; another contained wooden pallets and straw; and the third contained wooden pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). A stochastic approach was used to compare data between replicate tests and quantify the repeatability of the different props and fuel packages, all of which were deemed sufficiently repeatable. Comparisons of data between the three props revealed that thermal conditions between experiments in the two metal props were indistinguishable, suggesting that the additional layer of insulation did not significantly alter the fire environment. Additionally, thermal conditions in the gypsum-lined prop were more severe than those in the metal props. The effects of ventilation changes on fire conditions were also analyzed across various prop and fuel load combinations. Lastly, the response of the thermal environment in each prop during interior suppression was evaluated, and the results implied that the thermal exposure to the firefighter was more severe in the metal props than the gypsum prop for a brief period following the start of suppression.
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Kerber, Steve, and Derek Alkonis. Lahaina Fire Comprehensive Timeline Report. UL Research Institutes, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/vqkq5427.
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On August 8-9, 2023, the town of Lahaina, Hawaiʻi (on the island of Maui), endured a devastating fire fueled by environmental conditions, leading to 101 fatalities, widespread destruction, and devastating community impacts. The Fire Safety Research Institute (FSRI) conducted an extensive data collection effort to establish a comprehensive timeline and fact base around the Lahaina fires. This Lahaina Fire Comprehensive Timeline Report (Phase 1) report focuses on the events that occurred prior to, during, and immediately following the Lahaina fire, such as preparedness efforts, weather and its impact to infrastructure, and other fires occurring on Maui for the time period beginning at 14:55 (2:55 p.m. HST) on August 8, 2023, and concluding at 08:30 (8:30 a.m.) on August 9, 2023. Data from the three (3) other Maui fires is also included in specific sections to give context to the situation in Lahaina.
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Regan, Jack, and Robin Zevotek. Study of the Fire Service Training Environment: Safety and Fidelity in Concrete Live Fire Training Buildings. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/wxtw8877.
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The goal of fire service training is to prepare students for the conditions and challenges that they face on the fireground. Among the challenges that firefighters routinely face on the fireground are ventilation-controlled fires. The hazard of these fires has been highlighted by several line-of-duty deaths and injuries in which a failure to understand the fire dynamics produced by these fires has been a contributing factor. The synthetic fuels that commonly fill contemporary homes tend to result in ventilation-controlled conditions. While synthetic fuels are common on the residential fireground, the fuels that firefighters use for fire training are more often representative of natural, wood-based fuels. In order to better understand the fire dynamics of these training fires, a series of experiments was conducted in a concrete live fire training building in an effort to evaluate the fidelity and safety of two training fuels, pallets and OSB, and compare the fire dynamics created by these fuels to those created by a fuel load representative of a living room set with furniture items with a synthetic components. Additionally, the effects of the concrete live fire training building on the fire dynamics were examined. The two training fuel loads were composed of wooden pallets and straw, and pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). The results indicated that the high leakage area of the concrete live fire training building relative to the fuel load prevented the training fuel packages from becoming ventilation-controlled and prevented the furniture package from entering a state of oxygen-depleted decay. The furniture experiments progressed to flashover once ventilation was provided. Under the conditions tested, the wood based fuels, combined with the construction features of this concrete live fire training building, limited the ability to teach ventilation-controlled fire behavior and the associated firefighting techniques. Additionally, it was shown that the potential for thermal injury to firefighters participating in a training evolution existed well below thresholds where firefighter PPE would be damaged.
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W. G. Houf. The effect of scattering by soot aggregates on radiative transfer in large-scale hydrocarbon pool fires. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/750926.
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Harry, D. G., and K. L. Macinnes. The effect of forest fires on permafrost terrain stability, Little Chicago-Travaillant Lake area, Mackenzie Valley, N.W.T. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/122664.
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DiDomizio, Matthew, and Jonathan Butta. Measurement of Heat Transfer and Fire Damage Patterns on Walls for Fire Model Validation. UL Research Institutes, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/hnkr9109.
