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1
Demir, Hasan Ülkü Semra. "Synergistic effect of natural zeolites on flame retardant additives/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/kimyamuh/T000514.rar.
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Kayili, Serkan. "Effect Of Vehicles'." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611290/index.pdf.
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Road and railways tunnels are constructed for decreasing the transportation time inside city or intercity. The fire safety systems are mounted for the safe use of tunnels. Therefore, it is important to accurately predict the fire-induced air velocity,temperature and smoke concentrations in tunnel fires in order to design efficient fire protection systems. To this end, scaled tunnel models are used and experiments are
carried to understand the phenomena on these tunnel models. In addition, the studies for investigating the tunnel fire phenomena and their methods of modeling techniques for fire experiments are mentioned. In the literature, there is no sufficient information about vehicles'blockage effect on heat release rate and temperature distribution inside tunnel with different ventilation velocities. As a result, in order to research this subject, the scaled model tunnel is constructed in Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. Based on the Froude number scaling, wood sticks with different configuration inside the model tunnel are burned in a controlled environment. The heat release rate measurement, sampling of gases after combustion, mass loss rate of burning models and temperature distribution along the tunnels with different longitudinal ventilation velocities are measured to investigate the effect of different cross-sectional areas of the burning substances. Furthermore, the model vehicles having a square base area are built according to wood crib theory. The results are investigated with statistical techniques called "
Analysis of Variance"
and general results have been tried to be reached. It is determined that the variation of air velocity inside tunnel is not so effective, but model vehicle'
s cross sectional area is directly proportional to heat release rate.
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Pool, Christiaan Frederik. "The effect of modified fuel loads on fire behaviour in Pinus patula and Eucalyptus macarthurii stands in the Mpumalanga Highveld forestry region of South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010958.
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The effectiveness of harvesting slash treatments are questionable when wild fires, fuelled by post harvesting slash, burn out of control. In order to quantify effectiveness of various slash treatments, fire behaviour in Pinus patula and Eucalyptus macarthurii compartments in the Highveld area (Piet Retief) of Mpumalanga, South Africa, were assessed after application of five different post-harvesting slash treatments. Treatments included mulching, chopper rolling, windrowing, removal of slash (inter-windrowing) and broadcasting. Independent fuel and environmental variables were measured prior and during application of fire to the study areas and effects on fire behaviour were compared afterwards. Dependant fire behaviour variables such as the rate of spread, fire temperature and flame height were measured in respective slash treatment plots and compared. Results of the study indicated that fire behaviour assessed in mulched areas in both the P. patula and E. macarthurii compartments were significantly less intense when compared to fire behaviour in chopper roll, broadcast and windrow treatments. Fire behaviour in mulched plots compared favourably with areas where harvesting slash was removed (inter-windrow treatment). Comparisons between fuel loads of different treatments also indicated accelerated mineralization of organic material in mulched areas. Mulching of harvesting slash seems to be an effective method to restrict fire behaviour in post-harvesting compartments and should be considered as part of a fire management strategy.
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Balfour, Victoria Nairn. "The effect of forest fires on runoff rates the role of duff removal and surface sealing by vegetative ash, western Montana /." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12202007-181528/.
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Yii, H. W. (Jennifer). "Effect of Surface Area and Thickness on Fire Loads." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8304.
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The report reviews the effect of surface area and thickness of fire loads in predicting the value of the heat release rate. The investigation arises from current Ph. D research at the University of Canterbury identifying the need for fire load data, which also includes the exposed surface area of the fuel items, so that the rate and duration of burning can be better assessed, especially during post-flashover fires. This is because at some stage of the fire, the fuel is no longer dependent on the ventilation characteristics but the surface area exposed to the fire.
The investigation of the effect of surface and thickness on fire load is first carried out with the burning of single items, such as furniture normally found in each building occupancy. Later, fire load surveys on a range of typical building occupancies, such as university offices, motels and residential are conducted. Simple models for calculating the surface area of the fire load, especially for wood and plastic materials have been determined.
Based on the methodology developed for the investigation, it is found that the larger the exposure of the fuel surface area to the fire, the higher the heat release rate, and the thicker the fuel, the longer the duration of burning. In other words, the value of the heat release rate is a function of the surface area, while the duration of burning is a function of the thickness of the fuel. Burning behaviour of the fire load inside a fire compartment during a post-flashover fire, based on the exposed surface to the fire is also presumed.
Previous fire load surveys conducted are also included for comparisons of the results.
Recommendations for future study of the effect of the surface area and thickness on fire loads during a fire are provided.
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Myers, Alexandra. "A computational study of the effect of cross wind on the flow of fire fighting agent." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FMyers.pdf.
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Yau, Tsz Man. "Effect of lining thermal inertia on small-scale compartment fire." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2001. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/22767/.
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The use of small scale facilities in experimental fire research studies is well estabhshed. This thesis concerns the use of small scale facilities to examine principally the influence of thermal inertia of the lining material on ventilated enclosure fire The radiation error of the thermocouple reading was studied using radiation network models. Previous theoretical studies were implemented to provide improved models appropriate to the more complex arrangements considered here. Modeling was used to assess the radiation error of different sizes of thermocouple in the hot layer measuring position for post and pre flashover fires, and the models were compared with experiment. The current range of thermal inertia values for building products is much wider than those used in the regression by which the classical theory of pre-flashover temperature was derived (McCaffery et al. 1981). The range considered here is greater then has previously been considered by systematic experimental testing whilst maintaining all other independent key variables constant. Using of reasonable assumptions, the mass loss rates of non-flashover and flashover conditions were predicted by numerical calculation integrated with a zone model. Successful prediction was also made for published tests where sufficient information was available, and good agreement was found irrespective of flashover, scale or geometry. Two important and necessary assumptions used in the zone model, concerning specifically radiation heat transfer in the flashover condition are: that an average temperature of hot gas and flashover flame may be represented by a single thermocouple measurement; and that the massive increase in production of flanu-nable vapours from the fuel surface during flashover leads to a "cool core" partial scattering or blocking of the incident radiant heat from the flashover flame and hot gas. A computer programme was developed to implement and test recent flashover theory (Graharn et al. 1995). A logarithinic relationship has here been suggested between the thermal inertia parameter ', 8' and thermal inertia value of lining material. That relationship matches the current experimental results and other published data. The occurrence of flashover and the value of hot gas peak or steady temperature can be predicted using the computer programme, based on the published theory.
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Lundin, Johan. "Safety in case of fire : the effect of changing regulations /." Lund : Dept. of Fire Safety Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 2005. http://www.brand.lth.se/bibl/1032.pdf.
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Seputro, Jenny. "Effect of Support Conditions on Steel Beams Exposed of Fire." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8293.
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The performance of steel structures at elevated temperature is determined by many factors. This report describes the analytical investigation of a single span steel beam using the nonlinear finite element program, SAFIR. Four support conditions and additional axial spring were used to model structural elements with various level of axial and flexural restraint.
Different fires were applied and the effect of the applied load, number of fire-exposed sides and location of the line of support were analysed in terms of the midspan deflection, bending moment distribution and axial force in the axially restraint beams. It was found that beams with axial restraint, especially those with rotational restraint are very sensitive to the stress-strain relationship of the steel at elevated temperatures.
This research is intended to be a preliminary study leading to the detailed behaviour of complex steel frames such as those tested at Cardington. Some important aspects that could not be included in this project need further investigation in future research.
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Bayer, Andreas Paul Adolf. "Biomass forest modelling using UAV LiDAR data under fire effect." Master's thesis, ISA, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21269.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de LisboaThe main goal of the study is to analyse the possibility of quantifying the loss of biomass in burned forest stands using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. Since wildfires are not uncommon in Mediterranean areas, it is useful to quantify the magnitude of fire damage in forests. With the use of remote sensing, it is possible to plan post-fire recovery management and to quantify the losses of biomass and carbon stock. Mata Nacional de Leiria (MNL) was chosen, because, after the fire in October 2017, it showed areas with low and medium-high fire severity. MNL is divided in several rectangular management units (MU). To achieve our objective, it was necessary to find a MU with burned and unburned areas. In this selection process, we used Sentinel-2 images. The fire severity was estimated by deriving a spectral index related with the effects of fire and to compute the temporal difference (pre- minus post-fire) of this index, the delta normalized burn ratio (DNBR). Forest inventory was carried out in four plots installed in the selected MU. Allometric equations were used to estimate values of stand aboveground biomass. These values were used to fit a relationship with data extracted from LiDAR cloud metrics. The LiDAR data were acquired with a VLP-16 Velodyne LiDAR PUCK™ mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) at an altitude of 60 m above the ground. The point clouds were then processed with the FUSION software until a cloud metrics was generated and then regression models were used to fit equations related to LiDAR-derived parameters. Two biomass equations were fit, one with the whole tree metrics having a R² = 0,95 and a second one only considering the tree crown metrics presenting a R² = 0,93. The state of the forest (unburned/burned) was significant on the final equation
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Anderson, Scott Kenneth. "Qualitative Study of the Effect of a Compartment Enclosure on Fire Plume Entrainment." Digital WPI, 2005. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1161.
