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Author: Grafiati

Published: 27 July 2024

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Rahimah, Santun Bhekti, Dhiah Dianawaty Djunaedi, Arto Yuwono Soeroto, and Tatang Bisri. "The The Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities in Vitro of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Preparations." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 15 (June 30, 2019): 2404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.741.

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BACKGROUND: The popular commercially cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom contains very high nutrients and bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract seems to be the most active in preparation. AIM: This study has an aim to compare the phytochemical analysis of a fresh, dry and ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus, to measure the total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in vitro of ethanolic extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus. METHODS: The fresh plant's materials (FPM), dry plants materials (DPM), ethanolic extracts were macerated with 70% (EE70) and 96% ethanol (EE96) of Pleurotus ostreatus which were used for phytochemical analysis, and EE96 was used for antioxidant activity in vitro. The phytochemical analysis was conducted using the Dragendorf and Meyer, FeCl3 test, Salkowsky method, Lieberman method, amyl alcohol, foam test and the NaOH reagent. The total phenol test was carried out using the Follin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was tested using the ABTS and H2O2 essay. RESULTS: The phytochemical screening showed that the flavonoid, phenolic compounds, tannin, saponin, alkaloids, and steroids were detected in the FPM, DPM, EE70 and also the EE96. The alkaloid, however, was not identified by the Meyer Reagent in the FPM and DPM. The DPM and EE70 seemed to have the highest amount of saponin based on the foam that was formed. Meanwhile, steroids and flavonoids were detected at a higher level in the EE96, based on the strength of visible colour. However, triterpenoid and quinones could not be identified. In the total phenol test, there was an amount of 6.67 μg phenol in a 1 mg extract sample which was equivalent to 1 mg of Gallic Acid. The EE96 has an IC50 of 108.07 μg/mL for ABTS and an IC50 reduction of 229.17 μg/mL. The process of Pleurotus ostreatus drying did not reduce the content of active substances. The polar active substances seem to be more soluble in the EE70 than the EE96. CONCLUSION: The higher the bioactive substances in the preparation, the more significant the bio-therapeutic effects. Ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus has a phenol content and a good antioxidant action.

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2

Holman, R. R., S. Paul, A. Farmer, L. Tucker, I. M. Stratton, and H. A. W. Neil. "Atorvastatin in Factorial with Omega-3 EE90 Risk Reduction in Diabetes (AFORRD): a randomised controlled trial." Diabetologia 52, no. 1 (November 11, 2008): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-008-1179-5.

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3

Stadnytska, Nataliya, Iryna Fito, Volodymyr Novikov, Izabela Jasicka-Misiak, and Piotr P. Wieczorek. "Effect of extraction solvent on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Cetraria islandica." International Journal of PharmTech Research 13, no. 3 (2020): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijptr.2019.130310.

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Oxidative stress may lead to a number of diseases such as atherosclerosis, nephrotoxicity, liver cirrhosis, cancers, diabetes, and Alzheimer disease. Medicinal plants are an important source of antioxidants. Therefore, the antioxidant potential of Cetraria islandica was evaluated in this work. The coarse powder of leaf of Cetraria islandica was extracted in Soxhlet apparatus, with ethanol (90%) and ethanolic extract of Cetraria islandica (EECI) was further processed for phytochemical screening, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and various in vitro antioxidant assays. The phytochemicals present in EECI were glycosides, carbohydrates, triterpenoids, proteins and amino acids, gums and mucilages, and flavonoids. The content of extractives was 8.3 mg/ml for Cetraria islandica еxtract 70%. The content of polyphenolic compounds in terms of per head acid was the highest for the sample of 70% and amounted to 0.586 mg/ml, and the content of flavonoids per standard solution quercetin - 0,012 mg/ml - also for 70% extract. By DPPH, the percentage of radicals of absorbing activity for 70% of the extract was 86%, and the antiradical activity of 0,417, indicating a sufficiently high rate of Cetraria islandica antioxidant activity at such a concentration of ethanol. The tested extracts showed next results by FRAP assay: 486 μmol/L (EE96) 135 μmol/L (EE70) and 158 μmol/L (EE40). ABTS method showed the highest result of the extract of Cetraria islandica 40%. The obtained results confirmed the high potential of the extracts as a source of phenolic compounds, in particular flavonoids.

