Journal articles: 'Effect of fear on'

1

Kendler, K. S., C. O. Gardner, P. Annas, and P. Lichtenstein. "The development of fears from early adolesence to young adulthood: a multivariate study." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 12 (February 25, 2008): 1759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708002936.

Full text

Abstract:

BackgroundCommon fears change over development. Genetic and environmental risk factors for fears are partly shared across fears and partly fear-specific. The nature of the changes in common and fear-specific genetic and environmental risk factors over time is unknown.MethodSelf-reported fears were obtained at ages 13–14, 16–17 and 19–20 from 2404 twins in the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development. A multivariate longitudinal twin analysis was conducted with Mx.ResultsEighteen individual items formed four fear factors: animal, blood-injury, situational, and social. The best-fit model had no quantitative or qualitative sex effects or shared environmental effects, but included a strong common factor with a stable cross-time structure with highest loadings on situational and lowest loadings on social fears. New common and fear-specific genetic risk factors emerged over development. With increasing age, genetic effects declined in overall importance and became more fear-specific. Cross-time continuity in specific genetic effects was highest for animal and lowest for social fears. Social fears had a ‘burst’ of specific genetic effects in late adolescence. Individual-specific environmental factors impacted both on the general fear factor and on specific fears. Compared to genetic effects, the impact of the unique environment was more time-specific.ConclusionsGenetic and environmental risk factors for individual fears are partly mediated through a common fear factor and are partly fear-specific in their effect. The developmental pattern of these risk factors is complex and dynamic with new common and specific genetic effects arising in late adolescence and early adulthood.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Serim-Yıldız, Begüm, Özgür Erdur-Baker, and Aslı Bugay. "The Common Fears and Their Origins Among Turkish Children and Adolescents." Behaviour Change 30, no. 3 (August 12, 2013): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2013.18.

Full text

Abstract:

The present study aimed to investigate the common fears and their origins among children and adolescents from different age, gender, and socioeconomic levels (SES). The sample was comprised of 642 females (48.8%) and 673 males (51.2%) with a total of 1,315 participants aged between 8 and 18 (M = 13.15; SD = 3.18). The Fear interview was utilised to examine the common fears and the role of conditioning, modelling and negative information in the development of children's fears. The result showed that the most common fear in Turkey was ‘God’, followed by ‘losing my friends’ and ‘going to Hell’. In addition, the findings revealed that Turkish students are more likely to learn fears by modelling rather than negative information transmission and conditioning. The results also indicated that negative information transmission had a more intensifying effect on the children and adolescents’ existing fear rather than modelling and conditioning. Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression was conducted to examine the effects of age, gender and SES on the origins of fear. Results showed that age and gender were significant predictors of origins of fear.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Jo, Seong Jin, and Sang Jin Park. "Fear of Crime of Sole Proprietor in South Korea: Moderating Effect of Confidence in Police." Korean Association of Criminal Psychology 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25277/kcpr.2022.18.3.113.

Full text

Abstract:

The majority of research on the causes and consequences of fear of crime have focused on personal fears. Even though the widespread crime rate and damage in Sole Proprietors, Sole Proprietor's fear of crime as distinct from personal fear of crime is an understudied phenomenon. The present paper sought to identifying the determinant of sole proprietor's fear of crime under three theoretical models(incivility, victimization, and confidence in the police). Using the Korea Institute of Criminology’s “Safety Survey of Commercial Victimization Survey in Korea, 2016” data, multiple regression analysis was conducted on 5,080 sole proprietors. Results indicate that incivility and victimization have a significant effect on sole proprietor's fear of crime. Furthermore, confidence in police has a significant moderating effect on relationship between incivility and sole proprietor's fear of crime. This results suggest that sole proprietor who perceives more incivility has more fear of crime and even though confidence in police high level has increased the level of fear of crime. Based on the results of the study, Policy implications and future limitations of the study are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Marković, Jelena. "The Silence of Fear, Silencing by Fear and the Fear of Silence." Narodna umjetnost 57, no. 1 (June 19, 2020): 163–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15176/vol57no108.

Full text

Abstract:

Although the aim of this paper is primarily to provide a theoretical contribution to our understanding of silence, it is also based on an ethnographic study conducted in Lika, a region of Croatia marked by a history of conflict and violence. Silence, in addition to having diverse functions and effects, is also characterised by different durations (it can be measured in seconds as well as in decades). It can be, and often is, filled with other potentially communicable non-verbal aspects (emotions and affects, gestures, sounds, etc.). It can also be more or less dependent on – and even steered by – the opinions, experiences and viewpoints of other individuals and communities. In short, this paper deals with the silences found in the course of the research within the framework of numerous typologies of silence, focusing on contextually dependent and ambivalent effects of silence, its “emptiness”, duration and actors (both individuals and communities). This paper deals with silences and silencing at the macrolevel (which includes their affective and social functions), as well as their effect at the microlevel of interpersonal interaction, everyday life and fieldwork encounters. The effects of the network of silences on the public presentation of the findings resulting from studying silence will also be discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Hamm, Alfons O., Mark K. Greenwald, Margaret M. Bradley, Bruce N. Cuthbert, and Peter J. Lang. "The fear potentiated startle effect." Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 26, no. 2 (April 1991): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02691034.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Tsarpalis-Fragkoulidis, Achilleas, Rahel Lea van Eickels, and Martina Zemp. "Please Don’t Compliment Me! Fear of Positive Evaluation and Emotion Regulation—Implications for Adolescents’ Social Anxiety." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 5979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11205979.

