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1
Gonzalez, Denise Marie. "The effect of feedback on predictions of fear." Scholarly Commons, 2000. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2698.
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Predicted fear is the amount of fear a person expects to experience in a given situation. Predictions can be either accurate or inaccurate in comparison to what the person actually experiences in the situation. This two-part analog study was an extension of Rachman's match/mismatch model of overprediction theory. In the first part, college students who overpredicted their fear of a live snake were compared with a control group of students who either underpredicted or accurately predicted their fear of the same snake. Comparisons were made on self-report, physiological, and behavioral measures of anxiety to assess the relationship between these measures and the tendency to overpredict fear. In the second phase of the study, overpredictors and control subjects were randomly assigned to either a feedback or no feedback group. At issue was whether feedback about the accuracy of predicted fear of a snake facilitated correct matches and fear reduction on subsequent exposure trials in comparison to the effects of exposure alone. Results showed that providing feedback did not hasten correct matches. However, in keeping with the views of Rachman (1994) and others, I did find (a) a larger number of overpredictors than underpredictors, (b) an increase of accuracy of predictions over trails, (c) a decrease in the participants' levels of fear over trials.
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Ågren, Thomas. "Erasing Fear : Effect of Disrupting Fear Memory Reconsolidation on Central and Peripheral Nervous System Activity." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-180202.
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Fear memories, here defined as learned associations between a stimulus and a physiological fear reaction, are formed through fear conditioning. In animals, fear memories, present in the lateral amygdala, undergo reconsolidation after recall. Moreover, this reconsolidation process can be disrupted both pharmacologically and behaviourally, resulting in a reduced fear response to the stimulus. This thesis examines the attenuation of fear memories by disrupting reconsolidation in humans, using measures of both the central and peripheral nervous system activity. Serotonergic and dopaminergic genes have previously been tied to both fear conditioning and anxiety disorders, where fear conditioning mechanisms are important. In order to evaluate the possible role of fear memory reconsolidation mechanims in the effect on fear and anxiety by these genes, this thesis also compare the reconsolidation disruption effect between different serotonergic and dopaminergic genotypes. Study I examined the attentuation of fear memories by disrupting reconsolidation in humans using reacquisition as a measure of the return of fear. Moreover, study I investigated the impact of differences in serotonergic and dopaminergic alleles on this process. Study II examined the attentuation of fear memories by disrupting reconsolidation in humans using reinstatement as a measure of the return of fear. Study II also investigated the impact of differences in serotonergic and dopaminergic alleles on the process of fear memory reconsolidation. Study III used psychophysiology and fMRI to localize the functional neural activity mediating the fear memory reconsolidation disruption effect. In summary, this thesis provides evidence that fear memories are attenuated by reconsolidation disruption in humans and that serotonergic and dopaminergic alleles influence this process. Moreover, this thesis support that human fear memory reconsolidation is amygdala-dependent, suggesting an evolutionary shared memory mechanism.
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Samson, Deborah Christine Veronica. "The effect of mood induction on fear reduction." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26912.
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The present research examined the relationship between mood and fear. A musical mood induction technique was utilized to induced either a happy mood or a sad mood in eighty-four female university students fearful of spiders or snakes. Following mood induction, subjects underwent in vivo systematic desensitization to reduce their fear. Fear levels were reassessed four weeks later and those subjects who showed a return of fear underwent a second session of exposure therapy. Measures of subjective fear and self-efficacy were taken before and after mood induction and again after fear reduction. The length of time taken to reduce fear was also recorded. The findings showed that an induced sad mood led to greater subjective fear and lower self-efficacy compared with an induced happy mood. In addition, an induced sad mood during fear reduction was associated with greater return of fear four weeks later. No difference was found in the length of time taken to reduce fear for happy and sad subjects.
This study also addressed the issue of mood state dependency of fear reduction. It was hypothesized that subjects who underwent their second session of fear reduction while in a mood state congruent with that of their first session would show more rapid habituation than those in an incongruent mood state. The results did not support this hypothesis.
If the findings of this investigation prove generalizable to clinical depression, they suggest that the most effective approach in treating individuals who are both clinically depressed and anxious may be to treat the depression before beginning exposure to fearful situations or stimuli.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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Rider, Elizabeth A. "The effect of differences in the gender of a perceived threatener on the electrodermal response." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1993. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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Flessati, Eugene William. "The effects of anxious arousal on fear, fear reduction, and the return of fear." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30577.
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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the applicability of several habituation models to fear processes with special reference to the effects of anxious arousal on fear, fear reduction, and the return of fear. The effects of anxious arousal on self-efficacy expectations were also explored.
Seventy-six female undergraduate students who reported a fear of snakes and met a minimum criterion of fear on a Behavioral Approach Test participated in the study. Subjects viewed a videotaped fear reduction program under either control or anxious arousal conditions. Fear and self-efficacy expectations were assessed repeatedly during the first session. During a follow-up session one month later, subjects were re-exposed to the feared stimulus under either control or anxious arousal conditions.
Although anxious arousal did not affect fear levels within-session, experiencing anxious arousal during fear reduction impeded reduction of subjective fear and, paradoxically, resulted in less heart rate response upon exposure to the feared stimulus following fear reduction. Return of subjective fear was experienced by all of the subjects except those who experienced fear reduction while in an anxious state and follow-up assessment in a calm state. These subjects experienced a substantial decrement in self-reported fear at follow-up. There was a failure to find a relationship between anxious arousal and self-efficacy.
The results were interpreted in terms of several habituation models. It was concluded that the results are better understood in terms of emotional processing models of fear.
Novel findings include evidence that: anxious arousal during fear modification impedes the return of fear, and that assessment in a calm state, following fear reduction while in an anxious state, blocks the return of fear. These findings are theoretically and clinically important.
The implications of the results to self-efficacy theory were discussed.
The clinical implications of the findings were also explored with special reference to relapse.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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Siegel, Erika Hansen. "An Effect of Fear on Auditory and Olfactory Perception." W&M ScholarWorks, 2009. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1593092171.
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Samson, Deborah Christine Veronica. "Contrast effects in fear." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31484.