Full textAbstract:
Fire models are presently employed by fire investigators to make predictions of fire dynamics within structures. Predictions include the evolution of gas temperatures and velocities, smoke movement, fire growth and spread, and thermal exposures to surrounding objects, such as walls. Heat flux varies spatially over exposed walls based on the complex thermal interactions within the fire environment, and is the driving factor for thermally induced fire damage. A fire model predicts the temperature and heat transfer through walls based on field predictions, such as radiative and convective heat flux, and is also subject to the boundary condition represen-tation, which is at the discretion of model practitioners. At the time of writing, Fire Dynamics Simulator can represent in-depth heat transfer through walls, and transverse heat transfer is in a preliminary development stage. Critically, limited suitable data exists for validation of heat trans-fer through walls exposed to fires. Mass loss and discoloration fire effects are directly related to the heat transfer and thermal decomposition of walls, therefore it is crucial that the representation of transverse heat transfer in walls in fire models be validated to ensure that fire investigators can produce accurate simulations and reconstructions with these tools. The purpose of this study was to conduct a series of experiments to obtain data that addresses three validation spaces: 1) thermal exposure to walls from fires; 2) heat transfer within walls exposed to fires; and 3) fire damage patterns arising on walls exposed to fires. Fire Safety Research Institute, part of UL Research Institutes, in collaboration with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Fire Research Laboratory, led this novel research endeavor. Experiments were performed on three types of walls to address the needs in this validation space: 1. Steel sheet (304 stainless steel, 0.793 mm thick, coated in high-emissivity high-temperature paint on both sides). This wall type was used to support the heat flux validation objective. By combining measurements of gas temperatures near the wall with surface temperatures obtained using infrared thermography, estimates of the incident heat flux to the wall were produced. 2. Calcium silicate board (BNZ Marinite I, 12.7 mm thick). This wall type was used to support the heat transfer validation objective. Since calcium silicate board is a noncombustible material with well-characterized thermophysical properties at elevated temperatures, measurements of surface temperature may be used to validate transverse heat transfer in a fire model without the need to account for a decomposition mechanism. 3. Gypsum wallboard (USG Sheetrock Ultralight, 12.7 mm thick, coated in white latex paint on the exposed side). This wall type was used to support the fire damage patterns validation objective. Two types of fire effects were considered: 1) discoloration and charring of the painted paper facing of the gypsum wallboard; and 2) mass loss of the gypsum wallboard (which is related to the calcination of the core material). In addition to temperature and heat flux measurements, high resolution photographs of fire patterns were recorded, and mass loss over the entirety of the wall was measured by cutting the wall into smaller samples and measuring the mass of each individual sample. A total of 63 experiments were conducted, encompassing seven fire sources and three wall types (each combination conducted in triplicate). Fire sources included a natural gas burner, gasoline and heptane pools, wood cribs, and upholstered furniture. A methodology was developed for obtaining estimates of field heat flux to a wall using a large plate heat flux sensor. This included a numerical optimization scheme to account for convection heat transfer. These data characterized the incident heat flux received by calcium silicate board and gypsum wallboard in subsequent experiments. Fire damage patterns on the gypsum wallboard, attributed to discoloration and mass loss fire effects, were measured. It was found that heat flux and mass loss fields were similar for a given fire type, but the relationship between these measurements was not consistent across all fire types. Therefore, it was concluded that cumulative heat flux does not adequately describe the mass loss fire effect. Fire damage patterns attributed to the discoloration fire effect were defined as the line of demarcation separating charred and uncharred regions of the wall. It was found that the average values of cumulative heat flux and mass loss ratio coinciding with the fire damage patterns were 10.41 ± 1.51 MJ m−2 and 14.86 ± 2.08 %, respectively. These damage metrics may have utility in predicting char delineation damage patterns in gypsum wallboard using a fire model, with the mass loss ratio metric being overall the best fit over all exposures considered. The dataset produced in this study has been published to a public repository, and may be accessed from the following URL: <https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10543089>.