Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Eel industry'

Anguilla australis glass eels proved to be resilient and present strong aquaculture potential. General husbandry techniques, anaesthesia and prophylactic treatments were established for glass eels between 0.1 g and 2.0 g and elvers between 2.0 g and 8.0 g, caught in rivers and estuaries along the South East Coast of Victoria. The protozoan parasites Ichthyobodo and Trichodina were found to be present on arrival to the hatchery developed during different rearing treatments, and were successfully eradicated. A. australis glass eels accepted artificial food, but it was recommended first be fed a preweaning diet of minced fish flesh. A weaning regime from minced fish flesh to commercially available eel grower mash, over 15 days was established. Growth rate proved to be highly variable, both between and within groups. The highest growth rate of 2.71%/day was found when the natural diet of minced fish and Artemia was fed. The maximum growth rate when reared on an artificial diet of 1.63%/day was observed at 25°C. Growth was affected by the presence or absence of a preweaning diet, weaning diet, weaning period, temperature, but not by size or density. Once weaned, glass eels were found to perform better on commercially available grower mash than on the minced fish flesh, which was used to aid in weaning them to artificial diets. Of the water quality parameters measured stocking density was found to affect pH, Total Ammonia Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, and Dissolved Oxygen, through not to an extent which affected growth.

This thesis addresses the German position in the negotiations on the British proposal for a Europe-wide free trade area, on the acceleration of the tariff schedule of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1960, the formation of EFTA, and the first British application for membership of the EEC. To do this it analyses the attitudes, interests and lobbying efforts of German industry, West Germany's European policy from 1957 to 1963 after the establishment of the EEC and industrial influence on the respective decisions by the Federal Government. The main focus is on the trade relations with Western European countries outside the EEC. Previous historiography has stressed the overriding German economic interest in and corresponding industrial pressures for avoiding trade discrimination by the EEC vis-a-vis the other European members of the OEEC/OECD. It has however failed to address the problem that, despite an alleged political consensus in line with these economic interests. Chancellor Adenauer was able to deliver a policy precluding the Europe-wide solution demanded by parliament, German business, and Ludwig Erhard, the Minister of Economics. It seems to suggest that this policy outcome was mainly a function of Adenauer's personal authority and his constitutional prerogatives as Chancellor. In order to address this central problem, the thesis examines industrial interests at the sectoral level. These are analysed on the basis of a quantitative study of sectoral foreign trade in manufactured products with the countries of EEC and EFTA respectively in the 1950s and 1960s. From other sources it examines the influence which German industry exerted on government policy towards European economic integration. This reveals that industrial interest at the sectoral level in fact gave rise to lobbying pressures for the policy outcome sought by Adenauer, to prevent the large Europe-wide free trade area and to prevent British accession to the EEC. The quantitative analysis shows that for those sectors in favour of the proposed free trade area and British accession the opportunity costs of the failure of these two projects were practically invisible. For sectors in decline and in structural difficulties, on the other hand, both these projects constituted a major threat. The EEC of the Six, however, offered them not only protection against competition from outside, but at the same time considerable export opportunities, particularly in the French and Italian markets. The intra-governmental power struggle over these issues is analysed first with regard to industrial pressure and second to the international framework and the respective constraints and opportunities it provided for domestic policy makers in West Germany. The eventual policy outcome is explained in three dimensions: first in terms of the particular structure of industrial interest and respective pressures; second an alliance between protectionist interests and the specific political agenda of the head of the executive; third in terms of opportunities for the Federal Chancellor arising from the interplay of policy and power at the international level. It is argued that this is a more convincing interpretation and more securely based on the historical evidence.

In the past years supply chain integration has become focus of interest, due to the discussion in the literature, that a positive direct relationship exists between higher supply chain integration and higher performance. Additionally, the environmental and social performance of supply chains gained much interest based on the new sustainability focus in the 21st century. The production of electrical and electronic equipment is one of the fastest growing global manufacturing activities. However, due to technological advancements, the quick obsolescence of electronics result in increased generation of waste of electrical and electronic equipment. Germany is one of the leading electrical and electronic equipment markets within Europe and is strongly affected by the EU directives and regulations, which aim not only to protect human health but also to improve the environmental performance of the electrical and electronic equipment operators in particular. Therefore, the environmental and social performance of German electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers is increasingly gaining importance. Respectively, the purpose of this study is to investigate what effect the depth of upstream supply chain integration has on the environmental and social performance of German electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers. This study is based on the quantitative research method. The required empirical data is generated through an online questionnaire, which has been sent to German electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers. An initial operationalization of upstream supply chain integration depth and environmental and social performance is used as a foundation for the questionnaire. It can be concluded that German electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers seem to have a coordinative upstream supply chain integration and presumably have a Abstract 4 moderate environmental and social performance. Furthermore, it can be assumed that the upstream supply chain integration depth has an effect on the environmental and social performance of German electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers.