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The purpose of this research was to determine if fear is subject to the contrast effect that pervades psychophysical and other psychological phenomena. A contrast is said to occur when the judgement of a target stimulus is inversely related to the stimulus that preceded it; hence, it was expected that the response to a fearful stimulus should be inversely related to the response made to the preceding fear stimulus.
The occurrence and nature of contrast effects were investigated in two laboratory studies of fearful people. In the first experiment, sixty-five university students were exposed on separate occasions to two fearful stimuli (spiders and snakes). The first exposure session was manipulated so that experimental groups differed in the amount of fear evoked by the stimulus (high fear, moderate fear, and low fear). Exposure to the second animal was designed to produce a moderate level of fear in all subjects. During exposure to the animals, measures of subjective fear and heart rate were taken. Results suggested that a contrast effect had occurred. Compared to a control group of subjects who experienced moderate fear on two occasions, subjects who had a high fear response to the initial stimulus showed a decrease in fear to the second stimulus. Subjects who had a low fear response to the initial stimulus showed an increase in fear to the second stimulus. This increase in fear was evident in subjective and physiological indices. None of the effects was evident when participants were reassessed one week later, suggesting that the fear contrast effect is transient.
Four theories were evaluated with regard to their ability to
account for the above findings. None of the theories could sufficiently explain the results, suggesting that a combination of at least two is necessary.
The purpose of the second experiment was to replicate the above findings, and to investigate three additional aspects. These included: a) the participant's awareness of contrast effects, b) the role of perceived similarity of the context and target stimuli, and c) the interaction between mood states and prior context. A 2 by 3 factorial design was utilized with prior context (high fear, low fear) as the first factor, and mood induction (happy, sad and no mood induction) as the second factor. Subjective fear and heart rate were recorded during exposures to the feared stimuli. In addition, perceived similarity of the target and context was examined using three questionnaires, each assessing a different dimension of similarity. Awareness of contrasts was assessed with a post-experimental questionnaire. In the absence of mood induction, contrast effects occurred as they had in the first experiment. In the conditions involving mood induction, an interaction was evident. A happy mood blocked a low-to-moderate fear contrast, and a sad mood blocked a high-to-moderate fear contrast. Contrary to expectations, none of the similarity questionnaires was related to the magnitude of the contrast effect. Finally, subjects did not appear to be aware of their own experience of a fear contrast.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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Bellaera, Lauren J. "The effect of fear and sadness on spatial and temporal attention." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/60171/.
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Originally, emotion and attention were treated as separate entities; with the metaphor of “hot” emotion and “cold” attention used to emphasis their independence. However, both neurological and behavioural evidence have demonstrated that emotion and attention strongly influence one another, and in particular an emphasis has been placed on how emotion moderates selective attention. Consequently, studying the relationship between emotion and attention has become an important topic within psychology. Emotion and attention is in itself a vast subject where still many important questions are left unanswered. The present thesis contributes towards the understanding of how emotion influences attention by investigating the extent to which fear and sadness influences spatial and temporal attention. This thesis is divided into a theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part provides an overview of studies and theories about emotion, attention, and their interaction. I discuss different ways emotion can be induced in the laboratory, as this has become one of the key challenges to my experimental work. In the empirical part of my thesis, I present fear and sadness in two separate sections. This is because I investigate each emotion independently from one another. However, an important theoretical theme underpinning all of my experimental work is the idea of global-local processing and how this is influenced by spatial and temporal attention. Consequently, I use a range of attentional tasks including: the Navon letter task, the shape discrimination task, the contextual cueing task, the attentional network task, and the RSVP task. I view each experimental chapter (4-8) as independent of each other and explain how the emotion-attention interaction is important to the specific experimental context.
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Erdonmez, Erhan. "The Effect of Media on Citizens' Fear of Crime in Turkey." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11045/.
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This study was conducted on-site in Istanbul, Turkey, to determine the effects that mass media has on citizens' perceptions about fear of crime, in particular, and fear, in general. Specifically, the study was designed to (1) determine the tendency of citizens' media consumption, (2) determine the level of fear of crime among Turkish citizens, (3) establish the effect of media on citizens' fear of crime, and (4) determine if gender, age, educational level, neighborhood, and monthly income have an independent effect on fear of crime. To achieve this purpose, after administering a survey in Istanbul, the researcher collected appropriate data and then utilized regression analysis to examine the relationship between media variables and fear of crime. A survey consisting of three parts was administered to 545 Turkish citizens over the age of 18 who currently reside in Istanbul, Turkey. In Part I of the survey, respondents were asked to identify their trends in relation to media consumption, and in Part II respondents were asked to report their feelings about fear of crime. Finally, Part III consisted of socio-demographic characteristics including gender, age, marital status, level of education, and income. The media variables used for this study were, general TV viewing, watching crime drama, watching TV news, listening to radio news, reading newspaper news, and reading Internet news. Regarding the independent effects of socio-demographic variables on fear of crime, only gender was found to be significantly related thereby supporting the research hypothesis. From six media variables, only watching crime drama show and reading Internet news found to be related with individuals' fear of crime; however, this relation disappeared after controlling with socio-demographic variables. In addition, no cultivation effect could be found among the sub-groups of sample.
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Erdonmez, Erhan Chen Jiangping. "The effect of media on citizens' fear of crime in Turkey." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-11045.
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Sheppler, Christina 1980. "Warning labels and emotion: The effect of fear on likelihood of use and precautionary intent." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10252.