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Zone Models are a widely used tool in fire protection engineering to predict how fires will develop in compartments. Zone models use entrainment algorithms for plumes in the open and the effect of enclosures on the entrainment is currently unclear. This work was a systematic study of six global parameters that effect flame height and the enclosure effect on fire plume entrainment.
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Thomas, Paul B., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "Effects of factors associated with the season of a fire on germination of species forming soil seedbanks in the fire-prone Hawkesbury sandstone region of Sydney, Australia." THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Thomas_P.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/697.
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Fire is a recurrent disturbance that removes above ground vegetation in many locations throughout the world, including the Sydney region. Many species in fire-prone locations, and most species in the Sydney region, form soil seedbanks and regenerate through post-fire germination. However, a germination response is determined by the fire regime acting as a selective pressure over a sufficient period of time, rather than a single fire. The components of the fire-regime are intensity, season, type and frequency. The natural fire regime is dominated by warm-season fire, but management burning is conducted in cooler seasons. Cool season burning produces lower levels of germination than warm season fires in a number of locations with Mediterranean-type climate, but the effects of cool season burning on species composition in the relatively aseasonal Sydney region is unknown. An experimental approach was adopted to address this lack of knowledge. Fire can be simulated using heat shock and smoke (fire cues), and the seasonal factors of temperature and water availability can be reproduced in the laboratory. I have investigated the effect of various combinations of heat shock and smoke, of various pre-and post-fire cue temperatures, of prefire cue hydration status, of various post-fire cue water availabilities, and of accelerated aging before application of fire cues on germination of a number of species forming soil seedbanks in the Sydney region. A degree of primary dormancy was overcome in most species by the combination of heat shock and smoke in the current investigation. Fire intensity is expected to influence germination, as germination of most species was increased by the combination of heat shock and smoke within a narrow heat shock range.The interaction between ambient temperature and the level of heat shock may affect germination. Soil water content, and thus seed moisture content at the time of a fire may interact with the level of heat shock to affect both germination and survival of a seed. The age of a seed may also affect its germination response to fire. The above factors are predicted to affect the germination of species differently, and thus season of fire is expected to alter species composition. Such predictions can be readily field-testedDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Nacewicz, Rebecca Marie. "Investigation of fire impact on structural steel through case studies." Link to electronic thesis, 2006. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050406-105306/.
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Parkinson, David L. "Performance based design of structural steel for fire conditions." Link to electronic thesis, 2002. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0821102-115014.
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Crocker, Jeremiah. "The effect of sprinkler sprays on fire induced mass flow rates." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2008. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-053008-142400/.
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Woodman, Brett. "The Effect of Season of Fire on Post-fire Legacies in Northwestern Ontario Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) Mixedwoods." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/969.
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Prescribed burns are employed in the southern boreal forest of northwest Ontario, Canada, as a method of re-instating fire in this fire-dependent landscape. They are also used to manage fuel loads associated with tree mortality from defoliating insects and from blow-downs, as well as in-site preparation following harvest. The natural fire season in boreal Canada typically runs from April through September and is most often characterized by stand replacing fires. However, prescribed burns in northwestern Ontario are mostly scheduled for October when fire crews and equipment are available and fire hazard is reduced. In this study, three recent fires: a spring prescribed natural fire, a summer wildfire, and a fall prescribed burn were examined to assess the effect of season on post-fire legacies in red-pine mixedwood stands in Quetico Provincial Park, northwestern Ontario. Legacies were assessed by tree, shrub and herb species composition, and by measurements of structure such as litter depth, basal areas of live trees and coarse woody debris. Tree species diversity was nearly identical. Post-fire stand structure varied widely between the different sites. The spring treatment experienced the least mortality of trees (10% of basal area dead); the summer treatment had the highest mortality (100%); and the fall prescribed burn was intermediate with 49% dead. The effect of the fall burn on the forest was probably more intense than that of a comparable natural fall fire because of the way in which it was managed, thus partly compensating for the late season. This research suggests that all fires are not equal. Different post-fire structure will have lasting ecological implications such as varying edge to interior ratios, and forest habitats. From a policy perspective this is important because maintaining ecological processes including fire is mandated for some provincial parks. In addition, the new Fire Policy for Ontario has established targets to limit wildfires, and permit ecologically renewing fires, without recognition of the variability of the effects of fire or fire legacies.
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Supporta, Giulio Fulvio. "Experimental study of jet fire impingment in pipelines." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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The continuous growth of the global industrial sector has led to an increasing need for the transportation of oil, gas and chemicals through pipelines. The need for compactness of the pipelines along the corridors involves a relatively short distance between one pipe and another, thus leading to a certain degree of risk associated with their potential interaction. Furthermore, as the transported fluids may be flammable, any accidental release due to cracking or leakage in one of the pipelines could lead to an accidental scenario with severe consequences for the population, structures and the environment.
A hypothetical accident in one of these pipes can lead to the occurrence of a domino effect, leading to an escalation of effects involving the other pipes. In the case of jet fires, the thermal action produced may lead to a certain risk of ignition of the released material, thus causing a progressive increase in the severity of the consequences. With the development of a jet fire, the high thermal flow that reaches an adjacent pipeline can damage the secondary target by widening the scale of the accident, especially if there is flame impingement.
In order to study the thermal evolution of jet fires and quantify the thermal response of a target object placed perpendicular to the flame, a laboratory equipment has been used to obtain data on propane jet fires affecting a pipe containing a gaseous or liquid fluid.
In this experimental configuration, pressure and temperature measurements for various propane release rates were performed with the appropriate instrumentation in order to calculate the absorbed heat and convective heat exchange coefficient of the target tube.
In order to prevent the occurrence of these accidental fire scenarios, and in particular jet fire, a special type of passive fire protection, such as intumescent coatings, capable of forming an insulating layer when stressed by an external heat source, was also examined.
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Bergenheim, Veronica. "Effekter av naturliga och antropogena bränder i skogar inom Norrköpings kommun." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105126.
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Tätortsnära naturreservat med vandringsleder och stigar bidrar till mycket mänsklig aktivitet. Denna aktivitet kan mynna ut i skogsbränder och naturvårdsbränningar som påverkar mark, träd och annan vegetation och bidrar tillhögre naturvärden och gynnar de få arter som är beroende av brand. Syftet med studien var att inventera brandfält i naturreservat som uppkommit spontant eller av antropogena aktiviteter. Studien innefattade att utvärdera hur träden reagerat på brand och om branden lett till en förändrad biologisk mångfald.Tolv talldominerade brandfält i fyra naturreservat inventerades. Ett brandfält är efter en kontrollerad naturvårdsbränning medan orsaken till de andra är okända. Resultaten visar på lågt antal skadade och stående döda träd samt en låg andel föryngring i flera brandfält. Dessa bränder påverkar biodiversiteten genom att de har gett en förändrad struktur och livsmiljö i jämförelse med obrända miljöer.
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Ratsele, Clement Ratsele. "Long-term ecological effects of rangeland burning, grazing and browsing on vegetation and organic matter dynamics." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006844.
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To proffer a sustainable solution to ecological degradation in rangeland ecosystems as a consequence of fire, grazing and browsing, an understanding of rangeland ecological processes is vital. Due to the complexity of ecological processes and their interrelationships, it is usually difficult or expensive to directly measure status of ecological processes. Therefore, biological and physical characteristics are often used to indicate the functionality of ecological processes and site integrity. Long-term effects of fire, grazing and browsing on characteristics of the vegetation and organic matter and their subsequent effects on selected rangelands ecosystem ecological processes was conducted at Honeydale section of the University of Fort Hare farm in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and Matopos Research Station in Zimbabwe. In this study, attributes of biotic community integrity (species richness, composition and diversity), soil stability (basal cover, standing dead grass biomass, tuft to tuft distance, tufts diameter, canopy distance and stem to stem distance), productivity and plant vigour (grass yield, total canopy volume, plant height, canopy height, canopy diameter, main stem diameter, sprouts diameter and number of sprouts) and hydrologic function and nutrient cycling (grass litter biomass, soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon) were used to estimate long-term effects of burning, grazing and browsing by goats on the functionality of ecological processes in the rangeland ecosystem. Burning did not have differential effect on grass species richness (P>0.05), woody species diversity as well as compositional percentage for D.eriatha, C.plurinodis, S.fimbriatus, A.karro and E.rigida. Burning increased decreasers and increaser II species proportions and reduced (P ≤ 0.05) grass yield, total canopy volume, tree height, canopy height main stem diameter and sprouts diameter. Long-term burning, grazing, and goats browsing had differential effects on site stability. The effects on basal cover, tuft to tuft distance, tufts diameter, canopy distance and basal distance as a consequence of long-term burning, grazing, and goats browsing were not significantly different, whereas the effects on standing dead grass biomass as a result of long-term burning frequencies were significantly different. Long-term effects of burning followed by ten-year period of fire exclusion had significantly different effects on tuft-tuft distance but did not have statistically different effects on tufts diameter, canopy distance and basal distance. Long-term burning grazing and browsing had significantly different effects on attributes of hydrologic functions and nutrient cycling in the rangeland ecosystem (grass litter biomass, SOC and BMC). Long-term effects of burning followed by ten-year period of fire exclusion had significantly different effects on grass litter biomass, and SOC. Through their effect on vegetation and organic matter characteristics, burning, grazing and browsing could influence functionality of selected rangeland ecological processes such as biological community integrity, productivity and plant vigour, site stability, hydrologic function and nutrient cycling.