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4

Xiang, Y., Z. Xu, S. Zhou, S. Liu, and Y. Chen. "EE90 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Tumor Treating Fields in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Based on Real-World Data." Value in Health 26, no. 6 (June 2023): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2023.03.394.

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5

Wing, S., IF Shih, A. Gaertner, and Y. Liu. "EE90 Diagnostic Yield and Downstream Lung Cancer Treatment Revenue From Shape-Sensing Robotic-Assisted Bronchoscopy Compared to Transthoracic Needle Aspiration Biopsy." Value in Health 27, no. 6 (June 2024): S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2024.03.390.

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6

Sirimanne, M., J. Kates, S. Saikumar, M. Warner, S. Shah, A. Lovink, Y. Xue, and C. Yonan. "EE90 Clinical Manifestations and Disease Burden of Primary Mitochondrial Myopathies (PMM): Results from a Patient Journey Analysis Show Substantial Healthcare Resource Utilization." Value in Health 26, no. 12 (December 2023): S67—S68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2023.09.361.

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7

Soto Molina, H., Y. Escobar Juárez, AE Frias Gasga, V. Martínez Pacheco, I. Pardo Gutierrez, N. Marcos-Olivan, and O. Campos Ramírez. "EE90 Economic Evaluation of Vortioxetine in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder of Patients Who Have Failed Treatment with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors." Value in Health 25, no. 7 (July 2022): S352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.04.343.

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8

Sadeuk-Benabbas, S., E. Autin, AL Couillerot, and V. Clément. "EE90 Are There Specificities for Assessing Quality of Life and Utilities in Rare Diseases for Economic Evaluation in France: A Case Study of Published CEESP Opinions." Value in Health 25, no. 12 (December 2022): S70—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.09.342.

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9

Lello, Stefano, and Andrea Cavani. "Ethynilestradiol 20 mcg plus Levonorgestrel 100 mcg: Clinical Pharmacology." International Journal of Endocrinology 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/102184.

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Estroprogestins (EPs) are combinations of estrogen and progestin with several actions on women’s health. The different pharmacological composition of EPs is responsible for different clinical effects. One of the most used low-dose EP associations is ethinylestradiol 20 mcg plus levonorgestrel 100 mcg in monophasic regimen (EE20/LNG100). This review summarizes clinical pharmacology, cycle control, and effects on lipid and glucose metabolism, coagulation, body weight/body composition, acne, and sexuality of EE20/LNG100. Overall, EE20/LNG100 combination is safe and well tolerated, and in several studies the incidence of adverse events in the treated group was comparable to that of the placebo group. Cycle control was effective and body weight/body composition did not vary among treated and untreated groups in most studies. The EE20/LNG100 combination shows mild or no effect on lipid and glucose metabolism. Lastly, EE20/LNG100 is associated with a low risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In conclusion, in the process of decision making for the individualization of EPs choice, EE20/LNG100 should be considered for its favorable clinical profile.

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10

Dakin, Helen A., Andrew Farmer, Alastair M. Gray, and Rury R. Holman. "Economic Evaluation of Factorial Trials: Cost-Utility Analysis of the Atorvastatin in Factorial With Omega EE90 Risk Reduction in Diabetes 2 × 2 × 2 Factorial Trial of Atorvastatin, Omega-3 Fish Oil, and Action Planning." Value in Health 23, no. 10 (October 2020): 1340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.05.018.

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11

WAN-NADILAH, WAN AHMAD, DAILAMI ABDUL GHANI, MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ ABD JALIL, ABDUL MANAF ALI, WAN NUR AMALINA WAN MAMAT, and NOR HASIMA MAHMOD. "EFFECTS OF DRYING METHODS AND SOLVENTS ON PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOIDS CONTENT, DPPH RADICAL SCAVENGING AND -GLUCOSIDASE ACTIVITIES OF Aquilaria LEAVES EXTRACT." Malaysian Applied Biology 49, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v49i4.1619.