O 2,3-butanodiol (2,3-BDO) é um composto com potencial de uso em diferentes segmentos industriais, podendo ser obtido por síntese química tradicional ou via processos fermentativos a partir de diferentes fontes de carbono. Entre suas aplicações potenciais, destaca-se a utilização como precursor na indústria de polímeros, matéria-prima na produção de solventes, agente anticongelante, combustível líquido ou aditivo de combustíveis. A síntese de 2,3-BDO pela fermentação do glicerol subproduto da indústria de biodiesel por bactérias anaeróbias facultativas é particularmente atrativa, considerando-se a grande disponibilidade desta matéria-prima e a possibilidade de integração de processos e produtos no conceito de biorrefinaria. Entretanto, o uso do glicerol subproduto para este fim, deve ser ainda cuidadosamente avaliado, considerando a significativa quantidade de impurezas nele contidas. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a utilização do glicerol subproduto em meio mineral, para o crescimento celular e produção de estereoisômeros de 2,3-BDO e acetoína por Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 8724 e Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048. Os resultados foram comparados com os alcançados om o uso de glicerol puro e glicose, em ensaios em regime descontínuo alimentado com concentração inicial de substrato (S0) de 80 g/L, em meio mineral padrão (PC), frequência dos agitadores de 700 rpm e fluxo específico de ar de 0,50 volumes de ar por volume de meio por minuto (vvm). Na sequência, foram realizados ensaios fermentativos com E. aerogenes com glicerol subproduto e diferentes meios de cultivo relatados na literatura, com S0 = 40 g/L, variação da frequência dos agitadores (650 a 750 rpm) e do fluxo específico de ar (0,50 a 0,87 vvm). Para a otimização do meio de cultivo, realizou-se um planejamento experimental do tipo Box-Behnken Design-3k, com a avaliação de três variáveis independentes - (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2HPO4 e MgSO4.7H2O -, em três níveis. A avaliação cinética do cultivo de E. aerogenes no meio definido foi realizada em regime descontínuo em comparação ao uso do meio mineral padrão (PC). As metodologias analíticas utilizadas no decorrer da pesquisa foram validadas. Como resultados, nos cultivos com E. aerogenes em regime descontínuo alimentado, empregando-se glicerol puro e subproduto como substratos, rendimentos (ρ) da ordem de 82 e 84%, respectivamente, foram atingidos, sendo superiores ao obtido com glicose (71%). Nos ensaios conduzidos com diferentes formulações de meios de cultivos, a produção de biomassa foi favorecida na primeira etapa da fermentação com o uso do meio MD4, sendo cerca de 38% superior em relação ao meio mineral padrão (PC). Nos ensaios de otimização, E. aerogenes foi capaz de adaptar-se frente às diferentes concentrações dos sais presentes no meio contendo glicerol subproduto. Visando maximizar os resultados em termos de produção específica em relação à biomassa (YP/X), fator de conversão de substrato em produtos (YP/S) e concentração final de produtos (Pf), a partir dos resultados da otimização, sugere-se a utilização de um meio de cultivo definido contendo (g/L): glicerol, 80; (NH4)2SO4, 7,71; (NH4)2HPO4, 3,15; MgSO4.7H2O, 0,6; KOH, 0,45. Considerando o conjunto de características dos métodos cromatográficos e espectrofotométricos utilizados, ambos são adequados para aplicação nesta pesquisa, fornecendo resultados confiáveis das fermentações. De forma geral, os resultados alcançados indicam a aplicabilidade do glicerol subproduto como substrato para a produção fermentativa de 2,3-BDO e acetoína pelas bactérias anaeróbias facultativas Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 8724 e Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048. Além disso, também foi demonstrado que a produção de 2,3-BDO pode ser conduzida com E. aerogenes a partir de glicerol subproduto, empregando-se meios simplificados em comparação ao padrão descrito na literatura, significando um ganho econômico para esta fermentação.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES
2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) is a compound with potential to be used in different industrial segments, that can be obtained by traditional chemical synthesis or via fermentative processes from different carbon sources. Among its potential applications, it is included the use as chemical building blocks in polymer industries, raw material for the production of solvents, antifreeze agent, liquid fuel or fuel additive. The synthesis of 2,3-BDO by the fermentation of glycerol by-product of the biodiesel industry by facultative anaerobic bacteria is particularly attractive considering the high availability of this substrate and the possibility of integrating processes and products into the concept of biorefinery. However, the use of the by-product glycerol for this purpose is still to be carefully assessed considering the significant amount of impurities it contains. In this work, the use of by-product glycerol in mineral medium for the cell growth and the production of stereoisomers of 2,3-BDO and acetoin by Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 8724 and Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048 was evaluated. The results were compared with those obtained with the use of pure glycerol and glucose, in fed-batch cultivations with initial substrate concentration (S0) of 80 g.L-1, standard mineral medium (PC), impeller speed of 700 rpm, and air flow rate of 0.50 volumes of air per volume of medium per minute (vvm). In order, cultivations with E. aerogenes with by-product glycerol and different culture media reported in the literature, with S0 = 40 g.L-1, variation of the impeller speed (650 to 750 rpm) and the specific air flow rate (0.50 to 0.87 vvm), were carried out. For the optimization of the culture medium, an experimental Box-Behnken Design -3k was performed, with the evaluation of three independent variables – (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2HPO4 and MgSO4.7H2O –, at three levels. The kinetic evaluation of the cultivation of E. aerogenes in the defined medium was performed in batch fermentations in comparison to the use of the standard mineral medium (PC). The analytical methodologies used during the research were validated. As results, in fed-batch cultivations with E. aerogenes, using pure glycerol and by-product as substrates, yields (ρ) of the order of 82 and 84%, respectively, were reached, higher than that obtained with glucose (71%). In the trials conducted with different formulations of culture media, biomass production was favored in the first fermentation stage using the MD4 medium, about 38% higher than the standard mineral medium (PC). In the optimization experiments, E. aerogenes was able to adapt to the different concentrations of the salts present in the medium containing by-product glycerol. In order to maximize the results in terms of specific production factorin relation to biomass (YP/X), product from substrate conversion factor (YP/S) and final product concentration (Pf), from the optimization results, it is suggested the use of a defined medium containing (g.L-1): glycerol, 80; (NH4)2SO4, 7.71; (NH4)2HPO4, 3.15; MgSO4.7H2O, 0.6, KOH, 0.45. Considering the set of characteristics of the chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods used, both are suitable for application in this research, providing reliable results of the fermentations. In general, the results indicate the applicability of by-product glycerol as a substrate for the fermentative production of 2,3-BDO and acetoin by the facultative anaerobic bacteria Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 8724 and Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048. In addition, it has also been demonstrated that the production of 2,3-BDO can be conducted by E. aerogenes from by-product glycerol, using simplified media in comparison to the standard one described in the literature, which would positively reflect in the costs for this fermentation.

