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Academic literature on the topic 'Effect of fire'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 27 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Effect of fire"

1

Mathieu, Renaud, Russell Main, David P. Roy, Laven Naidoo, and Hannah Yang. "The Effect of Surface Fire in Savannah Systems in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, on the Backscatter of C-Band Sentinel-1 Images." Fire 2, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2030037.

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Savannahs are mixed woody-grass communities where low-intensity surface fires are common, affecting mostly the grass layer and rarely damaging trees. We investigated the effect of surface fires in a savannah system in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, on the backscatter of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) C-band Sentinel-1A images. Pre-fire and post-fire dual polarized (VH, VV) C-band backscatter values were examined for 30 burn events. For all events, a systematic backscatter decrease from pre-fire to post-fire conditions was observed, with mean backscatter decreases of 1.61 dB and 0.99 dB for VH and VV, respectively. A total of 90% and 75% of the burn events showed a decrease in VH and VV backscatter greater than 0.43 dB, the overall absolute radiometric of Sentinel-1A products. The VH data were, overall, 1.7 times more sensitive to surface fire effects than the VV data. C-band data are likely sensitive to a reduction in grass biomass typical of surface fires, as well as in grass/soil moisture levels. Early season fires had higher backscatter decreases due to greater early season moisture conditions. For region with more than 30% woody cover, the effect of fire on the C-band backscatter was reduced. Denser woody communities tend to produce lower grass fuel load and less intense surface fires, and limit the penetration of C-band microwaves to the ground where most savannah fires and associated effects occur. This research provides evidence that C-band space-borne SAR is sensitive to the effects of surface-level fires in southern African savannahs. The unique availability of frequent and spatially detailed C-band data from the Sentinel-1 SAR constellation provide new opportunities for burned area mapping and systematic monitoring in savannahs systems, for instance, for fine-scale fire propagation studies.

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Wotton, B. M., R. S. McAlpine, and M. W. Hobbs. "The effect of fire front width on surface fire behaviour." International Journal of Wildland Fire 9, no. 4 (1999): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf00021.

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To determine the effect of fire front width on surface fire spread rates, a series of simultaneously ignited experimental fires was carried out in a pine plantation. Fires were ignited in plots with widths ranging from 0.5 m to 10 m and were burned in low wind conditions. Flame lengths were small in all fires, ranging from 20 cm to 60 cm. Since pre-heating of the forest litter from flame radiation is assumed to be an important mechanism in the spread of low intensity, low wind surface fires, it then follows that the width of a flaming front should effect on the heating of the fuel to ignition temperatures. Total flame radiation was also measured at a point 50 cm ahead of the advancing flame front for a number of the fires. Experimental results indicate that a flame radiation measured ahead of the fire stays fairly constant once the flame width is between 2 and 5 m. Theoretical flame radiation calculations confirm this trend. Rates of spread between the 5 and 10 metre width fires also appear to be similar; this indicates that, for the type of fires studied, once flame width is greater than about 2 m, radiation from any extra width of fire front has little effect on spread rate.

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Oris, France, Hugo Asselin, Adam A. Ali, Walter Finsinger, and Yves Bergeron. "Effect of increased fire activity on global warming in the boreal forest." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 3 (September 2014): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0062.

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Forest fires are an important disturbance in the boreal forest. They are influenced by climate, weather, topography, vegetation, surface deposits, and human activities. In return, forest fires affect the climate through emission of gases and aerosols, and changes in surface albedo, soil processes, and vegetation dynamics. The net effect of these factors is not yet well established but seems to have caused a negative feedback on climate during the 20th century. However, an increase in boreal forest fires is predicted by the end of the 21st century, possibly changing the effect of fires on climate change to a positive feedback that would exacerbate global warming. This review presents (1) an overview of fire regimes and vegetation succession in boreal forests; (2) the effects on climate of combustion emissions and post-fire changes in ecosystem functioning; (3) the effects of fire regime variations on climate, especially on carbon stock and surface albedo; (4) an integrative approach of fire effects on climate dynamics; and (5) the implications of increased fire activity on global warming by calculating the radiative forcing of several factors by 2100 in the boreal region, before discussing the results and exposing the limits of the data at hand. Generally, losses of carbon from forest fires in the boreal region will increase in the future and their effect on the carbon stock (0.37 W/m2/decade) will be greater than the effect of fire on surface albedo (−0.09 W/m2/decade). The net effect of aerosol emissions from boreal fires will likely cause a positive feedback on global warming. This review emphasizes the importance of feedbacks between fires and climate in the boreal forest. It presents limitations and uncertainties to be addressed in future studies, particularly with regards to the effect of CO2 fertilization on forest productivity, which could offset or mitigate the effect of fire.