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Aquilaria is a multipurpose plant with high commercial and medicinal values. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of drying methods and extraction solvents on the phenolic and flavonoids content in A. malaccensis (AMA), A. subintegra (ASU), and A. sinensis (ASI). Leaf samples were either Air-Dried (AD) or Oven-Dried (OD) and extracted using 100% Ethanol (EE100), 70% ethanol (EE70), aqueous (AE), and hexane (HE). There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the drying methods and the extracting solvents. The OD in AMA leaf samples gave the highest values of total phenolic compounds (TPC) (52.98 – 85.15 mg GAE/gm) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) (2180.97 – 3733.45 QUE ppm). The highest DPPH radical scavenging was observed in OD-EE70-AMA with the IC50 value of 33.60 µg/mL. Meanwhile, OD-EE100-AMA gave the lowest IC50 value (0.13 µg/mL) in the a-glucosidase assay, followed by OD-EE70-AMA with IC50 value 0.69 µg/mL with no significant differences among them. OD-EE70-AMA was found to have a higher content of TPC and TFC with the most potent DPPH scavenging and a-glucosidase inhibition activities. A strong positive correlation was reported between bioassays and TPC or TFC, hence indicating that AMA leaf used in this study might have the potential as a natural antioxidant and an antidiabetic agent.

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12

Farmer, Andrew J., Jason Oke, Wendy Hardeman, Lynne Tucker, Stephen Sutton, Ann-Louise Kinmonth, Simon Griffin, and Rury R. Holman. "The effect of a brief action planning intervention on adherence to double-blind study medication, compared to a standard trial protocol, in the Atorvastatin in Factorial with Omega EE90 Risk Reduction in Diabetes (AFORRD) clinical trial: A cluster randomised sub-study." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 120 (October 2016): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.07.004.

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13

Widayat, U., Chaidir Chaidir, and Siswa Setyahadi. "Optimasi Dan Identifikasi Fitokimia Serta Uji Efek Hipoglikemik Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Dandang Gendis (Clinacanthus nutans) Dan Ekstrak Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) Secara In Vitro." Jurnal Fitofarmaka Indonesia 9, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/jffi.v9i1.810.

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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglicemic. Dandang Gendis (Clinacanthus nutans) and Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) are plants which recognized as blood glucose controller. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of the two extracts in decreasing blood sugar levels in vitro. The leaves of dandang gendis and ciplukan were extracted with various solvents (hot water, cold water, 96% ethanol, 75% ethanol, 50% ethanol and 30% ethanol were used as solvents), then tested the quality of the simplicia and extract, then the phytochemical test of each extract, after that the hypoglycemic activity of each extract was tested, made several variations of the dose, then tested the antidiabetic activity of the combination extract, calculated percent protection and percent effectiveness of single extract and a combination of leaf extract of dandang gendis (Clinacanthus nutans) and ciplukan (Physalis angulata L).The results showed that inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme by extracts of Dandang Gendis, Ciplukan and their combinations included the combination of EE96% 10 mg (1:1) of 1.25 ppm; Combination of EE96% 10mg (1:2) of 6.340 ppm; Combination of EE96% 10mg (2:1) of 5.808 ppm; The combination of EE96% 10mg (2:2) was 7.115 ppm and the IC50 acarbose value was 4.23 ppm. Dandang Gendis extract, Ciplukan and their combination had α-amylase inhibitory activity which was not significantly different between the extract and the control Acarbose. Inhibition of α-amylase enzyme activity could be influenced by metabolites and total phenolic extracts of Gendis, Ciplukan and their combinations.

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14

Iyer, V. "EE91 Driving Value through Innovation." Value in Health 25, no. 7 (July 2022): S352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.04.344.

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15

Barrero-Canosa, Jimena, Luyao Wang, Angelah Oyugi, Simon Klaes, Pascal Fischer, Lorenz Adrian, Ulrich Szewzyk, and Myriel Cooper. "Characterization of phage vB_EcoS-EE09 infecting E. coli DSM613 Isolated from Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent and Comparative Proteomics of the Infected and Non-Infected Host." Microorganisms 11, no. 11 (November 2, 2023): 2688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112688.