Full text

Abstract:

In recent years, fear of positive evaluation has emerged as one of the key aspects of social anxiety, alongside fear of negative evaluation. Fears of evaluation intensify during adolescence, a time when individuals are expected to navigate new, emotionally challenging situations. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between social anxiety, fear of positive and negative evaluation, and three emotion regulation strategies relevant to social anxiety, i.e., suppression, acceptance, and rumination. To this end, data were collected from 647 adolescents via an online survey and analyzed using structural equation modeling. We found that fear of negative evaluation was significantly related to rumination, whereas fear of positive evaluation was significantly and negatively related to acceptance. We further found an indirect effect of social anxiety on suppression via fear of positive evaluation and acceptance in a serial mediation and an indirect effect of social anxiety on rumination via fear of negative evaluation. Not only do fears of positive and negative evaluation appear to be distinct constructs, but they are also differentially associated with three emotion regulation strategies pertinent to social anxiety. Fear of evaluation and its associations with emotion regulation deficits might hinder the therapeutic process by acting as a deterrent to positive reinforcement or potentially impeding the development of a successful therapeutic alliance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Meierbachtol, Adam, Michael Obermeier, William Yungtum, John Bottoms, Eric Paur, Bradley J. Nelson, Marc Tompkins, Hayley C. Russell, and Terese L. Chmielewski. "Injury-Related Fears During the Return-to-Sport Phase of ACL Reconstruction Rehabilitation." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 232596712090938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120909385.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Fear of reinjury is common after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and often deters a return to preinjury sport participation. A better understanding of injury-related fear is needed to inform rehabilitation strategies. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to (1) identify individual fear-evoking tasks or situations, (2) compare the intensity and amount of change relative to other injury-related fears (reinjury, knee giving way, and knee pain) after completion of a return-to-sport training program, and (3) determine whether standardized questionnaires can identify the intensity of fear for the individual fear-evoking task or situation and for fear of reinjury. The hypothesis was that the task or situation that evokes fear would vary across patients and the intensity of that fear would be higher and show less change after return-to-sport training compared with other injury-related fears. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Participants included 33 patients (15 males; mean age, 18 years) with ACLR who enrolled in a group-format return-to-sport training program. Questionnaires completed before and after return-to-sport training included items to specify fear-evoking tasks or situations, items to rate the intensity of various injury-related fears, the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport after Injury scale (ACL-RSI), and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11). Results: The most common fear-evoking task or situation was cutting, followed by contact, jumping, and other. Intensity of fear-evoking task or situation was higher than other injury-related fears, but all fears decreased in intensity after training. The ACL-RSI score better identified the intensity of fear for the individual fear-evoking task or situation and for fear of reinjury than did the TSK-11 score. Conclusion: Activities that evoke fear vary across patients, but fear of cutting is common. The intensity of common fears after ACLR decreased after advanced group training, and large effect sizes were seen for nearly all examined fears. Fear of reinjury and intensity of individually feared tasks may be better reflected in the ACL-RSI score than the TSK-11 score.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Kim, Yu-Rin, and Kyeung-Ae Jang. "The Effect of Dental Hygiene Students' Academic Situation on Evaluation Concerns Perfectionism and Self-Handicapping: The Mediating Effect of Fear of Negative and Positive Evaluation." Korean Society of Oral Health Science 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33615/jkohs.2022.10.3.10.

Full text

Abstract:

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of the fear of negative evaluation and the fear of positive evaluation on perfectionism and self-handicapping and to determine the difference between them. Methods: This study was conducted with 135 students enrolled in the department of dental hygiene. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to confirm the mediating effects of negative and positive evaluations in relation to perfectionism and self-handicapping. Results: The study showed that perfectionism was a factor affecting self-handicapping, and that fears of a positive evaluation had a greater mediating effect than fears of a negative evaluation. Conclusions: It is important to establish your own values and to cultivate positive thinking. An atmosphere of counseling and of learning should be established so that the criteria for success can be objective rather than arrived at by comparing yourself with others.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Rayner, Ethan, Stacey M. Baxter, and Jasmina Ilicic. "Smoker's recall of fear appeal imagery: Examining the effect of fear intensity and fear type." Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) 23, no. 1 (February 2015): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2014.11.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Oluwalola, Felicia K. "Effect of Emotion on Distance e-Learning — The Fear of Technology." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 5, no. 11 (2015): 966–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.588.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Kiyani, Amber, Syed Hamza Zia, Kanwal Sohail, Zarnab Rizwan, and Ghina Rizwan. "The Effect of Fear of COVID-19 on Dental Anxiety Levels." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 31, no. 02 (July 17, 2022): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.312.95.

Full text

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: Dental anxiety can be adversely affected by pandemics like corona virus. Most patients have preferred to defer their dental appointments and that patients generally neglect their health in epidemics. The investigation was carried out to determine the effect of the current coronavirus pandemic on dental anxiety by comparing through and post 1st wave of pandemic dental anxiety scores. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the Pakistani population using online surveys from June to August 2020. A total of 681 participants were recruited. Standardized and validated questionnaires were used to measure dental anxiety scores during and after the 2nd wave of pandemic. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22. Independent t-test was used to compare dental anxiety scores through and after the 2nd wave of COVID-19. Fear of COVID-19 among the participants was also evaluated. RESULTS: From a total of 681 participants, 668 responses were retained in accordance to the inclusion criteria. A statistically significant difference was obtained regarding the dental anxiety levels during and after the 2nd wave of COVID-19 (p value =0.001). However, there was no significant difference between fear of COVID-19 scale and dental anxiety scores during COVID-19 (p value = 0.284). CONCLUSION: The coronavirus pandemic has demonstrated an adverse effect on patient dental anxiety scores. We also noted that the majority of the people were not willing to attend their dental appointment during this pandemic. KEYWORDS: COVID-19, coronavirus infection, dental anxiety, fear.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Barinov, Dmitrii Nikolaevich. "Political power and fear: dialectics of interpenetration." Социодинамика, no. 5 (May 2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7144.2021.5.33839.

Full text

Abstract:

This article is dedicated to the problem of fear as a phenomenon of political power and dominance-subordination relations. The theoretical-methodological framework for the analysis of correlation between fear and political power is comprised of the works of Russian and foreign philosophers and sociologists (O. Comte, H. Spencer, T. Parsons, N. Luhmann, E. Shils, A. S. Panarin, and other.). The author examines such phenomenon as the fear of punishment, the peculiarities of occurrence of fear in the conditions of total control over citizens under despotic and democratic political regime, in the situation of destruction of the government. Characteristic is given to the fears of politicians (personal fears, fear of losing power, fear of democracy). Based on the theoretical models along with attracted historical and statistical material, it is demonstrated that fear is an inevitable side effect of any power that tends to conservation of the existing model of relations between the government and society. The article provides a new interpretation of the idea of the supporters of psychoanalysis on channeling the fears of politicians onto the population. It is underlined that in the current conditions, it is not so much the fears of the political elite, as on converting them into a governing technique. The latter conceals the true concerns of the political elite, as well as displaces the moods of discontent and social tension, turning them into fear towards the objects developed in the information field.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Izquierdo, Ivan, Cristiane R. G. Furini, and Jociane C. Myskiw. "Fear Memory." Physiological Reviews 96, no. 2 (April 2016): 695–750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2015.