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Ansley, RJ, DL Jones, TR Tunnell, BA Kramp, and PW Jacoby. "Honey Mesquite Canopy Responses to Single Winter Fires: Relation to Herbaceous Fuel, Weather and Fire Temperature." International Journal of Wildland Fire 8, no. 4 (1998): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9980241.

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Honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) canopy responses to fire were measured following 20 single winter fires conducted in north Texas. Weather conditions during the fires, understory herbaceous fine fuel (fine fuel) amount and moisture content, fire temperature at 0 cm, 10-30 cm and 1-3 m above ground, and canopy responses were compared. Ten fires occurred on a site where fine fuel was a mixture of cool and warm season grasses (mixed site). The other 10 fires occurred on a site dominated by warm season grasses (warm site). When both sites were included in regressions, peak fire temperature at all heights was positively related to fine fuel amount. Fine fuel amount, fine fuel moisture content, air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) affected fire temperature duration in seconds over 100°C (FTD100) at 1-3 m height, but not at ground level. Mesquite percent above-ground mortality (topkill) increased with increasing fine fuel amount, decreasing fuel moisture content, increasing AT, and decreasing RH. Percent foliage remaining on non-topkilled (NTK) trees was inversely related to fine fuel amount and AT, and positively related to fine fuel moisture content. Effect of fire on mesquite topkill and foliage remaining of NTK trees was strongly affected by RH at the warm site (r2 = 0.92 and 0.82, respectively), but not at the mixed site. This difference was due to RH affecting fuel moisture content (and subsequently fire behavior) to a greater degree at the warm than at the mixed site, because of the lower green tissue content in warm site grasses at the time of burning. Under adequate fine fuel amounts to carry a fire, mesquite canopy responses to fire (i.e., topkill vs, partial canopy defoliation) were largely determined by AT and RH conditions during the fire. This has implications if the management goal is to preserve the mesquite overstory for a savanna result instead of topkilling all trees. Two substudies were conducted during 3 of the fires. Substudy 1 determined mesquite response to fire in 2 plots with different understory herbaceous fuel loads (5,759 vs. 2,547 kg/ha) that were burned under under similar weather conditions. Mesquite topkill was 81% and 11% in the high and low fuel fires, respectively. Under similar weather conditions, fine fuel was an important factor in affecting mesquite responses to fire. However, as demonstrated in the main study, under a variety of weather conditions, AT and RH influenced mesquite response to fire as much or more than did fine fuel. Substudy 2 compared response of mesquite plants with abundant and dry subcanopy fine fuel (3252 kg/ha; fuel moisture 10.4%), or sparse and green subcanopy fuel (1155 kg/ha; fuel moisture 25.9%) to a high intensity fire. All trees were topkilled, including those with low subcanopy fuel, probably from convection heat generated from herbaceous fuel in interspaces between trees. In support of this conclusion, thermocouple data from all 20 fires indicated that canopy responses were more related to fire temperature at 1-3 m than at lower heights. This suggests that the topkill mechanism was due to convective heat within the canopy rather than a girdling effect of fire at stem bases.

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Francis, Bill B., Iftekhar Hasan, and Yun Zhu. "Managerial effect or firm effect: Evidence from the private debt market." Financial Review 55, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 25–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fire.12196.

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Potash, Laura L., and James K. Agee. "The effect of fire on red heather (Phyllodoce empetriformis)." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-005.