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Phages influence microbial communities, can be applied in phage therapy, or may serve as bioindicators, e.g., in (waste)water management. We here characterized the Escherichia phage vB_EcoS-EE09 isolated from an urban wastewater treatment plant effluent. Phage vB_EcoS-EE09 belongs to the genus Dhillonvirus, class Caudoviricetes. It has an icosahedral capsid with a long non-contractile tail and a dsDNA genome with an approximate size of 44 kb and a 54.6% GC content. Phage vB_EcoS-EE09 infected 12 out of the 17 E. coli strains tested. We identified 16 structural phage proteins, including the major capsid protein, in cell-free lysates by protein mass spectrometry. Comparative proteomics of protein extracts of infected E. coli cells revealed that proteins involved in amino acid and protein metabolism were more abundant in infected compared to non-infected cells. Among the proteins involved in the stress response, 74% were less abundant in the infected cultures compared to the non-infected controls, with six proteins showing significant less abundance. Repressing the expression of these proteins may be a phage strategy to evade host defense mechanisms. Our results contribute to diversifying phage collections, identifying structural proteins to enable better reliability in annotating taxonomically related phage genomes, and understanding phage–host interactions at the protein level.

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16

Camara, Djeneb, Kouadio Bene, Goueh Gnahoue, N’guessan Bra Yvette Fofie, and Guédé Noël Zirihi. "Etude Ethnobotanique, Evaluation De L’activite Antifongique Sur Candida Albicans Et De La Toxicite Sur Des Cellules Hff De Bersama Abyssinica (Fresen.), Une Plante De La Pharmacopee Ivoirienne." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 3 (January 30, 2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n3p171.

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To make a contribution to the fight against opportunistic mycoses in sharp increase in AIDS patients, we conducted an ethnobotanical investigation in the Department of Transua (Côte d’Ivoire). This investigation has shown that the plant Bersama abyssinca is the most used in the treatment of skin infection. Our team tested different extracts of leaves of B. abyssinica (aqueous extract total (ETA), 70% ethanol extract (EE70%) and aqueous extract residual (ERA)) on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans, to determine some inhibitions parameters. These three extracts were active in C. albicans, with respective IC50: 160 μg/ml for ETA, 100 μg/ml for EE70% and 55 μg/ml for ERA. We found that B. abyssinica is not toxic for human cells HFF, on the contrary, it increases the proliferation of dividing cells thereby improving defense mechanisms.

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17

Minh, Nguyễn Hoàng, Võ Huỳnh Phương Linh, and Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương. "Tác dụng chống oxy hóa và ức chế xanthine oxidase in vitro của cao chiết từ thân dây đau xương (TINOSPORA SINENSIS (LOUR.) MERR.)." TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC TẾ HỒNG BÀNG, ĐẶC BIỆT (December 24, 2022): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59294/hiujs.vol..2022.384.

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Đặt vấn đề: Việc đánh giá hoạt tính sinh học của dược liệu là một nhiệm vụ cấp thiết và hữu ích để tìm ra các nguồn nguyên liệu hỗ trợ điều trị các bệnh lý. Mục tiêu: Đánh giá hoạt tính chống oxy hóa in vitro của các cao chiết toàn phần từ thân Dây đau xương [Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.]. Đối tượng và phương pháp: Tiến hành đánh giá hoạt tính dập tắt gốc tự do 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hoạt tính ức chế peroxy hóa lipid tế bào và ức chế xanthine oxidase của các cao chiết nước, cao chiết ethanol 45%, cao chiết ethanol 80% từ thân Dây đau xương (viết tắt: TS-AE, TS-EE45, TS-EE80; tương ứng). Kết quả: Kết quả trên hai thử nghiệm dập tắt gốc tự do DPPH và ức chế peroxy hóa lipid tế bào cho thấy TS-EE80 (IC50= 88,32 µg/mL; IC50= 68,25 µg/mL; tương ứng) thể hiện hoạt tính chống oxy hóa tốt hơn TS-EE45 (IC50: 121,63 µg/mL; IC50= 100,37 µg/mL; tương ứng) và TS-AE, tuy nhiên yếu hơn các chứng dương (acid ascorbic với IC50= 4,18 µg/mL và Trolox với IC50= 37,02 µg/mL; tương ứng). Đánh giá hoạt tính ức chế xanthine oxidase cũng cho thấy TS-EE80 (IC50= 15,19 µg/mL) thể hiện hoạt tính mạnh nhất, theo sau là TS-AE (IC50= 21,62 µg/mL) và TS-EE45 (IC50= 27,80 µg/mL). Tất cả các cao chiết từ Dây đau xương đều thể hiện hoạt tính ức chế xanthine oxidase yếu hơn chứng dương allopurinol (IC50= 3,94 µg/mL). Kết luận: Cao chiết ethanol 80% từ thân Dây đau xương được chọn là cao chiết tiềm năng do thể hiện hoạt tính chống oxy hóa và ức chế xanthine oxidase tốt hơn.

