Journal articles: 'Effect of Euro on'

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Cosculluela-Martínez, Carolina. "Sustainable Knowledge Investment Increases Employment and GDP in the Spanish Agricultural Sector More Than Other Investments." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 3127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083127.

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Investment in every type of asset increases GDP and net employment differently. This paper compares the effect produced by a permanent unitary shock in Sustainable Knowledge for the Primary Sector (SKPS) on the Spanish employment and GDP growth with the effect produced by the other fourteen capital stock types. The methodology used is a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), where the complementary capital can affect SKPS instantaneously. The results suggest that SKPS produces the second-highest, short and long-term effects on both labor and production, per Euro invested; moreover, the investment of 4.3 thousand euros is retrieved in the first year and increases net employment in one person after four years. Accordingly, the 5 million Euro Budget to invest in sustainable machinery and processing techniques increases net employment by 827 employees.

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Bouchoucha, Meriem. "The Euro Effect on Eurozone Exports." International Economic Journal 29, no. 3 (March 23, 2015): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2015.1020324.

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Campbell, Ruth E. "The EURO - will it effect me?" Learned Publishing 12, no. 2 (April 1999): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1087/09531519950145986.

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Cîndea, Iuliana Marina, and Moise Cîndea. "The Euro Effect on International Trade." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 (October 2012): 1267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1109.

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Papanikos, Gregory T. "An Ex-Post Analysis of the 2004 Olympic Effect." ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-1-4.

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This paper evaluates the effects of the Olympic Games of 2004 hosted in Athens on Greece’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as estimated in Papanikos (1999). The estimates were made in 1997 for a period of fourteen years, 1998-2011, based on various scenarios. During this period two events have had a great impact on GDP that could have been predicted in 1997. Firstly, Greece adopted the euro in 2002, and even though this was pretty much a possibility in 1997, but not of course a certainty, the most important effect of the euro would have come from its exchange value vis-a-vis major currencies of countries with Greece was trading. This included tourism. Despite what many economists thought at the time, the introduction of the euro was not accompanied by a devaluation, but by unprecedented overvaluation. This had a negative impact on Greek GDP. Secondly, the Great Recession hit the Greek economy hard starting in 2008. These two effects had a negative impact on Greek GDP, wiping out the expected positive effects of the Olympic Games. Keywords: Olympic Games, GDP, Athens 2004, euro, great recession

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Weyerstrass, Klaus, Bas van Aarle, Marcus Kappler, and Atilim Seymen. "Business Cycle Synchronisation with(in) the Euro Area: in Search of a ‘Euro Effect’." Open Economies Review 22, no. 3 (September 3, 2009): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11079-009-9131-y.

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Giechaskiel, Barouch, Fabrizio Forloni, Massimo Carriero, Gianmarco Baldini, Paolo Castellano, Robin Vermeulen, Dimitrios Kontses, Pavlos Fragkiadoulakis, Zissis Samaras, and Georgios Fontaras. "Effect of Tampering on On-Road and Off-Road Diesel Vehicle Emissions." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 6065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106065.

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Illegal manipulation (i.e., tampering) of vehicles is a severe problem because vehicle emissions increase orders of magnitude and significantly impact the environment and human health. This study measured the emissions before and after representative approaches of tampering of two Euro 6 Diesel light-duty passenger cars, two Euro VI Diesel heavy-duty trucks, and a Stage IV Diesel non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) agricultural tractor. With tampering of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NOx, the NOx emissions increased by more than one order of magnitude exceeding 1000 mg/km (or mg/kWh) for all vehicles, reaching older Euro or even pre-Euro levels. The tampering of the NOx sensor resulted in relatively low NOx increases, but significant ammonia (NH3) slip. The particle number emissions increased three to four orders of magnitude, reaching 6–10 × 1012 #/km for the passenger car (one order of magnitude higher than the current regulation limit). The tampered passenger car’s NOx and particle number emissions were one order of magnitude higher even compared to the emissions during a regeneration event. This study confirmed that (i) tampering with the help of an expert technician is still possible, even for vehicles complying with the current Euro standards, although this is not allowed by the regulation; (ii) tampering results in extreme increases in emissions.

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Stoupos, Nikolaos, and Apostolos Kiohos. "Post-communist countries of the EU and the euro: Dynamic linkages between exchange rates." Acta Oeconomica 67, no. 4 (December 2017): 511–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2017.67.4.2.

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The sovereign debt crisis of 2010 in the euro area significantly decelerated the monetary integration of the EU. The main purpose of this paper is to explore whether five post-communist member states of the EU are mature enough to adopt the euro. We used nominal exchange rates in the error correction model with asymmetric power ARCH (ECM-APARCH). Our results highlight that EU membership positively increased the impact of the euro on the currency of each of these countries in the short-run. In contrast, the long-term effect of the euro on each currency is negative for the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Croatia. Wholly different results were obtained for Poland and Romania. The APARCH model showed that the negative responses of the euro had a greater or neutral effect on the conditional variance of each currency instead of the positive responses. The debt crisis of the euro area had no impact on the dynamic linkages between the currencies. Our research concludes that Croatia, the Czech Republic, and Hungary are not ready to join the euro area in the near future. On the other hand, the currencies of Poland and Romania are already aligned with the fluctuations of the euro.