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Red heather (Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sw.) D. Don) recovery after experimental fires and wildfires was studied at five subalpine sites in Washington State, U.S.A. Experimental burn treatments showed that fire had a neutral to positive effect on stem numbers but generally a short-term negative effect on aboveground biomass production. Although there were no differences in effects between experimental burn and clip treatments, long-duration smoldering beyond that documented in our experiments may have more damaging effects. On three wildfire sites, sprouting was vigorous after fire except at one site adjacent to forest cover where significant litter consumption occurred. The duration of fire, rather than its presence or absence, may be an important character of the fire regime in predicting post-fire response of red heather.Key words: red heather, Phyllodoce empetriformis, fire, subalpine meadows, Pacific Northwest.

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Collins, Luke, Adele Hunter, Sarah McColl-Gausden, Trent D. Penman, and Philip Zylstra. "The Effect of Antecedent Fire Severity on Reburn Severity and Fuel Structure in a Resprouting Eucalypt Forest in Victoria, Australia." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040450.

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Research highlights—Feedbacks between fire severity, vegetation structure and ecosystem flammability are understudied in highly fire-tolerant forests that are dominated by epicormic resprouters. We examined the relationships between the severity of two overlapping fires in a resprouting eucalypt forest and the subsequent effect of fire severity on fuel structure. We found that the likelihood of a canopy fire was the highest in areas that had previously been exposed to a high level of canopy scorch or consumption. Fuel structure was sensitive to the time since the previous canopy fire, but not the number of canopy fires. Background and Objectives—Feedbacks between fire and vegetation may constrain or amplify the effect of climate change on future wildfire behaviour. Such feedbacks have been poorly studied in forests dominated by highly fire-tolerant epicormic resprouters. Here, we conducted a case study based on two overlapping fires within a eucalypt forest that was dominated by epicormic resprouters to examine (1) whether past wildfire severity affects future wildfire severity, and (2) how combinations of understorey fire and canopy fire within reburnt areas affect fuel properties. Materials and Methods—The study focused on ≈77,000 ha of forest in south-eastern Australia that was burnt by a wildfire in 2007 and reburnt in 2013. The study system was dominated by eucalyptus trees that can resprout epicormically following fires that substantially scorch or consume foliage in the canopy layer. We used satellite-derived mapping to assess whether the severity of the 2013 fire was affected by the severity of the 2007 fire. Five levels of fire severity were considered (lowest to highest): unburnt, low canopy scorch, moderate canopy scorch, high canopy scorch and canopy consumption. Field surveys were then used to assess whether combinations of understorey fire (<80% canopy scorch) and canopy fire (>90% canopy consumption) recorded over the 2007 and 2013 fires caused differences in fuel structure. Results—Reburn severity was influenced by antecedent fire severity under severe fire weather, with the likelihood of canopy-consuming fire increasing with increasing antecedent fire severity up to those classes causing a high degree of canopy disturbance (i.e., high canopy scorch or canopy consumption). The increased occurrence of canopy-consuming fire largely came at the expense of the moderate and high canopy scorch classes, suggesting that there was a shift from crown scorch to crown consumption. Antecedent fire severity had little effect on the severity patterns of the 2013 fire under nonsevere fire weather. Areas affected by canopy fire in 2007 and/or 2013 had greater vertical connectivity of fuels than sites that were reburnt by understorey fires, though we found no evidence that repeated canopy fires were having compounding effects on fuel structure. Conclusions—Our case study suggests that exposure to canopy-defoliating fires has the potential to increase the severity of subsequent fires in resprouting eucalypt forests in the short term. We propose that the increased vertical connectivity of fuels caused by resprouting and seedling recruitment were responsible for the elevated fire severity. The effect of antecedent fire severity on reburn severity will likely be constrained by a range of factors, such as fire weather.

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Bradstock, RA, and M. Bedward. "Simulation of the Effect of Season of Fire on Post-Fire Seedling Emergence of Two Banksia Species Based on Long-Term Rainfall Records." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 1 (1992): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920075.