Full text

Abstract:

Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past 60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning and fear conditioning to a tone) and one instrumental procedure (one-trial inhibitory avoidance). Fear memory is formed in the hippocampus (contextual conditioning and inhibitory avoidance), in the basolateral amygdala (inhibitory avoidance), and in the lateral amygdala (conditioning to a tone). The circuitry involves, in addition, the pre- and infralimbic ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the central amygdala subnuclei, and the dentate gyrus. Fear learning models, notably inhibitory avoidance, have also been very useful for the analysis of the biochemical mechanisms of memory consolidation as a whole. These studies have capitalized on in vitro observations on long-term potentiation and other kinds of plasticity. The effect of a very large number of drugs on fear learning has been intensively studied, often as a prelude to the investigation of effects on anxiety. The extinction of fear learning involves to an extent a reversal of the flow of information in the mentioned structures and is used in the therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder and fear memories in general.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Lee, Seong-Sik, Kyung-shick Choi, Sinyong Choi, and Elizabeth Englander. "A Test of Structural Model for Fear of Crime in Social Networking Sites." International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence and Cybercrime 2, no. 2 (September 6, 2019): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52306/02020219svzl9707.

Full text

Abstract:

This study constructed a structural model which consists of social demographic factors, experience of victimization, opportunity factors, and social context factors to explain the public’s fear of crime on social networking sites (SNS). The model is based on the risk interpretation model, which predicts that these factors influence users’ fear of crime victimization. Using data from 486 university students in South Korea, an empirically-tested model suggests that sex and age have direct and significant effects on fear of victimization, supporting the vulnerability hypothesis. Among opportunity factors, the level of personal information and the number of offending peers have significant effects on fear of victimization through the medium of the perceived victimization risk, although the effect of SNS usage time is not significant. In addition, it was revealed that experience of victimization has a direct effect on fear of victimization. Furthermore, findings indicate that bridging social network has a direct and indirect positive effect on fear of victimization, and collective efficacy has an indirect effect on fear of victimization. Results show that incidents in SNS have the strongest effect on fear of victimization among various factors in this model without being mediated by the perceived victimization risk. Overall, this study supports a structural model for the fear of victimization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Chou, Wen Huei, Han-Xing Chen, and Ching-Chih Hsu. "Research on Alleviating Children’s Nighttime Fear Using a Digital Game." Children 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2022): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9030405.

Full text

Abstract:

Nighttime fear is common among children and may negatively affect their growth. Given the positive role of digital games in regulating children’s emotions, in this study, we proposed principles for the design of a digital game to alleviate children’s nighttime fears and developed a game prototype based on a survey of children and their parents. In order to verify whether digital games can reduce children’s fears, the Koala Fear Questionnaire (KFQ) was used to assess the effectiveness of the game prototype in an experiment. We adopted a quasi-experimental design with non-randomized samples, including 47 subjects in the experimental group (EG) and 49 subjects in the control group (CG). The results of the analysis show that the children in the EG displayed an obvious decrease in their fear of the objects that appeared in the game. Moreover, for some children with a moderate level of fear, playing digital games could significantly reduce their fear. Therefore, this preliminary study suggests that digital games have a positive effect on alleviating children’s nighttime fears.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Torrents-Rodas, David, Miquel A. Fullana, Albert Bonillo, Xavier Caseras, Oscar Andión, and Rafael Torrubia. "No effect of trait anxiety on differential fear conditioning or fear generalization." Biological Psychology 92, no. 2 (February 2013): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.10.006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

May, David C. "THE EFFECT OF FEAR OF SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION ON ADOLESCENT FEAR OF CRIME." Sociological Spectrum 21, no. 2 (April 2001): 141–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732170119080.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Tomeček, Jakub, and Alena Skotáková. "Fear of Falls in Wheelchair Users." Studia sportiva 13, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2019-1-12.

Full text

Abstract:

The article deals with the issue of fear of falls in wheelchair users and the change in fall concerns after completing a self-defense course. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a self-defense course for wheelchair users on their fear of falls. To collect data we used a questionnaire and participant observation in the lessons of self-defense for wheelchair users. The participants filled in the questionnaires at the beginning and at the end of the course.The results show that the course of self-defense has an effect on wheelchair users´ fear of falls. This effect differs depending on the type of disability of the participant and on the level of self-confidence. We can claim that the participants with a low level of fear at the beginning of the course this attitude has shifted slightly and they became more aware of potential threats. On the contrary, the participants whose level of fear was high, those fears were reduced and their attitude towards a potential fall is slightly more relaxed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Sunpaweravong, Sompoom. "Correlation between Perceived Fear of COVID-19 Infection and Demand for COVID-19 Vaccination in Thailand: A Cross Sectional Study." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 6, no. 3 (September 3, 2021): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20210759.

Full text

Abstract:

As the global COVID-19 pandemic became increasingly severe, the perceived fear of infection amongst the general population increased significantly. Many aspects of COVID-19 infection such as the ailment’s severe symptoms and risk of death contributed greatly to the collective fear surrounding this disease. The fear of infection resulted in lifestyle changes for many which in turn caused a great extent of socioeconomic impacts on both the regional and global level. Correlating closely to the fear of infection, vaccine related fear became a growing trend amongst the public. The majority of those fearing the vaccines were skeptical of its safety and risk of severe although rare side effects such as blood clots or convulsion not to mention the more common side effects such as high fevers that deterred a significant portion of the population from getting vaccinated. With these two closely related fears causing great effects on our society, our study decided to study the correlation and interaction between these two metrics. Through measuring both COVID-19 infection and vaccination fear of 351 subjects from diverse demographics, our study found many correlations between the perceived fear for COVID 19 infection, demand and reluctance for COVID 19 vaccination and other factors such as the age of the subject. Our study also took various measurements regarding the subjects involved in this study such as the subject’s age and underlying diseases that are known to augment the severity of COVID-19 symptoms such as Diabetes, underlying heart disease and lung diseases. After rigorous data analysis, the study found proportionate correlations between the levels of perceived fear of COVID-19 infection and the demand for vaccination. The demographics of participants (age and underlying diseases) were also found to have a correlative effect on the former measurements. Keywords: COVID-19 fear, vaccine hesitancy, COVID-19 risk factors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Bennett, Trevor. "Confidence in the Police as a mediating Factor in the Fear of Crime." International Review of Victimology 3, no. 3 (September 1994): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809400300301.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper draws attention to findings of research which show or suggest that confidence in the police might be negatively correlated with fear of crime. The paper argues that the potential mediating effect of confidence in the police on fear is an important research issue as it might suggest practicable policy options. In order to examine this relation aggregated data drawn from surveys conducted in four residential areas in England were analysed using both bivariate and multivariate methods of analysis. The research showed that while there appeared to be a negative correlation between confidence in the police and fear at the bivariate level this effect disappeared at the multivariate level when other relevant factors were taken into account. The paper concludes that the connection between public views on the quality of policing and fear of crime deserves further research in order to determine under what conditions (if any) confidence might affect fear and to learn more about the nature of public perceptions of the police as a potential source of protection against public worries and fears.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Straub, Sandra H., and Jeanne M. Roberts. "Fear of Death in Widows: Effects of Age at Widowhood and Suddenness of Death." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 43, no. 1 (August 2001): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kp61-5u92-mwjr-jadg.

Full text

Abstract:

This study investigated how widows' fears of death are affected by their age at widowhood and suddenness of death. Researchers administered the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale to 423 participants, categorized according to age (50 and 51) and suddenness of death (expected, unexpected, and non-widowed). No significant differences in fears of the dying process were found among groups. Fears of death of others and death of self were influenced by a significant effect of age: younger women expressed greater fears than older women. A significant interaction between age and suddenness of death was found regarding fear of death of others. Results are discussed and implications for research and practice are suggested.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Good, Megan C., and Michael R. Hyman. "Protection motivation theory and brick-and-mortar salespeople." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 48, no. 8 (June 7, 2020): 865–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-05-2019-0155.

Full text

Abstract:

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to apply protection motivation theory (PMT) to brick-and-mortar salespeople's responses to customers' fear appeals.Design/methodology/approachThe approach is to develop a conceptual model for the effect of customers' fear appeals on brick-and-mortar salespeople.FindingsPMT relates to the influence of customers' fear appeals on brick-and-mortar salespeople's behaviours. The salesperson's decision whether to follow a retail manager's suggestion about ways to mitigate a customer's fear appeal depends on believed threat severity, believed threat susceptibility, response efficacy, self-efficacy and response costs.Research limitations/implicationsPMT is applied to a new domain: brick-and-mortar salespeople. Although a powerful yet universal emotion, only limited research has examined fear within this group.Practical implicationsUnderstanding salespeople's fears will help retail managers identify strategies for encouraging adaptive behaviours and deterring maladaptive behaviours by salespeople.Originality/valueA model relating customers' fear appeals to salespeople's behaviours is introduced.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Jing, Fengrui, Lin Liu, Suhong Zhou, and Guangwen Song. "Examining the Relationship between Hukou Status, Perceived Neighborhood Conditions, and Fear of Crime in Guangzhou, China." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 9614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229614.

Full text

Abstract:

Fear of crime can lead to lower satisfaction with life and subjective well-being. The indicators of fear of crime vary from the social and cultural context, and the hukou (household registration) status causes unequal rights between local hukou and non-local hukou residents in China. To improve people’s perception of safety, this study takes hukou as an indicator of social vulnerability and examines the relationship between hukou, perceived neighborhood conditions, and fear of crime in China. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the 1727 residents garnered from the 2016 Project on Public Safety in Guangzhou Neighborhoods (PPSGN) in Guangzhou, China. The results show that women, victimization experience, physical and social disorder, and neighborhood policing are associated with residents’ fear of crime. Although hukou status has no statistically significant effect on fear of crime, hukou status significantly moderates the influence of perceived neighborhood conditions on fear of crime. That is, perceived neighborhood conditions’ effects on fear are conditional on one’s hukou status: non-local hukou, perception of the social disorder has more of the detrimental effect on fear, and perception of social integration has less of the helpful effect on fear. In sum, this study adds to the international literature by revealing the conditional effect of the hukou on fear in a Chinese city.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Chadee, Derek, Stacia Ali, Ariel Burke, and Jason Young. "Fear of crime and community concerns: Mediating effect of risk and pragmatic fear." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 27, no. 6 (July 17, 2017): 450–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.2326.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Timmers, Rian, and Per van der Wijst. "Images as anti-smoking fear appeals." Information Design Journal 15, no. 1 (April 25, 2007): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.15.1.04tim.

Full text

Abstract:

The research questions in this study were: Is a fear appeal more effective in persuading a target group when it capitalizes on fears that live within that target group, and what role do emotions play in the persuasion process? In an experiment, the effects of capitalizing on fears within a target group of teenagers are studied. Furthermore, the role of smoking behavior on the persuasive power of fear appeals is taken into account. The results indicate that capitalizing on genuine fears did not result in more effective fear appeals. Emotions, however, play an important role in the persuasion process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Deng, Jiahui, Wenmei Fang, Yimiao Gong, Yanping Bao, Hui Li, Sizhen Su, Jie Sun, et al. "Augmentation of fear extinction by theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in humans." Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 46, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): E292—E302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/jpn.200053.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Fear extinction alone does not erase the original fear memory. Interventions that enhance extinction can be beneficial for the treatment of fear-related disorders. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been shown to improve memory performance. The present study examined the effects of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) on fear extinction and the return of fear memory in humans. Methods: Ninety-one young healthy volunteers underwent 3 experiments using a randomized controlled experimental design. Participants first acquired fear conditioning, after which they received 30 Hz iTBS before and after extinction training. The iTBS was applied to 1 of 2 targets: the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the vertex (control). Fear responses were measured 24 hours later and 1 month later. Results: During the spontaneous recovery and reinstatement tests, iTBS of the left dlPFC before and after extinction significantly reduced fear response, whereas iTBS of the vertex had no effect on fear memory performance. This combined approach had a relatively long-lasting effect (i.e., at least 1 month). Limitations: We did not explore the effect of iTBS of the dlPFC on the expression of fear without extinction training. The neural mechanisms of iTBS with fear extinction to inhibit the fear response are unclear. Our results are preliminary and should be interpreted with caution. Conclusion: The present results showed that 30 Hz iTBS of the left dlPFC enhanced retention of fear extinction. Our study introduces a new intervention for fear memory and suggests that the left dlPFC may be a treatment target for fear-related disorders.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Hickman, Susan E., and Charlene L. Muehlenhard. "College Women's Fears and Precautionary Behaviors Relating to Acquaintance Rape and Stranger Rape." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 4 (December 1997): 527–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00129.x.