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18

Herman, Peter C. "EEBO and Me: An Autobiographical Response to Michael Gavin, “How to Think About EEBO”." Textual Cultures 13, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/textual.v13i1.30078.

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In this article, Peter C. Herman responds to Michael Gavin’s history of EEBO by arguing that EEBO leads to greater historical specificity, to reading the books themselves, rather than dissolving the boundaries between texts and “the death of the document”. Herman also suggests that we should pay greater attention to the corporate origins of EEB0-TCP.

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19

Lakshmanaraj, D., L. Muthusubramanian, and V. Swaminathan. "β ee0-excellence in graphs." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1597 (July 2020): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1597/1/012036.

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20

Frias Gasga, AE, VU Delgadillo Hernández, H. Soto Molina, and S. Guzman Vazquez. "EE99 Economic Burden of COVID-19 in Mexico." Value in Health 25, no. 7 (July 2022): S354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.04.352.

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21

Zaidan, Patrícia, and Elirez Bezerra da Silva. "O efeito da eletroestimulação de 65 Hz sobre a incontinência urinária, força dos músculos do assoalho pélvico e impacto na vida diária de pacientes após prostatectomia radical: experimento controlado randomizado duplo cego." Fisioterapia Brasil 24, no. 1 (February 18, 2023): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33233/fb.v24i1.5174.

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Introdução: A prostatectomia radical é um procedimento cirúrgico eficaz para a cura do câncer de próstata. Contudo, apresenta como uma das consequências a incontinência urinária (IU). Objetivo: Verificar o efeito da eletroestimulação de 65 Hz sobre a IU de pacientes com deficiência esfincteriana, consequente de uma cirurgia de prostatectomia radical. Métodos: Trata-se de um ECR duplo cego. Os pacientes passaram por uma triagem e foram alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos: Grupo exercícios dos MAP (EMAP, n = 23), grupo eletroestimulação 50 Hz mais exercícios dos MAP (EE50+EMAP,n = 19),grupo eletroestimulação 65 Hz mais exercícios dos MAP (EE65+EMAP, n = 23). A frequência semanal foi de duas vezes e a quantidade de sessões foi aquela necessária para recuperar a continência urinária, não ultrapassando de 20. Foram utilizados o risco relativo (RR) e ANOVA 3 X 2 para a análise estatística dos dados. Resultados: O risco relativo de IU do Grupo EE65+EMAP em relação ao Grupo EMAP foi igual a 0,48 (IC95% 0,31 a 0,73), enquanto que o risco relativo de IU do Grupo EE50+EMAP em relação ao Grupo EMAP foi igual a 0,89 (IC95% 0,77 a 1,04). Conclusão: A frequência de 65Hz foi mais eficaz que a de 50 Hz na recuperação da continência urinária de homens prostatectomizados.

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22

Mustafa, Neyaz Rashid, Ghizan Bin Saleh, and Pedram Kashiani. "Genetic potential of tropical sweet corn hybrids and combining ability among parental inbred lines." October 2021, no. 15(10):2021 (October 2, 2021): 1279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.10.p3189.

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Superiority of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) hybrid varieties is reflected by their performance per se, heterosis they reveal and combining ability of their inbred parents. This study was conducted to investigate performance, combining ability, heterosis and heritability revealed by 15 F1 tropical sweet corn hybrids from a half-diallel cross involving six diverse inbred lines, at two locations in Malaysia. At each location, the hybrids were evaluated for ear yield and yield components in a randomised complete block design, in comparison with their inbred parents and a commercial hybrid variety Hybrid 530 as control. Hybrids H11, H12 and H15 were found to be the most superior for yield and yield components, hence could be further tested in large-scale trials before release. Inbred lines FTT-1, EE0-2 and HAW-1 showed high positive GCA effects for yield and yield-related traits at both locations. Cross combinations HAV-2 × NTS-2, HSE-4 × NTS-2, NTS-2 × EE0-2 and EE0-2 × HAW-1 revealed high positive SCA effects for fresh ear yield and yield related traits at both location. Crosses among unrelated lines were found to produce superior hybrids. Both additive and non-additive gene effects were found important, although additive effects were predominating. The hybrids revealed substantially high heterosis, the highest being for number of ears per hectare and ear height. Moderate to high broad- and narrow-sense heritabi1ity estimates were displayed by the different traits measured

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23

Yi, Y., and A. Hirst. "EE96 Using Multi-State Modelling for Health Economic Evaluations." Value in Health 25, no. 7 (July 2022): S353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.04.349.

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24

Yang, W., and H. Dong. "EE30 Framework Concepts for Economic Evaluation of New Antibiotics." Value in Health 26, no. 12 (December 2023): S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2023.09.303.

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25

Antasionasti, Irma, Sri Sudewi, Imam Jayanto, and Jainer Pasca Siampa. "MEKANISME REAKSI FRAGMENTASI SENYAWA KIMIA DALAM KULIT BUAH ALPUKAT (Persea americana Mill.)." Jurnal Farmasi Medica/Pharmacy Medical Journal (PMJ) 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/pmj.2.2.2019.26528.

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ABSTRACTInvestigation of the fragment structure of ions and fragmentation reaction is crucial and needs to be done to reconstruct the chemical structure of the examined sample. Therefore, it is necessary to study the fragmentation mechanisms of chemical compound that identified from avocado peel to study the rules of the fragmentation reaction that occurs Sample analysis was examined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with ionization Electron Impact (EI). Two compounds foun in avocado peel are 1,2,4-trihidroksiheptadek-12,16-diyne and 1,2,4-trihidroksiheptadek-16-yne-18-ene following the principle of even electron positive (EE+) which tends to always form even electron positive (EE+) and even electron neutral (EE0). The fragmentation mechanisms in both compounds are σ bond dissociation reaction and i cleavage which forms even electron positive (EE+) and even electron neutral (EE0). The fragmentation mechanism of the compounds in avocado peel can be estimated through interpretation of GC-MS mass spectra with base peak m/z 87. Keywords : Persea americana Mill.; GC-MS; fragmentation; 1,2,4-trihidroksiheptadek-12,16-diyne; 1,2,4-trihidroksiheptadek-16-yne-18-ene ABSTRAKPenyidikan struktur ion-ion fragment serta reaksi fragmentasinya sangat penting dan perlu dilakukan untuk dapat merekonstruksi kembali struktur kimia sampel yang diperiksa. Oleh karena itu, perlu diketahui mekanisme fragmentasi senyawa kimia yang diidentifikasi dari sampel kulit buah alpukat untuk mengetahui kaidah reaksi fragmentasi yang terjadi. Analisis sampel dilakukan menggunakan Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) dengan cara ionisasi Electron Impact (EI). Dua senyawa yang terkandung dalam kulit buah alpukat yaitu senyawa 1,2,4-trihidroksiheptadek-12,16-diena dan senyawa 1,2,4-trihidroksiheptadek-16-ena-18-una mengikuti kaidah fragmentasi ion elektron genap positif (EE+) cenderung untuk selalu membentuk ion elektron genap positif (EE+) dan molekul elektron genap netral (EE0). Mekanisme fragmentasi pada kedua senyawa tersebut terjadi melalui reaksi dissosiasi ikatan σ dan reaksi pemutusan induktif membentuk ion elektron genap positif (EE+) dan molekul elektron genap netral (EE0). Mekanisme fragmentasi senyawa dalam kulit buah alpukat dapat diperkirakan melalui interpretasi spektrum massa GC-MS dengan base peak m/z 87. Kata kunci: Persea americana Mill.; GC-MS; fragmentasi; 1,2,4-trihidroksiheptadek-12,16-diena; 1,2,4-trihidroksiheptadek-16-ena-18-una

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26

Rivers, Z., T. Luczak, H. Smith, D. Veenstra, and SD Ramsey. "EE97 Population Discordance in Economic Evaluations of Polygenic Risk Scores." Value in Health 25, no. 7 (July 2022): S353—S354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.04.350.

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27

Yamanaka, Y., B. Reddy, R. Kawasaki, K. Watanabe, K. Mori, and P. O'Brien. "EE60 The Socioeconomic Impact of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) in Japan." Value in Health 26, no. 6 (June 2023): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2023.03.365.

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28

Tachdjian, R., B. Lahue, K. A. Cribbs, D. I. K. Fang, S. Czado, L. Goga, V. Desai, T. Rautenberg, and B. Schwander. "EE94 Current State of Health Economic Models in Hereditary Angioedema." Value in Health 26, no. 12 (December 2023): S68—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2023.09.365.

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29

Strufaldi, Rodolfo, Luciano Pompei, Marcelo Steiner, and César Fernandes. "Influence of Dyslipidemia on the Quality of Sexual Life in Women in the Menacme using a Combined Oral Contraceptive." Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics 38, no. 12 (December 2016): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1597695.

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Purpose Female sexual dysfunction is a complex and common condition that affects women, and the relationship between sexual function and dyslipidemia is poorly studied. This study aims to assess this relationship in the reproductive life women in the menacme who use combined oral contraceptives (COCs). Methods A total of 49 healthy women who were sexually active received COC pills that contained ethinylestradiol 30 mcg (EE30) plus levonorgestrel 150 mcg (LNG150). The women were divided into two groups according to their lipid profiles. Dyslipidemia was defined as a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level < 50 mg/dL or a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level > 130 mg/dL. Sexual function was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Questionnaire. Lipid and lipoprotein parameters were obtained at baseline and after the sixth cycle. Results After six cycles of the COCs, the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels in the women with a LDL level > 130 mg/dL decreased by 14.7% and 22.1% respectively. In the women with a HDL level < 50 mg/dL at baseline, the HDL level increased by 15.5% at the end of the study. The arousal and orgasm domains and the FSFI total scores significantly increased in women with and without dyslipidemia. The desire and satisfaction domains increased only in the group without dyslipidemia at the end of the treatment period. Conclusions The EE30/LNG150 formulation increased the sexual function and it was only positively correlated with the HDL cholesterol level. These data indicated a low correlation between sexual function and the changes in the lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.

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Fox, J. "EE40 Economic Implications of Clinical Trials Enrollment in a Medicare Population." Value in Health 25, no. 7 (July 2022): S342—S343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.04.292.

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31

Petrov, M., M. Dimitrova, and Z. Mitkova. "EE93 Economic Consequences of the Implementation of HPV Screening in Bulgaria." Value in Health 25, no. 12 (December 2022): S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.09.345.

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Dou, L., S. Li, and S. Che. "EE98 Economic Burden of Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria in China." Value in Health 26, no. 12 (December 2023): S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2023.09.369.

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Bazzazzadehgan, S., P. Prajapati, S. Goswami, O. Eriakha, LY Lin, and K. Bhattacharya. "EE94 End-of-Life Costs Among Older Adults Living with HIV." Value in Health 27, no. 6 (June 2024): S74—S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2024.03.394.

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34

Upegui, Pachon A., L. Mora, M. Romero, A. Díaz, V. Sanchez, and S. Londono. "EE9 Economic Burden of Gaucher Disease in Colombia." Value in Health 27, no. 6 (June 2024): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2024.03.310.

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Li, Y., I. Guerra, K. Rtveladze, J. Leite, M. Vandoulakis, L. Eggendorfer, and M. D'Alessandro. "EE98 Health Economic Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review." Value in Health 26, no. 6 (June 2023): S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2023.03.402.

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Subramanian, S., and S. Hoover. "EE98 A Theory-Based Framework to Incorporate Health Equity in Economic Assessments." Value in Health 27, no. 6 (June 2024): S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2024.03.398.

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37

Jagannath, S., N. Joseph, C. Crivera, CC Jackson, S. Valluri, P. Cost, H. Phelps, et al. "EE70 CAR-T Treatment Costs Beyond Therapy Acquisition Costs in Multiple Myeloma Patients." Value in Health 25, no. 7 (July 2022): S348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.04.324.

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Vavrovsky, A. "EE190 Association of Total Annual Costs of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy With Disease Severity." Value in Health 25, no. 12 (December 2022): S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.09.440.

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39

Kurnaz, M., S. Okcun, G. Kockaya, K. Atikeler, M. Cansever, S. Ileri, and G. Karacar. "EE20 Cost-Minimization Analysis for Treating T1DM and T2DM With Toujeo in Turkiye." Value in Health 25, no. 12 (December 2022): S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.09.273.

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40

Niyomsri, S., M. Nimworapan, W. Wongcharoen, and P. Dilokthornsakul. "EE30 An Economic Evaluation of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Venous Thromboembolism in Thailand." Value in Health 25, no. 12 (December 2022): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.09.283.