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Simulations were used to investigate the effect of season of fire on seedling emergence in Banksia ericifolia and B. serrata in the Sydney region, New South Wales. The simulations were based on models of soil-surface moisture in response to rainfall, seedling emergence response to soil moisture and post-fire seed release from fruits as determined by fire intensity, derived from field and laboratory studies. Fires were modelled on the first day of each calendar month for a 50-year period. Levels of post-fire seedling emergence were calculated using rainfall data from the Sydney Observatory for the corresponding period (1931-1980). Trends in seedling emergence as a function of month of fire were examined. Alternative sets of simulations were performed to assess the effect of variations in post-dispersal seed mortality, fire intensity and induced summer dormancy. In both species, mean emergence was affected by season of fire only when a 10% per month level of post-dispersal seed mortality was simulated (there was no fire-season effect at lower mortality levels). Highest predicted emergence occurred after summer fires and lowest emergence after winter fires. A reduction in rate of seed release (lower intensity fire) and induced seed dormancy in summer also had a minor effect with respect to fire-season in B. ericifolia. Reported levels of post-dispersal seed mortality in Banksia species are often high, and therefore, the simulations suggested that there will be an effect of fire season on seedling emergence. However, given the high level of year to year variation in seasonal rainfall in the Sydney region, fire-season effects are not predictable in the short term. In the longer term, the timing of fire relative to sequences of wet and dry years may be of equal importance to season of fire in its effect on populations of these species.

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Bowman-Prideaux, Chris, Beth A. Newingham, and Eva K. Strand. "The Effect of Seeding Treatments and Climate on Fire Regimes in Wyoming Sagebrush Steppe." Fire 4, no. 2 (March 27, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4020016.

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Wildfire size and frequency have increased in the western United States since the 1950s, but it is unclear how seeding treatments have altered fire regimes in arid steppe systems. We analyzed how the number of fires since 1955 and the fire return interval and frequency between 1995 and 2015 responded to seeding treatments, anthropogenic features, and abiotic landscape variables in Wyoming big sagebrush ecosystems. Arid sites had more fires than mesic sites and fire return intervals were shortest on locations first treated between 1975 and 2000. Sites drill seeded before the most recent fire had fewer, less frequent fires with longer fire return intervals (15–20 years) than aerially seeded sites (intervals of 5–8 years). The response of fire regime variables at unseeded sites fell between those of aerial and drill seeding. Increased moisture availability resulted in decreased fire frequency between 1994 and 2014 and the total number of fires since 1955 on sites with unseeded and aerially pre-fire seeding, but fire regimes did not change when drill seeded. Greater annual grass biomass likely contributed to frequent fires in the arid region. In Wyoming big sagebrush steppe, drill seeding treatments reduced wildfire risk relative to aerial seeded or unseeded sites.

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Marino, Eva, Carmen Hernando, Javier Madrigal, Carmen Díez, and Mercedes Guijarro. "Fuel management effectiveness in a mixed heathland: a comparison of the effect of different treatment types on fire initiation risk." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 8 (2012): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11111.

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Fuel management is commonly used to reduce fire risk in fire-prone shrubland, but information about the real efficacy of the different techniques is scarce. In this study, we assessed in the laboratory the effects of different treatment types on fire initiation risk in a mixed heathland. The effects of two mechanical treatments and of prescribed burning were compared with untreated vegetation. Flammability tests were performed in samples of the regenerated shrubs and fine ground fuels present 2 years after treatments. Results indicate that all treatments were effective in reducing fire initiation risk in regenerated shrubs, but not in fine ground fuels. Recovery of vegetation differed between treatments, and treatment type had a significant effect on flammability, mainly affecting fire sustainability. Wind speed had a minor effect on shrub fuel flammability, whereas fuel moisture had a significant effect. The flammability of fine ground fuels differed significantly depending on fuel moisture content, even at the low levels tested. Logistic models were fitted to predict successful fire sustainability, and the probability of initial propagation was obtained as a function of treatment type, fuel moisture content and fuel structural characteristics. This study provides new insights into wildfire prevention in shrubland, and compares the effectiveness of different fuel treatment techniques.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effect of fire"

1

Demir, Hasan Ülkü Semra. "Synergistic effect of natural zeolites on flame retardant additives/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/kimyamuh/T000514.rar.

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Kayili, Serkan. "Effect Of Vehicles&#039." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611290/index.pdf.