Full text

Abstract:

Past research on women's fear of rape has focused on women's fears relating to stranger rape, even though most rapes are acquaintance rapes. In this study, 139 undergraduate women completed a questionnaire concerning their fears, precautionary behaviors, and beliefs relating to acquaintance and stranger rape. Women reported being more fearful of rape by strangers than by acquaintances, and they reported engaging in more precautionary behaviors because of fear of stranger rape than of acquaintance rape. When asked to self-generate situations in which they feared rape, they generated more situations in which they feared stranger rape than acquaintance rape. Paradoxically, they estimated that acquaintance rape was more common. Precautionary behaviors were best predicted by level of fear. A history of acquaintance rape had no effect on women's responses. Theoretical and educational implications are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Moot, S. A., R. C. Teevan, and N. Greenfeld. "Fear of Failure and the Zeigarnik Effect." Psychological Reports 63, no. 2 (October 1988): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.2.459.

Full text

Abstract:

The present study was a partial replication of one by Atkinson in 1953 and an attempt to assess the effect of strength of fear-of-failure motivation on recall of interrupted and completed tasks. 81 freshman men enrolled in introductory psychology classes were administered the Thematic Apperception Test under typical “neutral” conditions. At a later date, the test for Zeigarnik effect was given and scores obtained. Correlational analyses suggested (1) a successful replication of the Atkinson study, (2) a strikingly similar relationship between nAch and the dependent variables and between fear of failure and these variables, and (3) the independence of nAch and fear-of-failure motives.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Han, Hyerim, and Jimin Lee. "The Effect of Adult Attachment on the Fear of Intimacy: The Mediating Effect of Self-differentiation and Self-esteem." Family and Environment Research 60, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.6115/fer.2022.030.

Full text

Abstract:

This study analyzed the relationship between adult attachment, self-differentiation, and self-esteem in solving the fear of intimacy in interpersonal relationships experienced by adults. This study targeted people in the 20s to 50s age group, and data from 1,263 participants were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0. The results are as follows. First, it was found that secure attachment had a negative relationship with the fear of intimacy, while the relationship between self-differentiation and self-esteem was positive. On the other hand, anxiety attachment and avoidance attachment were shown to have a positive relationship with the fear of intimacy, but a negative relationship was identified with self-differentiation and self-esteem. Second, it became evident that self-differentiation and self-esteem mediated the relationship between adult attachment and the fear of intimacy. Additionally, the findings indicated that self-differentiation and self-esteem had a dual mediating effect. The results of this study can be used as basic data for counseling and educational programs to solve the fear of intimacy in interpersonal relationships experienced by adults.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Ten Berge, M., J. S. J. Veerkamp, J. Hoogstraten, and P. J. M. Prins. "Childhood Dental Fear in Relation to Parental Child-Rearing Attitudes." Psychological Reports 92, no. 1 (February 2003): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.1.43.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to assess the relation between parental self-reported child-rearing attitudes and dental fear in children. The parents of 51 children with high dental fear and of 56 children with low dental fear, of different age groups, completed the Amsterdam version of the Parental Attitude Research Instrument. In addition, parents were asked to rate their own dental fear. Multivariate analysis of variance (child fear x parental fear x child age) showed a significant main effect only of child dental fear on parental self-complaints ( p = .03). For parental dental fear, main effects were found on overprotection and on promotion of autonomy ( p ≤ .01). No age effects were found. Also, no relation between children's dental fear and parental dental fear was found. Based on the present findings, it was concluded that parents may play a more secondary, mediating role in the etiological process of dental fear in children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Eran-Jona, Meytal, Roni Tiargan-Orr, Stephen Z. Levine, Yehiel Limor, Mordechai Schenhav, and Uzi Ben-Shalom. "Habituation of Fear—Israeli-Jewish Population during Protracted Belligerence." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 16067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316067.

Full text

Abstract:

The identification of demographic factors of vulnerability and resilience in communities facing belligerent conflicts is increasingly relevant today. This representative study aims to examine the effect of protracted violence on the level of fear of the overall Israeli-Jewish population, and the role of the conflict on the connection between socio-economic factors and fears. Sixty-six representative samples were identified and surveyed from 2001 to 2019 (n = 37,190) that occurred during (n = 14,362) and between (n = 22,828) seven conflicts and non-conflict periods. Results show that during military conflicts, civilians declared less fears of physical injury comparing routine time; a slow trend of decline in the level of fears over time was observed; during routine periods, fear was associated with female-gender and with the lowest income level group. Ultra-orthodox and Religious respondents had significantly less fear than the secular and traditional respondents. During military conflicts, the results changed significantly, mainly for the lowest income group, women and ultra-orthodox.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Yang, Ruizhi, and Dan Jin. "Dynamics in a predator-prey model with memory effect in predator and fear effect in prey." Electronic Research Archive 30, no. 4 (2022): 1322–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/era.2022069.

Full text

Abstract:

<abstract><p>The spatial memory effect in predator and fear effect in prey are incorporated in a diffusive predator-prey model. We are interested in studying the dynamics generated by the memory effect and fear effect, and mainly study the local stability of coexisting equilibrium, the existence of Hopf bifurcation and the property of Hopf bifurcation. Through the numerical simulations, we show that increasing memory-based diffusion coefficient is not conducive to the stability of the coexisting equilibrium, and the fear effect has both stabilizing and destabilizing effect on the coexisting equilibrium under different parameters.</p></abstract>

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Li, Yueh-Ping, Chung-Ying Lin, Yi-Jie Kuo, Yu-Pin Chen, and Mark D. Griffiths. "Gender Differences in the Factors Associated With the Fear of COVID-19 Among Taiwanese Older People." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 58 (January 2021): 004695802110555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580211055587.