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Williams, Rod, Heather Hamje, Peter J. Zemroch, Richard Clark, Zissis Samaras, Athanasios Dimaratos, Liesbeth Jansen, and Corrado Fittavolini. "Effect of Fuel Properties on Emissions from Euro 4 and Euro 5 Diesel Passenger Cars." Transportation Research Procedia 14 (2016): 3149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.255.

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Padilla, León. "Can Monetary Integration Improve Productivity? Empirical Evidence of Eurozone." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2020-0015.

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Abstract European monetary integration must be understood as an additional step towards strengthening the close ties that have been fostered after the Second World War. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of adopting the euro in terms of productivity growth, measured as the total factor productivity (TPF) variation. We used a panel data analysis with two-way fixed effects to estimate the effects of Euro adoption on the productivity growth. Two panels from 1996 to 2016 were used –one comprised 28 countries of EU members; the other only included 13 countries which joined the EU since 2004. Our findings suggest that the productivity growth of the countries that joined in 2004 and adopted the euro was higher compared to those that maintained their own currency. In addition, we find that FDI was the main channel through which the adoption of the euro influenced productivity growth.

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Ceylan, Nesrin, and Turgay Münyas. "An Empirical Investigation on the Relationship Between the Eurozone Zew Index and the Eurozone Stock Markets." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 31, no. 4 (October 11, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2021-0016.

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Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the long and short term impact of the Euro ZEW index (ZEW) on the DAX (GDAXI) Germany, FTSE 100 (FTSE) the UK, CAC 40 (FCHI) France, OMXS30 Sweden and CROBEX (CRBEX) Croatia stock market indices using monthly data for the period between February 2008 and December 2020. The Euro ZEW Index was taken as the independent variable, and the index values of Eurozone stock markets were taken as the dependent variables. As a result of the study, the Euro ZEW index was found to have a positive (increasing) statistical significant effect on the DAX, FTSE, OMXS and CRBEX variables. Of the stock markets studied, Croatia CROBEX (CRBEX) index was the most affected index by the change in the Euro ZEW index. The least affected stock market was Germany DAX (GDAXI) index. The effect of the Euro ZEW Index on Euro stock markets was higher in the short-term, and gradually decreasing in the long term. The research findings are discussed in the conclusion section.

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Fabiani, Josefina, Michael Fidora, Ralph Setzer, Andreas Westphal, and Nico Zorell. "Sudden Stops and Asset Purchase Programmes in the Euro Area." Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital: Volume 54, Issue 3 54, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 375–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ccm.54.3.375.

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This paper analyses the incidence and severity of sudden stops in euro area countries before and after the introduction of the ECB’s asset purchase programmes. We define sudden stops as abrupt declines in private net financial inflows, i.e. total flows adjusted for EU and IMF loans and changes in TARGET2 balances. We document that sudden stop were more frequent and more severe in euro area countries compared to other OECD economies over the period 1999–2020. We find that the susceptibility of euro area countries to severe sudden stops mainly reflects domestic fundamentals whereas there is no clear evidence of an adverse direct effect of being part of the euro area. Moreover, our econometric analysis suggests that the ECB asset purchase programmes have overall almost halved the risk of severe sudden stops in euro area countries. We find tentative evidence that this effect operates through confidence channels.

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Hoogendoorn, Martine, Carel R. van Wetering, Annemie M. Schols, and Maureen P. M. H. Rutten-van Mölken. "Self-report versus care provider registration of healthcare utilization: Impact on cost and cost-utility." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, no. 4 (October 2009): 588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309990432.

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Objectives: This study aims to compare the impact of two different sources of resource use, self-report versus care provider registrations, on cost and cost utility.Methods: Data were gathered for a cost-effectiveness study performed alongside a 2-year randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of an INTERdisciplinary COMmunity-based management program (INTERCOM) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The program was offered by physiotherapists, dieticians and respiratory nurses. During the 2-year period, patients reported all resource use in a cost booklet. In addition, data on hospital admissions and outpatient visits, visits to the physiotherapist, dietician or respiratory nurse, diet nutrition, and outpatient medication were obtained from administrative records. The cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was calculated in two ways, using data from the cost booklet or registrations.Results: In total, 175 patients were included in the study. Agreement between self-report and registrations was almost perfect for hospitalizations (rho = 0.93) and physiotherapist visits (rho = 0.86), but above 0.55, moderate, for all other types of care. The total cost difference between the registrations and the cost booklet was 464 euros with the highest difference for hospitalizations 386 euro. Based on the cost booklet the cost difference between the treatment group and usual care was 2,444 euros (95 percent confidence interval [CI], −819 to 5,950), which resulted in a cost-utility of 29,100 euro/QALY. For the registrations, the results were 2,498 euros (95 percent CI, −88 to 6,084) and 29,390 euro/QALY, respectively.Conclusions: This study showed that the use of self-reported data or data from registrations effected within-group costs, but not between-group costs or the cost utility.

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Balina, Signe, and Rita Freimane. "Empirical Assessment of the Eurozone Monetary Policy Transmission in Latvia." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 7, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v2i3.1048.