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Road and railways tunnels are constructed for decreasing the transportation time inside city or intercity. The fire safety systems are mounted for the safe use of tunnels. Therefore, it is important to accurately predict the fire-induced air velocity,temperature and smoke concentrations in tunnel fires in order to design efficient fire protection systems. To this end, scaled tunnel models are used and experiments are carried to understand the phenomena on these tunnel models. In addition, the studies for investigating the tunnel fire phenomena and their methods of modeling techniques for fire experiments are mentioned. In the literature, there is no sufficient information about vehicles'
blockage effect on heat release rate and temperature distribution inside tunnel with different ventilation velocities. As a result, in order to research this subject, the scaled model tunnel is constructed in Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. Based on the Froude number scaling, wood sticks with different configuration inside the model tunnel are burned in a controlled environment. The heat release rate measurement, sampling of gases after combustion, mass loss rate of burning models and temperature distribution along the tunnels with different longitudinal ventilation velocities are measured to investigate the effect of different cross-sectional areas of the burning substances. Furthermore, the model vehicles having a square base area are built according to wood crib theory. The results are investigated with statistical techniques called "
Analysis of Variance"
and general results have been tried to be reached. It is determined that the variation of air velocity inside tunnel is not so effective, but model vehicle'
s cross sectional area is directly proportional to heat release rate.

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Pool, Christiaan Frederik. "The effect of modified fuel loads on fire behaviour in Pinus patula and Eucalyptus macarthurii stands in the Mpumalanga Highveld forestry region of South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010958.

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The effectiveness of harvesting slash treatments are questionable when wild fires, fuelled by post harvesting slash, burn out of control. In order to quantify effectiveness of various slash treatments, fire behaviour in Pinus patula and Eucalyptus macarthurii compartments in the Highveld area (Piet Retief) of Mpumalanga, South Africa, were assessed after application of five different post-harvesting slash treatments. Treatments included mulching, chopper rolling, windrowing, removal of slash (inter-windrowing) and broadcasting. Independent fuel and environmental variables were measured prior and during application of fire to the study areas and effects on fire behaviour were compared afterwards. Dependant fire behaviour variables such as the rate of spread, fire temperature and flame height were measured in respective slash treatment plots and compared. Results of the study indicated that fire behaviour assessed in mulched areas in both the P. patula and E. macarthurii compartments were significantly less intense when compared to fire behaviour in chopper roll, broadcast and windrow treatments. Fire behaviour in mulched plots compared favourably with areas where harvesting slash was removed (inter-windrow treatment). Comparisons between fuel loads of different treatments also indicated accelerated mineralization of organic material in mulched areas. Mulching of harvesting slash seems to be an effective method to restrict fire behaviour in post-harvesting compartments and should be considered as part of a fire management strategy.

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Balfour, Victoria Nairn. "The effect of forest fires on runoff rates the role of duff removal and surface sealing by vegetative ash, western Montana /." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12202007-181528/.

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Yii, H. W. (Jennifer). "Effect of Surface Area and Thickness on Fire Loads." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8304.

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The report reviews the effect of surface area and thickness of fire loads in predicting the value of the heat release rate. The investigation arises from current Ph. D research at the University of Canterbury identifying the need for fire load data, which also includes the exposed surface area of the fuel items, so that the rate and duration of burning can be better assessed, especially during post-flashover fires. This is because at some stage of the fire, the fuel is no longer dependent on the ventilation characteristics but the surface area exposed to the fire. The investigation of the effect of surface and thickness on fire load is first carried out with the burning of single items, such as furniture normally found in each building occupancy. Later, fire load surveys on a range of typical building occupancies, such as university offices, motels and residential are conducted. Simple models for calculating the surface area of the fire load, especially for wood and plastic materials have been determined. Based on the methodology developed for the investigation, it is found that the larger the exposure of the fuel surface area to the fire, the higher the heat release rate, and the thicker the fuel, the longer the duration of burning. In other words, the value of the heat release rate is a function of the surface area, while the duration of burning is a function of the thickness of the fuel. Burning behaviour of the fire load inside a fire compartment during a post-flashover fire, based on the exposed surface to the fire is also presumed. Previous fire load surveys conducted are also included for comparisons of the results. Recommendations for future study of the effect of the surface area and thickness on fire loads during a fire are provided.