Full text

Abstract:

Objectives: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, older people are threatened, and there may be different psychological responses toward COVID-19 between women and men. The present study explored the factors and gender differences related to the fear of COVID-19 among older women and men in Taiwan. Methods: Geriatric patients (n = 139; 42 men; mean age = 71.73 years) who visited outpatient departments were recruited. They self-reported demographic data and completed questions asking about (i) their fear of COVID-19, (ii) whether they paid attention to COVID-19 news, (iii) whether searched for COVID-19 news, (iv) whether they believed in COVID-19 news, and (v) their preventive COVID-19 behaviors. Results: Both women and men reported a low fear of COVID-19, paid close attention to COVID-19 news, and practiced good preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors. The perceived chance of COVID-19 infection was a significant factor contributing to the fear of COVID-19 among both women and men. Preventive behaviors had a positive effect in lowering the fear of COVID-19. News about COVID-19 had a negative effect in lowering the fear of the disease among women but not men. Conclusions: As the performing of preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors was associated with a lower fear of COVID-19, healthcare providers should consider strategies for improving preventive behaviors among older people to help ease their worries and fears concerning COVID-19.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Sorin, Reesa. "Validating Young Children's Feelings and Experiences of Fear." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 4, no. 1 (March 2003): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2003.4.1.8.

Full text

Abstract:

Children experience a wide range of emotions, from happiness and excitement to anger and disgust. When children are happy, their caregivers encourage their expression of happiness and often join in to share this emotion with them. Yet when they are angry, afraid or disgusted, often children are encouraged to suppress or change their emotions. This is particularly true of the emotion of fear. While parents and caregivers currently employ a variety of strategies to respond to fear in young children, some of these methods may be positioning children in ways that increase their fears or invalidate their feelings of fear altogether. Well-intentioned parents and caregivers may be unaware of the effect that messages such as ‘there's nothing to be afraid of’ or ‘don't worry, you're safe with me’, could have on children. This article examines a range of adult responses to children's fears and the effectiveness of these responses.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Cougle, Jesse R., Berta J. Summers, Ashleigh M. Harvey, Kirsten H. Dillon, and Nicholas P. Allan. "Contamination-Focused Exposure as a Treatment for Disgust-Based Fears: A Preliminary Test in Spider-Fearful Women." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 44, no. 6 (July 28, 2016): 640–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465816000333.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Disgust is thought to play a prominent role in multiple anxiety disorders and fears, including spider phobia, though little attention has been given to specific treatment strategies that may be effective for multiple disgust-based fears. Aims: In the present study, we evaluated contamination-focused exposure as a potential transdiagnostic treatment strategy for disgust-based fears in a spider fearful sample. Method: Women with significant spider fear were randomized to three 30-minute sessions of exposure therapy involving repeated contact with a dirt mixture (n=17) or a waitlist control condition (n=17). Assessments of spider fear and disgust were administered at baseline and at one-week posttreatment. Results: At high (but not low) levels of pretreatment disgust propensity, exposure led to lower in vivo spider fear and perceived danger than waitlist, though exposure had no effects on spider-related disgust. Similar effects of exposure on spider fear were found at high levels of pretreatment spider-related disgust. Exposure also reduced fear and danger perceptions, but not disgust, related to a separate contamination assessment (touching a toilet). No effects of treatment were found on self-report measures of spider fear or disgust propensity. Conclusions: These findings suggest contamination-focused exposure therapy may be an effective transdiagnostic treatment strategy for individuals with elevated disgust propensity. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Rusch, Amber, Michaela Clark, Moyosoreoluwa Jacobs, Carmen Thomassy, and Julie Hicks Patrick. "Allophilia and Experience: Predictors of Fear in Developing Dementia." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2307.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Fear of developing dementia is common and has been linked to delays in seeking medical attention (Arlt et al., 2008). We used data from 320 adults (M age = 39.7, SD = 12.3, range 20 – 70) to examine the ways in which objective knowledge and subjective experience with dementia influence positive attitudes toward persons with dementia. We further examined how these constructs related to fear of developing dementia. A path analysis showed the model fit the data well, X2 (DF = 1) = 0.74, p = .39; RMSEA < .001. Objective knowledge and subjective experience were significantly associated with higher allophilia. Allophilia and subjective experiences were associated with personal fear. However, allophilia decreased fear, whereas subjective experiences were associated with increased fear of developing dementia. To clarify these findings, we conducted a moderated regression in which age was examined as a moderator of the relation between allophilia and fear as well as the relation between subjective experience and fear. Significant results were obtained [F (5, 294) = 10.41, p < .001; R2 = .15]. Age moderated the effect of personal experience on fear. Stronger effects emerged for adults in their 20s compared to those in their 40s; similarly, age exerted a stronger effect for those in their 40s than for those in their 50s. Regarding age effects on the relation between allophilia and fear of dementia, for adults in their 20s and 40s, allophilia reduced fear of dementia. For adults in their 50s, allophilia was associated with higher fear.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Park Hyun Soo. "The Effect of Parents’ Altruistic Fear on Children’s Fear of Crime and Avoidance Behavior." Police Science Journal 13, no. 3 (August 2018): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.16961/polips.2018.13.3.139.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Askew, Chris, Kübra Çakır, Liine Põldsam, and Gemma Reynolds. "The effect of disgust and fear modeling on children’s disgust and fear for animals." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 123, no. 3 (August 2014): 566–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037228.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Burger, A. M., I. Van Diest, W. Van der Does, J. N. Korbee, N. Waziri, J. F. Brosschot, and B. Verkuil. "The effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on fear generalization and subsequent fear extinction." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 161 (May 2019): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2019.04.006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Oniszczenko, Włodzimierz. "Anxious temperament and cyberchondria as mediated by fear of COVID-19 infection: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): e0255750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255750.