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xiii, 164 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Research in the warnings literature has investigated several factors that may affect motivation to comply with the information contained in warnings. However, little research in this area has examined the role that emotion may play in motivating behavior. Three studies were conducted to determine whether participants had an emotional response to warning labels, and, if so, whether the activated emotions were related to behavioral intentions. In Study 1 ( N = 202), participants were asked to imagine themselves in specific situations in which they needed to use particular products. They were then presented with actual warning labels from common consumer products. Both before and after presentation of the warning, participants were asked to rate the extent to which they felt specific emotions and their behavioral intentions. For the majority of the products, surprise and fear increased after exposure to the warning labels. In addition, fear predicted likelihood of use for 9 of the 12 products. In Study 2 ( N = 200), the general framework of the Extended Parallel Process Model (Witte, 1992) was used in an attempt to manipulate fear responses to the warning labels. Four warning labels were created by varying severity of the consequences (low, high) and efficacy of the precautionary instructions (low, high). Participants exposed to the high severity/high efficacy warning label reported higher levels of fear than those in the other three conditions. Fear was negatively correlated with likelihood of use, but positively correlated with precautionary intent. Study 3 ( N = 256) was conducted in an effort to replicate the findings of Study 2 and determine whether the findings would generalize when the four warning labels were paired with a different consumer product. Participants in the high severity conditions reported higher levels of fear than those in the low severity conditions. Again, fear was negatively correlated with likelihood of use and positively correlated with precautionary intent. Possible reasons for the different effects of severity and efficacy on the fear responses for Studies 2 and 3 are explored. Implications of the findings, study limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Committee in charge: Robert Mauro, Chairperson, Psychology; Sara Hodges, Member, Psychology; Paul Slovic, Member, Psychology; Debra Merskin, Outside Member, Journalism and Communication
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Yuzhe, Li. "Computational Investigations on Uncertainty-Dependent Extinction of Fear Memory." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225756.
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Lu, C. C. "Stress and fear responses of laying hens in cage, barn and free range systems /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16151.pdf.
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Paley, Jeremy. "Fear of food the effect of food scares on international trade flows /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6440.
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Kodatt, Zachary Hayes. "Afraid to lose: The fear of falling's effect on white-collar crime." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1972.
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This study examined the potential moderating effects that the fear of falling may have on potential white-collar crime perpetrators using rational choice and differential association theory perspectives. A self-report, factorial survey measurement tool utilizing three hypothetical vignettes placing respondents in a business situation with the potential to commit insider trading was given to 612 students at a Midwestern university. Results indicate that the fear of falling had no moderating effects, differential association theory was partially supported in Vignette 1, and rational choice theory was partially supported across all three vignettes.
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Hinkle, Katherine T. "The effect of mortality salience on moral judgment." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/702.
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Iberico, Carlos, Debora Vansteenwegen, Bram Vervliet, and Dirk Hermans. "The effect of (un)predictability on contextual fear: A replication of the basic findings." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/102314.
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The aim of this experiment was to study the role of (un)predictability in a fear conditioning paradigm: analyzing the differences in both cue and context conditioning. For this reason, we manipulated the presentation of the unconditional stimulus (US) using two conditions: a paired presentation of the US-CS (predictable) and an unpaired presentation of the US (unpredictable). We manipulated the context using the lightning of the experimental room: dark and light conditions. Our dependent variables were the skin conductance response (SCR) and the startle reflex measurement. Participants were 65 students from the University of Leuven. Results showed more context conditioning in the unpaired block (unpredictable) compared to the paired one and cue conditioning in the paired block (predictable).El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el rol de la (im)predictabilidad en el paradigma de condicionamiento de miedo, al analizar las diferencias tanto en el condicionamiento específico (cue) como en el contextual. Por consiguiente, se manipuló la presentación del estímulo incondicionado (EI) utilizando dos condiciones: una presentación apareada del EI con el estímulo condicionado —EC en adelante— (predecible) y una presentación no apareada del EI (impredecible). Se manipuló el contexto utilizando la luz central del cuarto experimental: condiciones de oscuridad y claridad. Las variables independientes fueron la respuesta de conductancia de la piel y la medición de la respuesta de sobresalto. Los participantes fueron 65 alumnos de primer año de psicología. Los resultados muestran más condicionamiento contextual en el bloque no apareado (impredecible) comparado con el apareado, y condicionamiento específico en el bloque apareado (predecible).
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Camp, Robert M. "Effect of Chronic Stress Exposure on Beta-adrenergic Receptor Signaling and Fear- Learning." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1449576849.
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Ellis, Samantha. "The effect of distraction on fear reduction during In Vivo exposure for Spider-fearful individuals: Exploring the relationship between fear level and distraction load." Thesis, Ellis, Samantha (2012) The effect of distraction on fear reduction during In Vivo exposure for Spider-fearful individuals: Exploring the relationship between fear level and distraction load. Professional Doctorate thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/9467/.
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Exposure-based therapy is currently the treatment of choice for a number of specific phobias (Antony & Barlow, 2002). While a myriad of studies have been conducted investigating exposure characteristics, such as frequency and duration, or comparing exposure to other forms of treatment, few studies have investigated the mechanisms of change underlying fear reduction. The emotional processing model (Foa & Kozak, 1986, 1998) claims that full attention to the feared stimulus during exposure is required for fear reduction to take place. However, some studies have found that directing attention away from the feared stimulus can facilitate greater and more rapid fear reduction than exposure, where attention is directed toward the phobic stimuli (Johnstone & Page, 2004; Oliver & Page, 2003, 2008; Penfold & Page, 1999). Further, some studies have observed an interaction between fear level and distraction load, whereby high levels of fear benefit more from high-load distracters, while low levels of fear benefit more from low-load distracters or no distraction at all (Johnstone & Page, 2004, 2007c; Penfold & Page, 1999).
Study 1 investigated jointly the roles of distraction load, operationalised using a continuous performance task (CPT) and fear level over time with a sample of spider-fearful individuals. Specifically, it was hypothesised that fear level and distraction load would interact, such that participants with relatively high levels of stimulus-bound fear in exposure one would benefit more from a high-load distracter, while those with relatively low stimulus-bound fear in exposure two would benefit more from a low-load distracter. Contrary to the emotional processing model’s prediction, results demonstrated that treatment was effective for all groups, regardless of distraction load, as evidenced by within- and between-exposure session reductions in fear (as assessed by self-report, behavioural, and physiological measures of fear). Subjective ratings of anxiety demonstrated partial support for the fear level-distraction load interaction. However, results were contaminated by practice effects of the distracter for the groups with constant load across both exposure sessions and by the relatively low anxiety sample used.
Study 2 aimed to overcome the practice effects of the distraction tasks observed in Study 1 for individuals repeating the same counting task for both exposure sessions. A CPT was used to operationalise new counting tasks. These new tasks were confirmed to load equally on working memory, providing a more consistent load than that used in Study 1.