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41

Averin, A., M. Atwood, R. Sato, K. Yacisin, E. Begier, KM Shea, D. Curcio, L. Houde, and D. Weycker. "EE490 Attributable Cost of Adult Respiratory Syncytial Virus Illness Beyond the Acute Phase." Value in Health 25, no. 12 (December 2022): S152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.09.733.

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42

Holm, A., S. Eggington, and N. Gasquet. "EE91 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Differential Target MULTIPLEXEDTM Spinal Cord Stimulation in Sweden." Value in Health 26, no. 6 (June 2023): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2023.03.395.

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43

Cherif, A., C. Palmer, M. Lombardi, S. Boccalini, A. Bechini, C. Salvati, and F. Senese. "EE590 Assessing Health Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness of Adult HPV Vaccination in Italy." Value in Health 26, no. 12 (December 2023): S166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2023.09.855.

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Gaballa, S., S. Swami, R. Sharma, A. Bhardwaj, L. Mohseninejad, M. Xue, and K. Yang. "EE290 Targeted Literature Review of Cost-Effectiveness Models in Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma." Value in Health 27, no. 6 (June 2024): S111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2024.03.589.

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45

Ronquest, NA, K. Paret, A. Lucas, M. Ciepielewska, and M. Hagan. "EE60 A Review of Analyses Evaluating the Economic Impact of Oral Versus Intravenous Formulations." Value in Health 25, no. 7 (July 2022): S347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.04.314.

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46

Jung, S., S. Yoon, and M. Blackowicz. "EE96 Budget-Impact Analysis of Adopting Expanded Hemodialysis (HDX) Via Theranova® in Korea." Value in Health 25, no. 12 (December 2022): S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.09.348.

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47

Ordoñez, J., and J. J. Baldi astro. "EE96 Budget Impact Analysis of Pneumococcal Vaccines for Older Adults Available in Costa Rica." Value in Health 26, no. 6 (June 2023): S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2023.03.400.

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48

White, Sara, Regina M. Gonzales, and Eric Johnson. "5.5.2 The Effectiveness of Multiple Software Requirements Elicitation Methods — A Case Study." INCOSE International Symposium 10, no. 1 (July 2000): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2000.tb00438.x.

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AbstractRequirements engineering methods have been developed to assist in requirements specification. Teaching these methods to college engineering students should prepare students to develop a more complete, consistent, and testable requirements specification than they would have developed if they had not used these methods. The “Software Metrics Toolset Software Requirements Specification” was developed using several requirements engineering methods and was completed in Fall 1997 EE590 Software Systems Engineering II class. This report will compare the final set of requirements from the Software Metrics Toolset (SMT) Software Requirements Specification to the developed SMT for completeness and cost impact. The software requirements elicitation methods used in the development of the Software Metric Toolset effectively limited the cost of requirement changes in the actual development and customer delivery stage to less than 3% of the budgeted cost. The results underscore the value of using multiple methodologies that look at different aspects of the requirements.

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Zhong, Yunhao, Yanhui Zhang, Chengfang Mao, and Ananchai Ukaew. "Performance, Combustion, and Emission Comparisons of a High-Speed Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel with Different Ethanol Addition Ratios Based on a Combined Kinetic Mechanism." Processes 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091689.

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In this work, different ethanol ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) blended with biodiesel were used to investigate the effects of ethanol addition on engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a high-speed diesel engine in terms of brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, heat release rate, NOx, CO, and soot emissions. First, a three-dimensional CFD model was established by AVL-Fire combined with the CHEMKIN code. Then, an improved kinetic mechanism with 430 reactions and 122 species was developed by combining a three-component biodiesel combustion mechanism and ethanol mechanism to accurately simulate the blended fuel combustion processes. The results indicated that compared with biodiesel, the maximum brake specific fuel consumption increased by 6.08%, and the maximum brake thermal efficiency increased by 2.09% for the blended fuel. In addition, NOx and CO emissions for EE20 were reduced by 29.32% and 39.57% at full engine load. Overall, the ethanol addition can significantly decrease pollution emissions.

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50

Harika, E., and M. Roy. "EE20 An Overview of Optimisation Studies on COVID-19 and Its Economic Benefits in India." Value in Health 25, no. 7 (July 2022): S338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.04.272.

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