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The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the international transmission effects of euro area monetary policy shocks on the main economic and financial variables in Latvia in period from 2000 to 2014. Empirical assessment is made using a standard structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model of the euro area, augmented by the Latvian variables of interest (real GDP per capita, annual inflation and money market interest rate, and consecutively by additional variables: real private consumption per capita, investments, exports and imports, various loan interest rates and real wages). The estimated SVAR model shows that a negative monetary policy shock in the euro area has a strong and persistent effect on Latvian economy via interest rate and foreign demand channels. The main results shown by impulse response functions suggest that the estimated reaction of Latvian variables is several times stronger than the reaction of euro area aggregates. Volatility of reactions can be explained by the small size and high openness level of Latvian economy.Â Â Â Â Keywords: Monetary transmission; Euro area; Structural VARÂ

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Heller, Janusz, Rafał Warżała, and Kamil Kotliński. "Introduction of the Single Currency and Inflation - the Case of Central and Eastern European Countries." Olsztyn Economic Journal 14, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3966.

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The study of price increases in five countries (Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) aimed to assess the introduction of the single currency (euro) on the rate of HICP inflation in two short-term perspectives: after the first month and after the first year of the introduction of the euro in these countries. The following hypothesis was put forward: prices after the introduction of the euro are contained in the inflation target, that is, there can be no substantial increase, and contrasting views on the issue are only an effect of illusion, that is, the difference between actual and perceived inflation level. The research was carried out using the comparative method. They show that the inflation effect in the euro-adopting countries was clearly convergent with the level of price growth recorded at the same time in other European Union countries, including those already with a single currency. The result is that the reasons for excessive price growth in the short-term perspective should not be sought in connection with the introduction of the euro, but rather explained by e.g. the convergence of business cycles with these euro area countries in which HICP inflation target exceedance was recorded at the same time. There can be also any other conditions that affect price growth in all European countries, regardless of whether they belong to euro area or have its national currencies.

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Joris, Willem, Leen d’Haenens, and Baldwin Van Gorp. "The effects of metaphorical frames on attitudes: The Euro crisis as war or disease?" Communications 44, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 447–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/commun-2018-2021.

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Abstract Previous research has identified the frames and metaphors used in the reporting on the Euro crisis. War and disease turned out to be the two most frequently used metaphorical frames. Since coverage of the current financial crisis may have a tangible effect on public opinion, research into the effects of metaphorical frames on attitudes is needed. By employing two survey experiments, a student sample (N = 259) and a nonstudent sample (N = 507), this article traces the effects of both metaphorical frames. Our results show that individuals take over the metaphorical frame elements in their evaluation of the Euro crisis. Participants in the war conditions significantly more often referred to war when answering the open questions. Alternatively, when the Euro crisis was framed as a disease, participants were more likely to use words and sentences containing disease frame elements.

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Marques, J. Frederico. "Changing “EUROpe”." European Psychologist 4, no. 3 (September 1999): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.4.3.152.

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The present paper reviews some of the changes that the introduction of a new currency—the euro—will bring to our everyday behavior, from the point of view of the psychological literature on numerical cognition. Problems that can be foreseen converting and using the euro are reviewed, including changes in terms of language (i. e., money labels and its lexicosyntactic structure) and price comparison. Possible answers to some of these problems are presented, considering the numerical cognition literature and several widely reported effects (e. g., the problem size/difficulty effect, symbolic distance effect). New opportunities for research in this domain both within countries and across countries are also discussed.

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Castleberry, Douglas, Balasundram Maniam, and Geetha Subramaniam. "The Euro And The European Debt Crisis." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2013): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i1.8360.

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This paper studies the history of the Euro leading up to its inception, what happened after the Euro was introduced into circulation and implications for its future. The Euro was set up to accommodate a unified currency while preserving sovereignty among nations who, less than a century ago, were mortal enemies. Preserving sovereignty weakened the ability to respond to crisis by design, and it wasnt long before the limits of the European Monetary Union were tested after a series of financial crisis threatened the very existence of the Euro. The Euro held together, yet the inability of the European Central Bank to assist member nations control subsequent debt following the financial crisis may wound the ability of the Euro to replace the dollar as the dominant world currency or even prove fatal. Greece is on the verge of collapse, and is so entangled with other Euro nations; a systemic domino effect will occur should any of the troubled member Eurozone nations collapse uncontrollably. Three options remain for the European Monetary Union, banding together and preserving the currency, grossly indebted countries exiting to preserve the health of countries which are more fiscally responsible, or the Euro may land inconsequentially between success and failure, never challenging the power of the dollar as the dominant world currency.

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Singh, Rimjhim. "Analyzing the impact of the economic crisis in Greece on the U.S." Journal of Business Management and Information Systems 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/jbmis.2021.0802003.

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The aim of this study is to find the effect of Greece crisis on the exports of the U.S. Major variables like the exports of the U.S. to the European Union, the real exchange rates of dollar viz-a-viz Euro, the Index of Industrial Production of the Euro zone are used for analysis. The econometric methodology applied in this paper follows the methodology followed by Dua (2008). The methodology in terms of the model is similar to that used by Alam (2010); with the difference that whereas Alam analyses the effect of currency on exports, this analysis goes further by assessing the impact of not only the change in currency but also the effect of the economic activity in the Euro zone which would reflect the demand for the U.S. exports.