Study 3 applied the newly operationalised counting-based distraction tasks to a higher anxiety sample of spider fearful subjects in a replication of Study 1. It was again predicted that all groups would experience a reduction in fear, further supporting the beneficial effects of distracted exposure, and that the fear level-distraction load interaction would be demonstrated. Support for distracted exposure was found with both within- and between-exposure session reductions on most indices for all groups. The interaction was partially supported, as evidenced by blood pressure ratings. However, this trend did not generalise to other measures, which was attributed to
desynchrony between the physiological, subjective, and behavioural response systems. Results indicated that fear reduction can occur under distracted conditions, but did not offer consistent support for the fear level - distraction load interaction. Results are discussed with respect to both their theoretical contribution to the literature on the processing of phobic stimuli and to their implications for clinical practice.
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Kuri, Avijit, and Wang RenFei. "Passion and Fear effects on student entrepreneurs." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69380.
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Entrepreneurship has been gotten fruitful attentions all around the world, it also has become one of the most significant engines for both national economic and social growth. The internal factors, which are able to affect entrepreneur’s behaviors during the whole entrepreneurship life cycle, are gradually becoming a hot topic in both practical and academic research fields. Especially for some of the famous researchers, such as Melissa Cardon and Mitchell, J.R. are leading the academic research of the relation between entrepreneurial emotions (e.g., passion and fear) and behaviors. In this study, our objective is to understand how passion and fear effect student entrepreneur’s behaviors when they are running their businesses at the early stage of entrepreneurship. Moreover, semi structured interview has been chosen to collect qualitative materials for this Master thesis paper. In this case, eight student entrepreneurs from Linnaeus University in Vaxjo, Sweden who are studying and running their business at the same time, or have finished their study already but started their business while they were students are selected by us for doing the interview. Furthermore, we broadly discussed about different stages of entrepreneurship, also entrepreneurial passion and fear along with entrepreneurial internal emotions such as cognition, self-regulation, self-efficacy, persistence, which could influence student entrepreneurs’ behaviors to start up their business and afterwards. Finally, after empirical analyzing we found that the bright side of passion and fear have positive effects on student entrepreneurs’ behaviors, whilst the negative effects of passion and fear can hinder their behaviors during the early entrepreneurial process.
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Combs, Suquon, Jason Calandruccio, and Brian Colbert. "What are the effects of protest fear?" Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42601.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedFear of the real or perceived consequences of receiving a bid protest exists. U.S. Navy contracting officers have some concern of protests. This concern can be linked to certain consequences on acquisition strategies. There is enough qualitative and quantitative empirical evidence to suggest that fear of protest can impact what would otherwise be prudent business decisions. The greatest concerns are a few instances of inappropriate uses of lowest price technically acceptable and the reduced technical evaluation effectiveness attributed to fear of protests. If fear waters down the source selection hindering its ability to distinguish between the true value of offers, then contracting officers must ask themselves why go through the trouble of a best-value source selection? Could contracting officers simply award to the low bidder? To what extent is the set of stringent source selection rules driving the acquisition team to this result by default (i.e., regardless of source selection method actually employed)? Thus, for the sake of stringent, fairness-based rules, contracted outcomes can be compromised. Whether the tradeoff is prudent remains to be determined. Further research is needed to ascertain these other culprits, then compare the relative effects of fear of protest among other factors.
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Vowles, Kevin E. "Order effects of fear and pain induction." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2198.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 76 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-39).
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Kircher, Tilo, Volker Arolt, Andreas Jansen, Martin Pyka, Isabelle Reinhardt, Thilo Kellermann, Carsten Konrad, et al. "Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Neural Correlates of Fear Conditioning in Panic Disorder." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-120091.
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Background: Learning by conditioning is a key ability of animals and humans for acquiring novel behavior necessary for survival in a changing environment. Aberrant conditioning has been considered a crucial factor in the etiology and maintenance of panic disorder with agoraphobia (PD/A). Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for PD/A. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of CBT on conditioning processes in PD/A are unknown.
Methods: In a randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial in medication-free patients with PD/A who were treated with 12 sessions of manualized CBT, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used during fear conditioning before and after CBT. Quality-controlled fMRI data from 42 patients and 42 healthy subjects were obtained.
Results: After CBT, patients compared to control subjects revealed reduced activation for the conditioned response (CS+ > CS–) in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). This activation reduction was correlated with reduction in agoraphobic symptoms from t1 to t2. Patients compared to control subjects also demonstrated increased connectivity between the IFG and regions of the “fear network” (amygdalae, insulae, anterior cingulate cortex) across time.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates the link between cerebral correlates of cognitive (IFG) and emotional (“fear network”) processing during symptom improvement across time in PD/A. Further research along this line has promising potential to support the development and further optimization of targeted treatments.
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Rands, Gabriella. "The effect of executive function on the conditioning and counter-coditioning of children's fear." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521023.
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Introduction: Fear and anxiety disorders have a high prevalence in the general population. Childhood fears are a normal part of development, but in some cases these persist over longer periods and can cause considerable distress. The role of direct and indirect conditioning processes in anxiety development is well established. Recent research has considered the role of individual difference factors in the fear acquisition, and there is evidence to suggest that executive functioning is relevant to fear learning. Aims: This study investigates the hypotheses that individual differences in the form of executive functions kills and temperamental factors will be associated with the effectiveness of conditioning and counter-conditioning of childhood fear. Method: A sample of non-clinical children (n = 70), aged between 7 and 9 years, and their parents was recruited from local schools. This study used an observational design with a within-subjects experimental component. Parents completed the Behavioural Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; Gioa et al., 2000) and the Children's Behaviour Questionnaire - very short form (CBQ; CBQ-VST; Putnam & Rothbart, 2006). Children completed the six-part test from the Behavioural Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome for children (BADS-C; Emslie et al., 2003), the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS; Spence, 1994), and a go/nogo task. An experimental procedure manipulated children's fear beliefs and behavioural avoidance through provision of negative information or modelling. Fear levels were reduced using positive information and modelling. Results: Neither executive function nor temperamental elements were able to significantly predict the effectiveness of fear conditioning or counter-conditioning. Tentative evidence for a relationship between these individual difference factors and fear measures was identified when the sample was split by conditioning method. Conclusions: There was no evidence that individual difference factors influenced fear acquisition, or the reduction of fear following counter-conditioning. Group differences in results are discussed, and the findings are considered in relation to previous research. Clinical and theoretical implications outlined and directions for future research are identified.