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Corinaldesi, Ilaria. "Equipment vulnerability models for the assessment of domino effect caused by fire." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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Domino effect is considered one of the principal potential harms for major accident scenarios in chemical and process industry. It can be defined as a propagation of the primary event due to escalation vectors, generated by the physical effects of the primary scenario, resulting in an overall scenario more severe than the primary event that triggered the escalation.
Over the last years, this growing concern leads to introduce the assessment of domino effect in the Quantitative Risk Analysis, as can be read in the Seveso Directives.
This thesis work focused on the definition of a new vulnerability models for equipment exposed to fire, capable to take into account not only the characteristics of the targets but also the space and time evolution of the heat radiation. In particular, two probit equations, one for atmospheric tanks and one for pressurized tanks, have been developed.
The first part of the study is dedicated to the definition of the dose and of the probit coefficients, using data sets derived from previous publications.
Subsequently, some accidental scenarios were chosen in order to evaluate the validity of these equations and then, results obtained with the new method were compared to those ones obtained with a threshold values approach.
In the final part of the work, the procedure developed has been applied to a case study.
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Godfrey, Joel E. "Fire Occurrence, Behavior and the Effect of Fire on Deer Mouse Density in Oakbrush at Camp Williams National Guard Base, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 1995. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3626.
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Fire occurrence and behavior were determined by collecting and analyzing fuel , weather , and fire history ii data. Fuel plots were used to measure average fuel loading by vegetation type and integrated with weather to make worst - case fire behavior prediction s . A fire history was developed using oakbrush (Quercus qaffibelli Nutt . ) sprouts to determine age and the Global Positioning System (GPS) for mapping the burned areas . Average fuel loading was highest in the oakbrush fuel type with 16.8 t/ha , then juniper (Juniperus ost eosoerma Torrey ) with 6 . 72 t/ha , and the lowest was in sagebrush (Artemisia triden~at a Nutt. ) with 4 . 93 t/ha . Fire behavior predictions were similar for all fuel types. The fire rotation for the study area was calculated to be 30 years. The fire history showed the most hectares burned were in the oakbrush fuel type due to fuel loading and horizontal continuity. Prescribed burns and negative fuel breaks were suggested as management alternatives.
The effect of fire on deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) density in oakbrush was determined by using a trapping web design with distance sampling techniques . Webs were set in four pairs with one web of each pair being in 7- year- old burned oakbrush and the other web in unburned oakbrush. Variables such as shrub height and litter depth were recorded in order to reduce variance . Trapping occurred in June 1994 with each web set for two consecutive nights using 80 Museum Special snap traps spaced 6 m apart on eight lines . Density estimates were determined by using a computer program called DI STANCE and then analyzed using analysis of variance with a randomized block design . No significant differences between deer mouse densities were detected between burned and unburned oakbrush. Although litter depth and shrub height were both significantly less in burned sites, it did not affect deer mouse density . The conclusion from these result s was that after 7 years oakbrush had recovered to a point that the effect of fire on deer mouse density was negligible.
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White, Katrina Marie, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Effects of fire on a prairie arthropod community." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2000, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/125.
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In this study, I addressed how a large-scale wildfire affected a prairie arthropod community in southern Alberta, Canada. First, I looked at the general effects of disturbance on the arthropod community. Second, I addressed how processes such as competition and secondary succession may have affected diversity in this arthropod community. Third, I determined how the arthropod community trophic structure was regulated.
Results showed that the effect of disturbance on arthropods varies greatly by taxa. Factors, such as site, year, distance from disturbance edge, as well as the disturbance itself, were important in determing the abudance, biomass, richness, and diversity of the arthropod community. There were strong year-to-year differences hat exceeded the disturbance effects. Results showed that the processess behind the intermediate
disturbance hypothesis, succession and competition are not detectable in this arthropod community. This arthropod community was likely regulated in a bottom-up manner, in which herbivores ultimately control the abundance of predators and parasitoids.x, 97 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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DeBano, Leonard F., Malchus B. Jr Baker, and Peter F. Ffolliott. "Evaluating the Effect of Fire on Dissolved Constituents in Streamflow: A Commentary." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296474.
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Magomani, Matimba Israel. "The effect of fire management on chemical and physical properties of rangelands." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6191.
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The use of fire in rangeland has become standard practice for decades; however, there is no shared understanding of how fire affects soil properties. The exact relationship between fire and soil properties is still yet to be understood. The differences in fire frequency, fire intensity, fire severity, the period between fire and sampling resulted in contradictory results amongst studies. A long-term trial at the University of Fort Hare provides a valuable experimental layout for fire research. The trial was established in 1980 with the aim of investigating the effect of burning frequency on vegetation species composition and biomass production. The objective of this study was however to determine the effect of fire management on soil chemical and physical properties under the long-term burning experiment. The treatments of the study site were: no burn (K), annual (B1), biennial (B2), triennial (B3), quadrennial (B4) and sexennial (B6) burns. A line intercept sampling technique was used to collect the soil samples from the surface (0 to 75 mm) for both chemical and physical analysis. All Burning treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased the bulk density (Db), soil pH, total cations, Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca), but reduced the soil porosity and exchangeable acidity when compared to the control. Hydraulic conductivity (Ks), water conducting macroporosity (WCM) and total nitrogen were reduced under more frequent burning treatments (B1, B2), as compared to less frequent burning treatments (B3, B4, B6). The aggregate stability showed an opposite trend. Total organic carbon (TOC) was reduced only under annual burning treatment. Burning frequencies did not impact the extractable Phosphorus (p), Potassium (K), Sodium, soil water repellency and water content significantly (P > 0.05). The risk associated with annual burning showed in this study might facilitate processes such as overflow that lead to soil degradation. Triennial burning in rangeland ecosystem supports soil conservation practices. Further studies that measure the quality of rangeland in triennial burning is necessary.
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Iqbal, Naveed. "Analysis of Catenary Effect in Steel Beams and Trusses Exposed to Fire." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26191.
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The goals of structural design are fundamentally different when designing structures at normal temperature or when designing them in a fire situation. While structures are primarily designed for normal temperature situations considering the different design limit states, in the fire design situation, however, the already designed structure is assessed for its resistance in the fire design limit state. The assessment of the structure in the fire limit state may lead to either active or passive fire protection measures. The assessment of the structure in fire may be done in several different domains such as its structural resistance, integrity of structural components to prevent spread of fire and insulation properties of materials. The focus of the thesis presented here is on the structural resistance of steel structural members particularly steel beams and trusses in fire situations.The Eurocodes permit designers to use either a simple prescriptive design procedure or a more complex performance based procedure for design of structures in fire. The prescriptive design is a simple choice regarding design of steel structures in fire due to their use of simple analytical equations; but through several studies it has been established that this approach might be conservative and in some situations it might not reflect the complexity of interaction between the heated structural members and its surrounding colder parts of the structure. The performance based approach has therefore been increasingly adopted in structural fire design, which, although more complex than the prescriptive approach, is closer to the real structural behaviour.Through a performance based approach, this thesis aims to establish that steel structural members are able to offer structural resistance in fire situations that are much higher than would be expected from a prescriptive approach. Two different types of structural members such as steel beams in multi-storey buildings and trusses in single storey buildings were considered here. It has been shown through extensive finite element analysis in both cases that actual resistance of these structural members in fire situations can exceed their primary resistance mechanism through flexure. Alternative load transfer mechanism through catenary action offers the added resistance at much higher temperatures than the conventional critical temperatures from prescriptive design. The thesis also proposes simplified calculation procedures that can be used to reasonably predict the structural resistance at elevated temperatures considering the catenary action.Godkänd; 2016; 20160808 (naviqb); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Naveed Iqbal Ämne: Stålbyggnad /Steel Structures Avhandling: Analysis of Catenary Effect in Steel Beams and Trusses Exposed to Fire Opponent: Professor Paulo Vila Real, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal. Ordförande: Professor Milan Veljkovic, Avdelningen för byggkonstruktion och produktion, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet, Luleå. Tid: Tisdag 6 september 2016, kl 10.00 Plats: F531, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Kitchenka, Julie A. "Feasibility and design of blast mitigation systems for naval applications using water mist fire suppression systems." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1473.
Full textAbstract:
CIVINSThe recent trend of using fine water mist systems to replace the legacy HALON-1301 fire suppression systems warrants further study into other applications of the water mist systems. Preliminary research and investigation indicates that fine mists (20-25 micro droplet size) may reduce peak overpressures of a shock wave traveling through a space. Such pressure reductions could be used to mitigate the destructive effects of a shock wave (initiated by an explosive device) traveling through a structure. Currently these blast mitigation effects have only been demonstrated in small-scale shock tube tests and computer simulations. Uncertainty exists as to the scalability of such a system. The intention of this research is to investigate the applicability of such a blast mitigation system for shipboard use. Study into the degree of mitigation necessary to make a system practical for shipboard installation was conducted. In addition, a theoretical study of the mechanisms of blast mitigation using water mists was completed.