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Myers, Alexandra. "A computational study of the effect of cross wind on the flow of fire fighting agent." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FMyers.pdf.

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Yau, Tsz Man. "Effect of lining thermal inertia on small-scale compartment fire." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2001. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/22767/.

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The use of small scale facilities in experimental fire research studies is well estabhshed. This thesis concerns the use of small scale facilities to examine principally the influence of thermal inertia of the lining material on ventilated enclosure fire The radiation error of the thermocouple reading was studied using radiation network models. Previous theoretical studies were implemented to provide improved models appropriate to the more complex arrangements considered here. Modeling was used to assess the radiation error of different sizes of thermocouple in the hot layer measuring position for post and pre flashover fires, and the models were compared with experiment. The current range of thermal inertia values for building products is much wider than those used in the regression by which the classical theory of pre-flashover temperature was derived (McCaffery et al. 1981). The range considered here is greater then has previously been considered by systematic experimental testing whilst maintaining all other independent key variables constant. Using of reasonable assumptions, the mass loss rates of non-flashover and flashover conditions were predicted by numerical calculation integrated with a zone model. Successful prediction was also made for published tests where sufficient information was available, and good agreement was found irrespective of flashover, scale or geometry. Two important and necessary assumptions used in the zone model, concerning specifically radiation heat transfer in the flashover condition are: that an average temperature of hot gas and flashover flame may be represented by a single thermocouple measurement; and that the massive increase in production of flanu-nable vapours from the fuel surface during flashover leads to a "cool core" partial scattering or blocking of the incident radiant heat from the flashover flame and hot gas. A computer programme was developed to implement and test recent flashover theory (Graharn et al. 1995). A logarithinic relationship has here been suggested between the thermal inertia parameter ', 8' and thermal inertia value of lining material. That relationship matches the current experimental results and other published data. The occurrence of flashover and the value of hot gas peak or steady temperature can be predicted using the computer programme, based on the published theory.

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Lundin, Johan. "Safety in case of fire : the effect of changing regulations /." Lund : Dept. of Fire Safety Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 2005. http://www.brand.lth.se/bibl/1032.pdf.

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Seputro, Jenny. "Effect of Support Conditions on Steel Beams Exposed of Fire." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8293.

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The performance of steel structures at elevated temperature is determined by many factors. This report describes the analytical investigation of a single span steel beam using the nonlinear finite element program, SAFIR. Four support conditions and additional axial spring were used to model structural elements with various level of axial and flexural restraint. Different fires were applied and the effect of the applied load, number of fire-exposed sides and location of the line of support were analysed in terms of the midspan deflection, bending moment distribution and axial force in the axially restraint beams. It was found that beams with axial restraint, especially those with rotational restraint are very sensitive to the stress-strain relationship of the steel at elevated temperatures. This research is intended to be a preliminary study leading to the detailed behaviour of complex steel frames such as those tested at Cardington. Some important aspects that could not be included in this project need further investigation in future research.

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Bayer, Andreas Paul Adolf. "Biomass forest modelling using UAV LiDAR data under fire effect." Master's thesis, ISA, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21269.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa
The main goal of the study is to analyse the possibility of quantifying the loss of biomass in burned forest stands using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. Since wildfires are not uncommon in Mediterranean areas, it is useful to quantify the magnitude of fire damage in forests. With the use of remote sensing, it is possible to plan post-fire recovery management and to quantify the losses of biomass and carbon stock. Mata Nacional de Leiria (MNL) was chosen, because, after the fire in October 2017, it showed areas with low and medium-high fire severity. MNL is divided in several rectangular management units (MU). To achieve our objective, it was necessary to find a MU with burned and unburned areas. In this selection process, we used Sentinel-2 images. The fire severity was estimated by deriving a spectral index related with the effects of fire and to compute the temporal difference (pre- minus post-fire) of this index, the delta normalized burn ratio (DNBR). Forest inventory was carried out in four plots installed in the selected MU. Allometric equations were used to estimate values of stand aboveground biomass. These values were used to fit a relationship with data extracted from LiDAR cloud metrics. The LiDAR data were acquired with a VLP-16 Velodyne LiDAR PUCK™ mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) at an altitude of 60 m above the ground. The point clouds were then processed with the FUSION software until a cloud metrics was generated and then regression models were used to fit equations related to LiDAR-derived parameters. Two biomass equations were fit, one with the whole tree metrics having a R² = 0,95 and a second one only considering the tree crown metrics presenting a R² = 0,93. The state of the forest (unburned/burned) was significant on the final equation
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Books on the topic "Effect of fire"