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Murray, H. "An experimental investigation of the fear effect in non-clinical children and their mothers." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444061/.
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This review argues that a cognitive bias towards increased vigilance and perception of threat underlies childhood anxiety. It is hypothesised that parents of anxious children inadvertently reinforce this bias, or fail to help children inhibit it. The review explores the literature linking threat perception and anxiety, and considers how such a bias may develop. It is argued that parents of anxious children reinforce threat perception in the way they talk to their children, the behaviour that they model and their style of parenting. As few studies, reviews or models have directly tested these hypotheses, evidence from a range of relevant frameworks is considered.
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Dunne, Guler. "The effect of stimulus and model characteristics on childhood vicarious fear learning and unlearning." Thesis, Kingston University, 2013. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/28761/.
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Rachman (1977) suggested that fears may be acquired via three distinct pathways: direct traumatic experience, verbal information received from others, and vicarious learning. In vicarious fear learning an individual learns from another individual by observing their response to a stimulus or situation. Mineka and Cook (1993) showed that in monkeys this observed fear response behaves as an unconditioned stimulus (US). Thus vicarious learning is likely to be similar, in a procedural sense, to classical conditioning and the success of learning is determined by the relative strength of these conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) associations. Recent studies suggest that vicarious learning plays a role in the development of childhood fears (Askew & Field, 2007; Gerull & Rapee, 2002). However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this type of learning and the factors that affect it. Associative learning research shows that the salience of the US (a measure of its effectiveness) is critical for learning, if the US is more salient, learning should be more effective. Therefore, the first group of experiments in this thesis manipulated factors expected to affect US salience and hence vicarious fear learning. Experiment 1 considered the importance of the relatedness of observers and models for US salience, specifically whether greater increases in children's fear-related responses are observed when fear responses are modelled by children's mothers compared to when they are modelled by strangers. It also looked at whether fear beliefs acquired vicariously can be unlearned via vicarious counterconditioning and whether the type of model influenced this. Results showed that children's fear responses for animals increased following fear-related vicarious learning and decreased following positive learning. Similarly, counterconditioning led to unlearning of these responses. Model type did not affect vicarious learning or subsequent vicarious counterconditioning. Experiment 2 looked at another factor expected to affect US salience: the age of the model relative to the observer. This experiment examined the relative effects of same-age peer modelling and adult modelling in changing children's fear-related responses. Results were nearly identical to the first experiment: learning and unlearning were similar irrespective of whether the model was a peer or an adult. Experiment 3 examined what effect the richness of the information source has on US salience using moving models (on film) compared to still (photographic) images. No significant effect of the threat-relevant vicarious film on children's fear beliefs and attentional bias was found. The second group of experiments concentrate on characteristics of the CS. Research with adults suggests that when fear-relevant stimuli are used, fear learning will generally be greater (produce a larger conditioned response), occur more rapidly (in fewer trials) and will be more robust (demonstrate superior resistance to extinction) than for fear-irrelevant stimuli (see e.g. Öhman & Mineka, 2001). However, Askew, Dunne, Özdil, Reynolds, and Field (2013) showed that vicariously acquired conditioned responses for fear-relevant stimuli were not significantly greater than those for fear-irrelevant stimuli in children (6 to 11 years). A further two experiments here examined the speed and robustness of vicariously learned responses for fear-relevant stimuli. Experiment 4 manipulated the number of CS-US pairings children saw and compared vicarious learning for two stimuli of differing fear-relevance. Results found increased fear-related responses for both types of stimuli: the effect was not affected by the fear-relevance of the stimuli, nor the number of CS- US pairings that children were exposed to. Fear beliefs were still found to be raised at follow-up one week later, and no . evidence was found for more robust learning for more fear-relevant stimuli. The final experiment, Experiment 5, looked at robustness in more detail. The resistance of learnt responses to extinction was compared in two stimuli of varying fear- -. relevance (animals and flowers). Significant increases in fear-related beliefs and avoidance for animals and flowers were found again, but there was no significant extinction effect observed for avoidance preferences for either CS type. Unexpectedly, significantly greater extinction was observed with fear beliefs for animals compared to flowers. In summary, the first set of experiments showed that in VL with children, the salience of the US is either not easy to manipulate or, more likely, US salience has little effect on fear learning. The second set of experiments demonstrated that the fear-relevance of the stimulus is also not important for children in VL. These findings may have an evolutionary explanation: for children of this age, acquiring knowledge of a potential threat and acting upon it may be more important in terms of survival than the salience/relevance of the US or CS that facilitates such acquisition.
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Peira, Nathalie. "Guided by fear : effects on attention and awareness /." Stockholm : Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-37637.
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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2010.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: In press. Paper 3: Manuscript. Härtill 3 uppsatser.
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Skorupa, Sandra. "Development of a screening instrument to identify risk for the white coat effect in rural and non-rural patients." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Sheppler, Christina. "Warning labels and emotion : the effect of fear on likelihood of use and precautionary intent /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10252.
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De, Villiers Elizabeth Nicolette. "The effect of the level of fear appeal on attitude towards advertising and behavioural intention." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21609.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fear appeals are commonly used in the advertising of social issues, such as drunken driving. In general, researchers believe that there is a positive relationship between fear and persuasion (to adapt misbehaviour). However, there are disputes amongst fear appeal researchers about the level of fear appeal to be used. Fear appeals, like other advertising appeals employed in advertising, is dependant on the traits of the target audience. The effect of fear appeals differ for different target audiences as different people fear different matters. This study tests one of the contemporary models on the working of fear appeals, namely activation theory. Young adults are the target audience of social marketing in South Africa for anti-alcohol abuse issues, such as drunken driving. The effect of fear appeals on the target audience has never been empirically investigated in South Africa although social marketers often employ fear appeals to bring about a change in behaviour. The responses of a sample of young adults in South Africa were tested by means of a quasi-experimental design based on Thayer’s activation deactivation checklist as implemented by previous fear appeal researchers. Three television advertisements that depict three levels of fear appeal (low, medium and high) were presented to three sample groups. Significant differences in the responses of the level of fear appeal were observed after statistical analyses in terms of tension arousal, energy arousal, attitude towards the advertisement and intention to engage in drunken driving. A difference in how genders react to fear appeals was also found.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gebruik van vreesaanslae in die advertering van sosiale kwessies soos dronkbestuur is algemeen. Alhoewel navorsers glo dat ’n positiewe verhouding bestaan tussen vrees en oorreding (van ’n persoon om sy gedrag aan te pas), heers daar verskille oor die sterkte van die vreesaanslag wat gebruik moet word. Daar is bevind dat vreesaanslae, net soos ander aanslae wat deur die advertensiewese gebruik word, afhanklik is van die teikengehoor. Vreesaanslae se effek verskil, aangesien verskillende mense en gehore verskillende sake vrees. Hierdie studie toets een van die kontemporêre modelle van die werking van vreesaanslae. Jong volwassenes is die teikengehoor in die sosiale bemarking van anti-alkoholmisbruik kwessies soos dronkbestuur. Alhoewel sosiale bemarkers dikwels vrees aanwend om hierdie teiken gehoor se gedrag te verander, is dit nog nooit empiries in Suid-Afrika getoets nie. Die reaksies van ’n steekproef uit dié teikengehoor is getoets deur ‘n kwasieksperimentele ontwerp geskoei op Thayer se “aktivering deaktivering” kontrolelys, soos geïmplementeer deur vorige navorsing in vreesaanslae. Drie televisie advertensies wat drie vlakke van vrees (laag, medium en hoog) verteenwoordig is, aan drie eksperimentele steekproefgroepe getoon. Betekenisvolle verskille in die reaksie van die drie groepe is waargeneem ná statistiese ontledings. ’n Verskil in hoe geslagte reageer op vreesaanslae, is ook bevind.
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Henson, Billy. "Fear of Crime Online: Examining the Effects of Online Victimization and Perceived Risk on Fear of Cyberstalking Victimization." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1313685865.
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Björkstrand, Johannes. "The Amygdala, Fear and Reconsolidation : Neural and Behavioral Effects of Retrieval-Extinction in Fear Conditioning and Spider Phobia." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-317866.
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The amygdala is crucially involved in the acquisition and retention of fear memories. Experimental research on fear conditioning has shown that memory retrieval shortly followed by pharmacological manipulations or extinction, thereby interfering with memory reconsolidation, decreases later fear expression. Fear memory reconsolidation depends on synaptic plasticity in the amygdala, which has been demonstrated in rodents using both pharmacological manipulations and retrieval-extinction procedures. The retrieval-extinction procedure decreases fear expression also in humans, but the underlying neural mechanism have not been studied. Interfering with reconsolidation is held to alter the original fear memory representation, resulting in long-term reductions in fear responses, and might therefore be used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, but few studies have directly investigated this question. The aim of this thesis was to examine the effects of the retrieval-extinction procedure on amygdala activity and behavioral fear expression in humans. The work presented here also investigated whether findings from studies on recent fear memories, established through fear conditioning, extends to naturally occurring long-term phobic fears. Study I, combining fear conditioning and a retrieval-extinction procedure with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), demonstrated that memory retrieval shortly followed by extinction reduces later amygdala activity and fear expression in healthy subjects. In Study II, these subjects were re-tested 18 months later. The results showed that the effects on fear expression were still present and that initial amygdala activity predicted long-term fear expression. Using an adapted version of the retrieval-extinction procedure, Study III showed that memory retrieval shortly followed by exposure to spider pictures, attenuates subsequent amygdala activity and increases approach behavior in subjects with life-long fear of spiders. In Study IV, these subjects were re-tested 6 months later, and the results showed that effects on amygdala activity as well as approach behavior were maintained. In summation, retrieval-extinction leads to long-lasting reductions in amygdala activity and fear expression. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that retrieval-extinction alters an amygdala dependent fear memory. Retrieval-extinction can also attenuate long-term phobic fears, indicating that this manipulation could be used to enhance exposure-based treatments for anxiety disorders.
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Ugland, Carina C. O. "Resistance to extinction in human fear learning, an ERP investigation of procedural and fear relevance effects on conditioned responding." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6960/.
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In human fear conditioning 'resistance to extinction' occurs when the removal of the aversive outcome fails to produce a reduction in conditioned responding. This phenomenon is important to understanding the persistence of anxiety disorders such as phobias. The research presented in this thesis examines factors that promote the acquisition and maintenance of learned fear response and attempts to differentiate between different explanations of the resistance to extinction phenomenon. To investigate the impact of different conditioning procedures (evaluative or classical conditioning) on the durability of the conditioned response (CR), event-related potential (ERP) methodology was employed. In addition, the role of the fear-relevance of the conditioned stimulus (CS), in supporting the acquisition and resistance to extinction of the CR, was explored. Evidence suggested that extinction effects are likely to reflect procedural differences in conditioning rather than different underlying learning processes. Extinction effects were dissociable across procedures, supporting the role of the type of unconditioned stimulus (US) in explaining past demonstrations of extinction when responses were indexed by physiological measures. Verbally transmitted, threat information heightened aversive US-expectancies and fear beliefs without the need for conditioning. Additionally, fear-beliefs were reduced without the need for extinction training when positive information was provided. Contrary to Davey's (1997) expectancy bias model, the results do not support the hypothesis that verbal information interacts with direct contingency experience to create fear responses; instead, information appears to be a direct pathway to fear. ERP measures for fear responses did not echo the effects of verbal information and contingency on fear-beliefs. However, the comparability of our ERP data, to other research using physiological measures of response, is discussed regarding the number of trials required to calculate the average ERP response. Due to averaging over a large number of trials the ERP measure may not be sensitive to fluctuations in response that may be dependent on information or contingency manipulations. In conclusion our data suggests the importance of verbal information as a pathway to fear and the role of cognitive factors in the prevention and treatment of fears.
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Zerubavel, Noga. "Restricted Awareness in Intimate Partner Violence: The Effect of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Fear of Abandonment." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1373037701.
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Agarwal, Arishna. "The Effect of Self-Compassion in the Experience of Anxiety and Fear During an Interpersonal Stressor." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1560276710079495.
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Maurer, Laurie Ann. "The Deterrent Effect of the Fear of HIV Disease: Influences on Young Adult Risk-Taking Behaviors." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/438873.
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Public HealthPh.D.
Young adults account for over one in five new HIV diagnoses each year in the United States, and although the total incidence has been decreasing among most groups in recent years, diagnoses among young adults are increasing. To better understand the decision-making processes of young adults 18-24 years old at risk of contracting HIV, as well as the deterrent effect of the fear of HIV on their decision-making, a two-phase study was conducted. Qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted with young adults (n=31) to gain a comprehensive understanding of their current HIV risk perceptions, decision-making processes, and risky behaviors to inform the second phase of study. The themes and ideas from Phase I, derived through thematic synthesis, were incorporated into a perceptual mapping survey to visually depict young adults’ HIV perceptions and related risk-taking behaviors. The Phase II survey was conducted online via Mechanical Turk to access a diverse sample of young adults (n=226) still at risk of contracting HIV. Both study phases were informed by Social Cognitive Theory and the psychometric paradigm. Results of descriptive analyses and perceptual mapping suggest that HIV is not a factor in young adults’ decision-making and resulting behaviors. Their lack of perceived risk of HIV is exhibited in their continued engagement in unprotected sex, casual sex, lack of sexual history discussion, and infrequent HIV testing. Perceived value of condoms, concerns of pregnancy, and perceptions of the sexual encounter itself, as well as sociodemographic and personality factors, were important factors in their decision-making instead.
Temple University--Theses
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De, Melker Worms Jonathan. "Effects of fear and attention on human balance control." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2016. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/617683/.
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A fall is one of the main causes of injury-related hospitalisation and injury-related deaths. Besides physical degeneration, fear of falling and attentional focus strategies are related to fall risk and decline of balance performance. The aim of this research was to expose the mechanisms by which fear of falling and attentional focus affect human balance control. We used galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) to induce vestibular balance reflexes while participants stood at ground level and on a narrow walkway at 3.85 m height to induce fear of falling. Using questionnaires and skin conductance measurements, a fear of falling at height was confirmed. Full-body kinematics was collected to measure the vestibular balance response. We concluded that fear modifies vestibular balance control and proposed a mechanism in which both the short- and medium-latency reflexes functionally contribute to whole body balance. Furthermore, the literature suggests that fear of falling could impair balance mechanisms in elderly through changes in attentional focus. Therefore, we also investigated the effect of attentional focus (internal vs. external focus and reinvestment) and fall history on walking stability in healthy older adults. Participants' gait was perturbed through randomly occurring unilateral treadmill decelerations to evoke balance recovery movements. Using full body kinematics, coefficients of variation of spatiotemporal gait parameters and local divergence exponents were calculated to assess gait performance of balance recovery responses and unperturbed gait. Fallers showed increased gait variability and decreased gait stability, however no effects of attentional focus were found. The benefits of an external focus of attention on motor performance do not seem to apply to gait in elderly. Continued investigation into attentional focus effects and fear of falling on gait including holistic and partial internal focus and continuous gait perturbations, might further clarify the relations between fear of falling and attentional focus and how they could affect fall risk. Follow-up studies with clinical subgroups could further clarify the relation between fear of falling, attentional focus and balance performance.
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Pinson, Melissa Ward. "Effect of Loneliness on Older Adults' Death Anxiety." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30501/.
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Previous research, as well as theory, has supported the existence of a relationship between death anxiety and loneliness in older adults but a causal examination has not been possible until now. A hypothesized model was developed which states that loneliness will lead to death anxiety mediated by cultural worldview. Longitudinal data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling in order to more fully explore this potentially causal relationship. The primary model was supported suggesting that loneliness can lead to death anxiety as mediated by cultural worldview. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Sexton, Elizabeth. "Fear of the social consequences of academic success : its relationship with age and its effect on performance /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR.PS/09ar.pss518.pdf.
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Barker, Helen. "The effect of child temperament and parental rearing styles on the verbal information pathways to children's fear." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445192.
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Hurst, Vicky Louise. "Can Rachman's indirect pathways be used to counter-condition fear? : the effect of positive verbal information and modelling a non-anxious response on fear beliefs and behavioural avoidance in children." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442542.
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Sorrell, John T. "Effects of pain and fear stimulus intensity levels on pain responding in chronic pain patients." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1712.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 61 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-27).
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Dossey, Nicole Sabina. "Effects of play experience on fear-related behavior of chickens." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2009/n_dossey_052209.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in animal science)--Washington State University, August 2009.Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 27, 2009). "Department of Animal Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-119).
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Diggs, Herman Augustus. "EFFECTS OF ACUTE THC ADMINISTRATION ON EXTINCTION OF CONDITIONED FEAR RESPONSES IN HUMANS: A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH DENSITY EEG." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/947.
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High density electroencephalographic (EEG) measures were used to assess the effects of acute delta 9-tetrahyrdrocannabidol (THC) administration on extinction of conditioned fear responses. Fear conditioning was initiated using a differential classical conditioning paradigm that paired an aversive unconditioned stimulus (shock) with a signaling stimulus (CS+), whereas another stimulus served as a safety signal (CS-). Evoked potentials, induced event-related spectral perturbations (ERSP), and associated intertrial coherence (ITC) measures were used to quantify the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear responses. Participants (N = 10 males) exhibited conditioning to the CS+ across fear acquisition training, as reflected by greater late positive (posterior sites) and late negative (anterior sites) potential amplitude to the CS+ relative to the CS-. Acute administration of THC facilitated extinction of the conditioned response to the CS+ relative to placebo, as reflected by greater LPP and LNP amplitude to the CS+ relative to the CS- in the placebo, but not THC condition. ERSP analyses suggest the lack of difference between CS+ and CS- ERP amplitude may be partially explained by a shifting of attention from external stimuli to internal processing in the THC condition. However, relative to placebo, THC administration also increased the amplitude of some measures of the conditioned response (LNP) to the CS-, suggesting a generalization of fear or lack of discrimination in this condition.
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Wahlund, Thomas. "Emotional resilience in humans as an effect of hippocampal pattern separation." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19925.
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Pattern separation is the means by which the brain discriminates similar experiences. It enables retrieval of individuated memories without confusing them with other memories. It is the reason one remembers where one parked the car today and does not mix it up with where one parked it previously. Adult neurogenesis refers to the ongoing production of neurons in the mature brain. One of the likely roles of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is facilitating pattern separation. Induced reduction of adult neurogenesis in non-human animals is associated with depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. One possible explanation is that reduced neurogenesis leads to reduced pattern separation, further leading to overgeneralization of threat situations. Instead of perceiving threats where it should, the animal risks perceiving threats everywhere. Emotional resilience is the ability to recover from adversity with a minimum of lingering negative effects such as depression or anxiety. This thesis investigates whether pattern separation in the human hippocampus supports emotional resilience. I performed a systematic review of studies that used the Mnemonic Similarity Task – a memory task commonly used to measure human pattern separation – to investigate the relationship between pattern separation and anxiety. The results are inconclusive but suggest a possible interaction effect whereby pattern separation and high-arousal states like stress predict anxiety. Together with the evidence from the non-human animal studies, this suggests that reduced pattern separation as caused by reduced neurogenesis could make one vulnerable to developing anxiety disorders.
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Edwards, Bradley. "Media: Effects on Attitudes toward Police and Fear of Criminal Victimization." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2048.
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This research investigated the effects of the media on attitudes toward police and fear of crime, while controlling for selected audience trait variables. A self-report questionnaire was administered to 351 students at East Tennessee State University. The survey consisted of demographic and audience trait variables. The survey also contained items that measured the respondants' media consumption. Respondents were asked, for example, which format they typically get news from (e.g., newspaper, television), how often they watch television, and how real they perceive crime related television to be. Multivariate analysis showed that demographic and audience trait variables explained more variance than did media-related variables.
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McGrath, Shelley Marie. "Success Course Intervention for Students on Academic Probation in Science Majors: A Longitudinal Quantitative Examination of the Treatment Effects on Performance, Persistence, and Graduation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145471.
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With increasing external and internal pressure to increase retention and graduation rates in select colleges along with increasing numbers of college-going populations over time, student affairs professionals have responded with a variety of programs to support students' transition to college. This study sought to examine freshman students in science majors went on academic probation at the end of their first semester. If these students did not raise their GPAs quickly, they faced academic dismissal from the institution. Consequently, the institution would not be able to retain them, and ultimately, they would not graduate. Managerial professionals at the institution created, implemented, and evaluated an intervention in the form of a success course for these students to help get them back on track, retain them, and ultimately graduate from the institution. The literatures drawn upon for this study included retention theory, probationary student behaviors and attitudes, interventions, success courses, fear appeal theories, academic capitalism, and institutional isomorphism. The study employed tests including chi-square, logistic regressions, and differences-in-differences fixed effects regressions to identify the differences and effects on performance, persistence, and graduation rates of the treatment and comparison groups. The findings of this study showed significant differences between the persistence and graduation rates of the treatment and control groups, and regression effects showed a short-term causal effect on performance as well as significant likelihoods of persisting and graduating within four or five years. Recommendations for further improvements to interventions are discussed in the final chapter.
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Chiu, Renee. "Parental emotional attachment and fear of intimacy of emerging adults in Hong Kong : the effect of differentiation of self." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/622.
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Emerging adulthood has been described as a distinctive stage of life between adolescence and young adulthood, in which the hallmark of development is signified by the achievement of intimacy in romantic relationships. From a family systems perspective, the degree to which parents have resolved their own emotional attachment contributes to the capacity of emerging adults to develop intimacy in romantic relationships without inhibition from fear of closeness. This study empirically examines the relationship between parental emotional attachment and the fear of intimacy of emerging adults by exploring the mediating role of differentiation of self. One of the most important and original contributions of this study is the development and validation of the Parental Emotional Attachment Scale (PEAS) which measures the intensity of parental emotional attachment. This study applies a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design with four samples of emerging adults in Hong Kong. First, interviews (N=24; Mage=23.6; 54% female) are conducted to explore the variations in subjective experiences with family of origin and fear of romantic intimacy. Building on the qualitative data from the interviews, the PEAS is developed through two pilot studies with two separate samples (combined N=551; Mage=20.6; 61% female). The PEAS is validated and then applied in the main study (N=755; Mage=21.8; 55.4% female). An exploratory factor analysis yields four factors with 34 items, including Parental Emotional Fusion, Parental Emotional Separateness, Parental Emotional Over-functioning and Parental Emotional Projection, which explain for 46.81% of the total variance. The four-factor structure is confirmed by using a confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicate substantial correlations between the PEAS and the Chinese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, which supports the convergent validity of the PEAS. The results also show that the PEAS has sufficient reliability (Cronbach's alpha= .89) and validity to support its application in the Hong Kong Chinese population. Concurrently, it is found that parental emotional attachment is negatively correlated with the level of differentiation of self, and positively correlated with the fear of intimacy. In addition, differentiation of self significantly mediates the relation between parental emotional attachment and fear of intimacy. Finally, a hierarchical regression analysis reveals that parental emotional over-functioning, emotional cutoff and emotional fusion with family are predictive of the fear of intimacy. The overall findings highlight differentiation of self as an underlying mechanism through which parental emotional attachment affects the level of fear of intimacy of emerging adults. Besides, emerging adults who experience greater parental emotional over-functioning, emotional cutoff and emotional fusion with family show higher levels of fear of intimacy. These findings jointly imply the importance for emerging adults to differentiate from their family of origin by balancing closeness and separateness, bridging emotional distance, reducing emotional cutoff and recognizing their own adaptive patterns in relationships, which serve as a practical framework for the future development of relationship education and counseling of emerging adults in Hong Kong.
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Schreiber, Judith Anne. "IMAGE OF GOD: EFFECT ON COPING, PSYCHO-SPIRITUAL WELL-BEING AND FEAR OF RECURRENCE IN EARLY BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10225/1065.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2009.Title from document title page (viewed on October 27, 2009). Document formatted into pages; contains: ix, 141 p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-138).
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Hively, Myiah Hutchens. "The effects of self-efficacy statements in anti-tobacco fear appeal PSAs." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2006/m%5Fhively%5F042706.pdf.
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