Full text

Abstract:

This study’s main goal was to evaluate the association between anxious temperament and the fear of COVID-19-related self-infection and infection in loved ones (family members, friends, relatives) and cyberchondria. The sample consisted of 499 men and women aged between 18 and 72 who were gathered from the general population via an online recruitment platform. A numerical rating scale comprising 11 degrees of fear was used to assess participants’ COVID-19-related fear, and affective temperaments were evaluated using Akiskal’s Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) scales. Cyberchondria was assessed using McElroy and Shevlin’s Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS). Small to medium positive correlations were found between depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments and cyberchondria and between depressive and anxious temperaments and COVID-19 fears. However, no correlation was observed between the hyperthymic temperament and cyberchondria. Cyberchondria positively correlated with both COVID-19 fears scales, though the correlation coefficients were medium. Based on the results of linear regression analysis, only anxious temperament and COVID-19 fear of self-infection were significant predictors of cyberchondria. The analysis also revealed a significant indirect effect of anxious temperament on cyberchondria through fear of COVID-19 self-infection as a mediator between anxious temperament and cyberchondria.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Kuwabara, K. "Nothing to Fear But Fear Itself: Fear of Fear, Fear of Greed and Gender Effects in Two-Person Asymmetric Social Dilemmas." Social Forces 84, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 1257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0020.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Elliott, Kyle H., Gustavo S. Betini, and D. Ryan Norris. "Fear creates an Allee effect: experimental evidence from seasonal populations." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1857 (June 28, 2017): 20170878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0878.

Full text

Abstract:

Allee effects driven by predation can play a strong role in the decline of small populations but are conventionally thought to occur when generalist predators target specific prey (i.e. type II functional response). However, aside from direct consumption, fear of predators could also increase vigilance and reduce time spent foraging as population size decreases, as has been observed in wild mammals living in social groups. To investigate the role of fear on fitness in relation to population density in a species with limited sociality, we exposed varying densities of Drosophila melanogaster to mantid predators either during an experimental breeding season or non-breeding season. The presence of mantids in either season decreased the reproductive performance of individuals but only at low breeding densities, providing evidence for an Allee effect. We then used our experimental results to parametrize a mathematical model to examine the population consequences of fear at low densities. Fear tended to destabilize population dynamics and increase the risk of extinction up to sevenfold. Our study provides unique experimental evidence that the indirect effects of the presence of predators can cause an Allee effect and has important consequences for our understanding of the dynamics of small populations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Primanto, Alfian Budi, and Rahmawati Rahmawati. "The Antecedents of Impulse Buying Behavior During Covid-19 Pandemic: Revealing the Role of Panic Buying, Government Stimulus, Perceived Scarcity, and Fear Appeals." Jurnal Manajemen Teori dan Terapan| Journal of Theory and Applied Management 14, no. 3 (December 12, 2021): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jmtt.v14i3.29886.

Full text

Abstract:

COVID-19 pandemic spread around the world and changed people's shopping habits. This phenomenon causes much fear and induces panic behavior. In a highly uncertain situation, many people are more likely to engage in impulse buying behavior during this period. Our research aims to examine that impulse buying behavior during the pandemic. Hypothesis testing in this study uses the path analysis technique, which is processed using a computer with a program that has been developed by Preacher-Hayes, namely the Macros PROCESS technique. The research finds that panic buying, government stimulus, perceived scarcity, and fear appeal have a significant direct effect on impulse buying behavior. We went a step further to test the indirect effects. The indirect test supports our hypothesis by using fear appeal as mediating variable. The result indicates that fear appeal mediates between panic buying, whereas impulse buying behavior has no significant effect. Furthermore, fear appeal mediates between government stimulus, and scarcity of essential products has a significant effect on impulse buying behavior.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Diaz-Mataix, L., E. Mocaër, L. Seguin, and J. E. Ledoux. "The antidepressant agomelatine reduces fear long term memory but not acquisition or short term expression of fear memories." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72359-8.

Full text

Abstract:

Alterations in fear learning processes may be implicated in mood disorders. Fear learning has been investigated with Pavlovian classical fear conditioning paradigms, consisting of pairing a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS), such as a tone, with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US), such as a footshock. Upon subsequent exposure, the CS is perceived as aversive and provokes a fear response.The novel antidepressant agomelatine acts as a melatonergic receptor agonist and a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist. Its antidepressant action was demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies. Agomelatine has also anxiolytic properties. The aim of this study was to determine how acute agomelatine treatment might differentially alter fear circuits by using auditory fear conditioning in the rat.A single pre-training injection of agomelatine (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally) significantly reduced freezing to the fear arousing CS 24 hours after training but not during training or 3 hours after training. This pattern of results is consistent with an effect on the consolidation of the fear memory. A single pre-testing injection of agomelatine had no effect on conditioned fear expression.These effects of agomelatine should be considered in relation to its antidepressant action. Agomelatine achieved a reduction of fear conditioning in a single dose, while classical SSRIs only reduced fear conditioning after chronic treatment. This finding is consistent with clinical studies suggesting a faster onset of action of agomelatine than classical SSRI treatment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Paulus, Philipp, and Katrin Muehlfeld. "Host country language skills and expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment in the presence of fear of terror." Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 5, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 418–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-11-2016-0062.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between host country (HC) language skills, fear of terror, and cross-cultural adjustment (CCA) of expatriates based in host countries with different terrorist threat levels. Design/methodology/approach Integrating the expatriate adjustment framework by Black et al. (1991) with social identity theory-based literature, this study first, theorizes about the effects of both fear of terror and HC language proficiency on CCA and, second, puts forward the moderating effect of the actual terrorist threat level on the relationship between HC language proficiency and fear of terror. Hypotheses are tested using survey data of 116 expatriates based in host countries with different threat levels. Findings HC language proficiency is positively associated with CCA. Yet, it is also positively associated with fear of terror, which is, in turn, negatively related to CCA. Consequently, the beneficial effect of HC language skills on CCA is reduced in environments where expatriates experience significant fear of terror. While the actual threat level has a direct positive effect on fear of terror, it also positively moderates the relationship between HC language proficiency and fear of terror. Originality/value This study extends prior literature on expatriation to dangerous environments by zooming in on a specific type of risk factor associated with international assignments, i.e., terrorism, and by integrating HC language proficiency and fear of terror as important factors, which may influence CCA in contexts in which expatriates experience significant fear of terror.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Lai, Liyun, Zhenliang Zhu, and Fengde Chen. "Stability and Bifurcation in a Predator–Prey Model with the Additive Allee Effect and the Fear Effect." Mathematics 8, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8081280.