1

Olsen, Penny. Fire and birds: Fire management for biodiversity. Hawthorn East, Vic: Birds Australia, 2005.

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K, Brown James, and Jane Kapler Smith. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Fort Collins? Colo.]: United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2000.

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Gray, Robert W. Historical fire regime for Pothole Creek interior Douglas-fir research site. [Victoria]: British Columbia, Ministry of Forests Research Program, 1999.

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Davis, William D. Field modeling: Simulating the effect of sloped beamed ceilings on detector and sprinkler response : International Fire Detection Research Project : technical report, year 2. Quincy, Mass: National Fire Protection Research Foundation, 1994.

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Pyne, Stephen J. Fire : [nature and culture]. London: Reaktion Books, 2012.

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Rouse, Cary. Fire effects in northeastern forests, jack pine. [Saint Paul, Minn.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1986.

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Fisher, David E. Fire & ice: The greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, and nuclear winter. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.

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McCaffrey, Bernard J. Naval fire fighting trainers: Effect of ventilation on fire environment (model calculations for 19F3 FFT). Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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Hull, Sieg Carolyn, and Rocky Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), eds. Postfire mortality of Ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir: A review of methods to predict tree death. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2004.

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Fowler, James F. Postfire mortality of Ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir: A review of methods to predict tree death. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Effect of fire"

1

Tyers, Ben. "Particle Fire Effect." In GameMaker: Studio 100 Programming Challenges, 75–76. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2644-5_38.

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Gašpercová, Stanislava, and Miroslava Vandlíčková. "Effect of Thermal Loading on Various Types of Wood Beams." In Wood & Fire Safety, 311–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41235-7_46.

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Aseeva, Roza, Boris Serkov, and Andrey Sivenkov. "Effect of Natural Aging of Timber Building Structures on Fire Behavior and Fire Safety." In Fire Behavior and Fire Protection in Timber Buildings, 229–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7460-5_10.

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Gottuk, Daniel T., and Brian Y. Lattimer. "Effect of Combustion Conditions on Species Production." In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 486–528. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_16.

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Zeng, Yiping, Weiguo Song, Feizhou Huo, and Xiaoge Wei. "Effect of Weibull Distributed Pre-movement Time on Evacuation." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 133–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_13.

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Liu, Changcheng, Song Lu, Ruifang Zhang, Hui Yang, Xudong Cheng, and Heping Zhang. "The Effect of Aspect Ratios on Critical Velocity in Tunnel Fires." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 925–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_95.

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Makovicka Osvaldova, Linda, and Michaela Horvathova. "Effect of Thermal Load on the Heat Release Rate of the Selected Types of Wooden Floorings." In Wood & Fire Safety, 41–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41235-7_7.

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Feng, Lihua, Qingsong Wang, Chengying Ai, and Jinhua Sun. "The Effect of Multicomponent Electrolyte Additive on LiFePO4-Based Lithium Ion Batteries." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 169–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_16.

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Su, Chung-Hwei, Kuang-Chung Tsai, Ming-Hui Dai, and Chun-Chou Lin. "Effect of Fire Detection Function on Fire Suppression in Home Stay Facilities in Taiwan." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 869–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_89.

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Yan, Weigang, Yang Shen, Lin Jiang, Weiguang An, Yang Zhou, Zhen Li, and Jinhua Sun. "Experimental Study of Sidewall and Pressure Effect on Vertical Downward Flame Spread Over Insulation Material." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 823–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_84.