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Petroulas, Pavlos. "The effect of the euro on foreign direct investment." European Economic Review 51, no. 6 (August 2007): 1468–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2006.10.005.

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Havránek, Tomáš. "Rose effect and the euro: is the magic gone?" Review of World Economics 146, no. 2 (April 3, 2010): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10290-010-0050-1.

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Lommatzsch, Kirsten, and Silke Tober. "Euro-Area Inflation: does the Balassa–Samuelson effect matter?" International Economics and Economic Policy 3, no. 2 (November 8, 2006): 105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10368-006-0051-7.

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van Loon, Eric, and Jakob de Haan. "Location of banks and their credit ratings." Journal of Risk Finance 16, no. 3 (May 18, 2015): 220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-11-2014-0161.

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Purpose – This paper aims to examine whether credit ratings of banks are related to their location, i.e. inside or outside the Euro Area. Design/methodology/approach – The authors estimate a multilevel ordered probit model for banks’ credit ratings in 2011 and control for bank-specific factors. They use the overall ratings and the external support ratings provided by Fitch as the dependent variable. Findings – Banks located in Euro Area member countries, on average, receive a higher credit rating from Fitch than banks located outside the Euro Area. Evidence for a “too-big-to-fail” and a “too-big-to-rescue” effect was also found. Research limitations/implications – The monetary union effect on banks’ credit ratings may be affected by the period under investigation. The ratings refer to August 2011, when the European sovereign debt crisis was at its height. This implies that, if anything, the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) effect is underestimated. Practical implications – Large banks in the Euro Area receive higher credit ratings, so they have a competitive advantage over small banks located outside the Euro Area. Social implications – The present evidence suggests that small European countries with an extensive banking sector will be better off if they are member of the European EMU. Originality/value – The relationship between location of banks and their credit ratings has hardly been researched before. The present evidence is directly related to a debate in the literature on this issue.

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Abdurahmanov K.R. "Expected effects of euro 2020 games for the economy and society in Azerbaijan." Scientific News of Academy of Physical Education and Sport 2, no. 1 (December 14, 2020): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.28942/ssj.v2i1.209.

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Countries such as France, the USA, Great Britain or Greece are common names of host nations for some of the biggest global sport events, such as the Olympic Summer and Winter Games, the FIFA World Cup or UEFA European Championships (EUROs).During recent years, there is a trend that some of these mega events moved to comparably less developed or developing countries such as South Africa, Brazil, Russia or Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan started to host mega sport events in 2015 with hosting the 1st European Games. Since then, the country continued to host sport events such as regular Formula 1 races or the 4th Islamic Solidarity Games. In 2019, Baku hosted for the first time the final of the UEFA Europa League, a prestigious European club football competition. That game could be seen as a kind of dress rehearsal for the upcoming games of the EURO 2020. For the first time in history, the EURO will be staged in 12 different cities from all over Europe. Three group stage games as well as a quarter final will be played at Baku Olympic Stadium. This will be the biggest event so far that Azerbaijan took responsibility to host. Since the beginning of such types of sport mega events, policy makers and managers speculated about the potential beneficial effects of hosting such events for both the society in general and the (local) economy in particular.This study will contribute to the literature by investigating the potential effects of hosting EURO 2020 games in a developing country, i.e. Azerbaijan. The research question is: What are the expected effects of EURO 2020 games for the economy and society in Azerbaijan?

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Giechaskiel, Barouch, Victor Valverde, Anastasios Kontses, Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa, Tommaso Selleri, Anastasios Melas, Marcos Otura, et al. "Effect of Extreme Temperatures and Driving Conditions on Gaseous Pollutants of a Euro 6d-Temp Gasoline Vehicle." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081011.

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Gaseous emissions of modern Euro 6d vehicles, when tested within real driving emissions (RDE) boundaries, are, in most cases, at low levels. There are concerns, though, about their emission performance when tested at or above the boundaries of ambient and driving conditions requirements of RDE regulations. In this study, a Euro 6d-Temp gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle with three-way catalyst and gasoline particulate filter was tested on the road and in a laboratory at temperatures ranging between −30 °C and 50 °C, with cycles simulating urban congested traffic, uphill driving while towing a trailer at 85% of the vehicle’s maximum payload, and dynamic driving. The vehicle respected the Euro 6 emission limits, even though they were not applicable to the specific cycles, which were outside of the RDE environmental and trip boundary conditions. Most of the emissions were produced during cold starts and at low ambient temperatures. Heavy traffic, dynamic driving, and high payload were found to increase emissions depending on the pollutant. Even though this car was one of the lowest emitting cars found in the literature, the proposed future Euro 7 limits will require a further decrease in cold start emissions in order to ensure low emission levels under most ambient and driving conditions, particularly in urban environments. Nevertheless, motorway emissions will also have to be controlled well.

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Baccaro, Lucio, Björn Bremer, and Erik Neimanns. "Till austerity do us part? A survey experiment on support for the euro in Italy." European Union Politics 22, no. 3 (April 8, 2021): 401–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14651165211004772.