CIVINS
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Sherratt, Jo. "The effect of thermoplastics melt flow behaviour on the dynamics of fire growth." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4788.
Full textAbstract:
The UK Health & Safety Executive are responsible for advising on ways to ensure the safety of employees within the workplace. One of the main areas of concern is the potential problem of unwanted fire, and it has been identified that within the area of large-scale storage in warehouses, there is an uncertainty posed by large quantities of thermoplastic. Some forms of thermoplastic exhibit melt-flow behaviour when heated, and a large vertical array exposed to a fire may melt and ignite forming a pool fire in addition to a wall fire. This project is largely experimental, and aimed at quantifying the effect of a growing pool fire fuelled by a melting wall on overall fire growth rate. The pool fire has been found to increase melting and burning rates, producing a much faster growing fire. It has also been found that - 80% of flowing and burning material will enter a potential pool fire, with only 20 - 25% of total mass loss actually burning from the original array. During the project 400+ small-scale tests and several medium-scale experiments have been undertaken at both Edinburgh University and the HSE's Fire & Explosion Laboratory, Buxton. The experiments have confirmed the main parameters governing pool fire development are molecular weight degradation rate and mechanism, which control flow viscosity. There have also been investigations into other influences, the most significant of which was found to be flooring substrate. These parameters then form the basis of a simple 1-D model. A semi-infinite heat transfer approximation is used to determine temperature profile through a thermoplastic exposed to its own flame flux, with extrapolated temperature dependant material properties. The derived profile is then inserted into a gravity driven flow model, to produce estimates of flow rate and quantity for plastics undergoing either random or end chain scission thermal degradation processes. The model identifies property data which are required to permit its use as a hazard assessment tool.
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Mounaud, Laurent Georges. "A Parametric Study of the Effect of Fire Source Elevation in a Compartment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30916.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the present study was to acquire a better understanding of parameters controlling the species generation and transport from compartment fires. The experiments were performed in a half-scale ISO 9705 compartment and a 6.1 m long hallway connected in a head-on configuration. The buoyancy driven propane fire was provided by a burner and a continuous gaseous fuel supply system. All the measurements were obtained during the steady state of the fire. The ventilation conditions were fixed and three different fire source elevations were studied for heat release rates ranging from 20 kW to 150kW.
The species yields were obtained from performing detailed mapping measurements at the compartment and hallway exit planes. The measurements included local specie mole fractions of oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. The local temperature and the local pressure (for local gas velocity calculations) were also measured. In addition, visual observations of the flow dynamic were performed through a window and the vents to give useful insights and lead to a better understanding of the combustion process.
The data obtained from the species generation study was analyzed using previously developed methods. The method based on equivalence ratio was presented and determined inappropriate for the present study where the global equivalence ratio was not equal to the plume equivalence ratio due to the complexity of the fire dynamic taking place. The method consisting of correlating the species yields based on the combustion within the compartment as a function of a non dimensional heat release rate allowed qualitative conclusions to be made. The non-dimensional heat release rate was based on the fuel load and the geometric parameters of the compartment. This methodology revealed similarities in the species production between the three fire source elevations investigated. A correlation of the data was obtained based on experimental data.
The transport of species to remote locations was studied for the three fire source elevations and fixed ventilation conditions. Species mole fractions and yields were obtained at the compartment exit plane (compartment/hallway interface) and at the hallway exit plane. The results were compared for various heat release rates and showed differences for some scenarios attributed to mixing along the hallway and oxidation reactions outside the compartment.Master of Science
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Kahn, Jonathan Kenneth. "The effect of managed fire, isolation, and habitat fragmentation on forest Lepidoptera diversity." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407149455.
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Stoner, Scott Jaques. "EARLY INDICATORS OF PULMONARY CHANGE INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO COMBUSTION-GENERATED PARTICULATES (LUNG, LAVAGE, FIRE)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275363.
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Avila, Melissa Barter. "The effect of resin type and glass content on the fire engineering properties of typical FRP composites." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2007. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-040307-133151/.
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Jefferies, J. "The effect of burning on selected biological and physico-chemical properties of surface peat horizons on the North York Moors." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377320.
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Khanal, Bikash. "Post Buckling of Non Sway Axially Restrained Columns Under Thermal(Fire) Loads." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1543.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to numerically investigate the effects of slenderness ratios and end rotational restraints on the post-buckling behavior of non-sway columns. To study the effect of end restraints, numerical solutions were generated for three different support conditions, namely, hinged-hinged, fixed-hinged and fixed-fixed. Furthermore, for each of these support conditions, the effects of slenderness ratios on the post-buckling response were analyzed by considering the slenderness ratios of 50,125 and 200. Based on the numerical data presented in this thesis, the following conclusions can be made. The unrestrained columns under mechanical loads do not exhibit any significant post-buckling strength. Restrained Columns subjected to thermal loading undergo significantly smaller deformations in contrast to unrestrained columns, where deformations are relatively larger as the loads are increased only slightly above their critical levels. The mechanical post-buckling response does not seem to depend on the slenderness ratios of the columns ;whereas the thermal post-buckling response depends on the slenderness ratios of the columns with the relative deformation decreasing with slenderness ratio at a given temperature ratio. Post buckling behavior of columns subjected to mechanical loadings does not seem to change when the rotational restraints are added whereas in case of columns subjected to thermal loading, the post-buckling response depends on the rotational restraints at the ends of the column. o For a constant slenderness ratio, the deflection ratio was found out to be the smallest for the hinged-hinged column and largest for the fixed-fixed column subjected to thermal loads at a given temperature ratio.
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Mansour, Khalid A. "Fires in large atmospheric storage tanks and their effect on adjacent tanks." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12196.
Full textAbstract:
A suite of models were integrated to predict the potential of a large liquid hydrocarbon storage tank fire escalating and involving neighbouring tanks, as a result of thermal loading. A steady state pool fire radiant heat model was combined with a further model, in order to predict the distribution of thermal loading over the surface of an adjacent tank, and another model was incorporated to predict the thermal response of the contents of the adjacent tank. In order to predict if, or when, an adjacent tank will ignite, the radiant heat from the fire received by the adjacent tank must be quantified. There are a range of mathematical models available in the literature to calculate the radiant heat flux to a specified target and each of these models is based on assumptions about the fire. The performance of three of these models, which vary in complication, was analysed (the single point source model, the solid flame model and the fire dynamics simulator computational fluid dynamics model) and, in order to determine the performance of each model, the predictions made by each of the models were compared with actual experimental measurements of radiant heat flux. Experiments were undertaken involving different liquid fuels and under a range of weather conditions and, upon comparing the predictions of the models with the experimental measurements, the solid flame model was found to be the one most appropriate for safety assessment work. Thus, the solid flame model was incorporated into the thermal loading model, in order to predict the distribution of radiant heat flux falling onto an adjacent tank wall and roof. A model was developed to predict the thermal response of the contents of an adjacent tank, in order to predict variations in the liquid and vapour temperature, any increase in the vapour space pressure and the evolution of the vapours within the given time and the distribution of thermal loading over the surface of the tank as predicted by previous models; of particular importance was the identification of the possibility of forming a flammable vapour/air mixture outside the adjacent tank. To assess the performance of the response model, experiments were undertaken at both laboratory and field scale. The laboratory experiments were conducted in the Chemical Engineering Laboratory at Loughborough University and required the design and construction of an experimental facility representing a small-scale storage tank exposed to an adjacent fire. The field scale experiments were undertaken at Centro Jovellanos, Asturias, Spain. An experimental vessel was designed and fabricated specifically to conduct the laboratory tests and to measure the response of a tank containing hydrocarbon liquids to an external heat load. The vessel was instrumented with a network of thermocouples and pressure transmitter and gauge, in order to monitor the internal pressure and distribution in temperature throughout the liquid and its variation with time. The model predicting the thermal response of an adjacent tank was shown to produce predictions that correlated with the experimental results, particularly in terms of the vapour space pressure and liquid surface temperature. The vapour space pressure is important in predicting the time when the vacuum/pressure valve opens, while the liquid surface temperature is important as it governs the rate of evaporation. Combining the three models (the Pool Fire model, the Thermal Loading model and the Response model) forms the basis of the storage tanks spacing international codes and presents a number of innovative features, in terms of assessing the response to an adjacent tank fire: such features include predicting the distribution of thermal load on tanks adjacent to the tank on fire and thermal load on the ground. These models can predict the time required for the opening of the pressure vacuum relief valve on adjacent tanks and the release of the flammable vapour/air mixture into the atmosphere. A wide range of design and fire protection alternatives, such as the water cooling system and the minimum separation distance between storage tanks, can be assessed using these models. The subsequent results will help to identify any recommended improvements in the design of facilities and management systems (inspection and maintenance), in addition to the fire fighting response to such fires.
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Blomdahl, Erika M. "Interactions Between Fire Severity and Forest Biota in the Central Sierra Nevada: Formation and Impact of Small-Scale Fire Refugia and the Effect of Fire on Forest Structure Predictive of Fisher (Pekania pennanti) Den Habitat." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7281.