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Conference papers on the topic "Effect of fire"

1

"The effect of fire channelling on fire severity in the 2009 Victorian fires, Australia." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.a3.price.

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Ma, Tingguang, Xiaoliang Zhang, and Xiansheng Song. "The Oxygen Effect on Mixture Flammability." In 2019 9th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (ICFSFPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfsfpe48751.2019.9055864.

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Chen, Zinan, Yuanyuan Xiong, Han Lin, Menglin Liu, Chen Wang, Jinbo Gu, Maozhou Liao, and Peng Lin. "Study on the Effect of Slope on Tunnel Fire Characteristics." In 2019 9th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (ICFSFPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfsfpe48751.2019.9055779.

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4

Wan Amalina Wan Zaharuddin, Bambang Ariwahjoedi, and Patthi Hussain. "Effect of vermiculite on fire protectiveness of water-based acrylic fire retardant coating." In 2010 Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scored.2010.5704044.

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Li, Qiang, Chang Liu, Jiaqing Zhang, Jinmei Li, Hongxin Liu, and Yang Jiang. "Experimental Study of the Effect of Ceiling Vent on Fuel Mass Loss Rate." In 2019 9th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (ICFSFPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfsfpe48751.2019.9055835.

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Rong, Luqing, Xudong Cheng, and Yangyang Fu. "Effect of States of Charge on the Burning Behaviors of Lithium ion Batteries." In 2019 9th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (ICFSFPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfsfpe48751.2019.9055886.

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Yi, Xiaoying, Zheng Zhang, Zekun Li, Yuanhua He, and Quanyi Liu. "Effect of State of Charge on Thermal Runaway Characteristics of 18650 Lithium Ion Batteries." In 2019 9th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (ICFSFPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfsfpe48751.2019.9055799.

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Wang, Di, Chunjie Zhai, and Junhui Gong. "Numerical Estimation of Environmental Wind Effect on Smoke Evolution in a 10-storey Building." In 2019 9th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (ICFSFPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfsfpe48751.2019.9055824.

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Mullerova, Jana. "EFFECT OF FUEL SOURCE ON ENCLOSURE FIRE PARAMETERS." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/5.2/s20.044.

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Chen, Xiantao, Qiang Sun, Haibin Wang, Song Xie, Yi Liu, and Yuanhua He. "The Effect of Pressure in Cruise Phase on the Thermal Runaway Behaviors and Smoke Components." In 2019 9th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (ICFSFPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfsfpe48751.2019.9055814.

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Reports on the topic "Effect of fire"

1

Kerber, Stephen, and William D. Walton. Effect of positive pressure ventilation on a room fire. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7213.

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2

McCaffrey, B. J., J. A. Rockett, and R. S. Levine. Naval fire fighting trainers - effect of ventilation on fire environment (model calculations for 19F3 FFT). Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3238.

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Ohlemiller, Thomas J., and Richard G. Gann. Effect of bed clothes modifications on fire performance of bed asemblies. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1449.

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Ohlemiller, T. J., and J. R. Shields. The effect of surface coatings on fire growth over composite materials. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5940.

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5

Alam, Naveed, Ali Nadjai, Chrysanthos Maraveas, Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis, and Faris Ali. EFFECT OF AIR-GAP ON PERFORMANCE OF FABRICATED SLIM FLOOR BEAMS IN FIRE. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.043.

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McKenzie, Donald, David L. Peterson, and Ernesto Alvarado. Predicting the effect of fire on large-scale vegetation patterns in North America. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-489.

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7

Fast, J. D. The effect of regional-scale soil-moisture deficits on mesoscale atmospheric dynamics that influence fire severity. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193718.

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Chen, Jun, Jun Xiong, and Si-Yuan Zhu. Effect of fire needle for ganglion cysts: a protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.8.0032.

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Dubrulle, Laura, Mauro Zammarano, and Rick D. Davis. Effect of Fire-Retardant Coatings and Accelerated-Weathering on the Flammability of Wood-Based Materials in Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Communities. National Institute of Standards and Technology, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2094.

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10

Lee, B. T. Effect of wall and room surfaces on the rates of heat, smoke, and carbon monoxide production in a park lodging bedroom fire. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-2998.

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