Relevant bibliographies by topics / Effect of chemicals on skin

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Effect of chemicals on skin'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Effect of chemicals on skin"

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Zhang, Alissa, Eui-Chang Jung, Hanjiang Zhu, Ying Zou, Xiaoying Hui, and Howard Maibach. "Vehicle effects on human stratum corneum absorption and skin penetration." Toxicology and Industrial Health 33, no. 5 (July 19, 2016): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233716656119.

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This study evaluated the effects of three vehicles—ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and isopropyl myristate (IPM)—on stratum corneum (SC) absorption and diffusion of the [14C]-model compounds benzoic acid and butenafine hydrochloride to better understand the transport pathways of chemicals passing through and resident in SC. Following application of topical formulations to human dermatomed skin for 30 min, penetration flux was observed for 24 h post dosing, using an in vitro flow-through skin diffusion system. Skin absorption and penetration was compared to the chemical-SC (intact, delipidized, or SC lipid film) binding levels. A significant vehicle effect was observed for chemical skin penetration and SC absorption. IPA resulted in the greatest levels of intact SC/SC lipid absorption, skin penetration, and total skin absorption/penetration of benzoic acid, followed by IPM and EtOH, respectively. For intact SC absorption and total skin absorption/penetration of butenafine, the vehicle that demonstrated the highest level of sorption/penetration was EtOH, followed by IPA and IPM, respectively. The percent doses of butenafine that were absorbed in SC lipid film and penetrated through skin in 24 h were greatest for IPA, followed by EtOH and IPM, respectively. The vehicle effect was consistent between intact SC absorption and total chemical skin absorption and penetration, as well as SC lipid absorption and chemical penetration through skin, suggesting intercellular transport as a main pathway of skin penetration for model chemicals. These results suggest the potential to predict vehicle effects on skin permeability with simple SC absorption assays. As decontamination was applied 30 min after chemical exposure, significant vehicle effects on chemical SC partitioning and percutaneous penetration also suggest that skin decontamination efficiency is vehicle dependent, and an effective decontamination method should act on chemical solutes in the lipid domain.
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Dimitrov, Sabcho D., Lawrence K. Low, Grace Y. Patlewicz, Petra S. Kern, Gergana D. Dimitrova, Mike H. I. Comber, Richard D. Phillips, Jay Niemela, Paul T. Bailey, and Ovanes G. Mekenyan. "Skin Sensitization: Modeling Based on Skin Metabolism Simulation and Formation of Protein Conjugates." International Journal of Toxicology 24, no. 4 (July 2005): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810591000631.

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A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) system for estimating skin sensitization potency has been developed that incorporates skin metabolism and considers the potential of parent chemicals and/or their activated metabolites to react with skin proteins. A training set of diverse chemicals was compiled and their skin sensitization potency assigned to one of three classes. These three classes were, significant, weak, or nonsensitizing. Because skin sensitization potential depends upon the ability of chemicals to react with skin proteins either directly or after appropriate metabolism, a metabolic simulator was constructed to mimic the enzyme activation of chemicals in the skin. This simulator contains 203 hierarchically ordered spontaneous and enzyme controlled reactions. Phase I and phase II metabolism were simulated by using 102 and 9 principal transformations, respectively. The covalent interactions of chemicals and their metabolites with skin proteins were described by 83 reactions that fall within 39 alerting groups. The SAR/QSAR system developed was able to correctly classify about 80% of the chemicals with significant sensitizing effect and 72% of nonsensitizing chemicals. For some alerting groups, three-dimensional (3D)-QSARs were developed to describe the multiplicity of physicochemical, steric, and electronic parameters. These 3D-QSARs, so-called pattern recognition-type models, were applied each time a latent alerting group was identified in a parent chemical or its generated metabolite(s). The concept of the mutual influence amongst atoms in a molecule was used to define the structural domain of the skin sensitization model. The utility of the structural model domain and the predictability of the model were evaluated using sensitization potency data for 96 chemicals not used in the model building. The TIssue MEtabolism Simulator (TIMES) software was used to integrate a skin metabolism simulator and 3D-QSARs to evaluate the reactivity of chemicals thus predicting their likely skin sensitization potency.
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Llewelyn, Victoria K., Lee Berger, and Beverley D. Glass. "Permeability of frog skin to chemicals: effect of penetration enhancers." Heliyon 5, no. 8 (August 2019): e02127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02127.

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Reid, Linzi, Nancy Khammo, and Richard H. Clothier. "An Evaluation of the Effects of Photoactivation of Bithionol, Amiodarone and Chlorpromazine on Human Keratinocytes In Vitro." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 35, no. 5 (October 2007): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290703500513.

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Human skin is a continual target for chemical toxicity, due to its constant exposure to xenobiotics. The skin possesses a number of protective antioxidant systems, including glutathione and enzymic pathways, which are capable of neutralising reactive oxygen species (ROS). In combination with certain chemicals, the presence of ROS might augment the levels of toxicity, due to photoactivation of the chemical or, alternatively, due to an oxidatively-stressed state in the skin which exisited prior to exposure to the chemical. Bithionol is a phototoxic anti-parasitic compound. The mechanism of its toxicity and the possible methods of protection from its damaging effects have been explored. The capacity of keratinocytes to protect themselves from bithionol and other phototoxic chemicals has been investigated. In addition, the potential of endogenous antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, to afford protection to the cells, has been evaluated. The intracellular glutathione stores of HaCaT keratinocytes were reduced following treatment with biothionol. Following photoactivation, both bithionol and chlorpromazine had similar effects, which suggests that glutathione is important in the detoxification pathway of these chemicals. This was confirmed by means of the visual identification of fluorescently-labelled glutathione. Endogenous antioxidants were unable to protect the HaCaT keratinocytes from bithionol toxicity or chlorpromazine phototoxicity. Amiodarone was shown to have no effect on cellular glutathione levels, which suggests that an alternative mechanism of detoxification was occurring in this case. This was supported by evidence of the protection of HaCaT cells from amiodarone phototoxicity via endogenous antioxidants. Thus, it appears that amiodarone toxicity is dependent on the levels of non-gluathione antioxidants present, whilst bithionol and chlorpromazine detoxification relies on the glutathione antioxidant system. This type of approach could indicate the likely mechanisms of phototoxicity of chemicals in vitro, with relevance to potential effects in vivo.
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Roure, Romain, Marion Lanctin, Virginie Nollent, and Christiane Bertin. "Methods to Assess the Protective Efficacy of Emollients against Climatic and Chemical Aggressors." Dermatology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/864734.

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Exposure to harsh environmental conditions, such as cold and dry climate and chemicals can have an abrasive effect on skin. Skin care products containing ingredients that avert these noxious effects by reinforcement of the barrier function can be tested usingin vivomodels. The objective is to use in vivo models to assess the efficacy of emollients in protecting skin against climatic and chemical insults. A first model used a stream of cooled air to mimic cold wind. A second used sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) under patch as chemical aggressor. In the model with simulated wind exposure, the untreated exposed area had a significant decrease in hydration. In contrast, application of an emollient caused a significant increase in hydration that was maintained after wind exposure. In the second model with SLS exposure, application of a barrier cream before SLS patch significantly reduced the dehydrating effect of SLS with a significant difference in variation between both areas. Application of the cream reduced TEWL, indicative of a physical reinforcement of the skin barrier. The two presented test methods, done under standardized conditions, can be used for evaluation of protective effect of emollient, by reinforcing the barrier function against experimentally induced skin dehydration.
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Bereznyak, Irina V., Leonora I. Lipkina, Nataliya E. Fedorova, Natalia G. Zavolokina, and Natalia I. Nikolayeva. "Hygienic assessment of the skin-resorptive effect of xenobiotics (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-9-980-984.

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The basis of safety for working with chemicals, including pesticides, is to minimize contact with them and prevent them from entering the body by inhalation and dermal route, sometimes in actual production conditions, the skin pathway can be more dangerous. The most studied inhalation route of harmful substances entering the body of a working person is confirmed by an extensive evidence base, the presence of regulatory and methodological documents, experimentally established and approved MPC in the air of the occupational area for 2484 substances, and 601 substances included in SanPiN 1.2.3685-211. The maximum permissible levels (MPL) on the skin are presented for only 26 substances in the same document. Identification and evaluation of the skin-resorptive effect of xenobiotics have methodological features due to the properties of the skin, which performs a barrier-protective function, and the physico-chemical, toxic properties of substances. The main stages of development in the domestic hygienic science and practice of research on the study and assessment of the skin-resorptive effect of xenobiotics in industrial contact with them are presented. The continuity of research on the study and evaluation of the skin-resorptive impact of chemicals used in various industries and agriculture is shown, making it possible to develop methodological approaches to the identification and risk assessment of dermal absorption of xenobiotics, including pesticides, within the organisms of workers. Evaluating the risk of skin contamination is the main argument for the development of measures for the primary prevention of skin resorptive action. Establishing the priority of the dermal route of toxicant intake is an evidence-based justification for making decisions about the possibility of using, for example, pesticides on the territory of the Russian Federation. The literature review is based on open sources hosted on virtual database platforms: Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Global Health, e-LIBRARY, Electronic Fund of Legal and Regulatory Documents, etc.
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Park, Juyoung, Handule Lee, and Kwangsik Park. "Gastrointestinal tract and skin permeability of chemicals in consumer products using parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA)." Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology 36, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): e2021021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2021021.

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Some chemicals commonly used in personal care products, household items, food vessels, cosmetics, and other consumer products are potentially harmful, and several reviews of epidemiological studies have suggested the associations between the chemical exposure from consumer products, and respiratory diseases, skin sensitization, and reproductive problems. Therefore, risk assessment is essential for management of consumer products safety. Necessarily, the estimation of human exposure is an essential step in risk assessment, and the absorption rate of those chemicals via the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin are very critical in determining the internal dose of the exposed chemicals. In this study, parallel artificial membrane permeability assays (PAMPA) for the gastrointestinal tract and skin were performed to evaluate the permeability of parabens (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl-, propyl-, and butyl paraben), bisphenols (bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S), isothiazolinones (methyl-, chloromethyl-, benz-, octyl-, and dichlorooctyl isothiazolinone), and phthalates [diethyl-, dibutyl-, Di-isononyl-, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate]. Lipid solubility of test chemicals indicated by log P values was shown as the most critical factor and showed a positive association with the permeability of parabens, bisphenols, and isothiazolinones in PAMPA assay. However, phthalate showed a reverse-association between lipophilicity and permeability. The permeability of all the tested chemicals was higher in the gastrointestinal tract membrane than in the skin membrane. The pH in donor solution did not show significant effects on the permeability in all the chemicals, except the chemicals with a free hydrophilic moiety in their chemical structures.
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Braga, Rodolpho C., Vinicius M. Alves, Eugene N. Muratov, Judy Strickland, Nicole Kleinstreuer, Alexander Trospsha, and Carolina Horta Andrade. "Pred-Skin: A Fast and Reliable Web Application to Assess Skin Sensitization Effect of Chemicals." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 57, no. 5 (May 10, 2017): 1013–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00194.

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Zhao, Zhuo, Ming Liu, Xiaochuan Jia, Hua Wang, Zhipeng Liu, Jie Zhang, Li Sun, and Meng Zhang. "Toxicity Effect of Carbon Nanotubes." Nano LIFE 04, no. 03 (September 2014): 1441009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984414410098.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been known as one of the most important nanomaterials and their toxicological effects in vivo have been widely concerned. According to "Globally Harmonized System of classification and Labelling of Chemicals" (GHS) classification regulation, here, we analyzed the local toxicity (skin corrosion/irritation), acute oral toxicity, aquatic acute toxicity and reproductive toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with the "Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development" (OECD) recommended chemical toxicity standard test methods. The experimental results showed that the LD50 and LC50 of SWCNT are all higher (LC50 more than 5000 mg/kg bw, LC50 more than 100 mg/L), but the skin irritation score is 0.6. As the standard of GHS, that means the SWCNT has no acute oral toxicity and aquatic acute toxicity, but it belongs to skin mild irritation substance. The investigations of reproductive toxicity showed that rate of cell micronuclei formation was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in 10.0 mg/kg dose group, and rate of mice sperm deformity was increased too (p < 0.05) in infected groups indicating that the SWCNT played a potentially role in reproductive toxicity.
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Yemiş, Fadim. "Classification, Uses and Environmental Implications of Disinfectants." Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 21, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2020.12.20.

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Disinfectants are not only cleaning reagents such as soap or detergents but are hygienic materials prepared with the composition of various chemicals. Many classification routes are possible, but they are placed in two main groups, such as organic and inorganic disinfectants. The classification prevails for high level disinfectants and depends on chemical structure. In high-level disinfectants aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and chloride type chemicals are used. In contrast, alcohols, phenols, ammonium salts, and iodine solutions are recommended for low disinfectant applications. Soap, iodide, and alcohol solutions are the best antiseptic agents for hand and skin. Iodine-based solutions are good primary tissue and skin disinfectants. The alcohol solutions have a good inhibitory effect on many microorganisms, micro bacteria, fungi, and various viruses. These solution types are not hazardous to use as both antiseptic and surface disinfectants compared to many other chemicals.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effect of chemicals on skin"

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Reed, Susan, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and of Science Technology and Environment College. "Development of method to assess skin contact to chemicals." THESIS_CSTE_XXX_Reed_S.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/611.

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Chemical exposure of the skin has become a route of entry of some chemicals into the body and has come under major review in recent times. This research aims to develop a method of estimating skin exposure that is both reliable and non-prohibitive in cost. This involved the design and testing of skin patches adaptable for monitoring skin exposure to chemicals using several different types of absorbents which could be easily worn against skin. The final design of the patch used either activated charcoal or tenax as the absorbing medium. The patches were then desorbed with a solvent in order to analyse the chemicals. The results of the study showed that many skin exposures do not have a direct relationship with inhalation exposures, which is important because currently there are no estimates of the levels of skin exposures that may have potential long term health effects. The patch has proved successful for detecting the presence and determining the amount of chemicals that come in contact with the skin. Charcoal patches have the widest application, but are not suitable for all situations and tenax should be used on these occasions.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Reed, Susan. "Development of method to assess skin contact to chemicals." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/611.

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Chemical exposure of the skin has become a route of entry of some chemicals into the body and has come under major review in recent times. This research aims to develop a method of estimating skin exposure that is both reliable and non-prohibitive in cost. This involved the design and testing of skin patches adaptable for monitoring skin exposure to chemicals using several different types of absorbents which could be easily worn against skin. The final design of the patch used either activated charcoal or tenax as the absorbing medium. The patches were then desorbed with a solvent in order to analyse the chemicals. The results of the study showed that many skin exposures do not have a direct relationship with inhalation exposures, which is important because currently there are no estimates of the levels of skin exposures that may have potential long term health effects. The patch has proved successful for detecting the presence and determining the amount of chemicals that come in contact with the skin. Charcoal patches have the widest application, but are not suitable for all situations and tenax should be used on these occasions.
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Ibrahim, Sarah A. "A Structure-Enhancement Relationship and Mechanistic Study of Chemical Enhancers on Human Epidermal Membrane based on Maximum Enhancement Effect (Emax)." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1266598335.

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Robson, Denise Lesley. "Buprenorphine hydrochloride permeation through human skin in vitro; the effect of chemical enhancement and iontophoresis : effect of pH, distribution ratio, penetration enhancers azone and oleyl alcohol, and iontophoresis on the permeation of buprenorphin." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329293.

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Reed, Susan. "Development of method to assess skin contact to chemicals /." View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030520.115134/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2001.
A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, College of Science, Technology and Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, April 2001. Bibliography : leaves 138-148.
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Tonge, Robert Patrick. "The cutaneous disposition of the sensitizing chemicals hydroxycitronellal and dinitrochlorobenzene." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309531.

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McHugh, Peter J. "Sunlight-induced DNA damage in relation to sunscreening chemicals." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319052.

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Ashrafi, Parivash. "Predicting the absorption rate of chemicals through mammalian skin using machine learning algorithms." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17310.

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Machine learning (ML) methods have been applied to the analysis of a range of biological systems. This thesis evaluates the application of these methods to the problem domain of skin permeability. ML methods offer great potential in both predictive ability and their ability to provide mechanistic insight to, in this case, the phenomena of skin permeation. Historically, refining mathematical models used to predict percutaneous drug absorption has been thought of as a key factor in this field. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) models are used extensively for this purpose. However, advanced ML methods successfully outperform the traditional linear QSAR models. In this thesis, the application of ML methods to percutaneous absorption are investigated and evaluated. The major approach used in this thesis is Gaussian process (GP) regression method. This research seeks to enhance the prediction performance by using local non-linear models obtained from applying clustering algorithms. In addition, to increase the model's quality, a kernel is generated based on both numerical chemical variables and categorical experimental descriptors. Monte Carlo algorithm is also employed to generate reliable models from variable data which is inevitable in biological experiments. The datasets used for this study are small and it may raise the over-fitting/under-fitting problem. In this research I attempt to find optimal values of skin permeability using GP optimisation algorithms within small datasets. Although these methods are applied here to the field of percutaneous absorption, it may be applied more broadly to any biological system.
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Bian, Junxing. "Skin permeation enhancement using chemical enhancers and polymeric microneedles for chemicals and peptides." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23624.

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It is often a challenge to effectively deliver drugs through the skin into the internal environment. Compared with oral administration and other dosage forms, transdermal administration has multiple advantages. Among the various transdermal administration approaches, microneedles emerge as a powerful tool in recent years, owing to its simple concept and proven efficacy. In this project, we aim to develop a hot-embossing method using menthol as the carrier material to fabricate drug-laden microneedle patches. We compared the transdermal delivery of several drugs with different dosage forms and tried to enhance their transdermal absorption by chemical and physical enhancers including this menthol-based microneedle method. It is hypothesized that this approach can be used for chemicals with various properties to enhance their percutaneous absorption. For chemical drugs, we studied the transdermal absorption of cromolyn sodium in propylene glycol (PG) and the transdermal absorption of diclofenac diethylamine gels. For peptides, we studied an anti-pigmentation peptide with strong polarity, which has extremely low skin permeation. We esterified the peptide molecule to increase its lipophilicity for skin permeation. Following esterification, we studied the transdermal absorption of the peptide and its derivative in PG with chemical penetration enhancers. Apart from chemical permeation enhancement, we also used dissolving microneedles (MNs) as the physical method to enhance transdermal delivery of the chemicals and peptides. The transdermal experiments were carried out by using vertical Franz diffusion cells and cadaverous human skin samples. The results showed that in PG solution, the cumulative permeated amount of hydrophilic cromolyn sodium was very limited. In contrast, the lipophilic diclofenac showed much higher skin permeation than cromolyn sodium. For the native peptide in PG with or without permeation enhancers, the skin permeation was not detectable. However, after molecular modification, due to the enhancement of lipophilicity of peptide, its skin absorption was improved. Two penetration enhancers, namely oleic acid and camphor did not enhance the transdermal absorption of the esterified peptide while another chemical enhancer, namely, menthol, increased the skin absorption of the esterified peptide. For the physical enhancement, drug laden MN patches increased the skin permeation of all four permeants.
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Lee, Su-Gil. "Dermal and ocular exposure during the spray application of selected industrial chemicals /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl4770.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Effect of chemicals on skin"

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name, No. Environmental health sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the environment and its effect on human health, including the effects of air pollution, water pollution, hazardous chemicals ... skin disorders. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc., 2003.

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Commission of the European Communities., ed. Skin penetration: Hazardous chemicals at work. London: Taylor & Francis, 1990.

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M, Hotchkiss Sharon A., ed. Allergic contact dermatitis: Chemical and metabolic mechanisms. London: Taylor & Francis, 2001.

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Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. Toxicology of the skin. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2010.

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Goldberg, David J., M.D., ed. Photodamaged skin. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004.

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S, Potten C. Radiation and skin. London: Taylor & Francis, 1985.

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Lee, Betty Lou. Coping with chemicals. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, 1985.

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Halton, David M. What makes chemicals poisonous? Hamilton, Ont: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, 1988.

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Hymes, Ian. Thermal radiation: Physiological and pathological effects. Rugby: Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1996.

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Chemicals for life and living. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Effect of chemicals on skin"

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Davies, R. E., P. D. Forbes, and F. Urbach. "Effects of Chemicals on Photobiologic Reactions of Skin." In DNA Damage and Repair in Human Tissues, 127–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0637-5_10.

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Huang, Mou-Tuan, Yue Liu, Jian-Guo Xie, Harold H. Newmark, and Chi-Tang Ho. "Protective Effect of Dibenzoylmethane on Chemically- and UV Light-Induced Skin, Inflammation, Sunburn Lesions, and Skin Carcinogenesis in Mice." In ACS Symposium Series, 196–207. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0851.ch017.

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Marks, F., S. Friedenauer, and G. Fürstenberger. "Apoptotic Effect of Skin Tumor Promoters on Thymocytes: Cell Death as a Possible Trigger for the Induction of Promotability (Conversion)." In Chemical Carcinogenesis 2, 521–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3694-9_51.

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Mitschke, Fedor. "Skin Effect." In Fiber Optics, 317–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52764-1_14.

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Weik, Martin H. "skin effect." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1602. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_17576.

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Mitschke, Fedor. "Skin Effect." In Fiber Optics, 263–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03703-0_14.

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Keller, Reto B. "Skin Effect." In Design for Electromagnetic Compatibility--In a Nutshell, 135–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14186-7_10.

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Sugibayashi, Kenji. "Skin Permeation of Chemicals." In Skin Permeation and Disposition of Therapeutic and Cosmeceutical Compounds, 13–53. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56526-0_2.

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Hatanaka, Tomomi. "Skin Metabolism of Chemicals." In Skin Permeation and Disposition of Therapeutic and Cosmeceutical Compounds, 67–76. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56526-0_4.

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Bhushan, Bharat. "Shark Skin Effect." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 3639–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9780-1_159.

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Conference papers on the topic "Effect of chemicals on skin"

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Jin, Yong, and Baoming Li. "Energy skin effect of propellant particles in Electrothermal-Chemical Launcher." In 2012 16th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology (EML). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eml.2012.6325080.

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Agustina, Ratna, Martinus Ahmad Raif, Chrismis Novalinda Ginting, and Refi Ikhtiari. "Effect of Skin Sebum Levels before and after Chemical Peeling with 30% Salicylic Acid." In International Conference on Health Informatics, Medical, Biological Engineering, and Pharmaceutical. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010296502480253.

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Yoon, Jinhee, Taeyoon Son, and Byungjo Jung. "Quantitative analysis method to evaluate optical clearing effect of skin using a hyperosmotic chemical agent." In 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2007.4353047.

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Veshchemova, T. E., and G. V. Masaltsev. "EVALUATION OF TOXICITY AND ANTICHOLINESTERASE EFFECT OF A METHOMYL-CONTAINING DRUG WHEN ADMINISTERED TO LABORATORY ANIMALS VIA VARIOUS ROUTES." In The 4th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» International Youth Forum (OHIYF-2022). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-6-9-2022-1-44-48.

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Despite a wide range of insecticidal activity and high efficiency, carbamate insecticides require a highly professional approach to its use due to inherent high toxicity to bees, warm-blooded animals and humans, and undesirable feature of its exhibiting toxic properties not immediately, but after prolonged systematic contact. The goal of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of the methomyl-based drug (25% of the active substance) and its anticholinesterase effect in animal experiments when administered via various routes (rats and rabbits). Materials and methods: Experimental toxicological studies were carried out in accordance with the methodological documents: Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of new pesticides, Guideline R 1.2.3156-13 "Assessment of the toxicity and danger of chemicals and their mixtures for human health." Results: Acute oral and dermal toxicity thresholds, possible irritation and cumulative properties of the formation were evaluated. According to the results, the methomyl-based drug exhibits the highest toxicity when administered intragastrically. When applied to mucous membranes of the eye, the it causes symptoms characteristic of carbamate poisoning. When applied to intact skin of laboratory animals, the drug does not exhibit toxic effects.
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Tullius, Toni K., and Yildiz Bayazitoglu. "Relaxation Time Effect on the Human Head Using the Thermal Wave Model." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89980.

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The most common electronics used by the vast majority of the world’s population emit low radio frequencies and they may be harmful to both skin and brain tissue. The bio-heat transfer model is numerically solved to predict the time dependent temperature distribution of micro waves as it emits to the brain caused by everyday electronics in order to understand the effects the waves have on our organs. A time dependent finite difference technique is used to model a multilayer system depicting this external heat source passing through skin, bone, and into the brain. This model accounts for the extra heat generated within the body from the chemical reactions of the tissue, whereas pervious work took this heat sources to be negligible. A relaxation time is also included in the bioheat transfer model in order to account for the response time the tissue takes caused by the perturbation. Most studies neglect this parameter. Parameters for the adult and child head model are compared. The manuscript is aimed to understand the potential threats on the human body caused by everyday use of the technologies such as Ipods, cellular phones, bluetooth’s, etc.
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Botros, Kamal K., Marvin H. Weiss, and Glenn R. Price. "Effect of Inlet Header Pre-Heating on the Temperature Distribution in a Steam Furnace Tube Bank." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0666.

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Abstract Steam furnaces encountered in chemical and power generation plants often experience a maldistribution of steam temperature at furnace tube outlets despite attempts to ensure good flow distribution in these tubes from the inlet feed header. An investigation of an existing tube bank configuration was carried out utilizing field measurements, a CFD analysis of the thermal/flow field, flow experiments with a 1:7 scale laboratory model using air as the working fluid, and a 1-D analysis of the temperature/flow distribution. The results indicate that although the inlet header does not actually run through the furnace, heat transfer by conduction from the tube walls to the inlet header wall causes preheating of the incoming steam, resulting in a substantial increase in steam temperature towards the end of the header. This steam temperature maldistribution at the inlet to the tubes persists along the tubes and manifests itself as a similar maldistribution in the tube skin wall temperatures. The latter has an impact on the system integrity if the skin wall temperature exceeds the metallurgical limit of the tube material used.
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Atama, Grace, and Ibrahim Akkutlu. "Modeling and Analysis of Hydraulic Fracture Skin and Its Control on Shale Gas Production from Horizontal Wells." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210063-ms.

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Abstract It is widely recognized that hydraulic fracturing creates a region of altered permeability near the fracture/matrix interface. Although we have a limited understanding, it is believed this region plays an important role on the production rates. The objective of this study is to model the region as a fracture skin explicitly including local physical and chemical phenomena and their associated effects, namely: (1) permeability improvement due to unpropped fracture development during the fracturing, (2) stress increase due to slick water invasion and clay-swelling effect developing after the fracturing, and (3) water-saturation buildup due to capillary end effect (CEE) developing during the flowback and production. A sensitivity analysis on the derived skin indicates key parameters controlling production and help in minimizing the damage. The proposed fracture skin increases at a decreasing rate with distance away from the fracture/matrix interface, which mirrors the invaded fracturing fluid (slick-water) near the interface. The sensitivity analysis performed shows that clay swelling is the predominant damage mechanism and is controlled by the geo-mechanical parameters of the permeability model: (i) the normalized effective stress at the fracture matrix/interface when clay swelling develops in the altered zone, and (ii) strength of the unpropped fractures and cracks inside the damage zone to stay open. On the other hand, the contribution of CEE to the skin is mainly controlled by the average water saturation in the damaged zone. CEE can thus be severe in formations with high water saturation. To minimize the damage, the salinity of the injected water needs to be increased, which in turn will reduce the chemical imbalance between the clay-bound water and slick-water, preventing osmosis. In addition, using proppants with a wider particle size distribution could reduce the damage by allowing smaller size proppants to invade into secondary fractures and cracks, hence, keeping them propped open during the production.
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Chandrasekhar, Sriram, Dennis Arun Alexis, Julia Jin, Taimur Malik, and Varadarajan Dwarakanath. "Polymer Injectivity Enhancement Using Chemical Stimulation: A Multi-Dimensional Study." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209425-ms.

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Abstract Chevron injected emulsion polymer in the Captain field, offshore UK in the last decade at various scales (Poulsen et al., 2018). Pilot horizontal wells had exhibited faster than designed injectivity decline and Jackson et al. (2019) documented the causes to include oleic phase damage from a) injection of produced water containing crude oil after imperfect separation, and b) entrainment of injected emulsion polymer’s carrier oil. The wells were remediated with a surfactant stimulation package (Alexis et al., 2021; Dwarakanath et al., 2016). The remediation boosted the water relative permeability near wellbore which enhanced injectivity and allowed higher processing rates for subsequent continuous polymer injection. In this work, we conducted a set of core floods in slabs of surrogate rock of varying dimension and patterns to demonstrate the beneficial effect of near wellbore stimulation in the general case. 0.04 PV of the remediation package was injected and we show consistent injectivity enhancement across the experiments. We demonstrate the dominant effect of well skin treatment on the pressure drop profile compared to flow resistance from a) residual oil saturation and b) viscous fingering. The result is an important reminder for injectivity maintenance for high polymer flood processing rates for the life of the project. Clean injection fluids were demonstrated to maintain injectivity. We show applicability of stimulation for injectors into viscous oil reservoirs with adverse viscosity ratio. The robust nature of the remediation package developed by Alexis et al. (2021) is also shown, working to efficacy on viscous oil, as well as in situ phase separated polymer. We estimated skin and stimulation depth for a line drive case with low chemical dosage finding that 0.04 pore volumes of surfactant injection at 0.33 oil saturation units gave injectivity improvement of 31%. Surfactant stimulation is thus broadly applicable to wells with oleic phase skin.
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Soroush, Mohammad, Mahdi Mahmoudi, Morteza Roostaei, Hossein Izadi, Seyed Abolhassan Hosseini, Juliana Leung, and Vahidoddin Fattahpour. "Challenges from Well Shut-in Amid the Oil Downturn: Long Term Impacts on Near Wellbore Skin Buildup and Sand Control." In SPE Thermal Integrity and Design Symposium. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/203854-ms.

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Abstract In wake of the biggest oil crash in history triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic; Western Canada in- situ production is under tremendous price pressure. Therefore, the operators may consider shut in the wells. Current investigation offers an insight into the effect of near-wellbore skin buildup because of such shut-in. A series of simulation studies was performed to quantitatively address the impact of well shut-in on the long-term performance of well, in particular on key performance indicators of the well including cumulative steam to oil ratio and cumulative oil production. The long-term shut-in contributes to three main modes of plugging: (1) near-wellbore pore plugging by clays and fines, (2) scaling, and (3) chemical consolidation induced by corrosion. A series of carefully designed simulations was also utilized to understand the potential of skin buildup in the near-wellbore region and within different sand control devices. The simulation results showed a higher sensitivity of well performance to shut-in for the wells in the initial stage of SAGD production. If the well is shut in during the first years, the total reduction in cumulative oil production is much higher compared to a well which is shut-in during late SAGD production life. As the induced skin due to shut-in increases, the ultimate cumulative oil production drops whose magnitude depends on well completion designs. The highest effect on the cumulative oil production is in the case of completion designs with flow control devices (liner deployed and tubing deployed completions). Therefore, wellbore hydraulics and completion design play key roles in the maintenance of uniform inflow profile, and the skin buildup due to shut-in poses a high risk of inflow problem and increases the risk of hot-spot development and steam breakthrough. This investigation offers a new understanding concerning the effect of shut-in and wellbore skin buildup on SAGD operation. It helps production and completion engineers to better understand and select candidate wells for shut-in and subsequently to minimize the skin buildup in wells.
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Salem, Abouelnadar, Guozhong Zhang, and Hongchang Wang. "The Effect of Integrating a Bio-Inspired Convex Structure with a Low-Surface Energy Polymer on Soil Adhesion and Friction." In 11th Asia-Pacific Regional Conference of the ISTVS. International Society for Terrain-Vehicle Systems, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56884/guln6927.

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The capacity of soil-burrowing animals to move freely in sticky soil is a motivational trait for developing soil engaging tools with high operational efficiency. The hydrophobicity and morphological profiles of soil animals' skin were reported to be the key pillars in producing their anti-adhesive mechanisms. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) possess outstanding corrosion resistance, hydrophobicity, and chemical stability, which qualify it as a potential choice in soil adhesion reduction. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility of integrating a domed surface inspired by the micro-convex structure of the dung beetle skin with the UHMW-PE as a surface coating for soil engaging components in terms of soil adhesion reduction. The sliding resistance of three sliding plates (flat plate of carbon steel, flat plate of UHMW-PE, and domed plate of UHMW-PE), entirely identical in the projected area, was evaluated in two soil textures of silty clay and sandy clay loam, at four moisture levels of 18, 23, 28, and 33% and four drag speeds of 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 m s-1 using a completely randomized design. The dimensions of the embossed domes on the tested plate surface and their distribution pattern were established based on the previously published structural optimization of the bioinspired convex surface. In each treatment, the tested plate was dragged for 0.7 m of the soil bin length, and the sliding resistance was recorded continuously using the distributed stress and strain test and analysis system (DH3820 N). The coefficients of adhesion and friction were calculated according to the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The variance analysis revealed that all investigated parameters significantly affected coefficients of adhesion and friction. In addition, as compared to flat steel plates, UHMW-PE coated plates exhibited much lower adhesion in all treatments, paving the way for practical applications in soil adhesion reduction and soilengaging component optimization.
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Reports on the topic "Effect of chemicals on skin"

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Kemppainen, Barbara W., P. Terse, M. S. Madhyastha, S. Lenz, and W. G. Reifenrath. The Effect of Liquid Gun Propellant (LGP) on Skin. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada252102.

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Igor Kaganovich, Edward Startsev, and Gennady Shvets. Anomalous Skin Effect for Anisotropic Electron Velocity Distribution Function. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821688.

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Lorenz, P. B. The effect of alkaline agents on retention of EOR chemicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5629326.

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Meehan, B. Timothy. Skin Effect Simulation for Area 11 Dense Plasma Focus Hot Plate. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1374063.

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Sachdeva, Mandip S. The Effect of Jet Fuels on the Skin Irritation and Neuropeptide Release. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada424424.

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Hosselet, S. The effect of radiation penetration on DNA single-strand breaks in rat skin explants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5561134.

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Simon, Gad A., Peter Schmid, William G. Reifenrath, Theodore Van Ravenswaay, and Bruce E. Stuck. Wound Healing After Laser Injury to Skin - The Effect of Occlusion and Vitamin E. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada266356.

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Simon, Gad A., Peter Schmid, William G. Reifenrath, Theordore van Ravenswaay, and Bruce E. Stuck. Wound Healing after Laser Injury to Skin - The Effect of Occlusion and Vitamin E. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada266473.

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Petit, Sylvain, Joannie Chin, Amanda Forster, Michael Riley, and Kirk Rice. Effect of artificial perspiration and cleaning chemicals on mechanical and chemical properties of ballistic fibers. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7494.

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Guo, Yang, Kao-yuan Zhang, Xing-ling Jian, Xia Dou, and Bo Yu. Effect of treatments on skin microbiota in patients with atopic dermatitis: a protocol for systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.4.0008.

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