Full textAbstract:
Fire is a natural and essential component of forests in western North America. Fire maintains biodiversity through the creation of different habitat types, and regular fire rotations reduce the accumulation of woody fuels and thick understory plant densities that give rise to catastrophic fire. The practice of fire exclusion has altered western forests and increased the risk of widespread change under rising temperatures projected for the 21st century. To manage for the reintroduction of fire it is critical that we understand the interactions between fire and forest biota in recently fire-suppressed forests.
In Chapter 2, I studied the formation and impact of small-scale fire refugia. Fire refugia are areas within burned forest that experienced relatively little change, and are recognized as important places that offer protection for forest biota (vegetation, wildlife) during and after the fire. Very few studies, however, have examined small-scale fire refugia despite their importance to many organisms (e.g., small mammals, understory plants). In a long-term forest monitoring plot in Yosemite National Park, I mapped all unburned areas ≥ 1 m2 the first year after fire. I found small fire refugia were abundant, somewhat predictable, and fostered increased survival and diversity of nearby plant life. My results suggest that small fire refugia are an important component of burned forests that should be included in management considerations.
In Chapter 3, I examined possible fisher habitat in burned areas. Fishers are forest carnivores of high conservation concern due to widespread declines since European settlement and the risk of habitat loss due to fire. An isolated population remains in the Sierra National Forest, where managers are weighing the need to reintroduce fire against possible detrimental impacts to current habitat. My research examined the forest structural characteristics (vegetative cover, heights of different forest layers) surrounding fisher dens. I found suitable thresholds of these structural characteristics in recently burned areas in Yosemite, particularly after low-severity fire. My results suggest that burned areas may offer suitable denning habitat for fishers, though more research is needed to determine if this conclusion holds for all fisher activities (e.g., foraging, resting) and scales of selection.
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Cavini, Alessia. "Design and set-up of a data acquisition system for fire monitoring." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
The accelerated development of industry in many countries has led to a significant rise of the use of pipelines in the transportation of chemicals in recent years. These pipelines may lay over hundreds of kilometers, a hallway is usually constructed and it is often used for more than one pipe. The relatively small space between the pipes in the same hallway involves a certain risk associated to the potential interaction between the pipelines. Since in many cases the transported fluids are flammable, an accidental loss of containment could lead to an accident with severe consequences on people, equipment and environment.
A particular type of accidental scenarios, called domino effect, can multiply the scale of an accident and the gravity of its consequences. The most severe scenarios that can occur is the development of a jet fire, in this situation the thermal flux reaching another pipe is very high and it can damage the secondary target enlarging the scale of the accident and this scenario has not been sufficiently analyzed yet.
For this purpose, a laboratory experimental set-up was designed to obtain data concerning propane jet fires impinging on a pipe conveying a gas or a liquid in order to quantify the thermal response of a “secondary” object in the different possible situations.
The aim of this thesis is to design a system to obtain and collect data from these different devices in order to give information on the conditions under which the pipe is subjected in case of a fire. Initially, a data acquisition system was designed according to previous studies considering the available instrumentation and space of the experimental site. Subsequently, preliminary tests were performed to characterize the jet fire condition, to identify the best position for the equipment, to adjust the instrumentation and to test the operation of the all system elements.
Based on these results, a set-up of the data acquisition system was assembled.
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"Effect of hill fire on soil and vegetation in Tai Mo Shan Country Park, Hong Kong." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5888894.
Full textAbstract:
by Yau Mei-sze.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-141).
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
List of Tables --- p.iv
List of Figures --- p.v
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Fire as an ecological factor in Hong Kong --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual framework of the study --- p.6
Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.10
Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of the study --- p.12
Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.12
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- STUDY AREA
Chapter 2.1 --- Location --- p.14
Chapter 2.2 --- Climate --- p.16
Chapter 2.3 --- Geology --- p.18
Chapter 2.4 --- Soil --- p.19
Chapter 2.5 --- Vegetation --- p.20
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- EFFECTS OF HILL FIRE ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.21
Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.26
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.26
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Soil reaction --- p.27
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.27
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Mineral nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate nitrogen) --- p.27
Chapter 3.2.5 --- Total phosphorus --- p.28
Chapter 3.2.6 --- Available phosphorus --- p.28
Chapter 3.2.7 --- "Exchangeable K, Na, Ca and Mg" --- p.28
Chapter 3.2.8 --- Exchangeable A1 and H --- p.29
Chapter 3.2.9 --- Organic carbon --- p.30
Chapter 3.2.10 --- Carbon : nitrogen ratio --- p.30
Chapter 3.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.30
Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.31
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effects of fire on soil chemical properties --- p.31
Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Soil acidity --- p.31
Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Nutrient cations --- p.32
Chapter 3.4.1.3 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and mineral N --- p.33
Chapter 3.4.1.4 --- Soil organic matter and C:N ratio --- p.33
Chapter 3.4.1.5 --- Total and available phosphorus --- p.33
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Seasonal changes of soil chemical properties after fire --- p.34
Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Soil pH and exchangeable acidity --- p.34
Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Nutrient cations --- p.35
Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and mineral N --- p.36
Chapter 3.4.2.4 --- Soil organic matter --- p.37
Chapter 3.4.2.5 --- Total and available phosphorus --- p.38
Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.38
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effects of fire on soil chemical properties --- p.38
Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Immediate effects of fire on soil acidity --- p.38
Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- "Immediate effects of fire on organic matter, N and P" --- p.40
Chapter 3.5.1.3 --- Immediate effects of fire on cation nutrients --- p.41
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Seasonal changes of soil chemical properties after fire --- p.42
Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Seasonal changes of soil acidity after fire --- p.42
Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Seasonal changes of nutrients after fire --- p.43
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Overall fertility of the fire-affected soil --- p.44
Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.46
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- NITROGEN MINERALIZATION AFTER FIRE
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.48
Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.52
Chapter 4.2.1 --- In situ incubation --- p.52
Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Determination of N mineralization, leaching and uptake" --- p.53
Chapter 4.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.55
Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.56
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Seasonal variations of nh4-N and no3-N --- p.56
Chapter 4.4.2 --- "Net ammonification, leaching and uptake" --- p.57
Chapter 4.4.3 --- "Net nitrification, leaching and uptake" --- p.58
Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.59
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Post-fire ammonification --- p.59
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Post-fire nitrification --- p.62
Chapter 4.5.3 --- Net nitrogen mineralization of the burnt soil --- p.65
Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.68
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- EFFECTS OF LIME AND PHOSPHORUS ON THE MINERALIZATION OF NEW BURNT SOIL
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.70
Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.73
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Sampling of soil --- p.73
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Lime treatment --- p.73
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Phosphorus treatment --- p.74
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Combined lime and phosphate treatment --- p.74
Chapter 5.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.75
Chapter 5.4 --- Results --- p.75
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Chemical properties of the unamended soil --- p.75
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Lime treatment --- p.76
Chapter 5.4.2.1 --- Effect of lime on nh4-N production --- p.76
Chapter 5.4.2.2 --- Effect of lime on no3-N production --- p.78
Chapter 5.4.2.3 --- Effect of lime on PO4 production --- p.78
Chapter 5.4.2.4 --- Effect of lime on exchangeable A1 --- p.78
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Phosphorus treatment --- p.79
Chapter 5.4.3.1 --- Effect of phosphorus on NH4-N production --- p.79
Chapter 5.4.3.2 --- Effect of phosphorus on NO3-N production --- p.80
Chapter 5.4.3.3 --- Effect of phosphorus on PO4 production --- p.80
Chapter 5.4.4 --- Combined lime x P amendment and mineralization of N and P --- p.81
Chapter 5.4.4.1 --- Effect of lime x P on nh4-N production --- p.81
Chapter 5.4.4.2 --- Effect of lime x P on NO3-N production --- p.83
Chapter 5.4.4.3 --- Effect of lime x P on po4 production --- p.83
Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion --- p.83
Chapter 5.5.1 --- Effect of soil acidity on ammonification --- p.83
Chapter 5.5.2 --- Effect of soil acidity on nitrification --- p.88
Chapter 5.5.3 --- Effect of lime on the mineralization of P --- p.89
Chapter 5.5.4 --- Effect of combined lime x P on the mineralization of N and P --- p.89
Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.90
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- VEGETATION REGENERATION AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION AFTER FIRE
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.92
Chapter 6.2 --- Methodology --- p.96
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Vegetation regeneration analysis --- p.96
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Chemical analysis --- p.96
Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.97
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Vegetation regeneration --- p.97
Chapter 6.3.2 --- Nutrient composition of regenerated species --- p.100
Chapter 6.3.2.1 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen --- p.100
Chapter 6.3.2.2 --- Total phosphorus --- p.101
Chapter 6.3.2.3 --- Potassium --- p.102
Chapter 6.3.2.4 --- Calcium --- p.103
Chapter 6.3.2.5 --- Magnesium --- p.104
Chapter 6.3.2.6 --- Sodium --- p.105
Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.106
Chapter 6.4.1 --- Vegetation regeneration after fire --- p.106
Chapter 6.4.2 --- Nutrient composition of regenerated species --- p.108
Chapter 6.4.3 --- Recovery and erosion control --- p.112
Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.112
Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION
Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.114
Chapter 7.2 --- Implications of the study --- p.118
Chapter 7.2.1 --- Is hill fire hazardous or beneficial to the local environment? --- p.118
Chapter 7.2.2 --- Mechanisms to conserve nutrients in a fire-prone environment --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.3 --- Natural regeneration or reforestation? --- p.122
Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.123
Chapter 7.4 --- Suggestion for future study --- p.126
REFERENCES --- p.130
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Ghebrehiwot, Habteab Mesghina. "The role of fire and fire-related factors on germination and growth of grassland species." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10826.