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The COVID-19 pandemic worsened Italy’s fiscal outlook by increasing public debt. If interest rates were to rise, it would become more likely that Italy experiences a financial crisis and requires a European bailout. How does making EU funds conditional on austerity and structural reforms affect Italians’ support for the euro? Based on a novel survey experiment, this article shows that a majority of voters chooses to remain in the euro if a bailout does not involve conditionality, but the pro-euro majority turns into a relative majority for ‘Italexit’ if the bailout is contingent on austerity policies. Blaming different actors for the fiscal crisis has little effect on support. These results suggest that conditionality may turn Italian voters against the euro.

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Zimakowska-Laskowska, Magdalena, Piotr Laskowski, Marcin K. Wojs, and Piotr Orliński. "Prediction of Pollutant Emissions in Various Cases in Road Transport." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 11975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122311975.

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The road transport sector is a key source of carbon dioxide and air pollutants. Mathematical modeling is frequently used to assess the sector’s contribution to the total national emissions budget (inventory). The present article focuses on studying the impacts of the fuel used (LPG, CNG, gasoline, diesel, and biofuel), the Euro standard, and the structure of vehicles on CO2, NOX, and PM2.5 emissions. This paper presents the results of mathematical simulations of the influence of the fuel type and Euro standards on pollutant emissions. Two scenarios were considered in terms of the effect on CO2, NOX, and PM2.5 emissions: one focused on changing the current fleet and introducing Euro 6/VI vehicles, and the second scenario focused on cities adding low-pollution zones (only Euro 6 vehicles and PHEVs, HEVs, and BEVs entering the city). The results of the simulations showed that Euro 6/IV vehicles emit significantly less PM2.5 and NOX, and biofuels can substantially contribute to reducing emissions.

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Giofré, Maela, and Oleksandra Sokolenko. "The Shrinkage After the Enlargement? The Effect of Financial Crises and Enlargement on Stock Market Integration in the Euro Area." International Journal of Economics and Finance 14, no. 3 (February 10, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v14n3p33.

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The bilateral foreign portfolio equities among Euro area members have shrunk by 40 percent after 2007. While both the financial crisis and the enlargement are potentially responsible of this abrupt and persistent contraction in financial integration, our work detects a major role for the crisis. The deterioration of the control of corruption mechanisms in Euro periphery economies occurred during the crisis is identified as a plausible driver of this shrinkage.

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Lane, Philip R. "The Real Effects of European Monetary Union." Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.4.47.

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We explore the impact of European monetary union on the economies of the member countries. Inflation differentials across the euro area have been persistent, such that cumulative real exchange rate movements across the euro area have been quite substantial. The adoption of the euro has indeed contributed to greater economic integration; however, economic linkages with the rest of the world have also been growing strongly, such that the relative importance of trade within the European monetary union has not dramatically increased. In terms of future risks, a severe economic downturn or financial crisis in a member country will be the proving ground for the future political viability of the euro.

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Soper, John C. "Macroeconomic effects of euro implementation." Managerial Finance 25, no. 11 (November 1999): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03074359910766253.

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Timmer-Bonte, Johanna N. H., Eddy M. M. Adang, Hans J. M. Smit, Bonne Biesma, Frank A. Wilschut, Gerben P. Bootsma, Theo M. de Boo, and Vivianne C. G. Tjan-Heijnen. "Cost-Effectiveness of Adding Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor to Primary Prophylaxis With Antibiotics in Small-Cell Lung Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 19 (July 1, 2006): 2991–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.04.3281.

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Purpose Recently, a Dutch, randomized, phase III trial demonstrated that, in small-cell lung cancer patients at risk of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia (FN), the addition of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) to prophylactic antibiotics significantly reduced the incidence of FN in cycle 1 (24% v 10%; P = .01). We hypothesized that selecting patients at risk of FN might increase the cost-effectiveness of GCSF prophylaxis. Methods Economic analysis was conducted alongside the clinical trial and was focused on the health care perspective. Primary outcome was the difference in mean total costs per patient in cycle 1 between both prophylactic strategies. Cost-effectiveness was expressed as costs per percent-FN-prevented. Results For the first cycle, the mean incremental costs of adding GCSF amounted to 681 euro (95% CI, −36 to 1,397 euro) per patient. For the entire treatment period, the mean incremental costs were substantial (5,123 euro; 95% CI, 3,908 to 6,337 euro), despite a significant reduction in the incidence of FN and related savings in medical care consumption. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was 50 euro per percent decrease of the probability of FN (95% CI, −2 to 433 euro) in cycle 1, and the acceptability for this willingness to pay was approximately 50%. Conclusion Despite the selection of patients at risk of FN, the addition of GCSF to primary antibiotic prophylaxis did not result in cost savings. If policy makers are willing to pay 240 euro for each percent gain in effect (ie, 3,360 euro for a 14% reduction in FN), the addition of GCSF can be considered cost effective.

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Flemmer, D. D., and Gale H. Roid. "Nonverbal Intellectual Assessment of Hispanic and Speech-Impaired Adolescents." Psychological Reports 80, no. 3_suppl (June 1997): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3c.1115.

