Journal articles: 'EEJ'

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Muniz Barreto, L. "The Equatorial Electrojet: A brief review." Geofísica Internacional 31, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1992.31.2.576.

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Se presenta un breve resumen del descubrimiento del electrochorro ecuatorial (EEJ) y la importancia de América del Sur en la investigación del EEJ. Se discuten algunas cuestiones resueltas y no resueltas sobre el EEJ y el "contraelectrochorro" (CEJ) basado en una descripción de posibles peculiaridades del EEJ en Sudamérica. Se resume el trabajo observacional en Brasil y se incluye una versión breve de los programas de investigación del EEJ en Brasil y Perú. También se dan los lineamientos de un posible programa de cooperación latinoamericana sobre los efectos del EEJ durante el eclipse total de Sol del 11 de julio de 1991.

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Doumouya, V., and Y. Cohen. "Improving and testing the empirical equatorial electrojet model with CHAMP satellite data." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 9 (September 23, 2004): 3323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3323-2004.

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Abstract. The longitudinal variation of the Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) intensity has been revised including data from the equatorial station of Baclieu (Vietnam), where an unexpected enhancement of the EEJ magnetic effects is observed. The features of this longitudinal variation were also obtained with the CHAMP satellite, except in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, where no ground level data points were available.The EEJ magnetic signatures recorded on board the CHAMP satellite have been isolated for 325 passes in different longitude sectors around local noon. The results have been compared with the EEJ magnetic effects computed using the Empirical Equatorial Electrojet Model (3EM) proposed by Doumouya et al. (2003). The modeled EEJ magnetic effects are generally in good agreement with CHAMP observed EEJ magnetic signatures.

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Kamadyaapa, Davie Rexon, Mavuto Masopera Gondwe, Mathulo Shauli, Constance Sewani Rusike, and Jehu Iputo. "EVALUATION OF ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA LINDL." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i9.27256.

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Objective: The study was carried out to investigate the antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Eriobotrya japonica (EEJ) using various models of experimental diarrhea.Methods: Antidiarrheal property of EEJ at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/bwt was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling, and gastrointestinal propulsive models of experimental diarrhea in Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes, weighing 200–250 g. Cytotoxicity test of EEJ was performed using brine shrimp bioassay.Results: Toxicity assay of EEJ showed a lethal concentration value of 1225 μg/ml suggesting non-toxicity. EEJ significantly (p<0.05) and dose-dependently (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/bwt) inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea by 38.1%, 76.19%, and 100%, respectively, and enteropooling by 28%, 56%, and 88%, respectively, compared with control. Pre-treatment with yohimbine, α2-adrenoceptor blocker significantly reversed the protective effect of EEJ (400 mg/kg) against castor oil-induced diarrhea and against castor oil-induced enteropooling, suggesting the involvement of α2-adrenoceptors in antidiarrheal property of EEJ. Furthermore, EEJ significantly (p<0.05) and dosedependently (100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg/bwt) inhibited gastrointestinal motility by 28%, 62%, and 83.92%, respectively.Conclusion: The study has demonstrated the antidiarrheal potential of ethanolic leaf extract of EEJ, which may be attributable to its dual antisecretory and antimotility activities probably through activation of the sympathetic α2-adrenergic pathway.

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Mandal, Tanumoy, Subhadip Mitra, and Satyajit Seth. "Probing compositeness with the CMS eejj & eej data." Physics Letters B 758 (July 2016): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2016.05.020.

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Yin, Yongqiang, Xuhui Ying, Hairong Luan, Zhenying Zhao, Jianshi Lou, Deli Wang, Hailin Li, and Hong Wu. "UPLC-DAD/Q-TOF-MS Based Ingredients Identification and Vasorelaxant Effect of Ethanol Extract of Jasmine Flower." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/707908.

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Chinese people commonly make jasmine tea for recreation and health care. Actually, its medicinal value needs more exploration. In this study, vasorelaxant effect of ethanol extract of jasmine flower (EEJ) on isolated rat thoracic aorta rings was investigated and [Ca2+] was determined in vascular smooth muscle cells by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The result of aorta rings showed that EEJ could cause concentration-dependent relaxation of endothelium-intact rings precontracted with phenylephrine or KCl which was attenuated after preincubation of the rings with L-NAME and three different K+channel inhibitors; however, indomethacin and glibenclamide did not affect the vasodilatation of EEJ. In addition, EEJ could inhibit contraction induced by PE on endothelium-denuded rings in Ca2+-free medium as well as by accumulation of Ca2+in Ca2+-free medium with high K+. LSCM also showed that EEJ could lower the elevated level of [Ca2+] induced by KCl. These indicate that the vasodilation of EEJ is in part related to causing the release of nitric oxide, activation of K+channels, inhibition of influx of excalcium, and release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum. A total of 20 main ingredients, were identified in EEJ by UPLC-DAD/Q-TOF-MS. The vasodilation activity should be attributed to the high content of flavonoid glycosides and iridoid glycosides found in EEJ.

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Cherkos, Alemayehu Mengesha. "Solar Flux Effects on the Variations of Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) and Counter-Electrojet (CEJ) Current across the Different Longitudinal Sectors during Low and High Solar Activity." Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences 40, no. 2 (June 2023): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5140/jass.2023.40.2.45.

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This study examined the effect of solar flux (F10.7) and sunspots number (R) on the daily variation of equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and morning/afternoon counter electrojet (MCEJ/ACEJ) in the ionospheric E region across the eight longitudinal sectors during quiet days from January 2008 to December 2013. In particular, we focus on both minimum and maximum solar cycle of 24. For this purpose, we have collected a 6-year ground-based magnetic data from multiple stations to investigate EEJ/CEJ climatology in the Peruvian, Brazilian, West & East African, Indian, Southeast Asian, Philippine, and Pacific sectors with the corresponding F10.7 and R data from satellites simultaneously. Our results reveal that the variations of monthly mean EEJ intensities were consistent with the variations of solar flux and sunspot number patterns of a cycle, further indicating that there is a significant seasonal and longitudinal dependence. During the high solar cycle period, F10.7 and R have shown a strong peak around equinoctial months, consequently, the strong daytime EEJs occurred in the Peruvian and Southeast Asian sectors followed by the Philippine regions throughout the years investigated. In those sectors, the correlation between the day Maxima EEJ and F10.7 strengths have a positive value during periods of high solar activity, and they have relatively higher values than the other sectors. A predominance of MCEJ occurrences is observed in the Brazilian (TTB), East African (AAE), and Peruvian (HUA) sectors. We have also observed the CEJ dependence on solar flux with an anti-correlation between ACEJ events and F10.7 are observed especially during a high solar cycle period.

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Siddiqui, Tarique A., Astrid Maute, Nick Pedatella, Yosuke Yamazaki, Hermann Lühr, and Claudia Stolle. "On the variability of the semidiurnal solar and lunar tides of the equatorial electrojet during sudden stratospheric warmings." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 6 (November 23, 2018): 1545–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1545-2018.

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Abstract. The variabilities of the semidiurnal solar and lunar tides of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) are investigated during the 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2013 major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events in this study. For this purpose, ground-magnetometer recordings at the equatorial observatories in Huancayo and Fúquene are utilized. Results show a major enhancement in the amplitude of the EEJ semidiurnal lunar tide in each of the four warming events. The EEJ semidiurnal solar tidal amplitude shows an amplification prior to the onset of warmings, a reduction during the deceleration of the zonal mean zonal wind at 60∘ N and 10 hPa, and a second enhancement a few days after the peak reversal of the zonal mean zonal wind during all four SSWs. Results also reveal that the amplitude of the EEJ semidiurnal lunar tide becomes comparable or even greater than the amplitude of the EEJ semidiurnal solar tide during all these warming events. The present study also compares the EEJ semidiurnal solar and lunar tidal changes with the variability of the migrating semidiurnal solar (SW2) and lunar (M2) tides in neutral temperature and zonal wind obtained from numerical simulations at E-region heights. A better agreement between the enhancements of the EEJ semidiurnal lunar tide and the M2 tide is found in comparison with the enhancements of the EEJ semidiurnal solar tide and the SW2 tide in both the neutral temperature and zonal wind at the E-region altitudes.

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Mujitaba, Malam Abulbashar, István Egerszegi, Gabriella Kútvölgyi, Szabolcs Nagy, Nóra Vass, and Szilárd Bodó. "Alternative Opportunities to Collect Semen and Sperm Cells for Ex Situ In Vitro Gene Conservation in Sheep." Agriculture 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122001.

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The semen of domestic mammals is conventionally collected with an artificial vagina (AV) for artificial insemination (AI) or for short- or long-term storage. However, the procedure has certain drawbacks: animal training is not feasible in extensive animal care systems nor among wild species, as the trained animals sometimes fail to mount. Hence, there is a need for alternative semen collection methods. Electroejaculation (EEJ) and epididymal sperm recovery (ESR) are the two effective alternatives to AV. However, in recent years, animal welfare campaigners have called for the ban, in certain EU countries, of EEJ due to its inhumane nature. In this review, alternative methods of sperm collection (by EEJ and ESR, their qualities, and their freezing techniques) are highlighted, as well as the effects of EEJ on pre-freeze and post-thaw ram sperm quality parameters and the animal welfare progress made in EEJ between the 20th and 21st centuries. Additionally, the techniques for enhancing post-thaw sperm quality prior to freezing and for the freezing of EEJ and ESR spermatozoa are explored. ESR and EEJ are reliable alternatives to AV on certain occasions. EEJ is ideal for semen collection in wild or untrained animals, breeding soundness examinations, collection outside of the breeding season, and culling. At the same time, ESR is ideal in cases of castration, accidental death of elite sire, or postmortem for gene conservation purposes or assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) studies.

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John, S. R., K. V. Subrahmanyam, G. Manju, and Q. Wu. "Meteor radar measurements of MLT winds near the equatorial electro jet region over Thumba (8.5° N, 77° E): comparison with TIDI observations." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 1209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1209-2011.

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Abstract. The All-Sky interferometric meteor (SKYiMET) radar (MR) derived winds in the vicinity of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) are discussed. As Thumba (8.5° N, 77° E; dip lat. 0.5° N) is under the EEJ belt, there has been some debate on the reliability of the meteor radar derived winds near the EEJ height region. In this regard, the composite diurnal variations of zonal wind profiles in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) region derived from TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) and ground based meteor radar at Thumba are compared. In this study, emphasis is given to verify the meteor radar observations at 98 km height region, especially during the EEJ peaking time (11:00 to 14:00 LT). The composite diurnal cycles of zonal winds over Thumba are constructed during four seasons of the year 2006 using TIDI and meteor radar observations, which showed good agreement especially during the peak EEJ hours, thus assuring the reliability of meteor radar measurements of neutral winds close to the EEJ height region. It is evident from the present study that on seasonal scales, the radar measurements are not biased by the EEJ. The day-time variations of HF radar measured E-region drifts at the EEJ region are also compared with MR measurements to show there are large differences between ionospheric drifts and MR measurements. The significance of the present study lies in validating the meteor radar technique over Thumba located at magnetic equator by comparing with other than the radio technique for the first time.

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Santos, Israel Pereira dos, Rodrigo Fortunato de Oliveira, Isabel Candia Nunes da Cunha, José Leonardo Gualberto Ramos, Cristina Leite Francisco Gualberto Ramos, and Priscilla Carla dos Santos Costa. "Combination of ketamine and xylazine to reduce pain during electroejaculation in dogs." Pubvet 15, no. 8 (August 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v15n08a889.1-6.

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The present study evaluated the efficiency of a ketamine-xylazine combination to attenuate the pain associated to electroejaculation (EEJ) in dogs. To that end, 10 dogs of undetermined breed were anesthetized (i.m.) with a mixture of 8mg.kg-1 ketamine hydrochloride (Cetamin®, Syntec, Brazil) and 1mg.kg-1 IM xylazine hydrochloride (Xilazin®, Syntec, Brazil) and subjected to EEJ procedures. Painful stimuli were detected by cardiorespiratory rate, measured every 5 min, and body temperature, taken before and after EEJ. Mean values for the parameters evaluated decreased, suggesting that the anesthesia protocol used is safe for semen collection by EEJ and can relieve the pain associated to this procedure.

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Chakraborty, S. K., and R. Hajra. "Electrojet control of ambient ionization near the crest of the equatorial anomaly in the Indian zone." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 1 (January 6, 2009): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-93-2009.

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Abstract. A long-term (1978–1990) database of total electron content (TEC) from a location (Calcutta: 22.58° N, 88.38° E geographic, dip: 32° N) near the northern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly has extensively been studied to characterize the contribution of fountain effect in the maintenance of ambient ionization. The equatorial electrojet (EEJ) data obtained from ground magnetometer recording are used to assess the contribution of equatorial fountain. Analysis made with instantaneous values, day's maximum values and time-integrated values of EEJ strength exhibit more or less similar features. When instantaneous values of EEJ are considered TEC variations exhibit two maxima in correlation, one around 10:00–12:00 IST and the other around 18:00–20:00 IST. The later maximum in correlation coefficient is conspicuously absent when integrated values of EEJ are considered. An impulse-like feature is reflected in the diurnal TEC variation during the time intervals (09:00–10:00 IST) and (18:00–19:00 IST). The statistical analysis reveals greater correspondence with high level of significance between diurnal TEC and EEJ in the descending epoch of solar cycle than in the ascending one. On the seasonal basis, TEC in the summer solstitial months are observed to be more sensitive to the changes in EEJ strength than in the equinoctial and winter solstitial months. Combining the effects of solar flux, season, local time and EEJ an empirical formula for monthly mean diurnal TEC has been developed and validated using observed TEC data. An estimation of the relative contributions of the several terms appearing in the formula reveals much more solar flux contribution (~50–70%) in the maintenance of ambient ionization around the present location than the EEJ effects (maximum~20%).

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Olatunbosun, LG, A. O. Olabode, and EA Ariyibi. "Variability of Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) at EIA regions." Physics & Astronomy International Journal 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/paij.2022.06.00241.

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The EEJ is a worldwide solar-driven wind that results in the solar quiet (Sq) current system in the E region of the earth’s ionosphere. The variability of some features such as EEJ, are very important in understanding the complex nature of the ionosphere, especially the low-latitude ionosphere. The magnetometer data from stations located near the equator and outside the edge of the electrojet strip for Africa and India stations were used to estimate and investigate the variability of EEJ in African and Indian Low-Latitudes. The stations are Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (geographic lat/long: 9.03oN/38.76oE) and at Mbour, Senegal for African region (geographic lat/long 14.392oN/343.042oE) and Hyderabad, India (geographic lat/long: 17.413oN/78.555oE) and Beijing Ming Tombs, China for Indian region (geographic lat/long: 40.3oN/116.2oE). The data in XYZ orientation was used to estimate the EEJ strength. The result shows that EEJ exhibits diurnal and seasonal variations and that its variability is stronger in African station than in Indian station, so also is the occurrence of counter electrojet (CEJ).

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Lühr, H., T. A. Siddiqui, and S. Maus. "Global characteristics of the lunar tidal modulation of the equatorial electrojet derived from CHAMP observations." Annales Geophysicae 30, no. 3 (March 8, 2012): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-527-2012.

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Abstract. It has been known since many decades that lunar tide has an influence on the strength of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ). There has, however, never been a comprehensive study of the tidal effect on a global scale. Based on the continuous magnetic field measurements by the CHAMP satellite over 10 years it is possible to investigate the various aspects of lunar effects on the EEJ. The EEJ intensity is enhanced around times when the moon is overhead or at the antipode. This effect is particularly strong around noon, shortly after new and full moon. The lunar tide manifests itself as a semi-diurnal wave that precesses through all local times within one lunar month. The largest tidal amplitudes are observed around December solstice and smallest around June solstice. The tidal wave crest lags behind the moon phase. During December this amounts to about 4 days while it is around 2 days during other times of the year. We have not found significant longitudinal variations of the lunar influence on the EEJ. When comparing the average EEJ amplitude at high solar activity with that during periods of solar minimum conditions a solar cycle dependence can be found, but the ratio between tidal amplitude and EEJ intensity stays the same. Actually, tidal signatures standout clearer during times of low solar activity. We suggest that the tidal variations are caused by a current system added to the EEJ rather than by modulating the EEJ. Gravitational forcing of the lower atmosphere by the moon and the sun is assumed to be the driver of an upward propagating tidal wave. The larger tidal amplitudes around December solstice can be related to stratospheric warming events which seem to improve the conditions for upward propagation. The results described here have to large extent been presented as a Julius-Bartels Medal Lecture during the General Assembly 2011 of the European Geosciences Union.

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Lühr, H., and C. Manoj. "The complete spectrum of the equatorial electrojet related to solar tides: CHAMP observations." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 8 (August 5, 2013): 1315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1315-2013.

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Abstract. Based on 10 yr of magnetic field measurements by the CHAMP satellite we draw a detailed picture of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) tidal variations. For the first time the complete EEJ spectrum related to average solar tides has been compiled. A large fraction of the resulting spectrum is related to the switch on/off of the EEJ between day and night. This effect has carefully been considered when interpreting the results. As expected, largest amplitudes are caused by the migrating tides representing the mean diurnal variation. Higher harmonics of the daily variations show a 1/f fall-off in amplitude. Such a spectrum is required to represent the vanishing of the EEJ current at night. The migrating tidal signal exhibits a distinct annual variation with large amplitudes during December solstice and equinox seasons but a depression by a factor of 1.7 around June–July. A rich spectrum of non-migrating tidal effects is deduced. Most prominent is the four-peaked longitudinal pattern around August. Almost 90% of the structure can be attributed to the diurnal eastward-propagating tide DE3. In addition the westward-propagating DW5 is contributing to wave-4. The second-largest non-migrating tide is the semi-diurnal SW4 around December solstice. It causes a wave-2 feature in satellite observations. The three-peaked longitudinal pattern, often quoted as typical for the December season, is significantly weaker. During the months around May–June a prominent wave-1 feature appears. To first order it represents a stationary planetary wave SPW1 which causes an intensification of the EEJ at western longitudes beyond 60° W and a weakening over Africa/India. In addition, a prominent ter-diurnal non-migrating tide TW4 causes the EEJ to peak later, at hours past 14:00 local time in the western sector. A particularly interesting non-migrating tide is the semi-diurnal SW3. It causes largest EEJ amplitudes from October through December. This tidal component shows a strong dependence on solar flux level with increasing amplitudes towards solar maximum. We are not aware of any previous studies mentioning this behaviour of SW3. The main focus of this study is to present the observed EEJ spectrum and its relation to tidal driving. For several of the identified spectral components we cannot offer convincing explanations for the generation mechanisms.

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Sousa, P. C., R. N. L. Amorim, G. L. Lima, A. L. C. Paiva, V. V. Paula, C. I. A. Freitas, and A. R. Silva. "Establishment of an anesthetic protocol for semen collection by electroejaculation in six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus Linnaeus, 1758)." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 68, no. 6 (December 2016): 1595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8811.

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ABSTRACT The aim was to verify the effects of different anesthetic protocols used during electroejaculation (EEJ) in six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus). Four sexually matured animals were physically restrained and subjected to semen collection by the EEJ following three treatments: The control group consisted of no use of anesthesia; in the others, the anesthetic combinations xylazine/ketamine/propofol or butorphanol/ ketamine/propofol were administered. For each group, twelve procedures were conducted for EEJ. Semen was evaluated for volume, color, aspect, motility, sperm concentration, morphology, viability, and functional membrane integrity. The highest efficiency (100% ejaculates) was achieved when the control group was used; the xylazine/ketamine/propofol association provided only 11 ejaculates from a total of 12 attempts (91.6% efficiency), while only 4 ejaculates (33% efficiency) were obtained with butorphanol/ketamine/propofol (P<0.05). Both protocols provided rapid induction and relaxation enough to perform the EEJ. In the use of butorphanol/ketamine/propofol, the animals recovered at 16.5±1.5min, a time shorter than in the use of xylazine/ketamine/propofol protocol, 20.7±1.0min (P>0.05). The semen volume and sperm concentration obtained in the use of xylazine/ketamine/propofol association were significantly higher than those verified for butorphanol/ketamine/propofol protocol. In conclusion, the xylazine/ketamine/propofol association is indicated for anesthesia of six-banded armadillos submitted to EEJ.

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Akpaneno, Aniefiok, Matthew Joshua, and K. R. Ekundayo. "THE STUDY OF LONGITUDINAL AND LATITUDINAL VARIATION OF EQUATORIAL ELECTROJET SIGNATURE AT STATIONS WITHIN THE 96°MM AND 210°MM AFRICAN AND ASIAN SECTORS RESPECTIVELY UNDER QUIET CONDITIONS." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 511–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0502-662.

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Solar quiet current (S_q) and Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) are two current systems which are produced by electric current in the ionosphere. The enhancement of the horizontal magnetic field is the EEJ. This research is needed for monitoring equatorial geomagnetic current which causes atmospheric instabilities and affects high frequency and satellite communication. This study presents the longitudinal and latitudinal variation of equatorial electrojet signature at stations within the 96°mm and 210°mm African and Asian sectors respectively during quiet condition. Data from eleven observatories were used for this study. The objectives was to determine the longitudinal and latitudinal geomagnetic field variations during solar quiet conditions, Investigate monthly variation and diurnal transient seasonal variation; Measure the strength of the EEJ at stations within the same longitudinal sectors and find out the factors responsible for the longitudinal and latitudinal variation of EEJ. Horizontal (H) component of geomagnetic field for the year 2008 from Magnetic Data Acquisition System (MAGDAS) network were used for the study. The International Quiet Days (IQDs) were used to identify quiet days. Daily baseline values for each of the geomagnetic element H were obtained. The monthly average of the diurnal variation was found. The seasonal variation of dH was found. Results showed that: The longitudinal and latitudinal variation in the dH differs in magnitude from one station to another within the same longitude due to the difference in the influence of the EEJ on them.

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López, Ericson, Franklin Aldás, and Akimasa Yoshikawa. "Analysis of Magnetic Field Variations Produced by Equatorial Electro-Jets." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S335 (July 2017): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921318000662.

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AbstractThe Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) is a narrow band of electrons flowing from east to west at daytime at low latitudes. The electron current produces a magnetic field variation that can be measured at different latitudes. In this work, we have used the data analysis in order to quantify the solar and lunar contributions to those variations and study the morphology of the EEJ current.

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Mungufeni, Patrick, John Bosco Habarulema, Yenca Migoya-Orué, and Edward Jurua. "Statistical analysis of the correlation between the equatorial electrojet and the occurrence of the equatorial ionisation anomaly over the East African sector." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 3 (June 13, 2018): 841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-841-2018.

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Abstract. This study presents statistical quantification of the correlation between the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and the occurrence of the equatorial ionisation anomaly (EIA) over the East African sector. The data used were for quiet geomagnetic conditions (Kp ≤ 3) during the period 2011–2013. The horizontal components, H, of geomagnetic fields measured by magnetometers located at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (dip lat. ∼1∘ N), and Adigrat, Ethiopia (dip lat. ∼6∘ N), were used to determine the EEJ using differential techniques. The total electron content (TEC) derived from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals using 19 receivers located along the 30–40∘ longitude sector was used to determine the EIA strengths over the region. This was done by determining the ratio of TEC over the crest to that over the trough, denoted as the CT : TEC ratio. This technique necessitated characterisation of the morphology of the EIA over the region. We found that the trough lies slightly south of the magnetic equator (0–4∘ S). This slight southward shift of the EIA trough might be due to the fact that over the East African region, the general centre of the EEJ is also shifted slightly south of the magnetic equator. For the first time over the East African sector, we determined a threshold daytime EEJ strength of ∼ 40 nT that is mostly associated with prominent EIA occurrence during a high solar activity period. The study also revealed that there is a positive correlation between daytime EEJ and EIA strengths, with a strong positive correlation occurring during the period 13:00–15:00 LT. Keywords. Ionosphere (equatorial ionosphere)

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Rabiu, A. Babatunde, Olanike Olufunmilayo Folarin, Teiji Uozumi, Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid, and Akimasa Yoshikawa. "Longitudinal variation of equatorial electrojet and the occurrence of its counter electrojet." Annales Geophysicae 35, no. 3 (April 7, 2017): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-535-2017.

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Abstract. We examined the longitudinal variability of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and the occurrence of its counter electrojet (CEJ) using the available records of the horizontal component H of the geomagnetic field simultaneously recorded in the year 2009 (mean annual sunspot number Rz = 3.1) along the magnetic equator in the South American, African, and Philippine sectors. Our results indicate that the EEJ undergoes variability from one longitudinal representative station to another, with the strongest EEJ of about 192.5 nT at the South American axis at Huancayo and a minimum peak of 40.7 nT at Ilorin in western Africa. Obtained longitudinal inequality in the EEJ was explicable in terms of the effects of local winds, dynamics of migratory tides, propagating diurnal tide, and meridional winds. The African stations of Ilorin and Addis Ababa registered the greatest % of CEJ occurrence. Huancayo in South America, with the strongest electrojet strength, was found to have the least occurrence of the CEJ. It is suggested that activities that support strong EEJ inhibits the occurrence of the CEJ. Percentage of occurrence of the CEJ varied with seasons across the longitudes. The order of seasonal variation of morning occurrence does not tally with the evening occurrence order at any station. A semiannual equinoctial maximum in percentage of morning occurrence of the CEJ was obtained at Huancayo and Addis Ababa. Only Addis Ababa recorded equal equinoctial maxima in percentage of evening occurrence of the CEJ. The seasonal distribution of the occurrences of the CEJ at different time regimes implies a seasonal variability of causative mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of the CEJ.

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Ismail, Wan Nur Izzaty, Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid, Mardina Abdullah, Akimasa Yoshikawa, Teiji Uozumi, and Zahira Mohd Radzi. "Comparison of EEJ Longitudinal Variation from Satellite and Ground Measurements over Different Solar Activity Levels." Universe 7, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7020023.

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The longitudinal variability and local time of equatorial electrojet (EEJ) current using simultaneous data recorded by ground and satellite magnetometers at different levels of solar activity were investigated. In this study, we used data from the CHAMP and Swarm satellites to obtain EEJ current measurements around the globe. The ground data were provided by the MAGDAS, INTERMAGNET, and IIG networks. The ground observation was carried out by analyzing magnetometer data in four different sectors: the South American, Indian, African, and Southeast Asian sectors. These ground data were normalized to the dip equator to overcome the latitudinal variation of each station. The analysis for both measurements was performed using quiet day data. Both the ground and satellite data were categorized according to solar activity level; low, moderate, and high. The results revealed that, during the low solar activity, there was a good agreement between the longitudinal profiles of the EEJ measured using the satellite and the ground data. In general, strong correlations were obtained in most of the sectors where ground data were available between 11 and 13 local time (LT). Besides that, our analysis revealed that the different times of maximum EEJ appearances were seasonally dependent only at certain longitude sectors.

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Nogueira, Paulo A. B., Mangalathayil A. Abdu, Jonas R. Souza, Clezio M. Denardini, Paulo F. Barbosa Neto, João P. Serra de Souza da Costa, and Ana P. M. Silva. "Latitude-dependent delay in the responses of the equatorial electrojet and Sq currents to X-class solar flares." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-139-2018.

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Abstract. We have analyzed low-latitude ionospheric current responses to two intense (X-class) solar flares that occurred on 13 May 2013 and 11 March 2015. Sudden intensifications, in response to solar flare radiation impulses, in the Sq and equatorial electrojet (EEJ) currents, as detected by magnetometers over equatorial and low-latitude sites in South America, are studied. In particular we show for the first time that a 5 to 8 min time delay is present in the peak effect in the EEJ, with respect that of Sq current outside the magnetic equator, in response to the flare radiation enhancement. The Sq current intensification peaks close to the flare X-ray peak, while the EEJ peak occurs 5 to 8 min later. We have used the Sheffield University Plasmasphere-Ionosphere Model at National Institute for Space Research (SUPIM-INPE) to simulate the E-region conductivity enhancement as caused by the flare enhanced solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-rays flux. We propose that the flare-induced enhancement in neutral wind occurring with a time delay (with respect to the flare radiation) could be responsible for a delayed zonal electric field disturbance driving the EEJ, in which the Cowling conductivity offers enhanced sensitivity to the driving zonal electric field. Keywords. Ionosphere (equatorial ionosphere)

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Wojtusik, Jessye, Terri L. Roth, and Erin Curry. "Case Studies in Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Sperm Collection and Cryopreservation Techniques." Animals 12, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040430.

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Assisted reproductive technologies can aid conservation efforts via support of ex situ population management and preservation of genetic material. Data from 38 sperm collection attempts from 17 polar bears (1–5 procedures/bear) were evaluated. Sample collections were attempted via electroejaculation (EEJ; n = 6), urethral catheterization (UC; n = 25), or sperm rescue (SR; n = 7) during the breeding season (Jan. 1-May 21; n = 27) and nonbreeding season (May 22-Dec. 31; n = 11). Sperm retrieval was successful in 1 EEJ (16.7%), 18 UC (72.0%) and 4 SR (57.1%) collections. Initial sperm motility and viability were 50.0% and 77.0% for EEJ, 64.3 ± 7.4% and 80.9 ± 3.8% for UC, and 56.7 ± 8.8% and 80.5 ± 0.5% for SR. UC and SR were more likely to be successful during the breeding season (84.2–100%) than the nonbreeding season (25.0–33.3%). Testicular tumors were observed in four males (57%) during SR. In total, 13 samples were cryopreserved (n = 1 EEJ, 9 UC, and 3 SR) with egg-yolk-based equine extender (EQ) or OptiXcell (OP). For both extenders, post-thaw motility and viability were reduced by 20–60% and 30–65%, respectively. Further efforts to optimize procedures are warranted, but this summary provides data useful for enhancing the success of polar bear sperm collection and cryopreservation.

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Wang, Xinxin, and Kevin Lo. "Energy and Environmental Justice in China: Literature Review and Research Agenda." Journal of Asian Energy Studies 7 (June 25, 2023): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/jaes.070007.

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Energy and environmental justice (EEJ) is an interdisciplinary field of study that examines the social, economic, and political dimensions of energy and environmental transitions. Studying EEJ in China is crucial as the country accelerates its transition towards environmental sustainability and carbon neutrality, highlighting the need for the development of more equitable energy and environmental policies. This paper offers a comprehensive review of academic research on EEJ in the Chinese context. Our review indicates that Chinese EEJ scholarship has identified instances of injustice in China's energy and ecological transitions and highlighted specific characteristics, including regional disparities, urban-rural inequality, and the disproportionate impact on migrant populations. However, the tendency to apply Western justice principles (e.g., distributive, recognition, and procedural justice) undermines the appreciation of the diverse and contextual interpretations of justice-related research in China. Furthermore, there is a lack of critical justice research that explores the root causes of injustice in China. The review suggests that future research can advance theoretical development by conducting cross-cultural studies, while also adopting a more critical approach that foregrounds the role of power in reproducing injustice. This review is useful for those interested in researching the social justice dimensions of energy and ecological transitions in China.

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Ryu, Kwangsun, Seunguk Lee, Chang Ho Woo, Junchan Lee, Eunjin Jang, Jaemin Hwang, Jin-Kyu Kim, et al. "Science Objectives and Design of Ionospheric Monitoring Instrument Ionospheric Anomaly Monitoring by Magnetometer And Plasmaprobe (IAMMAP) for the CAS500-3 Satellite." Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences 39, no. 3 (September 2022): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5140/jass.2022.39.3.117.

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The Ionospheric Anomaly Monitoring by Magnetometer And Plasma-probe (IAMMAP) is one of the scientific instruments for the Compact Advanced Satellite 500-3 (CAS 500-3) which is planned to be launched by Korean Space Launch Vehicle in 2024. The main scientific objective of IAMMAP is to understand the complicated correlation between the equatorial electro-jet (EEJ) and the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) which play important roles in the dynamics of the ionospheric plasma in the dayside equator region. IAMMAP consists of an impedance probe (IP) for precise plasma measurement and magnetometers for EEJ current estimation. The designated sun-synchronous orbit along the quasi-meridional plane makes the instrument suitable for studying the EIA and EEJ. The newly-devised IP is expected to obtain the electron density of the ionosphere with unprecedented precision by measuring the upper-hybrid frequency (fUHR) of the ionospheric plasma, which is not affected by the satellite geometry, the spacecraft potential, or contamination unlike conventional Langmuir probes. A set of temperaturetolerant precision fluxgate magnetometers, called Adaptive In-phase MAGnetometer, is employed also for studying the complicated current system in the ionosphere and magnetosphere, which is particularly related with the EEJ caused by the potential difference along the zonal direction.

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Uemoto, J., T. Maruyama, S. Saito, M. Ishii, and R. Yoshimura. "Relationships between pre-sunset electrojet strength, pre-reversal enhancement and equatorial spread-F onset." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 2 (February 8, 2010): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-449-2010.

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Abstract. The virtual height of the bottom side F-region (h'F) and equatorial spread-F (ESF) onsets at Chumphon (10.7° N, 99.4° E; 3.3° N magnetic latitude) were compared with the behaviour of equatorial electrojet (EEJ) ground strength at Phuket (8.1° N, 98.3° E; 0.1° N magnetic latitude) during the period from November 2007 to October 2008. Increase in the F-layer height and ESF onsets during the evening hours were well connected with the EEJ ground strength before sunset, namely, both the height increase and ESF onsets were suppressed when the integrated EEJ ground strength for the period from 1 to 2 h prior to sunset was negative. The finding suggests observationally that the pre-sunset E-region dynamo current and/or electric field are related to the F-region dynamics and ESF onsets around sunset.

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Denardini, C. M., M. A. Abdu, E. R. de Paula, C. M. Wrasse, and J. H. A. Sobral. "VHF radar observations of the dip equatorial E-region during sunset in the Brazilian sector." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 6 (July 3, 2006): 1617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-1617-2006.

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Abstract. Using the RESCO 50 MHz backscatter radar (2.33° S, 44.2° W, DIP: –0.5), at São Luís, Brazil, we obtained Range Time Intensity (RTI) maps covering the equatorial electrojet heights during daytime and evening. These maps revealed a scattering region at an altitude of about 108 km during the sunset period. The type of 3-m irregularity region we present here has not been reported before in the literature, to our knowledge. It was mainly observed around the Southern Hemisphere summer-solstice period, under quiet magnetic activity condition. The occurrence of this echo region coincides in local time with the maximum intensity of an evening pre-reversal eastward electric field of the ionospheric F-region. A tentative explanation is proposed here in terms of the theory of the divergence of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) current in the evening ionosphere presented by Haerendel and Eccles (1992), to explain the partial contribution of the divergence to the development of the pre-reversal electric field. The theory predicts an enhanced zonal electric field and hence a vertical electric field below 300 km as a consequence of the EEJ divergence in the evening. The experimental results of the enhanced echoes from the higher heights of the EEJ region seem to provide evidence that the divergence of the EEJ current can indeed be the driver of the observed scattering region.

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Keeley, T., M. Harris, P. D. McGreevy, D. Hudson, and J. K. O'Brien. "Development and evaluation of electroejaculation techniques in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 7 (2012): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd12022.

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Electroejaculation (EEJ) has been used successfully to collect samples suitable for genome resource banking from a variety of endangered wildlife species. Ejaculates can also be used to evaluate the reproductive potential of individuals and provide information on seminal characteristics to aid in the development of sperm cryopreservation techniques. Electroejaculation techniques used for marsupial and eutherian species were tested on Tasmanian devils (n = 35). Spermic ejaculates were collected in 54% (19/35) of EEJ attempts. Spermic ejaculates were low in volume (3.9 ± 6.5 × 102 µL, range 10–3000 µL) and contained low numbers of spermatozoa (3.3 ± 7.8 × 103 spermatozoa per ejaculate, range 6–33 000). The osmolality and pH of presumptive urine-free ejaculates were 389 ± 130 mOsm kg–1 (range 102–566) and 7.0 ± 0.9 (range 6.0–8.0), respectively. Prostatic bodies were observed in 79% (26/33) of ejaculates. Episodic fluctuations in serum testosterone concentrations were not detected during the EEJ procedure (P > 0.05). Increases observed in serum cortisol concentrations during EEJ were less (P < 0.05) than those observed after an adrenalcorticotropic hormone challenge and diurnal variation suggested that cortisol concentrations are greater during the day than at night (P < 0.05). This information can be used to provide range values for the future examination of basic endocrine responses and the adrenal–pituitary axis of this species. This study also demonstrated that spermatozoa-rich devil electroejaculates are more difficult to obtain and poorer in quality than those of other marsupials.

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Dhanya, R., S. Gurubaran, and K. Emperumal. "Lower E-region echoes over the magnetic equator as observed by the MF radar at Tirunelveli (8.7° N, 77.8° E) and their relationship to Esq and Esb." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 8 (August 15, 2008): 2459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-2459-2008.

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Abstract. The spaced antenna medium frequency (MF) radar at Tirunelveli (8.7° N, 77.8° E, geographic; 1.7° N, magnetic dip), the only one of its kind currently operating close to the magnetic equator, has provided an opportunity to investigate the electrodynamical processes related to the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and their influence on the radar scatterers at medium frequencies in the lower E-region heights (90–98 km). Making use of the full correlation analysis that enables determination of useful geometrical parameters from the ground diffraction pattern, the present work delineates for the first time the characteristics of the radar scatterers during the occurrences of equatorial sporadic E (Esq) and blanketing sporadic E (Esb) noticed in simultaneous ionospheric sounding records at Tirunelveli. The ground magnetometer data provide indirect information on the strength of the EEJ and afternoon reverse EEJ or counterelectrojet (CEJ). The results presented in this work also reveal the height dependence of the radar echo intensity and some of the geometrical parameters at certain times, thus clearly bringing out the complex interplay of various physical processes in the probing region.

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Jose, L., S. Ravindran, C. Vineeth, T. K. Pant, and S. Alex. "Investigation of the response time of the equatorial ionosphere in context of the equatorial electrojet and equatorial ionization anomaly." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 7 (July 19, 2011): 1267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1267-2011.

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Abstract. Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) and Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) are two large-scale processes in the equatorial/low latitude ionosphere, driven primarily by the eastward electric field during daytime. In the present paper we investigate the correlation between the Integrated EEJ strength (IEEJ) and the EIA parameters like the total electron content at the northern crest, location of crest in Magnetic latitude and strength of the EIA for the Indian sector. A good correlation has been observed between the IEEJ and EIA when a time delay is introduced between IEEJ and EIA parameters. This time delay is regarded as the response time of equatorial ionosphere in context of the evolution of EIA vis-à-vis EEJ. Further, a seasonal variation in the time delay has been observed, which is believed to be due to changes in thermospheric wind. Using the response time and the linear relationship obtained, the possibility of near-real time prediction of EIA parameters has been attempted and found that the prediction holds well during the geomagnetically quiet periods. The paper discusses these aspects in detail.

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Denardini, C. M., M. A. Abdu, H. C. Aveiro, L. C. A. Resende, P. D. S. C. Almeida, Ê. P. A. Olívio, J. H. A. Sobral, and C. M. Wrasse. "Counter electrojet features in the Brazilian sector: simultaneous observation by radar, digital sounder and magnetometers." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 4 (April 3, 2009): 1593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-1593-2009.

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Abstract. In the present work we show new results regarding equatorial counter electrojet (CEJ) events in the Brazilian sector, based on the RESCO radar, two set of fluxgate magnetometer systems and a digital sounder. RESCO radar is a 50 MHz backscatter coherent radar installed in 1998 at São Luís (SLZ, 2.33° S, 44.60° W), an equatorial site. The Digital sounder routinely monitors the electron density profile at the radar site. The magnetometer systems are fluxgate-type installed at SLZ and Eusébio (EUS, 03.89° S, 38.44° W). From the difference between the horizontal component of magnetic field at SLZ station and the same component at EUS (EEJ ground strength) several cases of westward morning electrojet and its normal inversion to the eastward equatorial electrojet (EEJ) have been observed. Also, the EEJ ground strength has shown some cases of CEJ events, which been detected with the RESCO radar too. Detection of these events were investigated with respect to their time and height of occurrence, correlation with sporadic E (Es) layers at the same time, and their spectral characteristics as well as the radar echo power intensity.

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Yizengaw, E., M. B. Moldwin, E. Zesta, C. M. Biouele, B. Damtie, A. Mebrahtu, B. Rabiu, C. F. Valladares, and R. Stoneback. "The longitudinal variability of equatorial electrojet and vertical drift velocity in the African and American sectors." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 3 (March 13, 2014): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-231-2014.

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Abstract. While the formation of equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and its temporal variation is believed to be fairly well understood, the longitudinal variability at all local times is still unknown. This paper presents a case and statistical study of the longitudinal variability of dayside EEJ for all local times using ground-based observations. We found EEJ is stronger in the west American sector and decreases from west to east longitudinal sectors. We also confirm the presence of significant longitudinal difference in the dusk sector pre-reversal drift, using the ion velocity meter (IVM) instrument onboard the C/NOFS satellite, with stronger pre-reversal drift in the west American sector compared to the African sector. Previous satellite observations have shown that the African sector is home to stronger and year-round ionospheric bubbles/irregularities compared to the American and Asian sectors. This study's results raises the question if the vertical drift, which is believed to be the main cause for the enhancement of Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability growth rate, is stronger in the American sector and weaker in the African sector – why are the occurrence and amplitude of equatorial irregularities stronger in the African sector?

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Siddiqui, T. A., H. Lühr, C. Stolle, and J. Park. "Relation between stratospheric sudden warming and the lunar effect on the equatorial electrojet based on Huancayo recordings." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 2 (February 26, 2015): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-235-2015.

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Abstract. It has been known for many decades that the lunar tidal influence in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) is noticeably enhanced during Northern Hemisphere winters. Recent literature has discussed the role of stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events behind the enhancement of lunar tides and the findings suggest a positive correlation between the lunar tidal amplitude and lower stratospheric parameters (zonal mean air temperature and zonal mean zonal wind) during SSW events. The positive correlation raises the question whether an inverse approach could also be developed which makes it possible to deduce the occurrence of SSW events before their direct observations (before 1952) from the amplitude of the lunar tides. This study presents an analysis technique based on the phase of the semi-monthly lunar tide to determine the lunar tidal modulation of the EEJ. A statistical approach using the superposed epoch analysis is also carried out to formulate a relation between the EEJ tidal amplitude and lower stratospheric parameters. Using these results, we have estimated a threshold value for the tidal wave power that could be used to identify years with SSW events from magnetic field observations.

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Silvestrin, Tory, and Leif Bakland. "The Use of a Dental Dam during Implant Placement and Pertinent Literature Review." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (April 5, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.16048.

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Moura, Lucas Borin, Bibiana Dalsasso Velasques, Luis Fernando Machado Silveira, Josue Martos, and Cristina Braga Xavier. "Therapeutic Approach to Pulp Canal Calcification as Sequelae of Dental Avulsion." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (June 7, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.16060.

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Bueno, Carlos Eduardo da Silveira, Marcos de Azevêdo Rios, Marcelo Santos Coelho, Alexandre Mascarenhas Villela, Alexandre Sigrist de Martin, Augusto Shoji Kato, Vanessa de Oliveira Alves, and Rodrigo Sanches Cunha. "Influence of Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation on the Removal of Root Canal Filling Material in Straight Root Canals." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (May 9, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.16062.

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Agnes, Alison, Audi Long, Samantha Best, and Doug Lobner. "Pulp Capping Materials Alter the Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Composite Resins in Dental Pulp Culture." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.17001.

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UZBELGER FELDMAN, Daniel. "The Cervical Plexus: An Evolution Shift in the Accessory Innervation Theory." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (July 13, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.17002.

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HA, William, Bill KAHLER, and Laurence J. WALSH. "Classification and Nomanclature of Commercial Hygroscopic Dental Cements." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.17006.

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Curvers, Frederik, Petra De Haes, and Paul Lambrechts. "Non-Surgical Endodontic Therapy as Treatment of Choice for a Misdiagnosed Recurring Extraoral Sinus Tract." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (June 15, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.17007.

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GEHRCKE, Vanessa, Milene de OLIVIERA, Fernando AARESTRUP, Maira do PRADO, Carolina Oliveira de LIMA, and Celso Neiva CAMPOS. "Fracture Strength of Flared Root Canals Restored with Different Post Systems." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (October 2, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.17009.

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PEDULLA, Eugenio, Giacomo CORSENTINO, Emanuele AMBU, Fabio ROVAI, Federico CAMPEDELLI, Silvia RAPISARDA, Giusy LA ROSA, Ernesto RAPISARDA, and Simone GRANDINI. "Influence of Continuous or Reciprocating Optimum Torque Reverse Motion on Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Two Single-File Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.17012.

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AMINSOBHANI, Mohsen, Naghmeh MERAJI, Alireza KHOSHDEL, and Abdollah GHORBANZADEH. "The effect of root canal preparation using single versus multiple endodontic rotary files on post-operative pain, a randomised clinical trial." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (September 22, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.17018.

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LEYE BENOIST, Fatou, Anta SECK, and Henri Michel BENOIST. "A 42-Month Follow-Up of Double Root Fracture of a Lateral Mandibular Incisor." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (October 13, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.17021.

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GARCEZ, Aguinaldo S., and Michael R. HAMBLIN. "Methylene Blue and Hydrogen Peroxide for Photodynamic Inactivation in Root Canal - A New Protocol for Use in Endodontics." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (November 21, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.17023.

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KALAJI, Mohamed Nader, Adnan Asaad HABIB, and Mohamed ALWESSABI. "Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in a Yemeni Population Sample." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (October 10, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.17024.

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Ong, Teng Kai. "Disappearance of Intracanal Medication: A Preliminary Clinical Finding from Retrospective Review of Teeth with Vertical Root Fracture." European Endodontic Journal 2, no. 1 (December 11, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eej.2017.17035.

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"Electroejaculation (EEJ)." Fertility and Sterility 82 (September 2004): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.05.054.

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"EEJ on the scene." European Energy & Climate Journal 4, no. 1 (January 2014): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2014.01.13.

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"EEJ on the scene." European Energy & Climate Journal 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2014.02.16.

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Bennett, Jeffrey A., Jonathan D. Ogland-Hand, Erin J. Middleton, Jessi B. Eidbo, Matt Prorok, Brian Ross, Sean Yaw, and Richard S. Middleton. "The transmission ramifications of social and environmental siting considerations on wind energy deployment." Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (January 6, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.1040957.

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Increasing the capacity of wind power is critical to achieving climate goals, however its continued deployment faces environmental and social siting challenges. For example, the United States government is increasingly emphasizing the importance of a just energy transition by considering the social impacts of energy and environmental justice (EEJ). In this study, we investigate the impact of considering available EEJ metrics and environmental impacts into siting wind power and transmission by applying SimWINDPRO. SimWINDPRO is an infrastructure optimization tool that can site wind energy technologies and transmission by concurrently considering wind resource potential, transmission costs, EEJ, and environmental impacts. We demonstrate the impacts of considering EEJ and environmental factors in the context of Midcontinent Independent System Operator’s (MISO) western region, which includes some of the best wind energy potential in the United States. We show that prioritizing EEJ and environmental considerations in wind deployment can result in exponentially more transmission deployment for the same amount of wind power delivered, and results in selecting different wind farm sites. Our results also show that, depending on how it is considered, it is possible that constraining sites based on EEJ and environmental factors can reduce the available capacity of wind energy enough that energy transition capacity targets cannot be met.

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Journal articles on the topic 'EEJ'

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