Full text

Abstract:

We proposed and analyzed a predator–prey model with both the additive Allee effect and the fear effect in the prey. Firstly, we studied the existence and local stability of equilibria. Some sufficient conditions on the global stability of the positive equilibrium were established by applying the Dulac theorem. Those results indicate that some bifurcations occur. We then confirmed the occurrence of saddle-node bifurcation, transcritical bifurcation, and Hopf bifurcation. Those theoretical results were demonstrated with numerical simulations. In the bifurcation analysis, we only considered the effect of the strong Allee effect. Finally, we found that the stronger the fear effect, the smaller the density of predator species. However, the fear effect has no influence on the final density of the prey.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Qu, Chen, Aiyi Zhang, and Qishan Chen. "Monetary Effects on Fear Conditioning." Psychological Reports 112, no. 2 (April 2013): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/16.17.pr0.112.2.353-364.

Full text

Abstract:

Previous research has found that the loss of money as a negative secondary reinforcer was as effective as a primary reinforcer during fear conditioning. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effect of monetary gain as a positive secondary reinforcer in fear conditioning. Participants were assigned to a high-reward group or low-reward group. Three kinds of squares prompting non-compensation shock, compensation shock, and no shock were presented. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) and self-ratings were recorded. The results revealed that (a) both SCRs and self-ratings in the compensation shock condition were lower than in the non-compensation shock condition, suggesting that money might block the learning stage of fear conditioning; and (b) a higher ratio of fear reduction was present in self-rating when compared to SCRs, suggesting that people might overstate the utility of money, subjectively. Monetary effects, the effects of different amounts of money, and the differences between subjective and physiological levels are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Wong, W., J. Lam, H. Lim, S. Wong, P. Chen, Y. Chow, and R. Fielding. "The net suppression effect of pain catastrophic cognition on anxiety sensitivity." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S89—S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.053.

Full text

Abstract:

IntroductionThe existing literature on chronic pain points to the effects anxiety sensitivity, pain hypervigilance, and pain catastrophizing on pain-related fear; however, the nature of the relationships remains unclear. The three dispositional factors may affect one another in the prediction of pain adjustment outcomes. The addition of one disposition may increase the association between another disposition and outcomes, a consequence known as suppressor effects in statistical terms.ObjectiveThis study examined the possible statistical suppressor effects of anxiety sensitivity, pain hypervigilance and pain catastrophizing in predicting pain-related fear and adjustment outcomes (disability and depression).MethodsChinese patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain (n = 401) completed a battery of assessments on pain intensity, depression, anxiety sensitivity, pain vigilance, pain catastrophizing, and pain-related fear. Multiple regression analyses assessed the mediating/moderating role of pain hypervigilance. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate suppression effects.ResultsOur results evidenced pain hypervigilance mediated the effects of anxiety sensitivity (Model 1: Sobel z = 4.86) and pain catastrophizing (Model 3: Sobel z = 5.08) on pain-related fear. Net suppression effect of pain catastrophizing on anxiety sensitivity was found in SEM where both anxiety sensitivity and pain catastrophizing were included in the same full model to predict disability (Model 9: CFI = 0.95) and depression (Model 10: CFI = 0.93) (all P < 0.001) (see Figs. 3 and 4, Figs. 1 and 2).ConclusionsOur findings evidenced that pain hypervigilance mediated the relationship of two dispositional factors, pain catastrophic cognition and anxiety sensitivity, with pain-related fear. The net suppression effects of pain catastrophizing suggest that anxiety sensitivity enhanced the effect of pain catastrophic cognition on pain hypervigilance.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Rossi, Alessandro Alberto, Maria Marconi, Federica Taccini, Claudio Verusio, and Stefania Mannarini. "From Fear to Hopelessness: The Buffering Effect of Patient-Centered Communication in a Sample of Oncological Patients during COVID-19." Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11060087.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: COVID-19 represents a threat both for the physical and psychological health of oncological patients experiencing heightened distress levels to which the fear of the virus is also added. Moreover, fear of COVID-19 could lead oncological patients to experience feelings of hopelessness related to their medical care. Patient-centered communication may act as a buffer against the aforementioned variables. This study aimed to test the role of doctor–patient communication in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and hopelessness. Methods: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a sample of 90 oncological outpatients was recruited (40 males (44.4%) and 50 females (55.6%), mean age = 66.08 (SD = 12.12)). A structured interview was developed and used during the pandemic to measure the patients’ perceived (A) fear of COVID-19, and (B) feelings of hopelessness, and (C) physicians’ use of empathetic and (D) clear language during the consultation. A multiple mediation model was tested, and the effects between males and females were also compared. Results: Empathetic and clear doctor–patient communication buffered the adverse effect of the fear of COVID-19 on hopelessness through a full-mediation model. The effects did not differ between males and females in the overall model but its indirect effects. Discussions: Patient-centered communication using empathy and clear language can buffer the adverse effect of the fear of COVID-19 and protect oncological patients from hopelessness during the pandemic. These findings might help to improve clinical oncological practice.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Chadee, Derek, Nikita K. Ng Ying, Mary Chadee, and Linda Heath. "Fear of Crime: The Influence of General Fear, Risk, and Time Perspective." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 6 (May 24, 2016): 1224–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516650970.

Full text

Abstract:

Prior research on fear of crime has focused less on psychological causes than on sociological and demographic factors. This study, however, introduces time perspective (TP) as an important psychological variable in the understanding of fear of crime. Specifically, the article assesses the relationship between TP as a stable personality factor and the mediation of risk and general fear on fear of crime levels. Data were collected using the survey method from a sample of 375 respondents utilizing the following scales: Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) consisting of five TP subscales, Ferraro’s perceived risk of victimization and fear of crime scales, and a general (non-crime) fear scale measuring pragmatic and abstract fear. Path analysis shows no significant direct relationships between the five TP subscales and fear of crime. However, indirect effects are observed for Past Negative TP and Present Fatalistic TP, with general fear (pragmatic and abstract) and risk of victimization mediating the relationship, and pragmatic fear having the greatest significant effect size. Results are discussed in the context of risk and general fear sensitivity and construal level theory. We conclude with recommendations for future research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Effect of fear on'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles