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1
Zelazo, Philip David, Alice Carter, J. Steven Reznick, and Douglas Frye. "Early Development of Executive Function: A Problem-Solving Framework." Review of General Psychology 1, no. 2 (June 1997): 198–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.198.
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Executive function (EF) accounts have now been offered for several disorders with childhood onset (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, early-treated phenylketonuria), and EF has been linked to the development of numerous abilities (e.g., attention, rule use, theory of mind). However, efforts to explain behavior in terms of EF have been hampered by an inadequate characterization of EF itself. What is the function that is accomplished by EF? The present analysis attempts to ground the construct of EF in an account of problem solving and thereby to integrate temporally and functionally distinct aspects of EF within a coherent framework. According to this problem-solving framework, EF is a macroconstruct that spans 4 phases of problem solving (representation, planning, execution, and evaluation). When analyzed into subfunctions, macroconstructs such as EF permit the integration of findings from disparate content domains, which are often studied in isolation from the broader context of reasoning and action. A review of the literature on the early development of EF reveals converging evidence for domain-general changes in all aspects of EF.
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Mulcahy, Christina, Crystal A. Day Hess, Douglas H. Clements, Jasmine R. Ernst, Sarah E. Pan, Michèle M. M. Mazzocco, and Julie Sarama. "Supporting Young Children’s Development of Executive Function Through Early Mathematics." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no. 2 (September 11, 2021): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23727322211033005.
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Early childhood teachers face competing instructional priorities to support specific academic skills and general skills that underlie learning, such as executive function (EF) skills that allow children to control their own thinking and behavior. As the evidence shows, EF skills predict later mathematics achievement, and early mathematics predicts later EF. These relations between mathematics and EF suggest high-quality mathematics teaching has a dual benefit: Teachers can promote children’s math and EF competencies by embedding support for EF in high-quality mathematics activities. Children benefit when guided to reflect on solutions and alternative strategies, and teachers benefit from guidance on how to support both math and EF. Finally, research on teachers developing both domains can inform educational policy.
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Skogli, Erik Winther, Per Normann Andersen, Kjell Tore Hovik, and Merete Øie. "Development of Hot and Cold Executive Function in Boys and Girls With ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 21, no. 4 (July 28, 2016): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054714524984.
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Objective: To investigate the development of executive function with pronounced emotional salience (hot EF) and less pronounced emotional salience (cold EF) in boys and girls with ADHD relative to typically developing (TD) children. Method: Seventy-five children with ADHD and 47 TD children were assessed with hot and cold EF tests at baseline and after 2 years. Results: Despite considerable maturation, the ADHD group remained impaired on all cold EF tests relative to TD children after 2 years. There was no effect of gender on cold EF test results. Females with ADHD outperformed TD counterparts on hot EF at baseline. Females with ADHD showed deteriorating hot EF performance, while TD counterparts showed improved hot EF performance across time. Conclusion: Enduring cold EF impairments after 2 years may reflect stable phenotypic traits in children with ADHD. Results indicate divergent developmental trajectories of hot EF in girls with ADHD relative to TD counterparts.
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Pellicano, Elizabeth. "The Development of Executive Function in Autism." Autism Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/146132.
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Autism is a common and often highly debilitating neurodevelopmental condition, whose core behavioral features are believed to be rooted in disrupted neurocognitive processes, including especially “executive function.” Researchers have predominantly focused upon understanding the putative causal relationship between difficulties in EF and autistic symptomatology. This paper suggests, however, that the effects of individual differences in EF should be more far-reaching, playing a significant part in the real-life outcomes of individuals with autism, including their social competence, everyday adaptive behavior, and academic achievement. It further considers the nature of the EF-outcome relationship, including the possible determinants of individual differences in EF, and makes several recommendations for future research.
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Mehta, Kishor C. "Development of the EF-Scale for Tornado Intensity." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 1034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p1034.
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Tornado intensity in terms of wind speed is rated indirectly from building and structure damage because random nature and the short life of tornadic storms make measurements difficult. The Enhanced Fujita EF-scale was developed with a consensus among meteorologists, engineers and insurance personnel to rate tornadoes. The EF-scale uses 28 different damage indicators (DI) and several degrees of damage (DOD) for each DI. The elicitation process is used to assign wind speeds, expected, upper, and lower bound, for each DOD in every DI. The paper contains documentation of the development process of the EF-scale and the motivation for the same with background of the Fscale. Wind speeds in the F-scale and the EF-scale are correlated to preserve the previous database. The EFscale overcomes the shortcomings of the F-scale, developed by Dr. Ted Fujita in 1971, of too few damage indicators, postulation of damage irrespective of building characteristics, and the high wind speeds assigned to F4 and F5 ratings. The US National Weather Service implemented use of the EF-scale beginning February 2007.
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Kouklari, Evangelia-Chrysanthi, Stella Tsermentseli, and Claire P. Monks. "Developmental trends of hot and cool executive function in school-aged children with and without autism spectrum disorder: Links with theory of mind." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 02 (March 26, 2018): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000081.
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AbstractThe development of executive function (EF) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been investigated using only “cool”-cognitive EF tasks while there is limited knowledge regarding the development of “hot”-affective EF. Although cool EF development and its links to theory of mind (ToM) have been widely examined, understanding of the influence of hot EF to ToM mechanisms is minimal. The present study introduced a longitudinal design to examine the developmental changes in cool and hot EF of children with ASD (n = 45) and matched (to age and IQ) controls (n = 37) as well as the impact of EF on ToM development over a school year. For children with ASD, although selective cool (working memory and inhibition) and hot (affective decision making) EF domains presented age-related improvements, they never reached the performance level of the control group. Early cool working memory predicted later ToM in both groups but early hot delay discounting predicted later ToM only in the ASD group. No evidence was found for the reverse pattern (early ToM predicting later EF). These findings suggest that improvements in some EF aspects are evident in school age in ASD and highlight the crucial role that both cool and hot EF play in ToM development.
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Poowanna, Bongkotrat, Rattikan Sarnkong, Suchada Wangsitthidet, Warintip Srikula, and Tassanee Nakunsong. "The Development Executive Functions for Early Childhood in 21st Century." Journal of Education and Learning 11, no. 4 (June 23, 2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v11n4p193.
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Developing executive functions (EF) is a crucial issue in early childhood development which is also important in 21st-century learning. EF guideline was developed by Permsubhirunya and co to provide a guide for teachers who seeks to develop learning activities that could improve executive functions in children under the age of 6. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the utilization of the EF guideline on the development of early childhood teachers’ abilities in designing learning experiences for EF development. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach. The participants were 65 teachers in public early childhood centers in Thailand. The participants were purposively selected using the criteria of their work status and experience. The instruments were the EF guideline, an evaluation form for learning management design ability and learning material selection, and an interview form. The data were analyzed using content analysis and thematic analysis. The results of the study were in the descriptive presentation. The findings could be summarized that the use of the EF guideline was beneficial in developing teachers’ knowledge of the early childhood executive functions, abilities to design learning management, and ability in selecting or creating learning material. The findings also suggested that teachers perceived the EF guideline as potential learning material that help them make a connection between the plan, activities, and evaluation. Therefore, it also helped them control the process of learning management and contribute to a meaningful learning environment.
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Pazeto, Talita de Cassia Batista, Alessandra Gotuzo Seabra, and Natália Martins Dias. "Executive Functions, Oral Language and Writing in Preschool Children: Development and Correlations." Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 24, no. 58 (May 2014): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272458201409.
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Executive functions (EF) and oral language (OL) are important for learning reading and writing (RW) and for the development of other skills in preschool. The study investigated the progression and the relationships between the performances in these competences in pre-schoolers. Participants were 90 children, mean age 4.91 years, students from Kindergarten years I and II of a private school in SP, assessed, individually, with a battery with nine instruments for EF, OL, and RW. There was increase of the performances as a result of educational level for all OL and RW measures, but only for attention in the field of EF. Significant correlations were found between the measurements assessing the same cognitive domain, as well as inter-domain, although portraying a different pattern. The results indicate that OL and RW seem to develop rapidly in the course of preschool, while the EF have slower development. The fields of OL and RW, EF and RW are more interdependent, and EF and OL are relatively independent.
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Nakayama, Suguru, Shuichi Nakatsubo, Tsukasa Nishimura, and Masahide Tsuno. "Development of technologies in stainless steelmaking by EF." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 62, no. 1 (1991): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.62.34.
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Kronenberger, William G., Huiping Xu, and David B. Pisoni. "Longitudinal Development of Executive Functioning and Spoken Language Skills in Preschool-Aged Children With Cochlear Implants." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 4 (April 27, 2020): 1128–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00247.
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Purpose Auditory deprivation has downstream effects on the development of language and executive functioning (EF) in prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs), but little is known about the very early development of EF during preschool ages in children with CIs. This study investigated the longitudinal development of EF and spoken language skills in samples of children with normal hearing (NH; N = 40) or CIs ( N = 41) during preschool ages. Method Participants were enrolled in the study between ages 3 and 6 years and evaluated annually up to the age of 7 years. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate and predict growth of spoken language and EF skills over time. Results Children with CIs scored lower than NH peers on language measures but improved significantly over time. On performance-based neurocognitive measures of controlled attention, inhibition, and working memory, children with CIs scored more poorly than the sample of NH peers but comparable to norms, whereas on a parent report behavior checklist, children with CIs scored more poorly than both NH peers and norms on inhibition and working memory. Children with CIs had poorer EF than the sample of NH peers in most domains even after accounting for language effects, and language predicted only the verbal working memory domain of EF. In contrast, EF skills consistently predicted language skills at subsequent visits. Conclusions Findings demonstrate that, despite significant improvement over time, some domains of EF (particularly parent-reported EF) and language skills in children with CIs lag behind those of children with NH during preschool ages. Language delays do not fully explain differences in EF development between children with CIs and NH peers during preschool ages, but EF skills predict subsequent language development in children with CIs.
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Liu, Guohua, Mohammed Arshad Khan, Ahsanuddin Haider, and Moin Uddin. "Financial Development and Environmental Degradation: Promoting Low-Carbon Competitiveness in E7 Economies’ Industries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 16336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316336.
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Emerging countries are approaching economic prosperity. However, the development process has enhanced their ecological footprints, thus promoting low-carbon competitiveness among E7 countries’ industries. Therefore, it is essential to identify the factors that affect a country’s ecological footprint (EF) in order to safeguard the environment. This study explored the effect of financial development, human capital, and institutional quality on the EF of emerging countries. Furthermore, we explored the effect of financial development on the EF of emerging countries through the human capital channel. In addition, we investigated the role of institutional quality in the financial development–EF nexus. Using panel data from 1990 to 2018, we employed the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) technique to conduct a short-term and long-term empirical analysis. The empirical outcomes revealed that financial development degrades ecological quality by raising the EF. The findings further demonstrated that human capital and institutional quality reduce the EF. Moreover, financial development fosters environmental sustainability through the channel of human capital. Additionally, institutional quality reduces the negative ecological impacts of financial development. The causality analysis suggested that any policy related to financial development, human capital, and institutional quality will affect the EF. However, the inverse conclusion was not sustained. Based on these findings, emerging economies should increase their environmental sustainability by promoting human capital and effectively using financial resources.
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Muraru, Denisa, Luigi P. Badano, Yasufumi Nagata, Elena Surkova, Yosuke Nabeshima, Davide Genovese, Yutaka Otsuji, et al. "Development and prognostic validation of partition values to grade right ventricular dysfunction severity using 3D echocardiography." European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 21, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jez233.
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Abstract Aims Transthoracic 3D echocardiography (3DE) has been shown to be feasible and accurate to measure right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction (EF) when compared with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). However, RV EF, either measured with CMR or 3DE, has always been reported as normal (RV EF > 45%) or abnormal (RV EF ≤ 45%). We therefore sought to identify the partition values of RV EF to stratify RV dysfunction in mildly, moderately, or severely reduced as we are used to do with the left ventricle. Methods and results We used 3DE to measure RV EF in 412 consecutive patients (55 ± 18 years, 65% men) with various cardiac conditions who were followed for 3.7 ± 1.4 years to obtain the partition values which defined mild, moderate, and severe reduction of RV EF (derivation cohort). Then, the prognostic value of these partition values was tested in an independent population of 446 patients (67 ± 14 years, 58% men) (validation cohort). During follow-up, we recorded 59 cardiac deaths (14%) in the derivation cohort. Using K-Adaptive partitioning for survival data algorithm we identified four groups of patients with significantly different mortality according to RV EF: very low > 46%, 40.9% < low ≤ 46%, 32.1% < moderate ≤ 40.9%, and high ≤ 32.1%. To make the partition values easier to remember, we approximated them to 45%, 40%, and 30%. During 4.1 ± 1.2 year follow-up, 38 cardiac deaths and 88 major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation, or admission for heart failure) occurred in the validation cohort. The partition values of RV EF identified in the derivation cohort were able to stratify both the risk of cardiac death (log-rank = 100.1; P < 0.0001) and MACEs (log-rank = 117.6; P < 0.0001) in the validation cohort too. Conclusion Our study confirms the independent prognostic value of RV EF in patients with heart diseases, and identifies the partition values of RV EF to stratify the risk of cardiac death and MACE.
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Turunen, Seppo, Larry Huldén, and Christophe Roos. "Review: Safer insecticides - Development and use." Entomologica Fennica 2, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83556.
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Hodgson, E. & Kuhr, R. J. (eds.) 1990: Safer insecticides. Development and use. 593 pp. --Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel. ISBN 0-8241-1884-7.Price USD 135 in USA and Canada, LSD 162 elsewhere.
Steinmann, H. 1989: World catalogue of Dermaptera. - (Series Entomologica. Vol. 43. Ed. K. A. Spencer). Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht - Boston - London. 934 pp. ISBN 0-7923-0096-3. Price DFL 500, USD 265, GBP 164.
Gilbert, L. I. & Miller, T. A. (eds.) 1988: Immunological Techniques in Insect Biology. -284pp. 71 figs. 15 tabs. Springer Verlag, New-York, Berlin, Heidelberg, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong. ISBN 3-540-96630-7. Price DEM 110.
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Putko, Adam. "Links between Theory of Mind and Executive Function: Towards a More Comprehensive Model." Polish Psychological Bulletin 40, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10059-009-0010-6.
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Links between Theory of Mind and Executive Function: Towards a More Comprehensive Model This paper addresses the problem of relationships between the development of theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF). An overview of empirical findings leads to the conclusion that the complex picture of the relations between EF and ToM development may result from the intertwining of different types and levels of reciprocal influences. It is, on the one hand, the level of emergence-type vs. expressive-type influences, and, on the other hand, direct vs. indirect ones. Data from longitudinal and training studies suggest the asymmetry of reciprocal influences between EF and ToM, with the stronger impact of EF on ToM development, which supports the view that EF is a prerequisite of ToM development. A model is proposed that explains how different EF and ToM skills are involved in the specific types and levels of influences. The issue of disentangling in the analysis the different types of reciprocal impacts is also discussed.
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Finch, Jenna E., Elisa B. Garcia, Michael J. Sulik, and Jelena Obradović. "Peers Matter: Links Between Classmates’ and Individual Students’ Executive Functions in Elementary School." AERA Open 5, no. 1 (January 2019): 233285841982943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332858419829438.
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Students’ executive functions (EFs) are linked to school success. Although school-age children spend much of their time interacting with peers, few studies have explored how children’s classmates may promote EF development in elementary school. In this study, we test whether mean levels and variability in classmates’ EF skills are associated with growth in individual students’ accuracy and speed on EF tasks among third, fourth, and fifth graders (N = 806). We find that classmates’ speed, but not accuracy, on EF tasks is linked to significant improvements in individual students’ EFs over the school year. Classmates’ average EFs, as indexed by faster accurate responses on EF tasks, are associated with improvements in individual students’ speed on EF tasks. These results were robust to the inclusion of individual students’ general processing speed. In contrast, variability in classmates’ accuracy and speed on EF tasks was not associated with individual students’ EF growth. Our results highlight the role of peers and the school context for EF development in middle childhood.
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DONGJING, CHEN, CHENG GUODONG, XU ZHONGMIN, and ZHANG ZHIQIANG. "Ecological footprint of the Chinese population, environment and development." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 1 (March 2004): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290400102x.
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The ecological footprint (EF) can be used to investigate relationships between population, environment and development. In China, the per caput EF is estimated to have increased by 83% between 1981 (0.82 ha caput-1) and 2000 (1.49 ha caput-1), to about 1.31 times China's area (including its oceanic territory), while the ecological deficit increased from 0.066 ha caput-1 in 1981 to 0.735 ha caput-1 in 2000. Over this period, the proportions of six sub-footprint types have changed considerably: the percentages of arable, fossil energy and forest land decreased from 44.8%, 41.5% and 4.1% to 27.1%, 40.1% and 3.0%, respectively; while sea, pasture and built-up land percentages increased from 3.8%, 4.4% and 1.3% to 15.2%, 12.4% and 2.2%, respectively. The production coefficients of gross domestic product (GDP) to the EF of China increased from 584 RMB ha-1 in 1981, to 1522 RMB ha-1 in 2000, reflecting an increasing efficiency in resource use. The EF correlates positively with disposable income and expenditure, which can be described by income and expenditure elasticity. Some measures are suggested to decrease the Chinese ecological deficit on the road to sustainability.
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Anderson, Peter. "Assessment and Development of Executive Function (EF) During Childhood." Child Neuropsychology 8, no. 2 (July 2002): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.2.71.8724.
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Dávid, Sándor, and Levente Kovács. "The Development of Clearing Services – Paradigm Shift." Economy & finance 6, no. 3 (September 2019): 296–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.33908/ef.2019.3.4.
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Hoang Ngoc, Bui. "Do Tourism Development and Globalization Reinforce Ecological Footprint? Evidence From RCEP Countries." SAGE Open 12, no. 4 (October 2022): 215824402211433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221143310.
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Environmental degradation is one of the most urgent challenges facing governments and communities. Thus, the study aims to explore the influence of tourism development (TO), economic growth (GDP), and globalization (GLOB) on the environment (measured by the ecological footprint index, EF) in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) countries. By adopting a panel non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (panel NARDL) approach, the outcomes reveal that the impact of TO is an asymmetry in the long run but symmetry in the short run. More precisely, this study finds that positive changes in TO have a negative impact, while negative changes positively drive EF in the long run. In addition, the result also indicates that GDP positively influences EF, while GLOB has a significant negative impact on EF. Based on these findings, the work suggests practical policies for RCEP’s administrators to promote tourism and reduce ecological deficit.
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Schmitt, Sara A., Irem Korucu, David J. Purpura, Shawn Whiteman, Chenyi Zhang, and Fuyi Yang. "Exploring cross-cultural variations in the development of executive function for preschoolers from low and high socioeconomic families." International Journal of Behavioral Development 43, no. 3 (July 13, 2018): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025418785469.
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This study investigated cross-cultural variation in the development of executive functioning (EF) across the preschool period for United States and Chinese children from low and high socioeconomic families using a longitudinal design. Participants included 216 preschool children ( n = 125 from the US; n = 91 from Shanghai and Jiangxi, China). On average, children were approximately 4 years old. In the US sample, 56% were female, and in the Chinese sample, 54% were female. Results from multi-level models varied slightly with regard to specific EF domains, but generally indicated that Chinese children experienced greater gains in EF during the preschool period compared to US children. Cross-cultural differences in EF growth did not vary by socioeconomic status. These findings highlight cultural variability in the development of EF and provide a foundation for additional research exploring factors that may help explain differential growth in EF for Chinese children compared to US children during the preschool period.
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Jansson, Gustav, Robert Lundkvist, and Thomas Olofsson. "The role of experience feedback channels in the continuous development of house-building platforms." Construction Innovation 15, no. 2 (April 7, 2015): 236–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-10-2013-0042.
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Purpose – This paper aims to describe how the experience feedback (EF) from building projects contributes to product platform development in house-building companies. House-building companies seek improvements to decrease costs, improve flow and decrease variability. Industrialised concepts using predefinitions in product platforms have provided a way of storing and reusing knowledge in project-based house-building organisations. However, the innovation in platforms is mainly incremental and based on EF from implementations in projects. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative data were gathered via interviews, archival studies and observations, and analysed to identify the underlying structures used to manage the incorporation of EF during platform development. Four different EF channels were studied at one Scandinavian house-builder. The data are explained using an analytical framework based on diffusion of innovation, product platforms and EF. Findings – EF is distributed over the value chain to improve the platform over time. By using multiple channels with differing contents, it is possible to balance client demands and variation with production efficiency. Platform development using feedback channels provides opportunities for double-loop learning. Operative work on projects and the strategic decisions made by developers continuously improve the platform through a combination of knowledge pull and push. Originality/value – A combination of different EF channels and strategies for developing knowledge pull are shown to be essential for the incremental development of product platforms in project-based house-building organisations. The development of product platforms requires a shift away from the construction industry’s dominant project focus towards a more product-oriented view of house-building. Integrating the design phase with the supply chain enables variety but also creates a need for continuous platform development.
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Aggarwal, Somya, Vikas Somani, and Rakesh Bhatnagar. "Development of a Novel Anthrax Vaccine Comprising LF-PA Chimera." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.717.
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Abstract Background Bacillus anthracis (BA), the etiological agent of anthrax, secretes protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF) as major virulence factors. Among them, PA based vaccines are most indispensable for providing immunity against BA, but the low shelf life limits its reliability. Previous studies revealed that PA domain IV includes B-cell epitopes designated as ID I, ID II, and ID III; among them, ID II and ID III have been found to possess more toxin neutralization activity and produce high antibody titre. Moreover, N-terminal region of both LF and EF carries binding site of PA which are homologous to each other. Here, in this study we have developed and evaluate the vaccine efficacy of chimeric vaccine containing ID II-ID III region of PA and N-terminal region of LF and EF (ID-LFn). Materials and Methods ID-LFn was generated by overlapping PCR followed by cloning in pET28a. The recombinant protein was then expressed and purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. Reactivity of ID-LFn with anti-PA/LF/EF antibodies was checked by ELISA. Stability was assessed using Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. The vaccine potential of ID-LFn was evaluated by toxin neutralization assay, lymphocyte proliferation assay, and cytokine analysis. The protection efficacy was analyzed by challenge studies in mice. Results ID-LFn was found to be significantly stable as compared with protective antigen. Anti-ID-LFn antibodies recognized PA, LF as well as EF. Though, the total antibody titre, toxin neutralization activity was found to be less than PA but surprisingly, the protection efficacy of ID-LFn was found similar as PA. Conclusion The ID-LFn vaccine might be second next generation vaccine showing equal protection but higher shelf life as PA with the capability of neutralizing PA, LF as well as EF at the same time. Thus, it may prove an efficient and reliable treatment strategy against anthrax. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Zelazo, Philip David. "Executive Function and Psychopathology: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective." Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 16, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 431–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072319-024242.
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Executive function (EF) skills are neurocognitive skills that support the reflective, top-down coordination and control of other brain functions, and there is neural and behavioral evidence for a continuum from more “cool” EF skills activated in emotionally neutral contexts to more “hot” EF skills needed for the reversal of motivationally significant tendencies. Difficulties in EF are transdiagnostic indicators of atypical development. A neurodevelopmental model traces the pathway from adverse childhood experiences and stress to disruption of the development of neural systems supporting reflection and EF skills to an increased risk for general features of psychopathology. Research indicates that EF skills can be cultivated through scaffolded training and are a promising target for therapeutic and preventive intervention. Intervention efficacy can be enhanced by mitigating disruptive bottom-up influences such as stress, training both hot and cool EF skills, and adding a reflective, metacognitive component to promote far transfer of trained skills.
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Cumming, Michelle M., Elizabeth Bettini, Andy V. Pham, and Jeeyun Park. "School-, Classroom-, and Dyadic-Level Experiences: A Literature Review of Their Relationship With Students’ Executive Functioning Development." Review of Educational Research 90, no. 1 (December 7, 2019): 47–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654319891400.
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Executive functioning (EF) is key to students’ school and lifelong success and reflects both genetic predisposition and sensitivity to negative and positive experiences. Yet there is less available literature investigating the relationship between typical experiences within school environments and student EF development. This is unfortunate, as school environments are potentially more malleable than home- or community-based factors. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present a systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2017 to understand how school-, classroom-, and dyadic-level (teacher–student and peer–student) experiences relate to student EF development. Across 20 studies, we found that classroom emotional support and teacher–student conflict were the most consistent predictors of student EF development, with emerging support for school-level and peer-level variables. We discuss findings in relation to school-based inhibitors and facilitators of student EF and provide implications for education research and practice.
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Kröbel, R., W. Smith, B. Grant, R. Desjardins, C. Campbell, N. Tremblay, C. Li, R. Zentner, and B. McConkey. "Development and evaluation of a new Canadian spring wheat sub-model for DNDC." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, no. 4 (July 2011): 503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2010-059.
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Kröbel, R., Smith, W. N., Grant, B. B., Desjardins, R. L., Campbell, C. A., Tremblay, N., Li, C. S., Zentner, R. P. and McConkey, B. G. 2011. Development and evaluation of a new Canadian spring wheat sub-model for DNDC. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 503–520. In this paper, the ability of the DNDC model (version 93) to predict biomass production, grain yield and plant nitrogen content was assessed using data from experiments at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, and St-Blaise, Quebec, Canada. While predicting wheat grain yields reasonably well, the model overestimated the growth of above-ground plant biomass and nitrogen uptake during the first half of the growing season. A new spring wheat sub-model (DNDC-CSW) was introduced with a modified plant biomass growth curve, dynamic plant C/N ratios and modified plant biomass fractioning curves. DNDC-CSW performed considerably better in simulating plant biomass [modeling efficiency (EF): 0.75, average relative error (ARE): 6.0%] and plant nitrogen content (EF: 0.61, ARE: −2.7%) at Swift Current and St-Blaise (EF of 0.75 and ARE of 2.3%), compared with DNDC 93 (biomass SC: EF 0.49, ARE 17.1%, SB: EF 0.02 ARE 33.4%). In comparison with DNDC 93, DNDC-CSW better captured inter-annual variations in crop growth for a range of wheat rotations, increasing the EF from 0.32 to 0.52 for grain and from 0.35 to 0.39 for straw yields. DNDC-CSW also performed considerably better than DNDC 93 in estimating soil carbon changes at Swift Current. Hence, DNDC-CSW has the potential to improve the performance of DNDC 93 in simulating wheat biomass, plant nitrogen, yield and soil carbon at various Canadian sites.
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Sun, Jing, and Nicholas Buys. "Early executive function deficit in preterm children and its association with neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood: a literature review." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh.2012.042.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the association of deficits of executive function (EF) and neurodevelopmental disorders in preterm children and the potential of assessing EF in infants as means of early identification. EF refers to a collection of related but somewhat discrete abilities, the main ones being working memory, inhibition, and planning. There is a general consensus that EF governs goal-directed behavior that requires holding those plans or programs on-line until executed, inhibiting irrelevant action and planning a sequence of actions. EF plays an essential role in cognitive development and is vital to individual social and intellectual success. Most researchers believe in the coordination and integrate cognitive–perceptual processes in relation to time and space, thus regulating higher-order cognitive processes, such as problem solving, reasoning, logical and flexible thinking, and decision-making. The importance of the maturation of the frontal lobe, particularly the prefrontal cortex, to the development of EF in childhood has been emphasized. Therefore, any abnormal development in the prefrontal lobes of infants and children could be expected to result in significant deficits in cognitive functioning. As this is a late-maturing part of the brain, various neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, language disorders, and schizophrenia, as well as acquired disorders of the right brain (and traumatic brain injury) impair EF, and the prefrontal cortex may be particularly susceptible to delayed development in these populations. The deficits of EF in infants are persistent into childhood and related to neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence.
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TRAN, CRYSTAL D., MARIA M. ARREDONDO, and HANAKO YOSHIDA. "Early executive function: The influence of culture and bilingualism." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, no. 04 (July 5, 2018): 714–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918000160.
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Evidence suggests that cultural experiences and learning multiple languages have measurable effects on children's development of executive function (EF). However, the precise impact of how bilingualism and culture contribute to observed effects remains inconclusive. The present study aims to investigate how these factors shape the development of early EF constructs longitudinally, between monolingual and bilingual children at ages 3, 3½ and 4 years, with a set of EF tasks that are uniquely relevant to the effects of bilingualism and cultural practices. We hypothesize that the effects of bilingualism and cultural backgrounds (i.e., Eastern) are based on different, though related, cognitive control processes associated with different EF constructs. Results revealed a significant bilingualism effect on cognitive control processes measuring selective attention, switching, and inhibition; while an effect of culture was most pronounced on behavioral regulation/response inhibition. Contributions of bilingualism and cultural experiences on individual EF constructs across development are discussed.
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Eriyagma, N., and K. Jinapala. "Developing tools to link environmental flows science and its practice in Sri Lanka." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 364 (September 16, 2014): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-364-204-2014.
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Abstract. The term "Environmental Flows (EF)" may be defined as "the quantity, timing and quality of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems". It may be regarded as "water for nature" or "environmental demand" similar to crop water requirements, industrial or domestic water demand. The practice of EF is still limited to a few developed countries such as Australia, South Africa and the UK. In many developing countries EF is rarely considered in water resources planning and is often deemed "unimportant". Sri Lanka, being a developing country, is no exception to this general rule. Although the country underwent an extensive irrigation/water resources development phase during the 1960s through to the 1980s, the concept of EF was hardly considered. However, as Sri Lanka's water resources are being exploited more and more for human usage, ecologists, water practitioners and policymakers alike have realized the importance of EF in sustaining not only freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, but also their services to humans. Hence estimation of EF has been made mandatory in environmental impact assessments (EIAs) of all large development projects involving river regulation/water abstraction. Considering EF is especially vital under the rapid urbanization and infrastructure development phase that dawned after the end of the war in the North and the East of the country in 2009. This paper details simple tools (including a software package which is under development) and methods that may be used for coarse scale estimation of EF at/near monitored locations on major rivers of Sri Lanka, along with example applications to two locations on River Mahaweli. It is hoped that these tools will help bridge the gap between EF science and its practice in Sri Lanka and other developing countries.
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Kayumov, D. D. "Methods for managing and developing executive functions in preschool children." Novye issledovania 64, no. 4 (2020): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46742/2072-8840-2020-64-4-139-150.
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The development of executive functions (EF) plays an important role in children’s education. Children with EF deficits are inclined to make careless mistakes, to experience difficulties in sustaining attention and carrying out the teacher’s instructions. That is the reason why a timely diagnosis and the management of EF deficits is a matter of great importance. There are many intervention and training programs, which share common basic principles but differ in certain parameters. Furthermore, there are some types of activity (e.g., martial arts or programming) that may positively influence the development of EF. These methods are reviewed in this article. The first part of the art icle concerns an ambiguity in the definition of executive functions found in the profe ssional literature. In the second part, the most popular methods of EF management and development are described. In the third part, we analyze the described methods in terms of the main principles of practical application
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O’Toole, Sarah E., Stella Tsermentseli, Sajid Humayun, and Claire P. Monks. "Cool and hot executive functions at 5 years old as predictors of physical and relational aggression between 5 and 6 years old." International Journal of Behavioral Development 43, no. 2 (September 25, 2018): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025418798498.
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To study the role of executive function (EF) in the early development of aggression, the role of cool and hot EF skills at 5 years old, in the development of physical and relational aggression between 5 and 6 years old, was explored. Typically developing children ( N = 80) completed tasks assessing their cool (inhibition, working memory, planning) and hot EF (affective decision making, delay of gratification) skills at 5 years old. Longitudinal data were collected from teachers that rated children’s aggression when they were 5, 5.5, and 6 years old. Inhibition at 5 years old predicted changes in physical and relational aggression between 5 and 6 years old. Early cool EF, but not hot EF, may therefore be associated with aggression and inhibitory control specifically with changes in aggression during early childhood.
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Blaes, A., B. A. Peterson, D. Yee, and B. Virnig. "Do ACE-I protect against the development of doxorubicin cardiac toxicity?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 6623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.6623.
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6623 Background: Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline, has been associated with irreversible cardiotoxicity. Recently, newer agents such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitors have been used in small trials to prevent cardiac toxicity in patients receiving DOX. This retrospective study analyzes whether ACE-I and other medications are protective in the development of DOX cardiomyopathy. Methods: Patients receiving DOX chemotherapy at the University of Minnesota Cancer Center who had two or more multigated blood pool imaging (MUGA) scan or echocardiograms performed were identified and reviewed. Patients who had at least a 10% drop in their ejection fraction (EF) to below the lower limits of normal (50%) or had an absolute decrease in EF of 15% or greater were identified and compared with those that did not have a decline in EF. Patient variables and the use of concurrent medications were compared between these two groups using logistic regression. Results: 350 patients received DOX chemotherapy between November 2004 and 2007. Of 142 patients who had two or more MUGA scans performed during the course of their therapy, 22 (15%) had a significant drop in EF. Median age was 52 years old (range 7–88). 85 (60%) were female. Cancer diagnosis was breast (n = 26), lymphoma (n = 92), and other (n = 25). The median baseline EF of all patients was similar (62% versus 63%). A stepwise variable selection retained two predictors significant at alpha = 0.1 in a logistic regression model: Age and ACE-I (p = 0.0252 and p = 0.0940, respectively). Adjusting for Age, the odds ratio for ACE-I is 0.267, suggesting that ACE-I has a protective effect, as it reduces the probability of a drop in EF. Cumulative DOX dose, obesity, hypertension, and history of tobacco use did not appear to be associated with a decline in ejection fraction. The use of beta-blockers, aspirin or statins did not appear to be associated with a decline in ejection fraction. Conclusions: DOX chemotherapy has been associated with the development of cardiomyopathies. While this is an observational study that is limited by its retrospective nature, the study supports our hypothesis that the use of ACE-I is possibly protective when given with DOX chemotherapy and warrants further investigation. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Akhutina, T. V., and E. S. Oshchepkova. "Dissociation of Syntax and Vocabulary Development in Junior Schoolchildren with Different Neuropsychological Profile." Cultural-Historical Psychology 18, no. 3 (2022): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2022180312.
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This study aims to examine the features of text construction in terms of vocabulary and grammar in children with a weakness in the auditory verbal information processing (AV-group) and with a weakness in executive functions (programming and control of voluntary activity, EF-group). The participants were 71 second grade children from Moscow schools (mean age 8.8 years old, SD 0.29 years; 36 girls, 35 boys). Four groups were selected: children with good and weak development of AV and children with good and weak development of EF. The main hypothesis of the study, following A.R. Luria, was that in children with the weakness of AV, first of all, the paradigmatic mechanisms of word choice will suffer, and in children with the weakness of EF, the syntagmatic mechanisms for constructing a phrase and text. The use of non-parametric statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney test) showed the validity of the hypothesis and revealed the main errors in the narrative construction by children with both the weakness of AV and EF. The discussion of the results included consideration of the arguments in favor of a single or dual mechanism for the acquisition of vocabulary and grammar in children.
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Blom, Elma, and Tessel Boerma. "Reciprocal relationships between lexical and syntactic skills of children with Developmental Language Disorder and the role of executive functions." Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 4 (January 2019): 239694151986398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396941519863984.
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Background and aims Recent research indicates that children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) often also score lower than their peers with typical development (TD) on tasks testing nonverbal executive functioning (EF). This study investigated whether there is evidence that children with DLD use linguistic and EF resources to support their lexical and syntactic development. Three questions were addressed: (1) How do children with DLD develop in the domains of lexicon and syntax, and how does their development compare to TD controls? (2) To what extent do children with DLD show reciprocal relations between lexical and syntactic skills, and how does this compare to TD controls? (3) Is EF ability related to DLD children’s lexical and syntactic skills, and how does this compare to TD controls? Methods Data from 117 children (NDLD = 78; NTD = 39) were collected three times with yearly intervals. At time 1, the children were 5 or 6 years old. Standardized receptive vocabulary and sentence repetition tests measured lexicon and syntax, respectively. Nonverbal EF tasks tested selective attention, interference control and working memory. Cross-lagged analyses were conducted to determine the direction of relationships. Results Both groups showed stable lexical and syntactic growth. In children with DLD, but not in TD controls, syntactic skills predicted lexical skills. In the DLD group, EF predicted lexical skills. Reversely, in the TD group, lexical skills predicted EF. Conclusions The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the lexical development of children with DLD is supported by both their verbal abilities in the domain of syntax and their nonverbal EF abilities. Implications Interventions that improve the syntactic and EF abilities of children with DLD may have spreading effects and positively impact on word learning by children with DLD.
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Nizhnichenko, Vladimir A., Alexey V. Boyko, Talia T. Ginanova, and Igor Yu Dolmatov. "Muscle Regeneration in Holothurians without the Upregulation of Muscle Genes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 16037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416037.
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The holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix is capable of fully restoring its muscles after transverse dissection. Although the regeneration of these structures is well studied at the cellular level, the molecular basis of the process remains poorly understood. To identify genes that may be involved in the regulation of muscle regeneration, the transcriptome of the longitudinal muscle band of E. fraudatrix has been sequenced at different time periods post-injury. An analysis of the map of biological processes and pathways has shown that most genes associated with myogenesis decrease their expression during the regeneration. The only exception is the genes united by the GO term “heart valve development”. This may indicate the antiquity of mechanisms of mesodermal structure transformation, which was co-opted into various morphogeneses in deuterostomes. Two groups of genes that play a key role in the regeneration have been analyzed: transcription factors and matrix metalloproteinases. A total of six transcription factor genes (Ef-HOX5, Ef-ZEB2, Ef-RARB, Ef-RUNX1, Ef-SOX17, and Ef-ZNF318) and seven matrix metalloproteinase genes (Ef-MMP11, Ef-MMP13, Ef-MMP13-1, Ef-MMP16-2, Ef-MMP16-3, Ef-MMP24, and Ef-MMP24-1) showing differential expression during myogenesis have been revealed. The identified genes are assumed to be involved in the muscle regeneration in holothurians.
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György, Vas. "The importance of development funds at companies receiving state-aid grants." Economy & finance 6, no. 2 (2019): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33908/ef.2019.2.4.
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Tóth, Gergely, Cecília Szigeti, Gábor Harangozó, and Dániel Szabó. "Ecological Footprint at the Micro-Scale—How It Can Save Costs: The Case of ENPRO." Resources 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources7030045.
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The Ecological Footprint (EF) has become a very popular alternative indicator of development in the last three decades. It can be widely used to show the unsustainability of total and individual levels of consumption in countries. But can EF be a meaningful indicator at the micro level as well? This paper presents an argument on this issue. Based on a literature review including our own analysis and the correlation of EF with GDP and other alternative indicators, EF is evaluated at the macro level. Then, an original case study is presented, underpinning the applicability of EF on the company level, linking the ordinary corporate carbon footprinting with the EF method. Based on the findings, micro level EF calculations can help organizations in finding fields of intervention (inefficiencies and emission hotspots). EF accounting can also be used to evaluate the economic benefits of such measures after their realization.
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Fan, Liheng, Meichen Zhan, Wenjing Qing, Tan Gao, and Mengying Wang. "The Short-Term Impact of Animation on the Executive Function of Children Aged 4 to 7." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 15, 2021): 8616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168616.
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Research has shown that animation plays an important role in the development of children’s executive function (EF), and the development of EF components, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, is asynchronous. Thus, this study explores the developmental trajectories and animation features (fantasy and pacing) that influence each EF component, by examining 218 children aged 4–7. Pretest information, mainly the childhood EF inventory, was provided by parents: child’s age, age of first exposure to animation, animation viewing time on weekdays and weekends, family income, and parents’ education. The children in each age group were randomly divided into four groups to watch animations comprised of different animation features. After watching, their EF were measured by a day-night task, backward digit-span task, and flexible item-selection task. The results showed that the children’s inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility levels all improved with age. Highly fantastical animations weakened children’s performance on each subsequent EF task. Pacing had no effect on any of the components of children’s EF. An interactive effect on inhibitory control was only found with fantasy in younger children; specifically, high-fantastical animations had a more pronounced short-lived weakening effect on inhibitory control in younger children (4–6 years) compared with low-fantastical animations. Future research should explore the long-term impact of content rather than the form of animation on younger children’s EF.
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Albrecht, Elke, Rudolf Zitnan, Viera Karaffova, Viera Revajova, Michaela Čechová, Martin Levkut Jr., and Monika Röntgen. "Effects of the Probiotic Enterococcus faecium on Muscle Characteristics of Chickens." Life 12, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111695.
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The use of antibiotics in farm animals is one of the main reasons for the development of resistant bacterial strains (e.g., zoonotic pathogens). Therefore, save alternatives are needed. Here, we examined how post-hatch application (day one to seven of life) of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium AL41 (EF) affects the development and tissue properties of the broiler pectoralis major muscle (PM). Expression of regulators, namely IGF-1, PAX7, and MYF5, was also investigated. At day 1 (n = 6), and days 5, 8, and 12 (n = 10), muscle samples were taken from control and EF supplemented chicks. From day 5 on, myonuclei number per fiber was elevated in EF chicks. Improved capillarization (from day 8), larger myofibers, increased body and PM weights (day 12) were found in the EF group. Part of our findings is explainable by higher intramuscular expression of IGF-1 and lower MYf5 expression in EF birds. In both groups IGF-1 expression decreases with age, thereby increasing the cellular myogenic potential. However, a strong increase in PAX7 expression and more PAX7-positive nuclei were found in EF chicks at day 12. We conclude that EF supplementation improves PM growth and health due to positive effects on bioavailability and fusion capacity of SATC progeny and better tissue perfusion.
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Ramanathan, Vishal, Mohammad Zaidi Ariffin, Guo Dong Goh, Guo Liang Goh, Mohammad Adhimas Rikat, Xing Xi Tan, Wai Yee Yeong, Juan-Pablo Ortega, Victoria Leong, and Domenico Campolo. "The Design and Development of Instrumented Toys for the Assessment of Infant Cognitive Flexibility." Sensors 23, no. 5 (March 1, 2023): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052709.
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The first years of an infant’s life represent a sensitive period for neurodevelopment where one can see the emergence of nascent forms of executive function (EF), which are required to support complex cognition. Few tests exist for measuring EF during infancy, and the available tests require painstaking manual coding of infant behaviour. In modern clinical and research practice, human coders collect data on EF performance by manually labelling video recordings of infant behaviour during toy or social interaction. Besides being extremely time-consuming, video annotation is known to be rater-dependent and subjective. To address these issues, starting from existing cognitive flexibility research protocols, we developed a set of instrumented toys to serve as a new type of task instrumentation and data collection tool suitable for infant use. A commercially available device comprising a barometer and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) embedded in a 3D-printed lattice structure was used to detect when and how the infant interacts with the toy. The data collected using the instrumented toys provided a rich dataset that described the sequence of toy interaction and individual toy interaction patterns, from which EF-relevant aspects of infant cognition can be inferred. Such a tool could provide an objective, reliable, and scalable method of collecting early developmental data in socially interactive contexts.
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Rangsiyanon, Kwanfah, Pornluck Intamra, Sasipun Pianpiamsin, Sinsupa Wannasuth, and Siripong Tinnarat. "Development of Creation of Executive Function-EF Model for Preschool Children through the Participation Process of the School under Suan Dusit University’s Network." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0062.
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Abstract The objectives of this research were to create the trial and develop the creation of Executive Function-EF Model. The research consisted of 3 procedures, which were 1) The formation of sample, which was teachers and parents from the school under Suan Dusit University’s Network; 2) The trial of sample, which was children between 3-5 years old from 6 schools under Suan Dusit University’s Network; and 3) The development of key informants, which were the Executive Function-EF Model specialists in terms of measurement and evaluation and early childhood education, including the representatives of teacher, administrator, and parents from the school under Suan Dusit University’s Network. The content analysis was used in the qualitative data analysis. The average, standard deviation, and dependent t-test were used in the quantitative data analysis. The research results found that 1. The creation of Executive Function-EF Model consisted of 4 components, which were principle, objective, learning process, and evaluation; 2. The trial result of the creation of Executive Function-EF Model was that the development of creation of Executive Function-EF Model of preschool children in the overall image and each aspect after using the model was higher than before using the model with the statistically significance level of .001 and 3. The result of the development of creation of Executive Function-EF Model was that the creation of Executive Function-EF Model that was developed was suitable to be used and had the possibility to be put into practice in a high level.
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Guo, Jing, Jun Ren, Xiaotao Huang, Guifang He, Yan Shi, and Huakun Zhou. "The Dynamic Evolution of the Ecological Footprint and Ecological Capacity of Qinghai Province." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 3065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12073065.
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Based on the ecological footprint (EF) model, the dynamic changes in the per capita EF and per capita ecological carrying capacity (EC) in Qinghai Province from 2007 to 2017 were quantitatively analysed. The grey GM(1,1) prediction model was used to predict the per capita EF, per capita EC, and EF of ten thousand yuan of GDP. Additionally, the spatial change characteristics of the sustainable development status of the study area in four time periods were analysed using GIS technology. The results showed the following. (1) In the 11-year study period, Qinghai Province’s EF per capita grew gradually, increasing from 2.3027 hm2 in 2007 to 2.9837 hm2 in 2017. (2) The EC per capita in Qinghai Province remained a slight linear upward trend. (3) The environmental sustainability in Qinghai Province deteriorated over time. (4) According to the spatial characteristics, the overall sustainable development state changed markedly in the eastern region but was stable in the central and western regions. This paper proposes some countermeasures and suggestions to help Qinghai Province work towards sustainable development, such as controlling the population, adjusting the industrial structure, developing a low-carbon circular economy, and implementing ecological engineering.
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ZSÁRY, A., S. SZÜCS, T. SCHNEIDER, A. ROSTA, P. SÁRMÁN, T. FENYVESI, and I. KARÁDI. "Role of endothelin-1 in the development of a special type of cardiomyopathy." Clinical Science 103, s2002 (September 1, 2002): 272S—275S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs103s272s.
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The role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in certain pathological states is still unclear. We have investigated the effect of anthracyclines (maximum dose, 450mg/m2 of body surface) on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function and how it influences the level of plasma ET-1 in 21 patients (12 female and nine male) with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. We also studied the association between plasma ET-1 concentration and echocardiographic parameters. Serum ET-1 was measured by ELISA. Left ventricular function was analysed by echocardiography: ejection fraction (EF), velocity–time integral, E- and A-waves, E:A ratio, deceleration time (DT) and Doppler index were all measured. Statistical analysis was made by the Wilcoxon rank test. EF and serum ET-1 level decreased significantly (EF, 56.29±5.0% to 48.57±5.9%, P<0.0001; ET-1, 6.45±4.0pg/ml to 2.9±1.0pg/ml, P<0.0001). DT increased significantly (179.8±47.8ms to 215.5±66.7ms, P<0.01) after anthracycline therapy. There was no difference in other echocardiographic parameters before and after therapy. The decrease in serum ET-1 concentration might be a result of anthracycline's direct cytotoxic effect and the decreasing level of ET-1 can play a role in the reduction of EF. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the presence and severity of endothelial damage.
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Javaheri, Tahereh, Zahra Kazemi, Jan Pencik, Ha TT Pham, Maximilian Kauer, Rahil Noorizadeh, Barbara Sax, et al. "RETRACTED ARTICLE: Increased survival and cell cycle progression pathways are required for EWS/FLI1-induced malignant transformation." Cell Death & Disease 7, no. 10 (October 2016): e2419-e2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2016.268.
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Abstract Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second most frequent childhood bone cancer driven by the EWS/FLI1 (EF) fusion protein. Genetically defined ES models are needed to understand how EF expression changes bone precursor cell differentiation, how ES arises and through which mechanisms of inhibition it can be targeted. We used mesenchymal Prx1-directed conditional EF expression in mice to study bone development and to establish a reliable sarcoma model. EF expression arrested early chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation due to changed signaling pathways such as hedgehog, WNT or growth factor signaling. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) expressing EF showed high self-renewal capacity and maintained an undifferentiated state despite high apoptosis. Blocking apoptosis through enforced BCL2 family member expression in MSCs promoted efficient and rapid sarcoma formation when transplanted to immunocompromised mice. Mechanistically, high BCL2 family member and CDK4, but low P53 and INK4A protein expression synergized in Ewing-like sarcoma development. Functionally, knockdown of Mcl1 or Cdk4 or their combined pharmacologic inhibition resulted in growth arrest and apoptosis in both established human ES cell lines and EF-transformed mouse MSCs. Combinatorial targeting of survival and cell cycle progression pathways could counteract this aggressive childhood cancer.
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Jo, Young-Jun, Jung-Hun Song, Younggu Her, Giorgio Provolo, Jina Beom, Minhyuk Jeung, Young-Joo Kim, Seung-Hwan Yoo, and Kwang-Sik Yoon. "Assessing the Potential of Agricultural Reservoirs as the Source of Environmental Flow." Water 13, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040508.
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Excessive nutrient loadings from drainage areas and resulting water quality degradation in rivers are the major environmental issues around the world. The water quality further deteriorates for the large seasonal variation of precipitation and water flow. Environmental decision makers have been exploring affordable and effective ways of securing environmental flow (EF) to improve the water quality, especially in dry seasons, and agricultural reservoirs have attracted the attention of policymakers as an alternative source of EF. This study proposed an analysis framework for assessing the EF supply potential of agricultural reservoirs as alternative sources of EF. A reservoir water balance model was prepared to mathematically represent the reservoir water balance and quantify temporal variations of the amount of water available for the EF supply. The simulation model was designed to explicitly consider inflow from the upstream drainage areas, irrigation water requirement, and hydrological processes happening in the reservoirs. The proposed framework was applied to four agricultural reservoirs located in South Korea to evaluate its efficiency. Results showed that the additional storage capacity added by the dam reinforcement enabled the study reservoirs to satisfy both needs, EF and irrigation water supply. The surplus capacity turned out to be enough to satisfy various EF supply scenarios at the annual time scale. However, the current operation plans do not consider the seasonal variations of reservoir hydrology and thus cannot supply EF without violating the original operational goal, irrigation water, especially in dry months. The results demonstrate that it is necessary to consider the temporal variations of EF when developing reservoir operation rules and plans to secure EF. This study also highlights the unconventional roles of agricultural reservoirs as resources for improved environmental quality. The methods presented in this study are expected to be a useful tool for the assessment of agricultural reservoirs’ EF supply potential.
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Lee, Yung-Jaan. "Hybrid Ecological Footprint of Taipei." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 3, 2022): 4266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074266.
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The Ecological Footprint (EF) has been effectively used at the global, national and regional levels, but the local EF accounting methods are lacking. The hybrid EF has been developed to calculate the local EF. It combines a “top-down” approach to determining national EF (five components other than Carbon Footprint, CF) with a “bottom-up” approach to determining local CF (food, housing, transportation). The use of the hybrid EF is cost-effective. The hybrid EF reflects the local context and can be used to measure the progress of local sustainable development and as a basis for environmental responsibility. This study uses statistical databases for Taiwan and Taipei to calculate the hybrid EF of Taipei in 2018. The hybrid EF of Taipei was 4.797 global hectares (gha) in that year, of which the top-down national EF was 0.613 gha and the bottom-up local CF was 4.184 gha. The hybrid EF is lower than Taiwan’s EF (6.460 gha), but the local CF is higher than Taiwan’s CF (3.890 gha), reflecting the urban nature and characteristics of Taipei, which has a high density, high income and high consumption expenditure. With respect to the local CF of Taipei, food is associated with the largest component of CF (2.806 gha), and transportation is associated with the second largest component thereof (1.133 gha). Housing is associated with the smallest component (0.245 gha). Based on these results, five refinements of hybrid EF accounting and two application dimensions are proposed. First, whether the hybrid EF captures the lifestyle of the real situation in Taipei warrants further investigation. Second, the components of national EF that are associated with food should be used to accommodate regional differences by applying a scaling factor. Third, Taiwan’s CF in 2018 accounted for 60.2% of its national EF, but Taipei’s CF accounted for 87.2% of its hybrid EF. Fourth, Taipei’s CF associated with housing is low (0.245 gha/person), while the values for eastern European cities are high (3.140 gha/person). Fifth, Taipei citizens have a fairly high CF associated with private vehicles, warranting a follow-up review of urban sustainable transportation policies.
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Száz, János. "Development and risks (Financial intermediation in the era of Commodore 64 and today)." Economy & finance 6, no. 1 (2019): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33908/ef.2019.1.4.
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Raheem, Mohammed, Abdul Baki Ali, and Basil Munahi. "The Effectiveness of Merge the (A-ECMS) with Heuristics Rule-Based Control Strategy for Energy Management in a Parallel HEVs." Basrah journal for engineering science 21, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33971/bjes.21.3.4.
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The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is considered an effective technique to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. The effectiveness of the HEVs in reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions is required an accurate division of the total power demand between energy sources. This aim is reached by an accurate design of energy management strategy (EMS) in the HEVs. Dynamic programming is an effective strategy to found the optimal solution for energy management. This technique requires the driving cycle to be known previously, wherefore it's not suitable to implement in real-time. The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is an effective technique that can be implemented in real-time. This strategy is used to estimate and adapt the equivalent factor (EF) in real-time, which is used to convert the electric energy from the battery to equivalent fuel cost. The value of the (EF) varies with the driving cycle, therefore, the (EF) is suitable for a certain driving cycle and may lead to weak performance to another. This work proposed a technique based on the battery state of charge feedback called adaptive prediction (AP) to estimate and adapt the equivalent factor in real-time. The best-obtained results are ranged between (11.1 to 32.889) % for several different driving cycles.
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PANDEY, J. S., S. KHAN, V. JOSEPH, and R. N. SINGH. "DEVELOPMENT OF A DYNAMIC AND PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTING (EF)." Journal of Environmental Systems 28, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ej57-wk5t-7bw2-2dq6.
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Schmitt, Lauren, Rebecca Shaffer, David Hessl, and Craig Erickson. "Executive Function in Fragile X Syndrome: A Systematic Review." Brain Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9010015.
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Executive function (EF) supports goal-directed behavior and includes key aspects such as working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, attention, processing speed, and planning. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading inherited monogenic cause of intellectual disability and is phenotypically characterized by EF deficits beyond what is expected given general cognitive impairments. Yet, a systematic review of behavioral studies using performance-based measures is needed to provide a summary of EF deficits across domains in males and females with FXS, discuss clinical and biological correlates of these EF deficits, identify critical limitations in available research, and offer suggestions for future studies in this area. Ultimately, this review aims to advance our understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to EF in FXS and to inform the development of outcome measures of EF and identification of new treatment targets in FXS.
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Micalizzi, Lauren, and Valerie S. Knopik. "Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring executive function: What do we know and what are the next steps?" Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 4 (November 16, 2017): 1333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417001687.
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AbstractChildren exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) exhibit difficulties in executive function (EF) from infancy through adolescence. Due to the developmental significance of EF as a predictor of adaptive functioning throughout the life span, the MSDP–EF relation has clear public health implications. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the relationship between MSDP and offspring EF across development; consider brain-based assessments, animal models, and genetically informed studies in an effort to elucidate plausible pathways of effects; discuss implications for prevention and intervention; and make calls to action for future research.