Full textAbstract:
Fire, natural or of anthropologic origin is a recurrent phenomenon in South African
mesic grasslands. The species composition of these grasslands is sensitive to fire
frequency and there exists a permanent fire-species relationship syndrome. The shift
follows a general trend where, in the absence of fire for longer periods, the native grass
species, possibly the most economically important grass species, give space to
relatively less desirable and invasive species accompanied by significant decline in
basal cover. Though much is known as to how the floristic composition of the grassland
changes in response to fire, the underlying mechanisms responsible for changes in
plant vigour and species composition are not fully understood. There exists limited
information on germination requirements of the local flora and how recruitment of the
species is influenced by fire, fire-related factors and the interaction of these factors
among themselves is virtually unknown.
Since the discovery by DE LANGE and BOUCHER (1990), plant-derived smoke
is being widely studied as an important germination cue and the theme has been the
subject of intense experimental research and theoretical work. Germination studies
conducted on South African Fynbos, Californian Chaparral, and Australian species have
illustrated the widespread ability of plant-derived smoke in promoting germination of
species from both fire and non-fire prone habitats. Studies have also showed that plant-derived
smoke plays a significant role in vegetative growth of many plants including
horticultural and agricultural crops, though mechanisms of smoke action in enhancing
germination and promoting plant growth are still under active research. This study
sought to gain insight into the role of fire and fire-related cues and other related factors
on germination and seedling growth of key grass species from fire-prone grassland in
South Africa. In this study, various investigations were conducted on different aspects
related to smoke-induced seed germination. Furthermore, in depth examinations were conducted on the effects of fire-related factors such as smoke, heat, soil and nutrients
on seed germination and seedling growth of representative key mesic grassland
species from South Africa.
Laboratory-based germination and vigour experiments were conducted using
smoke solutions. The aim was to examine if the strong fire-species relationship
syndrome we encounter in post-fire mesic grassland in South Africa is related to the
effect of plant-derived smoke on germination and seedling growth. In addition, the
interaction of plant-derived smoke solutions with temperature was examined by
incubating seeds at a range of temperatures. Treating seeds with smoke-water and
butenolide, the germination rate (GR) and final germination percentage (FGP) were
greater in 3 of the 6 species. Themeda triandra Forssk. and Tristachya leucothrix Trin.
ex Nees showed the greatest response, with final germination increased from 43% to
67% and 35% to 63% respectively. These smoke solutions have also significantly
enhanced germination in Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter from 62% to 80%. The degree of
responsiveness varied from species to species and across different temperatures.
Findings from this study suggested that plant-derived smoke and its interaction with
temperature significantly influence the germination and seedling growth of the South
African mesic grassland species, which can further impact on the grassland
composition.
To characterise the role of plant-derived smoke on certain economically
important seed traits, the effect of smoke-water and a smoke-isolated butenolide on
seed germination and seedling growth of Eragrostis tef (grass species which has
moderately good tolerance to east African drought) was investigated at a range of
temperatures, light conditions and osmotic potentials. Smoke-water (1:500 v/v) and
butenolide (10ˉ⁸ M) treatment of the seeds increased percentage germination, seedling
vigour and imbibition from high to low osmotic potential. These results suggested that
smoke solutions have characteristics with overriding effects toppling stresses exerted
from high temperature and low osmotic potential, thereby widening the temperature and
moisture zone over which germination can occur. Furthermore, these findings
suggested that the mode of smoke action in promoting seed germination is likely to be
linked to the role of smoke in facilitating water uptake by seeds (imbibition).
A simple and rapid bioassay was implemented to detect the germination activity
of extracts from soils in pre/post-burn status. Soil samples taken from burnt, unburnt
and adjacent plots at depths of 0-2, 2-4, 4-6 and 6-8 cm before and after burning mesic
grassland in South Africa were analysed for germination activity over an eight-week
period. Soil samples were extracted using dichloromethane and bioassayed using
Grand Rapids lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) achenes. The Grand Rapids lettuce seeds
exhibited several-fold greater germination percentages when treated with extracts from
burnt soil compared to the other plots. The magnitude of such an activity declined
through time since burn. The Grand Rapids lettuce seeds also showed significantly
greater germination percentage when treated with unburnt soil extracts compared to the
control (distilled water) which indicates the existence of other factors controlling
germination in unburnt soil. Germination percentage was negatively influenced in the
adjacent plots which reflected the inhibitory role of smoke on adjacent plots
neighbouring the burn. Findings from this study suggested that the germination activity
of a burning plant-material (smoke) indeed diffuses into the soil and its persistence
declines with time. Furthermore, the findings implied that fire and smoke may
significantly influence the germination of the soil seed bank of mesic grassland in South
Africa.
The effect of smoke solutions of various concentrations and their interaction with
soil macronutrients NPK in influencing seedling growth of three selected grass species
namely, Eragrostis curvula, Panicum maximum and Themeda triandra was investigated.
These grass species were selected on the basis of the contrasting response they
previously showed to smoke treatments. Results showed that the interaction between
species, treatment and nutrients for seedling vigour index was highly significant (P <
0.001). In the absence of NPK elements, the smoke solutions generally enhanced
seedling growth in Themeda triandra, while suppressing seedling vigour indices of
Eragrostis curvula and Panicum maximum. It is ecologically significant that not only
smoke but also its interaction with soil macronutrients appears to be important in
structuring the post-fire regeneration and colonisation processes.
To examine the effect of fire-associated cues of smoke and high temperature on
germination and seedling emergence from the mesic grassland soil seed bank in South
Africa, and disentangle responsible factors, the effect of heat and smoke-water on
seedling emergence and the resultant effect on biomass production was examined in a
greenhouse tray experiment over 90 days. Soil seed bank samples obtained from 0-5
cm top soil were treated with smoke-water solution (SW 1:500 v/v), heat (H = 100 °C for
15 min) and heat + smoke-water (H = 100 °C for 15 min + SW = 1:500 v/v) combined.
Significantly, the highest number of seedlings emerged from soil seed bank samples
treated with heat + smoke-water combined followed by smoke-water alone. Heat +
smoke-water treatment of soil seed bank samples also significantly enhanced the rate
of seedling emergence and total dry biomass production. Heat treatment by itself was
not statistically different from the control in many respects. Generally, these results
suggest that both heat and smoke are important germination cues and play a curial role
on germination and seedling emergence from the mesic grassland soil seed bank. A
greater number of fire-loving Themeda triandra seedlings emerged from soils treated
with smoke, though this was not statistically significant. Seedling emergence indicators
showed that seedling emergence was favoured more by smoke and smoke + heat
treatments compared to the control. Seedling growth indicators also showed that soil
samples treated with smoke or smoke + heat combined produced significantly higher
biomass than untreated samples.
In general, findings from this comprehensive study suggest that plant-derived
smoke and its interaction with temperature (heat) and soil nutrients significantly
influences seed germination and seedling growth of South African mesic grassland
species differently, this can further influence the grassland composition. The association
of certain fire-climax species with the re-occurrence of fire can partly be explained due
to the association of such species with fire-induced changes in the habitat. Post-fire
conditions of low nutrient (NPK) availability, presence of high heat and smoke cues in
the habitat may favour the competitive ability of native short and smoke-responsive
species such as Themeda triandra and Tristachya leucothrix over those characteristic
species of fertile habitats such as Eragrostis curvula and other non-smoke-responsive
species.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
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TSAI, MENG-CHOU, and 蔡孟洲. "Effect of Safety Management Mechanism on Fire Fighting." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86129746182853120966.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東南科技大學
營建科技與防災研究所在職專班
103
In recent years, there are numerous heroic firefighters who died in the course of performing their duties. It takes a great deal of money and time to train a competent firefighter; nevertheless, it only takes a moment to put a firefighter's life in imminent danger.In particular, there are a number of uncertain risk factors such as flashover, backdraft and the possibility of building collapse due to the change of its structure which caused by the high temperature. All of these pose a great threat to those firefighters who go deep into disaster scenes. In light of the above-mentioned potential risks, there's a necessity and urgency of promoting the safety management of firefighting. From Taiwan and other country's papers can know the basic way of safety management of firefighters firefighting and know the main reasons about firefighters' death by cases study. In the end, through interviews can know nowadays management way can reduce firefighters' mortality rate. It has great help for the first line rescuers and command system in the future.
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Yan, Tz-Ang, and 顏子昂. "The Fire Detectors Analysis for Different Effect Factors." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89934048058601915256.
