Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'EEC; European Union'

Unlike environmental non-governmental organisations and other knowledge producers, the European Environment Agency (EEA) seems to attract seemingly little academic interests among scholars of international relations. With this in mind, this thesis seeks to discuss how knowledge institutions such as the EEA may be seen as active participants in IR, while simultaneously seeking to extend academic discussion considering the EEA itself. More explicitly, and in order to narrow down its focus, this thesis is driven by a research question: what is the role of the EEA in policymaking and monitoring done by the European Commission? This thesis adopts social constructivism as its theoretical framework while building on data obtained through both a quantitative content analysis and semi-structured interviews. Both of these methods are used to identify as what kind of a knowledge producer the EEA is institutionalised as a part of the policymaking-complex of the Commission. This thesis finds that the EEA is best understood as an autonomous actor in IR which’s role is to legitimise and support environmental policymaking of the Commission rather than function as an active policymaker itself.

The European Union Member States has a common environmental policy. The intention of the environmental policy and the WEEE and RoHS directives are to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the environment, protect human health and make use of natural resources. The WEEE is abbreviation for “Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment”. The WEEE directive purpose is to improve the reuse, recycling and recovery in order to reduce the amount of disposal of equipment and the contents going to landfill. The RoHS directive is abbreviation for “Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment”. The six restricted substances are lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium and two brominated flame-retardants; PPB and PBDE. The purpose of the RoHS directive is to approximate the laws of the European Member States on the restrictions of the use of hazardous substances in EEE, “Electrical and Electronic Equipment”. The common legislation is needed because the companies shall have the same terms of concerns.

The amount of EEE that the European Member States generate is growing rapidly and that is why a common waste management is needed. The content of hazardous components in EEE is a major concern during the waste management phase and recycling of WEEE. The landfills do not have the possibility to handle the upcoming volumes of waste and the rubbish incineration creates high levels of heavy-alloy metal in our surroundings. The WEEE and RoHS directives covers ten categories of EEE and the producer responsibility shall encourage the design and production of EEE, which take into full account and facilitate their repair, possible upgrading, disassembly, reuse and recycling.

The Commission has not drawn up distinct guidelines and boundaries for the EEE within some of the categories in the WEEE and RoHS directives. This makes it difficult for the producers of EEE to determine if their products are within the scope of the directives. The definition of “large-scale stationary industrial tools” is one of the most difficult definitions to interpret. This definition includes four points that the EEE shall comply with to be allowed as an exemption.

Atlas Copco and CP are two of the concerned companies that have products within the scope of the WEEE and RoHS directives. In the Atlas Copco group there are two divisions; Atlas Copco and CP. Atlas Copco and CP develop, manufacture and market industrial tools, compressed air equipment, construction and mining equipment and assembly systems. It is Atlas Copco and CP’s industrial tools and assembly systems, which are affected by the WEEE and RoHS directives. Due to this Atlas Copco and CP needs to decide which of their products that is within the scope of the directives. Some of their industrial tools and assembly systems are in the grey-area of the legislation. The purpose of this thesis is to interpret the WEEE and RoHS directives and review Atlas Copco and CP’s industrial tools and assembly systems. The author believes that the majority of Atlas Copco and CP’s industrial tools and assembly systems are not “large-scale stationary industrial tools” because they sells as single units which the customers combine as they wish, to get the accurate performance. The tools are furthermore handhold and driven by electricity through a cable or battery and the industrial tools and assembly systems are not permanently fixed. The author’s decision which industrial tools and assembly systems are within the scope of the directives differentiates from Atlas Copco and CP’s decision.

Magister Legum - LLM
The East African Commu1nity (EAC) was re-established on 30 November 1999 by the Republics of Kenya and Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania1 signing the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community (the Treaty). The Treaty came into force on 7 July 2000.2 The Republics of Burundi and Rwanda acceded to the Treaty on 18 June 2007 and became full members of the EAC with effect from 1 July 2007.3 The EAC was formed with the major aim of widening and deepening co-operation among the Partner States in political, economic, social and cultural fields4 that would lead to equitable economic development in the region.

Conformément à sa quête d'occidentalisation, la Turquie s'est, dès le début, intéressée au projet de la construction européenne. D'une manière générale, les rapprochements juridiques intervenus, entre la Turquie et l'Union européenne, telle la décision du Conseil d'association relative à la mise en place de l'union douanière, mettent en évidence le fait que le devoir des entreprises économiques publiques (EEP) turques sera grandement marqué par la réglementation communautaire concernant les entreprises à caractère public. Par ailleurs, cet impact communautaire est corroboré par le traitement de la candidature turque dans le cadre des mécanismes de l'élargissement de l'Union européenne. Pour cette raison, les EEp sont contraintes à la fois de se libérer des carcans de leur conception formée dans le cadre de l'Etat-nation, et de s'adapter à la réglementation communautaire caractérisée par l'objectif de la construction européenne. En effet, les EEP turques sont conçues au niveau national comme moyen d'intervention de l'Etat dans le domaine économique au nom de l'intérêt général. Or, le droit communautaire soumet, d'une part, les entreprises nationales à caractère public au respect des règles de concurrence, et d'autre part les contraint à exercer des activités d'intérêt général conformément à l'intérêt communautaire. Ainsi, il redéfinit le rôle et la place de ce type d'entreprises selon les impératifs de la construction communautaire. . .

After years of intense negotiations between member states of the East African Community (EAC) and the European Union, an interim Economic Partnership Agreement was finally initialled on the 27 November 2007. This interim agreement is intended to be an instrument for development by furthering poverty reduction, sustainable development, regional integration and integration of EAC countries into the world economy. However provisions contained in the interim agreement have raised legitimate concerns as to their ability to address these development issues. The African ministers of trade identified nine contentious provisions which are regarded as both legally and developmentally problematic. One of these issues is the most favoured nation (MFN) clause under which parties are required to extend to each other any better or more favourable treatment granted to other countries, which are either developed countries or major trading economies. The urgency behind the negotiation of Economic partnership agreements between the EU and the African Caribbean and Pacific Countries (within which category fall the EAC member states) was the requirement for a WTO compliant legal regime to govern the relationship between both parties. Previous trade regimes were challenged by other WTO members for being discriminatory. However provisions in the interim agreement such as the contentious MFN clause are more than what is required for WTO compatible regional trade agreements. The inclusion of the MFN clause poses major challenges to the trade and development needs of the EAC countries especially the least developed among them. This dissertation will attempt to critically analyze the potential implications of the MFN clause to the East African countries particularly Uganda as one of the least developed member states in the region.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted

Statistikos duomenys liudija apie didėjantį turizmo paslaugų teikimo srityje atsirandančių visuomeninių santykių aktualumą. Vis aktualesnis tampa ir tinkamas šių visuomeninių santykių teisinis reglamentavimas. Šio darbo tikslas - įvertinti turizmo paslaugų teikimo teisinio reglamentavimo turinį, specifiką bei veiksmingumą Lietuvos Respublikoje. Darbe analizuojami pagrindiniai teisės norminiai aktai, reglamentuojantys turizmo paslaugų teikimą Lietuvoje, trumpai aptariant jų reglamentavimo sferą, pagrindines nuostatas, jų tikslus, tarptautinių ir Europos Sąjungos teisės norminių aktų ryšį su nacionaline teise. Daug dėmesio skiriama praktiniam turizmo paslaugas reglamentuojančių normų įgyvendinimui. Teisės aktai aptariami atskleidžiant su jais susijusias turizmo paslaugų teikimo aktualijas bei teismų praktiką šioje srityje. Lietuvos įstatymų normos lyginamos su kaimyninių Baltijos ir Skandinavijos bei Vokietijos šalių teisės norminiais aktais, vertinamas Europos Sąjungos teisės normų perkėlimas į nacionalinę teisę. Darbe nagrinėjimui pasirinkti opiausi praktikoje klausimai, svarbūs tiek turizmo paslaugų teikėjams, tiek gavėjams. Pasitaikantys teisės normų pažeidimai, skirtingas teisės normų interpretavimas, kartais pačių teisės normų netobulumas lemia ginčų tarp sutarties šalių atsiradimą. Darbas užbaigiamas turizmo paslaugų teikimą reglamentuojančių teisės normų įgyvendinimo užtikrinimo mechanizmo nagrinėjimu. Apibendrinant darbe išdėstytą medžiagą daroma išvada, kad turizmo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Statistics reflect the growth of the importance of the social relations stemming from the field of the provision of tourist services and leads to the growth of relevance of the proper legal regulation of these social relations. The main object of this study is to estimate the substance, peculiarities and effectiveness of the legal regulation of the provision of tourist services in the Republic of Lithuania. Main legal acts that regulate the provision of tourist services in Lithuania are analyzed in the study. Flied of regulation of these legal acts, most important provisions, their evolution, objects, interconnections between national, international law and law of the European Union are discussed. A lot of attention is paid to the research of practical implementation of the legal norms. Legal acts are discussed in the light of the related topicalities and decisions of the courts in the field of the provision of tourist services. Lithuanian legal norms are compared with neighbouring Baltic, Scandinavian and Germany countries legal norms, European Union legal norms transference to the national law is estimated. Topical issues from the practice of the provision of the tourist services, important both to the providers of the servines and to the consumers are chosen to examine. Contraventions, different interpretation and sometimes imperfection of the very legal norms lead to the legal disputes between the parties of the contract. The study is finished with the review of the... [to full text]

Un niveau élevé de protection de la santé humaine est assuré dans la définition et la mise en oeuvre de toutes les politiques et actions de l’Union européenne. L’une des politiques les plus importantes, conformément aux enjeux de santé et au développement économique, est celle des médicaments. Leur sécurité est garantie par un cadre juridique donné par une législation pharmaceutique d’envergure présidant à l’octroi de l’autorisation de mise sur le marché et au suivi post-autorisation. Ce cadre juridique est supporté par un dispositif institutionnel d’exception, caractérisé par une interaction étroite entre l’Agence européenne des médicaments, la Commission européenne et les autorités nationales compétentes. Il a récemment été réformé à travers la nouvelle législation de pharmacovigilance. Le concept de sécurité sanitaire est ainsi devenu le principe directeur de la gestion du risque pharmaceutique. Toutefois, lorsque le risque inhérent à tout produit pharmaceutique se manifeste, le dommage médicamenteux se produit ainsi que la demande de réparation. Face à la nécessité d’indemniser les victimes de tels accidents, les réponses nationales des systèmes juridiques français et italien, par les biais de la responsabilité civile de droit commun et de la responsabilité du fait des produits défectueux issue de la directive 85/374/CEE, se révèlent inefficaces, car peu respectueuses de la spécificité du médicament. Ce constat conduit à plaider en faveur d’une dissociation entre responsabilité et indemnisation, en garantissant cette dernière à travers la création d’un fonds d’indemnisation général pour les dommages médicamenteux à participation mixte public-privé. Cette solution garantit une socialisation des risques justifiée par le caractère social du risque thérapeutique. Cela constitue le contrepoids aux dangers inhérents aux innovations de la science, tout en faisant profiter les malades des bénéfices thérapeutiques de demain. En prônant une approche holistique de la politique du médicament, la proposition de ce fonds constitue un instrument d’une politique de santé publique qui ne voit dans l’indemnisation des risques médicamenteux qu’un complément et un prolongement de la garantie de sécurité à la base de la législation pharmaceutique européenne
The definition and implementation of the European Union’s policies and activities guarantee a very high level of human health protection. One of its most important policies, in accordance with the relative health and economic development issues, is that on medicinal products. Drug safety is guaranteed by a legal framework, constructed on the pharmaceutical legislation laying down rules and procedures for obtaining marketing authorisation and for post authorisation monitoring. This legal framework is supported by a special institutional system,which in particular ensures close interaction between the European Medicines Agency, the European Commission and the national competent authorities. This legal framework has recently been revised as a result of the new pharmacovigilance legislation. As such, health safety has become a key directive in managing pharmaceutical risk. Yet, whenever a risk relating directly to a particular pharmaceutical product becomes apparent, medical damages and compensation claims arise. The response of the national French and Italian legal systems to the application for compensation of the victims of such accidents, by way of the ordinary rules of civil liability and the liability for defective products as defined in Council Directive85/374/EEC, has proven ineffective: they fail to take into account the specific nature ofpharmaceutical products. Based on this observation, there is a sound case for separating liability from compensation: the latter can be guaranteed by setting up a general compensationfund for medical damages, with both public and private sector participation. This solutionwould guarantee a socialisation of risks that is justified by the social nature of therapeutic risk. It would provide a counterbalance to the dangers inherent in scientific innovation, whilst simultaneously allowing patients to benefit from future therapeutic developments. By advocating a holistic approach to drug policy, this proposed compensation fund would act as apublic health policy instrument, in the context of which compensation for medical risks would only be considered an addition to, and extension of, the security guarantee that constitutes the cornerstone of the European pharmaceutical legislation

É possível uma democracia sem imprensa livre? A história ensina-nos que os jornais têm tido um papel definidor em momentos críticos para os sistemas democráticos, chamando os atores políticos à responsabilidade perante os cidadãos que neles votam. Mas há perguntas sem respostas claras. Que papel concreto tem a imprensa num sistema democrático? Que lugar ocupou (e vai ocupando) na integração europeia de Portugal? Muitas questões, para as quais os estudos de comunicação e os estudos políticos vão procurando respostas, contribuíram para o lançamento da presente dissertação, que se propõe tentar entender como evoluiu a relação entre o poder político e os jornalistas portugueses no âmbito dos assuntos europeus, desde que o país se juntou à CEE até aos dias de hoje, marcados pela euro-crise. O argumento aqui apresentado e desenvolvido é que esta relação evoluiu num sentido positivo. Por um lado, os jornalistas estão hoje mais bem preparados do que quando Portugal entrou na CEE para cobrir os assuntos europeus e para estabelecerem relações com os atores políticos que lhes permitam fazer um escrutínio mais eficaz. Por outro lado, também a esfera política melhorou as suas políticas de transparência, abrindose mais ao escrutínio mediático. A proposta é sustentada num modelo de análise da relação entre os media e a esfera política que vai buscar inspirações a trabalhos recentes dos estudos políticos e dos estudos dos media. Analisam-se a especialização, profissionalização e recursos dos media; as práticas democráticas e de transparência da esfera política, e a opinião pública portuguesa face à União Europeia, para concluir que a vi evolução do estado das coisas nestes três fatores conduziu a uma evolução muito concreta da relação entre as duas esferas. O original deste trabalho assenta, essencialmente, na recolha dos testemunhos, na sua maioria inéditos, de vários dos protagonistas da cobertura mediática da integração europeia de Portugal. São jornalistas ou profissionais da comunicação social que, em várias fases da história contemporânea de Portugal (para o trabalho foram escolhidos três momentos: o processo de adesão à CEE, a negociação da moeda única e os anos da troika), se dedicaram ou dedicam a acompanhar nos meios de comunicação social a dimensão comunitária de Portugal. Por registar histórias e memórias de várias gerações de jornalistas ligados aos assuntos europeus, a dissertação apresenta-se também como um contributo para a historiografia contemporânea de Portugal, podendo os testemunhos apresentados nas próximas páginas estimular o estudo de outras dimensões da história comunitária do país.
Is democracy possible without free press? History teaches us that newspapers have played a defining role at critical moments for democratic systems, holding political actors accountable before the citizens who voted for them. But there are questions without clear answers. What is the concrete role of the press in a democratic system? What was (and is) its place in the process of the European integration of Portugal? Many questions, to which media and political studies are seeking answers, have contributed to launch this dissertation, which proposes to try to understand how the relation between political power and Portuguese journalists has developed regarding European affairs, since the country has joined the EEC to this day, marked by the Euro-crisis. The argument presented and developed in this dissertation is that this relationship has evolved in a positive direction. One the one hand, journalists today are better prepared to cover European affairs and to establish relations with political actors that enables them to conduct more effective scrutiny than they were when Portugal joined the EEC. On the other hand, the political sphere has also improved its transparency policies, becoming more opened to media scrutiny. The proposal is based on a model of analysis of the mediapolitical sphere relationship which draws inspiration from recent works both in the political studies and in the media studies. We analyze the specialization, professionalism and resources of the media; the democratic practices and transparency policies of the political sphere, and the Portuguese public opinion towards the EU, to conclude that the viii evolution of the state of affairs in these three factors led to a very concrete evolution of the relationship between the two spheres. The original part of this work is based essentially on the collection of testimonies, mostly unpublished, of several people that had a central role in the coverage done by Portuguese media of the European integration of the country. They are journalists or media professionals who, at various stages in the contemporary history of Portugal (for the work, three moments were chosen: joining the EEC, negotiating the single currency and the troika years), dedicated, or dedicate, themselves to the media coverage of the European face of Portugal. Because it is an archive of stories and memoirs of different generations of Portuguese journalists linked to European affairs, this dissertation is also a contribution to the contemporary historiography of Portugal, and the testimonies presented in the next pages can stimulate the study of other dimensions of the European history of the country.

This diploma thesis quite thoroughly deals with - at present a very topical - theme "liability for damage caused by a defective product"; thus, with an obligation to compensate for the damage caused by the defective product to its user (or third party), generally imposed on the person who is designated as the "producer" of the product, originally based on the Council Directive of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products (85/374/EEC) (hereinafter 'Directive 85/374/EEC'). However, this work is not limited only to the (thorough) description of the currently valid and effective Czech implementing legislation. The thesis also compares the Czech legislation with the French implementing regulation, which is of a significantly higher legislative quality and much more faithful to its Union model. In fact, it was specifically France which shaped the final form of this responsibility regime, since it was the French transposition, and the French decision-making (judicial) practice, which was most often the subject of the Court of Justice's, as it ruled on the interpretation of the individual provisions and principles in the text of the previously mentioned directive contained. Nevertheless, France,...