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A comprehensive new nonverbal cognitive battery (Leiter-R) was given to examine the nonverbal cognitive performance of adolescents, ages 11 to 21 from majority and nonmajority (Hispanic) ethnic backgrounds. A total of 258 Euro-American (non-Hispanic) and 62 Hispanic adolescents composed the ethnic-contrast samples (81% Euro-American vs 19% Hispanic). Also, the study used the Leiter-R to contrast the cognitive performance of speech-impaired adolescents with typical children, ages 11 to 15. There were 203 without and 21 with speech impairments. The speech-impaired contrast sample was comprised of Euro-American (75%) and African-American (25%). This sampling provided direct comparisons equated for ethnicity. Small effect size differences (.11) were found on 3 of the 10 nonverbal subtests of the Visualization and Reasoning battery of the Leiter—R between Euro-American and Hispanic adolescents and the speech-impaired contrasts (effect size difference of .17). The Leiter-R exhibited potential for ethnic fairness in assessment. Further, promise for unbiased assessment of speech-impaired adolescents was provided. Fairness of assessment was especially evident for speech-impaired adolescents on the “visual” subtests of Picture Context, Matching, and Form Completion.

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Katsimi, M. "Inflation divergence in the euro area: the Balassa-Samuelson effect." Applied Economics Letters 11, no. 5 (April 15, 2004): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350485042000221634.

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Figueiredo, Erik, Luiz Renato Lima, and Georg Schaur. "The effect of the Euro on the bilateral trade distribution." Empirical Economics 50, no. 1 (August 2, 2015): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-015-1004-1.

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Castro, César, Miguel Jerez, and Andrés Barge-Gil. "The deflationary effect of oil prices in the euro area." Energy Economics 56 (May 2016): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.03.010.

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Martínez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada, and Florian Johannsen. "Euro Effect on Trade in Final, Intermediate and Capital Goods." International Journal of Finance & Economics 22, no. 1 (October 13, 2016): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1567.

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Franses, Philip, and Max Welz. "Cash Use of the Taiwan Dollar: Is It Efficient? †." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12010013.

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Two banknotes and two coins of the New Taiwan Dollar are infrequently (if at all) used in Taiwan when people make cash payments. This note examines the effect of this behavior on the efficiency of cash payments. The results are compared with the Euro, where the two highest and two lowest tokens are also rarely used. We find for Taiwan that inefficiency increases with 60.7%, while for the Euro it is only 25.3%. The main reason is that two of the rarely used coins and notes in Taiwan are in the middle of the denominational range, whereas for the Euro, these tokens concern the ends of that range.

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Nicolaides, Phedon. "The Euro Group and judicial protection: Has the Court of Justice created a loophole?" Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 28, no. 6 (November 22, 2021): 919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x211048602.

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The Court of Justice made legal history in Ledra Advertising when it found that the EU could incur non-contractual liability even for acts that formally fell within the intergovernmental sphere. In Chrysostomides, however, by ruling that the Euro Group is not an EU ‘institution’, the Court has made it largely impossible for individuals to obtain judicial protection. The decisions of the Council that give effect to agreements in the Euro Group can be drafted in innocuous and general language, minimizing or even expunging any liability. The powers of the Commission to act against such agreements in the Euro Group are also unclear and probably non-existent.

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Hunt, Benjamin L. "U.K. Inflation and Relative Prices over the 1997 to 2006 Period: How Important was Globalization?" Global Economy Journal 9, no. 3 (September 24, 2009): 1850177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1547.

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In this paper, the IMF's new Global Economy Model (GEM) is used to estimate the relative importance of a number of factors argued to explain the differences in the trends in core inflation and relative prices in the United Kingdom, the Euro area and the United States. The simulation results indicate that although the direct effect of globalization has had a larger effect in the United Kingdom than in either the United States or the Euro area, it explains only a portion of how the developments and U.K. specific factors played an important role.

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Markoulis, Stelios. "Do Terror Attacks Affect the Euro? Evidence from the 21st Century." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14080349.

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The objective of this paper is to examine whether terror attacks that took place in the Eurozone in the 21st century had a significant effect on the price of the Euro. Its novelty is twofold: it is the first study that assesses the impact of such events on the price of the Euro and employs a relatively large number of these events. The event-study methodology is used to deduce whether, after a terror event, the value of the Euro declines vs. other major currencies. We found that it does not, since following such an event, the decline was seldom over 0.5%. We also found, however, evidence of some diversion to safe-haven currencies, such as the Swiss Franc. Regression analysis revealed that factors such as the ‘number of attacks’, the ‘type of target’ and the ‘type of attack’, but not the number of casualties, affected the price of the Euro.

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J, Ryan, Kreiner D, Myers-Fabian A, and Gontkovsky S. "A-123 Effects of Ethnicity, Educational Attainment, and Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Index Scores." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.123.