Full textAbstract:
碩士長榮大學
職業安全與衛生研究所
97
The smoke detector has earlier detection time for a house with two openings than one opening, because the two openings provide a better air entrance into the room fire. The best detection location is away from the opening of a house in the small room fire in this research but the regulation requires installing detector close to the opening in Taiwan fire codes. The water miscible paint is usually painted on the detector in Taiwan. The fixed temperature detector can detect early when the paint on the detector is in a ratio of three to one for paint and water mixture in a series of fire tests. The rise of the ratio can help the detectors detect early when the mixture ratio is up to 5. The detector can not be actuated if the paint ratio is higher than above situation. The detection time of the special early sensitivity of the fixed temperature detector is 50%to 70% the detection time of the first sensitivity of fixed temperature detector in different steady state fire scenarios. The detection time of the first sensitivity of rate-of-rise detector is about 70% to 90% the detection time of the second sensitivity of rate-of-rise detector in this research.
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Lin, Kan-Zhun, and 林侃諄. "Using Fire Dynamics Simulator to Simulate the Fire Suppression Effect of Water Mist in a Theater." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3a3sr5.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
機械工程系所
107
This thesis applied Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) to study the fire suppression effects of sprinklers in the theater, whose ceiling and wall material is set to be PU. The water droplet sizes of the sprinkler were categorized into three types: 1000µm (traditional sprinkler), 500µm and 100µm. The last two are of water mist. The designed fire source, located in the left corner of the last row of the theater, was in an ultra-fast growth curve and it reached the maximum heat release rate of 1MW. The seat material was PU. The parameters to observe the fire suppression effects were the heat release rate, under-ceiling temperatures, and oxygen concentrations. The simulation results showed that no matter what type of water sprinkle system is activated, the heat release rate, fire spread and temperature under the ceiling are much lower than those without water spray, indicating that the acting sprinkle system can effectively mitigate the fire intensity. The traditional water-spray performance was better than that of the two water mist systems. The main reason is that the traditional sprinkle system provides much more spray water, 13.8 times of water mist ones. At the same amount of water, the peak heat release rates are the same. It is found that the resultant oxygen concentrations for the three systems show not much different, indicating that the "Oxygen Displacement" of the water mist does not demonstrate its effect in FDS. Therefore, the fire suppression effect by the Oxygen Displacement, one of the main effects of water mist could be added in FDS in the near future.
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Raposo, Jorge Rafael Nogueira. "Extreme Fire Behaviour Associated with the Merging of Two Linear Fire Fronts." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/31020.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Mecânica, apresentada ao Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de CoimbraIn this work the concept of extreme forest fire behaviour denominated as Junction Fire is analysed. The junction fire consists in the interaction between two linear fire fronts which in their propagation intersect at a single point making a small angle between them. In their merging process, the phenomena of heat transfer by radiation and convection are extremely enlarged due to the concentration of energy at the intersection point. The concentration of energy and consequently the development of the strong heat transfer mechanism induce an extremely high and sudden increase of the rate of spread value of the intersection point until it reaches a maximum value after which the rate of spread starts to decrease. This maximum values of the rate of spread is among highest ever measured; this can create serious safety and management problems to those dealing with this type of forest fires. The research program addressed the problem of the junction fires taking into account the essential parameters that affect the pattern of behaviour of this type of extreme fire behaviour. These parameters are the initial angle between the fire fronts o, the angle of slope of the fuel bed and the kind of fuel burned. The fuels used in this study were dead pine needles of Pinus pinaster, shrubs composed by a mixture of Erica umbelatta, Erica australis, Ulex minor e Chamaespartium tridentatum and straw of Avenna sativa. The fuel load was kept constant in the value of 0.6 kg.m-2, which is widely used in this type of research programs once it is easily extrapolated to the fuel load found in the forests. The analysis of Junction Fire was made in the laboratory facilities of ADAI in Lousã in centre of Portugal, but also other scales were tested to validate the results obtained at different scales; to achieve this experimental fires with merging fire fronts were performed in the shrubs fields of ADAI, in the mountain of Lousã recreating the conditions for the occurrence of junction fires. In these experiments it was noticed that the junction fires are a source of instability that conducts to the occurrence of fire whirls. The average scale of the experiments performed in the field is around ten times greater than the laboratory experiments. The results of the laboratory and field tests are finally compared with a real occurrence of a junction fire in Canberra, Australia, in 2003 where two massive fires merged creating a tongue of fire between them with an extremely high rate of spread which destroyed the surroundings of Canberra. In these events the occurrence of a fire whirl due to junction fire phenomena was registered as well. During the research program it was realised that the junction fire is very similar to an eruptive fire with the particularity that the rate of spread did not increase indefinitely. Contrary to the eruptive fires after reaching the peak value that is dependent on the initial angle between the fire fronts o and of the slope angle, junction fires start a decreasing phase. For this reason the initial acceleration phase is modelled using the eruptive fire model. Like in the eruptive fires in canyons the junction fire acceleration is attributed to the flow generated by the fire which creates extremely high rates of spread. During the evolution of the fire the initial conditions are shifted especial the angle between the fire fronts that tend to increase until the limit of creating a single straight line fire front. In this process the convection/flow loses is primacy and the behaviour of the fire starts to be ruled by the radiative process that has decreasing trends, thus explaining the deceleration of the fire. Finally an empirical model to estimate the main parameters of jump fires and to predict their evolution in the course of space and time is proposed. The main properties of the model are presented in non-dimensional form to generalize its formulation as a function of the parameters that govern junction fires in the range covered by the present work.
Neste trabalho é analisado o conceito de comportamento extremo fogo denominado como fogo de junção. O fogo de junção consiste na interação entre duas frentes de fogo lineares que, na sua propagação, convergem num único ponto, formando um pequeno ângulo entre si. Neste processo de convergência os fenómenos de transferência de calor por radiação e convecção desenvolvem-se de forma extrema, devido à concentração de energia no ponto de convergência. A concentração de energia e consequentes mecanismos de transferência de calor induzem uma variação da velocidade de propagação, extremamente elevada e repentina, do ponto de encontro entre as duas frentes de fogo, até que seja atingido o valor máximo. Depois do valor máximo ser atingido a velocidade de propagação começa a decrescer. Os valores máximos da velocidade de propagação são os mais elevados alguma vez medidos nos estudos desenvolvidos pela nossa equipa. Este fenómeno de comportamento extremo do fogo pode causar sérios problemas de gestão de meios e de segurança pessoal ou coletiva daqueles que lidam com este tipo de incêndios florestais. No programa de investigação desenvolvido é abordado o problema dos fogos de junção tendo em conta os parâmetros essenciais que afetam o padrão de comportamento deste tipo de fenómeno extremo de fogo. Os parâmetros que condicionam o desenvolvimento do fogo de junção são o ângulo inicial entre as duas frentes de fogo o, o ângulo de declive do leito de combustível α, e o tipo de combustível florestal. Os combustíveis utilizados neste estudo foram a caruma de Pinus pinaster, palha de Avenna sativa e mato constituído essencialmente por ramos de Erica umbelatta, Erica australis, Ulex minor e Chamaespartium tridentatum. A carga de combustível manteve-se constante, com o valor de 0.6 kg/m2, o qual é vulgarmente usado neste tipo de ensaios, uma vez que corresponde a uma carga que facilmente pode ser extrapolada e comparada com a carga de combustível encontrado nas florestas. O estudo experimental do fogo salto realizou-se, na sua maioria, no Laboratório de Estudos sobre incêndios Florestais (LEIF) da ADAI, na Lousã. Contudo outras escalas foram testadas para validar os resultados obtidos. Para tal, ensaios de campo experimentais com encontro de frentes de fogo foram realizadas no campo de testes da ADAI, na serra da Lousã, recriando as condições necessárias à ocorrência de fogos de junção. Durante estes ensaios de campo experimentais observou-se que, os fogos de junção são uma fonte de instabilidade que, conduzem à ocorrência de turbilhões de fogo. A dimensão média dos ensaios de campo foi cerca de dez vezes superior à dos ensaios de laboratório. Os resultados obtidos através dos ensaios de laboratório e de campo foram comparados com um incêndio no qual ocorreu o comportamento de fogo de junção, em Canberra, Austrália, 2003, onde dois grandes incêndios encontraram-se criando uma língua de fogo entre eles com uma velocidade de propagação muito alta que destruiu os subúrbios da cidade de Canberra. Neste grande incêndio foi registado e documentado a ocorrência de um turbilhão de fogo com origem na junção das frentes de fogo. Durante o programa investigação realizado percebeu-se que o comportamento do fogo de junção é muito semelhante ao comportamento de fogo eruptivo, com a particularidade de que a sua velocidade de propagação não aumentou indefinidamente. Contrariamente ao que acontece nos fogos eruptivos, depois de atingir o valor máximo da velocidade de propagação, que é dependente do ângulo inicial entre as frentes de fogo θo e do ângulo de declive α, os fogos de junção manifestam uma fase decrescente da velocidade de propagação. Por esta razão, apenas a fase de aceleração inicial foi modelada recorrendo ao modelo de comportamento eruptivo do fogo. Tal como nos fogos eruptivos, em canyons, a aceleração do fogo de junção é atribuída ao escoamento convectivo induzido pelo fogo que conduz a velocidade de propagação muito elevadas. Durante a evolução dos fogos de junção as condições iniciais alteram-se rapidamente especialmente o ângulo formado entre as frentes de fogo, que tendem a aumentar até se tornarem numa única frente de fogo linear. Neste processo os fenómenos convectivos perdem a predominância inicial e o comportamento do fogo começa a ser governado por processos radiativos, que tendem também a diminuir a taxa de transferência de calor à medida que o ângulo entre as frentes aumenta, o que explica a desaceleração do fogo. A fase final de desaceleração foi simulada através de modelos radiativos. Finalmente é proposto um modelo empírico para a estimação da evolução do fogo de junção ao longo do espaço e do tempo. O modelo faz uso da análise não-dimensional o que possibilita a sua aplicação aos diferentes casos com inerentes diferentes parâmetros iniciais que influenciam o comportamento fogos de junção estudados no presente trabalho e sua posterior generalização.