Världens energibehov förväntas ökar samtidigt som miljökraven blir allt hårdare. För att komma till rätta med klimatförändringarna och utsläppen av växthusgaser måste användningen av fossila bränslen minska samtidigt som energieffektiviseringar och förnybara energikällor måste öka. En större andel intermittenta förnybara energikällor på elmarknaden medför utmaningar. Finns det inget elbehov då det exempelvis blåser eller när solen skiner går den producerade elen förlorad, detta leder till att produktion och konsumtion av elektricitet måste ske samtidigt. För att förnybar energi ska kunna expandera men också effektiviseras måste samhället utveckla smarta elnät. Det finns olika uppfattningar vad som krävs för att skapa smarta elnät men elektrisk energilagersystem återkommer ofta i litteraturen. Det finns forskare som anser att satsning på intermittenta förnybara energikällor inte är ett alternativ om inte energin går att lagra. Compressed air energy storage är ett energilager som använder komprimerad luft för att lagra energin tills det finns ett behov. Industrin i Sverige står för drygt en tredjedel av den totala energianvändningen. Över 90 % av tillverkningsindustrin använder tryckluft. Det finns stora och små förbrukare av tryckluft beroende på användningsområde.  I denna studie kommer en internationell nulägesbeskrivning ges i utvecklingen av smarta elnät med fokus på elektriska energilagersystem. Syftet är att studien ska vara ett diskussionsunderlag, en informationsbärare och idéskapare. Den internationella nulägesbeskrivningen baseras på studiebesök, litteratursammanställning samt intervjuer. Resultatet från den internationella nulägesbeskrivningen visar att intresset för elektriska energilagersystem ökar då det är en central del i utvecklingen av smarta elnät.  Mellan 2011-2013 ökade investeringarna i elektriska energilager med 521 %. En anledning till denna ökning är den internationella trenden med microgrids och mindre decentraliserade kraftverk. Med ökad efterfrågan på energilagringssystem kommer nya energilagringssystem skapas och befintliga system utvecklas. Syftet med studien är även att undersöka om energilager är en lösning till hållbar tryckluftsförsörjning inom industrin. Målet är att dimensionera ett luftningssystem bestående av vindkraftverk och energilager, med en viss volym och maxtryck, för en stor- och liten tryckluftsförbrukare. I studien kommer även kostnadsbesparingen för den stora förbrukaren optimeras genom arbitrage. Dimensioneringen görs utifrån simuleringar i Simulink och optimering görs i MATLAB. Dimensionerat luftningssystemet för den stora tryckluftsförbrukaren består av ett vindkraftverk, ett energilager på 200 m3 med maxtryck på 10 bar. Täckningsgraden, det vill säga andelen av luftbehovet som kan täckas med vindkraft tillsammans med ett energilager, är 26 % för det dimensionerade luftningssystemet. Resultatet ger då 48 % mindre energiförbrukning, cirka 1,2 miljoner kronor i kostnadsbesparing och en miljövinning motsvarande 532 ton CO2-ekvivalenter. Kostnadsbesparing, då el köps via arbitrage, för den stora förbrukaren optimeras till maximalt 1,2 miljoner kronor. Generatorn har då en verkningsgrad på 85 % och kompressorn 90 %. Dimensionerat luftningssystemet för den mindre tryckluftsförbrukaren består av en vindsnurra, ett energilager på 20 m3 med maxtryck på 30 bar. Täckningsgraden, det vill säga andelen av luftbehovet som kan täckas med vindsnurra tillsammans med ett energilager, är 61 % för det dimensionerade luftningssystemet. Resultatet ger då 93 % mindre energiförbrukning, cirka 26 tusen kronor i kostnadsbesparing och en miljövinningen motsvarande 10,7 ton CO2-ekvivalenter. Skillnaden mellan en vindsnurra och ett vindkraftverk är att vindsnurran inte producerar el utan använder rörelseenergin direkt. Ett system bestående av energilager som drivs av energi från vinden lämpar sig bättre för ett mindre tryckluftsbehov där det går att nå upp i högre täckningsgrad. Övergången till smarta elnät är nödvändigt för att tillgodose alla aspekter av hållbar utveckling. Det är ingen del av smarta elnät som är viktigare än någon annan. En hållbar tryckluftanvändning inom industrin är en del av smarta elnät och för att göra det möjligt har energilager en avgörande roll. Nulägesbeskrivningen visar att det i dagsläget finns ett ökat intresse för EES internationellt men att det inte finns ett EES som ensamt kommer lösa integrationen av förnybar energi. Tekniken för energilagring finns idag och växer imorgon.
The world’s energy demand is expected to increase and at the same time the environmental requirements are becoming stricter. To deal with the climate change and the greenhouse gas emissions, the use of fossil fuel need to decrease, while the energy efficiency and renewable energy production must increase. A greater share of intermittent renewable energy on the electricity market entails challenges. If there is no need for electricity when the wind is blowing or when the sun is shining the electricity is lost, this leads to production and consumption of electricity must occur simultaneously. To expand the renewable energy and make it more efficient, society must develop a smart grid. There are different opinions about what it takes to create smart grids, but electrical energy storage, EES, reappears frequently in the literature. There are even scientists who believe that investment in intermittent renewable energy sources is not an option unless energy can be stored. Compressed air energy storage is a technique that uses compressed air to store energy until there is a demand.   The Swedish industry accounts for over a third of total energy consumption in the country. Over 90 % of the all manufacturing industry uses compressed air. There are big and small users of compressed air depending on the industry.  In this study, an international status description is given in the development of smart grids with a focus on electrical energy storage systems. The aim of this study is to be an information carrier that creates discussion and new ideas. The international status description is based on field visits, literature surveys and interviews. The results from the international status description shows that interest in electric energy storage systems is increasing since it is a central part in the development of smart grids. Between 2011 and 2013 the investments increased in electrical energy storage with 521 %. One reason for this increase is the international trend of micro grids and small decentralized power plants. With the increased demand for energy storage, new energy storage systems are created and existing systems evolve. The purpose of the study is also to examine if energy storage is a solution for a sustainable supply of compressed air in the industry. The goal is to design a compressed air system consisting of wind turbines and energy storage with a certain volume and maximum pressure, for a large and a small compressed air consumer. The study will also determine the cost saving for the big users is an optimized through arbitrage. The design is based on simulations in Simulink and the optimization is done in MATLAB. The selected compressed air system for the large consumer is based on one wind turbine, energy storage of 200 m3 with a maximum pressure of 10 bar. The coverage ratio, i.e. the proportion of the air need that is covered by wind energy with energy storage, is 26 %. An investment in this system would give reduced energy consumption by 48 % leading to a cost reduction of about 1.2 million SEK and a reduced environmental impact equivalent to 532 tons of CO2-equivalents. The generator then has an efficiency of 85 %, and the compressor has 90 %. The selected compressed air system for the smaller consumer achieves a coverage rate of 61 % with the following dimensions; one windmill, energy storage of 20 m3 and maximum pressure of 30 bar. An investment in this system would give a reduced energy consumption by 93 %, leading to a cost reduction of about 26 000 SEK and a reduced environmental impact equivalent to 10.7 ton of CO2 equivalents. The difference between a windmill and a wind turbine is that the windmill does not produce electricity instead it uses kinetic energy directly. A system consisting of energy storage driven by energy from the wind is more suited for smaller air requirements where it is possible to achieve greater coverage. The transition to smart grids is necessary to be able to meet all aspects of sustainable development. There is no part of smart grids that is more important. Sustainable use of compressed air in industry is a part of smart grids and to make it possible energy storage is crucial. The international status description shows that there is a growing international interest in EES but there isn’t one EES alone that will solve the integration of renewable energy. The techniques for energy storage are existing today and are growing tomorrow.

This thesis examines the regulation of innovation and sociotechnical transitions within the European automotive sector, as they relate to energy-efficient innovations (EEI) in the aftermath of the 2008 global economic crisis. Energy-efficient innovation is a technological solution, which offers a way to decouple mobility from harmful greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and has become a key problem-solving framework. These innovations also require stringent regulations and market-based incentives to influence automakers and other production firms to develop cleaner vehicles and technologies. This thesis format is one that incorporates publishable papers, and as such, covers the following four subject areas within the automotive industry: • The challenges of regulating EU automotive emissions. • The link between motorsport and ‘low-carbon’ innovations in passenger cars. • A theoretical argument for established automakers as ‘radical’ innovators. • The early disruptive effects of connected and autonomous vehicles (AVs). This research seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of sustainable sociotechnical transitions, through the examination of government interventions via policy instruments, meant to incentivize R&D within private firms, and result society’s adoption of new technologies. This thesis also seeks to better explain the dynamics of disruptive innovation, and its impact on society and the economy. Understanding the processes of sociotechnical change at the sectoral level not only enables better policy design and policy outcomes, but also facilitates more accurate assessments when evaluating the implications of future sociotechnical transitions. The findings in this thesis are also timely, as they provide future researchers with additional resources to consider, as the global automotive industry prepares once more to undergo several significant transformations.

The European Union (EU), in 1992, issued the Temporary or Mobile Construction Sites (TMCS) Directive, which requires EU members to introduce specific law to improve health and safety (H&S) performance outcomes by placing specific duties on key stakeholders. This Directive led to the introduction of the first Construction (Design and Management) (CDM) Regulations in the UK construction industry on 31 March 1995 and since their introduction, the overall performance of construction H&S has improved gradually. However, despite this positive outlook, there are still significant concerns surrounding the implementation of the CDM Regulations, a subject on which empirical research has been very scanty. It is against such a background that this study investigates the practical implementation of the CDM Regulations and extends current knowledge and understanding, and develops a framework for appropriate remedial action by industry. The research method involved a thorough critical review of literature, semi-structured interviews, and two postal questionnaire surveys, using as research informants, practitioners with experience of the Designer, CDM Coordinator (CDM-C), and Principal Contractor (PC) roles under the CDM Regulations. Primary data were collected and analysed from in-depth interviews with six organisations purposively selected based on their construction design expertise and 122 questionnaires returned in total. The finding regarding lack of collaborative working amongst duty holders is a significant outcome of this study; a requirement expressed explicitly within the CDM Regulations, yet questionable in terms of its implementation. Further, the study reveals a number of statistically significant correlations between the extent of discharge of duties and their perceived degree of importance. However, the strength of the majority of these correlations is weak. In particular, the evidence indicates that 50% of the duties of the CDM-C are misaligned in terms of extent of discharge and perceived degree of importance, whereas 25% of the PC duties are also misaligned. This signals a lack of understanding regarding the importance of duties, towards achieving improved H&S management. Surprisingly, a comparison between extent of discharge of duties and their perceived degree of difficulty reveals that all the duties of the PC are statistically significant, meaning that the perceived degree of difficulty does not impede their extent of discharge. While 90% of the CDM-C duties are also statistically significant, again the same interpretation applies. Further, a consensus reached by Designers supports the view that CDM-Cs provide insufficient input throughout the planning and construction phase, raising doubt as to whether the duty holder is fit for purpose. Overall, the results confirm that interdependent working of duty holders is still a challenge, demonstrated by the Designer duty to ensure appointment of the CDM-C (Regulation 18(1)), the CDM-C duty to ensure Designers comply with their duties (Regulation 20(2)(c)), and the PC duty to liaise with the CDM-C and Designer (Regulation 22(1)(b)). Three recurring themes emerge from the results, that is: (i) collaboration, (ii) accountability and compliance, and (iii) facilitation, which in turn inform the remedial action framework comprising 13 remedial actions and 8 change drivers. Validation of the remedial action framework by 15 study participants reveals that, at least 10 remedial actions and 7 change drivers are considered likely to improve CDM implementation. The top three remedial actions are: (i) ensuring adequate arrangements for coordination of H&S measures; (ii) including provisions within the regulations specifying the stages for the appointment of duty holders; and (iii) amending the ACoP to provide guidance on determining what resources are adequate for a particular project. Whereas, the top three change drivers are: (i) management leadership; (ii) the proactive participation of duty holders; and (iii) training to equip duty holders with sufficient knowledge on provision of timely and adequate preconstruction information. Based on these outcomes, conclusions, recommendations, and further areas of research are drawn.

The global move towards human rights, the publication of King 11 reports and the post democratic legislations coerced the South African mining industry to diversify its workforce. The Employment Equity Act was the major driving force behind this, aimed at eliminating discrimination in the workplace and implementing Affirmative Action measures so that the workforce would reflect the economically active population. The question remains as to whether it could achieve a representative workforce, since the Commission of Employment Enquiry reports (2009-2010) and the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (second quarter, 2010) indicated that progress is very slow throughout all the industries. The mining industry is still predominantly White-controlled and emphasis is being placed on stimulating Black empowerment in the industry. Since the early 1990s the industry has seen significant restructuring and changes, including the phasing out of the traditional mining houses and the incorporation of the designated groups (females and Blacks) in ownership and management. However, rising gold prices and pressures on the global economy have forced the industry to embark on measures which impacted badly on the employment equity, leading to measures such as downsizing both the operations and staff, limiting training, centralising and outsourcing through contractual work. Migrant labour still plays an integral part. In order to analyse the application of Employment Equity Act and workplace diversity in the mining industry, a literature review was conducted to conceptualise the major constructs, and a survey through a close-ended questionnaire was administered to establish the progress made in this regard. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: section A was a biographical/demographic analysis focussing on the personal attributes ranging from gender, age, race, education and job grade. Section B and C were in the form of five-point likert scale to analyse the extent of understanding and knowledge, as well as attitudes and behaviour of the respondents respectively. The results were compared to secondary data in the form of reports collected from the senior metallurgy human resource manager. The convenience sample was taken from a sample of employees staying in the mining complex known as the 'Quarters', which comprised 345 houses, of which a response rate was 54%. Findings from the primary data indicated some progress in changing the organisational culture, with the majority of the respondents giving positive perceptions towards gender, disability and language used, while they identified the following as barriers (negative perceptions): lack of commitment by management; unfair labour practices in recruitment, promotions, training and development; insufficient knowledge about EEA and diversity; racial discrimination; and negative turnover intentions. They believed that diversity could improve productivity. The secondary data revealed that there was slow progress in attaining the numerical targets, especially in the D-band upwards (senior and top management levels). The females and people with disability were under-represented in all categories. The majority of employees in the skilled (C-band), semi-skilled and unskilled (B1-B7) were terminating their services. It is suggested that training of personnel about EEA and diversity be considered to get their active support and to prepare them for the change from the status-quo, extensive development of management on labour relations and good practices, as well as formation of committees to steer and monitor the adherence to policies.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This thesis is an investigation of whether an energy efficiency obligation scheme would be cost-effective for the Swedish industrial sector. The basic guidelines of the scheme were constructed based on the characteristics proposed in the Energy Efficiency Directive and the previously implemented schemes in other EU Member States. In order to measure the cost effectiveness of the scheme for the industries, a Cost Benefit Analysis was performed. The results of the study show that the participation of the industries in an energy efficiency obligation scheme seems to be cost effective, and the Benefit to Cost Ratios of the analysis where ranging in numbers higher than one, showing that the benefits outweigh the costs. The scheme is in general more cost effective when scenarios assuming high policy intensity for the whole economy of the country are used as input for the calculation of the BCRs, which are also affected positively when higher fuel prices scenarios are adopted. The obligation should be placed upon the distributors, since the prices of energy distribution are administratively regulated. There is opportunity of financial benefits for the Swedish industries from agreements of energy savings delivery to the distributors in order for them to fulfill their obligation. These benefits will support the cost recovery of the investments for the energy savings measures. The possibility of certificate trading in the context of the scheme is another option that can create opportunities for financial gains and stimulate further the energy market. Basing the costs inputs from other EU Member States offers an insight on how these costs could be formed in the case of Sweden, but they cannot be taken as a complete calculation of the scheme’s financial effects. As a result, this study does not offer a final conclusion on the cost-effectiveness of the scheme; it rather serves as a means of support of the final conclusion regarding the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency obligation schemes for the Swedish industries.

The objective with this thesis is to clarify the advantages - both economic and environmental - that companies in the Thai electronic manufacturing industry can draw from managing their supply chain and adding a green aspect to it. This through investigations of the concept known as Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM). The research will assist companies with scarce knowledge of green supply chain management in making decisions and priorities in that area.

Semi-structured interviews were performed on sight in Bangkok, Thailand and surrounding region. These provided insight and knowledge of the situation and today-state regarding environmental awareness and GSCM implementation within the Thai Electrical and Electronics Industries. Interviews were performed with representatives and experts from different sectors – from universities, industry and supporting agencies and serve as the foundation for the research.

A model has been developed out of previous research and findings that could suit the Thai industry. This model can be seen as guidelines in the work towards becoming green and aims at continuous improvement of the organizations environmental performance.

In Thailand today companies do not see the benefits of themselves review their organizations environmental impact or developing in this area. Environmental awareness among the public is low and the lack of demand for green products result in few drivers for companies to become green. Also the lack of proper legislation and compliance audits are part of the problem. Missing environmental education and knowledge are extensive and improvements needed. The concept of GSCM is not wide spread but popularity is increasing steadily. Some environmental initiatives are though performed in the industry but not under the name of the concept. Customer demands, legislation and education should be the main focus areas for developing the industry.

From the today state at a very basic low much is to be done. Fear of large investments, cost and the lack of knowledge are obstacles to the development. This research shows that these concerns are to be avoided. And by following the model in this thesis companies can find proper knowledge in the area of GSCM. Concluded is that with understanding of the concept and proper implementation from the right knowledge Thai companies can gain great advantages in the future - both economical and environmental.

Texte remanié de: Proefschrift--Letteren--Katholieke universiteit te Nijmegen, 1987.
Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : English stationers in Amsterdam, 1637-1724 : a history of the publishing and book-trade activities of the bookseller families Bruyning and Swart with a full and annotated reconstruction of their publishing lists, a bibliography and an index of names. Contient un résumé en anglais. Bibliogr. p. 361-383. Index.

Mestrado em Economia e Gestão de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
O setor da indústria aeronáutica foi desde sempre reconhecido por elevada qualidade e complexidade. Os atributos do setor transparecem nos seus produtos, sendo poucas as criações humanas que são desenvolvidas com um nível de exigência tão elevado como as aeronaves. Um dos projetos mais recentes da Embraer é o KC-390, uma aeronave de transporte militar tático. O projeto de desenvolvimento conta com a participação de diversos países e, desde logo, Portugal, através das OGMA e dos consórcios Better Sky e Compass. Do ponto de vista da Gestão de Tecnologia e Inovação, o projeto KC-390 instiga diversos desafios centrados nas empresas, estes diretamente ligados com as suas competências e propostas, tornando-se também premente a sua identificação numa perspetiva de aprendizagem sobre a evolução da indústria aeronáutica portuguesa. Neste âmbito foi desenhado um estudo de caso tendo como objetivo caracterizar o envolvimento de Portugal no projeto e os desafios que se colocam às empresas. A dissertação permitiu concluir que Portugal não está a tirar pleno partido da oportunidade que representa o projeto, o qual fica marcado por um conflito entre as perspetivas industrial, defesa e económica. Tal afetou o sucesso dos dois consórcios envolvidos. Por um lado o consórcio Better Sky, centrado nas aeroestruturas, foi selecionado e enfrentou desafios de capacitação. Por outro lado o consórcio Compass, centrado no software e sistemas, aguarda ainda resposta da Embraer e onde os desafios são de desenvolvimento tecnológico. No final é de admitir, contudo, que o projeto contribuiu para melhorar a credibilidade tecnológica do país.
Aerospace industry has long been renowned for its high quality and complexity. The attributes of it reflect into its products, as few human creations have been developed with such high requirements as aircrafts do. This study analysis one of Embraer's latest projects, the KC-390 - a tactical military transport aircraft. The aircraft development counts with the participation of several countries. Portugal has been involved through the participation of OGMA and the consortiums Better Sky and Compass. From the standpoint of Technological and Innovation Management, the KC-390 project instigates many challenges to the enterprises involved. The analysis of the two Portuguese consortiums allows to understand how those challenges have been dealt, while at the same time it allows to learn more about the evolution of Portuguese aerospace industry. In this context, a case study was designed aiming to characterize the involvement of Portugal in this project. The study shows that Portugal is not taking full advantage of the opportunity presented, which is marked by conflicts between industrial, defense and economic prospects. This affected the consortiums success. On the one hand the Better Sky consortium, centered in aerostructures, had to cope with skill building challenges. On the other hand the Compass consortium, focused on software and systems, faced technological development challenges. In the end one can admit, however, that the project has contributed to improve Portugal's technological credibility.

Actuellement, l’industrie automobile est à la recherche d’une meilleure solution pour l’allégement de la structure de véhicule afin de diminuer la consommation de carburant et par conséquent diminuer les émissions nocives de CO2. Les aciers à très haute résistance (THR) mécanique permettent d’obtenir les tôles d’acier à section diminué avec les mêmes ou meilleurs propriétés fonctionnels. Les aciers Dual-Phase (DP), constitués majoritairement d’une phase ductile, la ferrite, et d’une phase dure, la martensite, occupent une place importante en tant que matériaux de structure destinés au challenge préoccupant l’industrie automobile. Une bonne résistance à l’endommagement est exigée pour leur utilisation en tant que des pièces de structures et de renfort pour l’automobile. Il a été bien établi que la résistance à l’endommagement des ces aciers Dual-Phase est contrôlée par leur microstructure. Ce travail de thèse s’est inscrit dans une logique de compréhension des mécanismes d’endommagement d’un acier Dual-Phase modèle, le DP 780, en fonction de différents paramètres microstructuraux. Deux mécanismes d’endommagement ont été identifiés pour l’acier DP 780 : la décohésion de l’interface ferrite/martensite et la formation de cavités autour des carbures, dans la martensite revenue. Un modèle qualitatif de mécanisme d’endommagement a été développé afin de pouvoir prédire l’endommagement de l’acier DP 780. Ce modèle qualitatif, développé pour l’acier DP 780, servira de base d’approfondissement de modèles plus élaborés et quantitatifs permettant la compréhension et la prédiction de l’endommagement des aciers Dual-Phase, de façon générale
In the automotive industry current environmental concerns require that the vehicle fuel consumption and CO2 emissions should be reduced as much as possible. It is therefore advantageous to reduce the weight of body in white components by replacing existing parts with higher strength, thinner gauge alternatives with equivalent or improved functional properties. Dual Phase (DP) steels are a class of high-strength low-alloy steels characterized by a microstructure consisting of martensite and ferrite. Dual Phase steels combine high strength levels with good ductility. Thus, DP steels are potentially very attractive for the automobile industry. In addition to the required high strength and ductility, DP steel has to be cold formed into complex shapes. It appears that DP steel damage behaviour is very complex and cannot be predicted using existing models based on standard mechanical properties. This work is concerned with the study of microstructural evolution and investigation of the relation between the microstructure and damage mechanisms in a reference DP 780 steel. Two damage mechanisms have been identified in this DP steel: ferrite/martensite interface decohesion and void formation at tempered carbides. A simple modeling for qualitative description of the observed damage formation mechanisms is proposed. This modeling permits a basic understanding of the experimentally observed trends and could be used as the starting point for a more detailed analysis in future

Vertical income differentials between occupational levels in South Africa are among the highest in the world. Under apartheid skilled work performed predominantly by white employees was artificially overvalued, while unskilled work performed predominantly by black employees was systematically undervalued. These discriminatory social and legal norms laid the foundation for the existent disproportionate income differentials. The post apartheid government headed by Nelson Mandela acknowledged the existence of the apartheid wage gap. They were mindful that the vertical pay gap need not only be ‛deracialized', but needs to be eradicated. In this regard the South African Constitution of 1996 and the Employment Equity Act of 1998 (EEA) underpins the demand for non-discriminatory pay structures. Section 27 of the EEA was enacted to address disproportionate income differentials, but has not yet been adequately implemented. The purpose of this thesis is to consider whether the Entgeltrahmenabkommen (ERA) (a general agreement on pay grades) which resulted in the redesign of the pay structure in the German metal and electrical industry correcting long-standing pay differentials between socalled blue and white collar workers, can add value to the implementation of section 27 of the EEA. The thesis consists of six chapters. After the introduction chapter, chapters 2 and 3 consider the historical and current context of income inequality in South Africa; and chapters 4 and 5 provide a detailed analysis of the ERA in Germany and the recommendations that derive from the ERA. Chapter 6 concludes the thesis. There are important lessons to be derived both from the drafting and the implementation phases of the ERA. The ERA process revealed that being conscious of the different challenges that might arise in each phase is a prerequisite for success. The development of norms and benchmarks in the drafting phase minimised pay discrimination. The implementation phase of the ERA showed that prejudicial views and attitudes can hinder the complete eradication of discriminatory payment practices if sufficient heed is not paid to their strong influential role. This thesis concludes that the lessons derived from the implementation of the ERA can assist in introducing proportionate vertical income differentials as required by section 27 of the EEA.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業經濟學研究所
102
This study aims to investigate the development strategies of Taiwanese’s eel industry based on advantage competiveness of production costs and situation analysis. Many factors influencing the profitability of eel industry but is swayed by the costs of eel fry. Therefore, eel producers should reduce the price risk of eel fry by forecasting the relationship between quantity of eel fry and sunspot, and by controlling both feed and temperature to manage eel production. According the findings of this study, it is recommended for eel producers to alliance with different industries, for instance, to cooperate with reusable energy such as solar or wind power to build new greenhouse, which is very efficient in stabilizing and controlling the growth of eel fry and temper volatility of eel growth cycle. In addition, the government is expected to support the eel industry through introducing new equipment and technology, providing land loans, and personnel training grants. Finally, Taiwan''s eel industry may consider a variety of products, such as marmorata eel farming to increase diversification in order to reduce the price risk of Japanese eel, which is mainly dominated in Japan market.

碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
104
《Research issue》 Japan is currently the largest national which imports eels. About 70% Taiwanese eels are exported to Japan, due to the decrease of eel seizing, the number of export volume has dropped which caused the reduction of eel farming industry. The purpose of this study is to support eel traders finding the appropriate model for Taiwan without the affection by the decrease of export amount. This study will explore the direction of international marketing for eel industry. 《Research design》 This study is based on domestic and overseas relevant document of current international eel market, which included marketing efforts within the industry, the growth trend of the market demand, potential customers, and relevant technical means within the industry. As well as relevant views and advices on the industry of eel export, and information of related competitors. 《Research Results & Contribution》 This study, is based on industrial experts'' views, relevant research data and discussions, which summed up the new model for Taiwanese international eel industrial marketing.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
95
A research was carried out to evaluate factors that affect the profitability of the Taiwanese eel industry, focussing on culture system, input costs, and drugs additives. The factors were cross ahalysed by examining eel fry production in Asia and considering the trade of eel to Japan, in total eel production and price, and the interaction between the two, and other factors. A SWOT analysis to compare the competetiveness of the eel industry between Taiwan & China yielded the following results : 1. Between 2000-2005, fry and feed costs account to 84% of the total cost in eel production in Taiwan. The cost of fry is greater than feed. 2. In per hectare, the cost of production in concrete ponds is higher than earthen ponds. However profitability in concrete ponds is higher than earthen ponds. In view of nature environment conservation, the way of eel culture in earthen ponds is the better choice. 3. For production costs, each kilogram costs more in Japan, seconded by Taiwan followed by China. 4. Drugs & additives residuals issues affect the price & production to Japan. The issue is more severe in China than to Taiwan. 5. Drugs & additives administration cause degeneration of the eel (Anguilla anguilla) industry. Anguilla japonica has been the main in Japan product due to its production & price since drug issue happened. 6. Factors affecting the profitability of the eel industry in Taiwan include, cost of fry, fry production, trading partners (Japan) drugs & additives, development of eel industries in China, demand & supply in Taiwan and other Asian markets, production costs, quality of product, culture system and feeding regime. The desire to keep making profit in eel industry is important. The proposal of drugs & additives administration should be revised perfectly to improve export quality, replacement of concrete ponds with earthen ponds；improve survival rate of eel fry, environmental conservation management, establish a region brand, improve eel quality in safety and health & HACCP. These will boost up profitability in eel industry. keywords：eel culture farms、drugs residuals、concrete pond、earthen pond、SWOT