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Abstract Objective This study utilized a culturally diverse sample with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to examine effects of ethnicity on the Verbal Comprehension (VCI), Perceptual Reasoning (PRI), Working Memory (WMI), and Processing Speed (PSI) indices of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition while controlling for education and injury severity. Hypotheses were that education and ethnicity would significantly influence all indices, the latter to a lesser extent, and injury severity would most strongly affect PSI scores. Method Participants were 43 trauma center admissions with documented head injury. Mean age and education were 32.16 and 13.88 years, respectively. There were 14 Euro-, 17 Hispanic-, and 12 African-Americans. Results ANCOVAs revealed significant effects for education across indices. Significant effects were found for ethnicity on the VCI and PRI and injury severity on the PSI. Post hoc comparisons indicated Euro- and Hispanic-Americans did not differ on VCI but performed significantly higher than African-Americans. Euro-Americans performed significantly better than African-Americans on the PRI, but comparable performance emerged between Euro- and Hispanic-Americans and between African- and Hispanic-Americans. Groups did not differ on the WMI or PSI. Conclusions Education and ethnicity accounted for most of the variance in VCI and PRI. Analysis of the WMI revealed education produced a significant effect, but ethnicity and injury severity did not. On the PSI, education and injury severity had significant effects. PSI was the only composite to which injury severity made a statistically significant contribution. Despite the small sample size, findings have important implications in the intellectual assessment of individuals with TBI.

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MÜNYAS, Turgay. "EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREDIT DEFAULT SWAPS AND EURO AND USD EXCHANGE RATES: THE CASE OF TURKEY." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 1113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i2.1439.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between Turkey's Credit Default Swap (CDS) premiums and the USD and Euro exchange rates. In order to measure this relationship, time series analyses were used for the period January 3rd, 2005 to December 31st, 2019. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests were performed for stationarity tests. Then, Johansen cointegration analysis was used to determine long-term relationships. The vector error correction model was used to determine short-term relationships, and the Granger causality test was used to determine causality directions. CDS was used as the dependent variable, and the USD and EURO exchange rates were used as the independent variables. As a result of the study, it was found that the USD rate and EURO rate variables have a long-term relationship with CDS. CDS increases by 38.8% when the USD rate increases by 1%, and CDS increases by 24.2% when the Euro rate increases by 1%. When we look at the coefficient values, it is seen that the effect of the USD rate on CDS is higher compared to that of the Euro rate. In addition, a bidirectional causality relationship was found between the variables.

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Clop-Gallart, Mercè, María Isabel Juárez, and Montserrat Viladrich-Grau. "Has the euro been fattening the European pig meat trade?" Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 67, No. 12 (December 14, 2021): 500–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/109/2021-agricecon.

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The introduction of the euro is one of the great achievements of the European integration process. We ask whether the creation of the euro led to a significant increase in pig meat trade in the eurozone. The pig meat industry is the most important in the European meat sector, and the EU is the world's second-biggest producer of pork and the leading supplier of pig meat to the global market. No study has yet been conducted in this respect for this sector. Our results suggest that pig meat trade was encouraged between countries sharing the euro, although the impact of EU single market was still greater. Trade creation was also observed, increasing pig meat exports from eurozone to non-eurozone countries. Also, non-eurozone EU exporters suffer from a diversion effect that benefits eurozone exporters.

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Duttilo, Pierdomenico, Stefano Antonio Gattone, and Tonio Di Battista. "Volatility Modeling: An Overview of Equity Markets in the Euro Area during COVID-19 Pandemic." Mathematics 9, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9111212.

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Volatility is the most widespread measure of risk. Volatility modeling allows investors to capture potential losses and investment opportunities. This work aims to examine the impact of the two waves of COVID-19 infections on the return and volatility of the stock market indices of the euro area countries. The study also focuses on other important aspects such as time-varying risk premium and leverage effect. This investigation employed the Threshold GARCH(1,1)-in-Mean model with exogenous dummy variables. Daily returns of the euro area stock markets indices from 4 January 2016 to 31 December 2020 has been used for the analysis. The results reveal that euro area stock markets respond differently to the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the first wave of COVID-19 infections had a notable impact on stock market volatility of euro area countries with middle-large financial centres while the second wave had a significant impact only on stock market volatility of Belgium.

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Zirojevic, Mina, and Sanja Jelisavac. "The European monetary Union and euro." Medjunarodni problemi 54, no. 1-2 (2002): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0201005z.

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The authors present and analyses the effects of introducing EURO on the European Union Market. On 1 January 2002, the euro banknotes and coins are introduced in 12 Member States of the European Union. But what is the background to the euro? Which countries are involved? How did the euro evolve? On the following pages, you will find the answers to these and many other questions along with all the information you will need about the biggest monetary changeover in history. So, whether you are in Europe or elsewhere in the world, why not take a journey with us to discover how the euro evolved?

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Basdekis, Charalampos, Apostolos Christopoulos, Ioannis Katsampoxakis, and Alexandros Lyras. "Profitability and optimal debt ratio of the automobiles and parts sector in the Euro area." Journal of Capital Markets Studies 4, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcms-08-2020-0031.