FCT - SFRH/BD/85557/2012
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Mao, Hsin-Chih, and 毛新智. "The effect of Thermal Imaging Camera on the Fire." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26647966505679326875.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東南科技大學
營建與空間設計系營建科技與防災碩士班
103
Alongside social progress in Taiwan, from an agricultural society to an industrial society, the changes in building structures, from wooden-type buildings to brick to metal structure to structural steel and cement to skyscrapers and so on, shows partly that the evolution of Taiwan's economy has developed rapidly. In relation, fires that occured in such buildings, have become increasingly difficult for firefighters to put out and therefore prevent casualties. Before, the firefighters only needs a water tank fire-fighting truck in putting out the fire, but now, you might need to mobilize several vehicles or even tens of fire engines and many different types of vehicles, including aerial ladders fire-fighting trucks, to put out the fire. A fire scene is full of danger, but firefighters still have to conduct search and rescue in such an environment. In this paper, the study of ten different fire incidences shows that firefighters used either the traditional method or thermal imaging assisted method in conducting the search and rescue, it is obvious that in the traditional method firefighters spend more time in the fire scene, each additional minute spent will increase the chance of firefighter casualties. In a search and rescue using a thermal imaging camera, firefighters not only can quickly find the stranded people, but they also have a better chance of effectively avoiding danger. the traditional method or thermal imaging assisted method in conducting the search and rescue, it is obvious that in the traditional method firefighters spend more time in the fire scene, each additional minute spent will increase the chance of firefighter casualties. In a search and rescue using a thermal imaging device, firefighters not only can quickly find the stranded people, but they also have a better chance of effectively avoiding danger. Therefore, the usage of thermal imaging device should be promoted to every fire departments of all cities. Usage of thermal imaging should become part of standard operating procedure in search and rescue, it will make the operation more efficient and prevent less casualties.
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Hsieh, Cheng-Yu, and 謝承佑. "The Effect of Fire Science Ethics and Professional Training." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92387726038996107043.
Full textAbstract:
碩士大葉大學
管理學院碩士在職專班
103
Since March 1995, Fire Department has been independent from Policing System and also diversificating, specializating with modern advanced science and technology. Our duty is a point of people’s walfare and also protect people's lives and property . A advanced countries is always stress on fire science and disaster-prevention, therefore, the government should never neglect the public safety. Generally speaking, the orgnization, the manpower, the equipment, even a car are all the variables of influencing aligment. Moreover, the qulity of firefighter and their physical capability, technical skill, moral principles and submissiveness are the key to the success of the system.，Therefore, to accord with the demands, it is necessary to be prudently and professional in selecting the firefighter. For example, in New Taipei City，the 90% firefighters were graduated from the Police school or university with professional trainning. However, since 2004, the normal college student who major in resembles study and passes the national examination is also accepted . After that, due to austerity measures ,everyone is welcome to join the police and fire system without the limitation of major in resemble study since 2006. Moreover, the limitation of gender proportion was also canceled. Now, both the system have to face an unprecedented massive attack. According to the white paper of National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior. in 2008, it’s pointed out the difference between the “traditional student’ and the ‘transferred student’, the latter is obviously need to be remind and re-training in many ways, especially in the physical capability and moral principles. Due to fire system is different from the policing system, it’s a point to the people’s lives and property, therefore physically and mentally healthy and their moral principles is the key to success of the high efficiency. We have to study different management to upgrade the orgnization and to meet the target either the personal or the team.
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Liao, Po-Shiung, and 廖伯雄. "The Effect of Rapid Intervention Team on the Fire." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64492341640260705954.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東南科技大學
營建與空間設計系營建科技與防災碩士班
104
In recent years, economy and urban population are rapid development and growth, respectively. In a variety of building types result in complex uses due to crowded cities, once, a fire accident may damage the lives and properties of people. The fire field which is fraught with danger such as flashover, backdraf and other risk factors may cause building collapse due to high temperatures. Moreover, it leads to firefighters to withstand extremely serious security threat in the rescue mission. In heavy duties, firefighters have the highest proportion of casualties, 114 firefighters died, during fire rescue over the past 64 years. Although firefighters have strengthened education and training, plus fire safety rescue management mechanisms and implementation of the set, it is not enough for firefighters in fire rescue mission. During in 10 years of work in the fire, experienced two colleagues died in the fire field that the events let me feel of the importance of the safety in fire rescue. Therefore, this study is to plan the "fire command and rescue operations specifications" and "the mechanism of fire safety management" in new Taipei City as an example. In the study, the analysis by means of Rapid Intervention Team (RIT) from the countries of the European and American is introduced. The new Taipei City government of fire department heads, officers including team leader and team members as samples to fill out the questionnaire. The results will be analyzed what the role of RIT, the level of familiar and trust of RIT, the effect of RIT on the physiological and psychological, and the problem of RIT during mission assigned. The results point out how to prepare local conditions into existing security mechanisms, improve firefighter safety and enhance efficiency of disaster relief, and the people's lives and property losses to a minimum.
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Lin, Mu-Shiung, and 林慕雄. "Analysis of Radiation Effect from Fire of Fuel Tank." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54933705057987017615.
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Wrobleski, David W. "Effects of prescribed fire on Wyoming big sagebrush communities : implications for ecological restoration of sage grouse habitat." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33877.
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CHI, PEI-CHENG, and 紀沛成. "The Effect of the Fire Prevention Plan to the Refuge of the Senior Citizens Welfare during Fire." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72994776541522218176.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中華科技大學
土木防災與管理碩士班
105
Due to the advanced technology and medical treatment, humans’ average age has increased annually. According to the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, the average human life is 71 years old: 73 for female and 68 for male; the average for Japan is 84, which ranks first in the world’s life expectancy. Taiwan also trends to the aging society; the rapid increase of aging people even can align the impact of super aging society in the future. In recent years, our government is imposing the old welfare policy for the resettlement with the establishment and improvement of many elderly board-and-care or skilled nursing facilities as well as the day care center plan for the elders with junior ages. Although the elderly welfare institution can ameliorate the shortage of caregivers, the potential concerns and safety issues on elders by their fragility to disaster breed at the same time. This research aims to discuss the internal fireproof structure and manpower allocation of these institutions while facing the fire, and analyzes if which favors the safe shelter for those vulnerable refugees. The content applies FDS (Fire Dynamic Simulator) simulation software to monitor the actual inside fire scenario, to check if internal fireproof structure, fire doors and windows can shelter the on-site suspending minority, and to seek enhancement for institutional inner plan for less casualties. The results indicate: 1. Simulation of Scenario One: If the self-defense fire group can implement to close the fire door and window for each room within 30 seconds for obstructing the diffusion of smoke effectively and prolonging the on-site shelter time as well, then the total available rescue time can lengthen to 1.5 to twice longer. 2. Simulation of Scenario Two: If extending the gap below the fire door for one time wider, the blocking effect to smoke and dust deteriorates with higher value on the overall risk factors, the total available rescue time will shrink for 100-150 seconds. 3. Simulation of Scenario Three: If with fire by electronics in kitchen and the shift of flaming position with higher heat-release rate, the door by the flaming position can be over 400-500℃ in 100 seconds while 200-300℃ for the shelter path. All the shelter routes will be up to 100℃ after 300 seconds, whose temperature is more than one time higher comparing to scenario one. The above results declare that the close of the fire door and window and the shrinkage of door gap can effectively prolong the shelter time for rescue with less casualties.
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Lin, Su-ling, and 林素鈴. "Study of the Effect on Water Spray Diameter Extinguish Fire." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25397711046930037574.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
機械工程系碩士班
92
Study of the Effect on Water Spray Diameter Extinguish Fire Student：Su-Ling Lin Advisor：Dr. Kee-Chiang Chung Department of Mechanical Engineering National Yunlin University of Science and Technology ABSTRACT In 1987 The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ban on HALON fire extinguisher that capability to extinguishes fire is good, but harm the atmosphere of ecosystem. The international of organization of maritime (IMO) requested for all passenger vessels need to be set to automatically sprinkler system before 2005. The substitute for HALON must need in addition of the steel bottle that share the space and need or waste a lot of time for application of a building to extinguishes fire. That limit the market of substitute for HALON developed, and push grown water spray system. What scope of water spray particle size can break off burn, what range of working pressure can make fuel material to emulsify interrupted a chain reaction etc. Thus, this research project to discuss with varied working pressure, flow rate, particle size to exterminate B-type fires. The goal of this project is to provide a design technology and referable basis of .to exterminate oil fires. Keywords: water spray,particle size, B-type fires
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張郁慧. "Effect of fire duration on the resdiual strength of concrete." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87062895956135485120.
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