博士
國立臺灣大學
漁業科學研究所
91
The technical inefficiency model, comparative advantage analysis and the approach of optimal production of industry have been chosen to assess the development of the Taiwanese eel aquaculture industry. Our research findings suggest that the average technical efficiency has reached 0.91 for the industry, which implies that a long term effects from researchers and aqua-farmers have made the industry stepping into a mature operation stage. The indices of net private profitability, domestic resource cost, and net social profitability are calculated for the Taiwanese, Japanese and Chinese eel aquaculture industries. The results show that the comparative advantage of the Taiwanese eel aquaculture industry is higher than the Japanese but inferior to the Chinese. An econometric model has been adopted in this research to investigate the optimal production of the industry when taking into account the production externality. Our research findings suggest that the optimal production of the Taiwanese eel aquaculture industry ranges from 23,000 metric tons to 26,000 metric tons, after considering the external cost of underground water use and the water pollution. According to the historical record of the Taiwanese eel export to Japan, the Taiwanese eel aquaculture industry can still retain its comparative advantage even after considering the production externality. Set forth on the simulated results, some suggestions related to future regulation and management are provided to achieve the goals of elevating the competitiveness and retaining the sustainable development of the Taiwanese eel aquaculture industry.

碩士
國立中正大學
企業管理研究所
103
Taiwan’s export of eels to Japan, not only provides the country with substantial foreign exchange, but also benefits the fishing industry, and improving the living standards of fishermen. It’s peak came in 1991, with a total value of over USD 560 million dollars, which represented more than 50% of the market in Japan, thus earning the elite status of eel kingdom. Even though it looks like the eel industry is very abundant, in recent years, it has been facing a never-before-seen competition – China. As China opens up to foreigners, its economy has expanded internationally, which allow its eel cultivation market to grow rapidly, in 1996, it has overtaken Taiwan’s spot in Japan’s market. Also, in June 2014, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) announced that eels have been added to the seafood red list. Although it would not directly prevent the sales and consumption of eels, since then, the global market of eels might have been affected. Therefore, Taiwan’s eel industry is not only facing the problem of quality breeding issues, but also issues concerning economics, commerce, trade, environment and political issues. Thus the main object of this research is to use value networking to explore Taiwan’s eel industry, to breakthrough the traditional competitive thinking, to renew and improve the position of the industry chain, develop strategic planning, benefits of a centralized economic scale, and even joining forces with secondary competition to overthrow the primary competition. Thus, for the value chain method, there are four strategical proposals : 1.Proposal to Supplier : corporations should work with suppliers, to ensure the supply and quality of the raw materials. 2.Proposal to Client : corporations should use strategic development of product discrepancy, to increase customer value. 3.Proposal to Competitors : corporations should use strategic development of sales verification, to create different markets and establish entry barriers 4.Proposal to Complementary : corporations should use strategic development of the integration of supply and demand, to boost themselves and their complementaries’ profit values.

碩士
大葉大學
國際企業管理學系碩士在職專班
97
The industry of eel in Taiwan had begun to be engaged in improving and cultivat-ing by Fisferies Research Institute, COA at initial stage of 1951. At that time, this in-dustry is few. Until 1971, because the cultural technique in Taiwan had been becoming riper and there are generous demands in the Japanese market, so that impelling the in-dustry of eel in Taiwan to grow up rapidly. Since 1981, the fishery of eel in Taiwan had developed the native market actively and causing the output of eel to tend towards sta-bility gradually. But in recent years, the market has progressed rapidly in international trade and the fishery of eel in China competes at low price to prevent the industry of Taiwan from developing in the Japanese market. This research discusses that the factors of management、marketing tactics and international competitiveness for the industry of eel in China and Taiwan. This research probes into the problem of eel's industry and possible solution by lit-erature review and expert's interview thoroughly. And develop AHP questionnaire, to test through the experts of the industry, government, academic, in order to make weight and importance of every level indicator. We find that: The quality of eel in Taiwan is superior to China’s, but the enterprises of Taiwan have short fund, and insufficient with the communication among the government and research unit, therefore has reduced the competitiveness. The good relation with Japanese company, the service mechanism of cooperative society is strong and the drug test cooperates more safely.

碩士
南台科技大學
應用英語系
100
This study investigated the learner autonomy of EFL adults in the high-tech industry workplace. First, this study examined the EFL adults’ motivation, attitude and English proficiency in terms of the learner autonomy. Second, it assessed the motivation of the successful EFL adult learners. Finally, this study explored whether the proliferation of mobile computing and communication devices facilitated learner autonomy of EFL adults. Ten participants (5 Taiwanese and 5 Israelis) from the high-tech industry participated in this study. The data collection process adopted methodological triangulation such as questionnaires, phone calls or interviews and on-line discussion. By analyzing the qualitative questionnaire results of the 2 participant groups, the experience of Israeli and Taiwanese EFL adult learners provided some answers to the research questions. The results showed that during the 1980s, Israeli EFL learners started learning English at school (third grade) at the age of 10 years. Israeli EFL education programs were launched 4 years earlier than that in Taiwan. Moreover, both Israeli and Taiwanese participants demonstrated responsible behaviors for autonomous learning. Both participant groups revealed instrumental motivation. Additionally, the support of motivation and advanced technology benefited EFL adult learner autonomy.