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PurposeThe goal of this paper is twofold: to assess the influence of specific corporate and market features on automobiles and parts sector's profitability in Euro area and to identify this particular sector's optimum debt level.Design/methodology/approachFor the paper's purposes, the authors applied a panel data analysis on an annual basis for the period 2005–2017.FindingsThere is a strong statistical significance of debt ratio, growth domestic product per capita growth, E.C.'s economic sentiment index (ESI), the European Central Bank key interest rate and the Euro area crisis on sector's profitability, while weak statistical significance appears to emerge for the firm's size. Moreover, the authors find average 14.4% profitability for the entire sector of the Euro area, without significant fluctuations among firms and/or during the examined time period. Another interesting finding of this study is that results are consistent with the theory of Modigliani Miller that financial leverage at a “low” level is beneficial for the firm, but beyond a turning point, it becomes counterproductive. This turning point for the automobiles and parts sector in Euro area has been computed at 47.3%.Originality/valueThe paper focuses on issues of profitability, capital structure and optimal debt ratio of an important sector of the economy, the automotive sector. As regards the Euro area automotive sector, it is a dynamic sector with a significant multiplier effect for the European economy as it is strongly correlated with other industrial sectors as chemicals, steel, textiles, information technology and so forth, having an outstanding multiplier effect on the economy.

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Giechaskiel, Barouch. "Gaseous and Particulate Emissions of a Euro 4 Motorcycle and Effect of Driving Style and Open or Closed Sampling Configuration." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 9122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219122.

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Air pollution remains a serious concern for European citizens. The relative contribution of mopeds and motorcycles to air pollution started to increase as the levels from other vehicles started to decrease. The information on emission levels of Euro 4 motorcycles is limited because they were only recently introduced into the market (2016). In this study, the emissions of a 1 L Euro 4 motorcycle were determined with two drivers and two different sampling configurations (i.e., open or closed transfer tube to the dilution tunnel; both allowed in the current regulation). The motorcycle respected the current Euro 4 limits and even the future Euro 5 limits for most pollutants (CO 600 mg/km, NOx 48 mg/km, total hydrocarbons 60 mg/km). The particulate emissions, which are not regulated for this category of vehicles, were also very low and fulfilled the current limits of passenger cars (particulate mass < 0.5 mg/km, particle number 3 × 1011 p/km). The total particle emissions (i.e., including volatiles) were also low with the open configuration (6 × 1011 p/km). They increased more than one order of magnitude with the closed configuration due to desorption of deposited material from the transfer tube. For the gaseous pollutants, there was no significant difference between open or closed configuration (CO2 within 0.3%, rest pollutants 10%), but they were different between the two drivers (CO2 1.3%, rest pollutants 25%–50%). The main message from this work is that open and closed configurations are equivalent for gaseous pollutants but the open should be used when particles are measured.

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Ozkan, Nasif. "Hijri calendar effect in Borsa Istanbul gold market and Turkey’s foreign exchange market." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 10, no. 4 (July 8, 2019): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-04-2017-0054.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the Hijri calendar effect in Borsa Istanbul (BIST) precious metal market and foreign exchange market (Dollar and Euro market) of Turkey. Design/methodology/approach The data of BIST gold market index and foreign exchange market are used for the period of 4 March 2003-30 September 2016 (1 Muharram 1424 – 28 Dhu al-Hijja 1437) in the study. These data are analyzed by using the dummy variable regression model and Kruskal–Wallis (KW) test. Findings The results of the regression models and KW test indicate that there is a Ramadan effect in the gold market and after-Ramadan effect in the Euro market. On the other hand, the Hijri month effect does not exist in the Dollar market. Originality/value This is the first paper that investigates the Hijri calendar effect in gold and foreign exchange markets of Turkey other than the stock market.

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Năftănăilă, Cristina Alina, Odi Mihaela Zărnescu, Filofteia Viorica Braga, and Lacramioara Rodica Hurloiu. "EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC POLICIES ON STABILITY OF COMPANIES AND EMPLOYEES." Balkans Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (2019): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/balkans.jetss.2019.2.1.39-49.

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The current study investigates domestic and international economic and financial developments, analyzes the ability of Romanian firms to adapt to the challenges of integration in the euro area and identifies the economic and financial performance of Romanian companies. The economy of the euro area has seen positive developments in the first half of 2017. Economic growth recorded a 0.7% gain in the second quarter of 2017, after 0.6% in the first quarter. Also the profitability of euro area banks has improved but the main problem in the euro area is the high level of public and private debt. Romania recorded one of the highest economic growth rates in the EU in the first nine months of 2017. However, the analysis of the main macroeconomic indicators reveals the build-up of tensions.

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Chea, Ashford C. "The Euro Zone Financial Meltdown and Sub-Saharan Africa’s Financial Sector: Analysis and The Way Forward for Financial Development and Economic Growth." International Journal of Regional Development 3, no. 1 (January 23, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v3i1.8925.

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<p>The purpose of the paper was to assess the effects of the euro zone financial crisis on sub-Saharan Africa’s (SSA) financial sector. The evidence showed that the euro zone crisis had limited negative effects on SSA financial sector as a whole. However, individual countries were impacted negatively based on their relative integration into the global financial system and the idiosyncratic responses by policy makers to the crisis. The article begins with a historical perspective and underpinning of the euro zone financial crisis. Next, it presents a brief overview of the euro zone financial sector. This is followed by an analysis of SSA’s financial sector and its exposure to the euro zone crisis. The paper then continues with a discussion of the transmission mechanisms of the crisis to SSA’s financial sector. The article ends with an outline of policy lessons learned from the euro debt crisis, policy implications for SSA’s financial sector, and recommendations for the way forward for financial development and stability in SSA.</p>

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Journal articles on the topic 'Effect of Euro on'

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