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Zhu, Shilian. "Multidimensional Relative Poverty of Farmers in Tibetan Areas – Based on a Data Analysis on Micro Surveys." Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 4, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v4i6.2866.
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In 2020, the issue of absolute poverty has been solved, and China is building a well-off society in an all-round way. The issue of relative poverty is an important content of poverty reduction. Based on a survey data from Danba County in October 2020, this paper uses the AF method to calculate the incidence of multidimensional poverty and the multidimensional poverty index. The results showed that 44.65% of the farmers have multidimensional deprivation of any three indicators of relative poverty, and 2.79% of the farmers have serious multidimensional deprivation; the incidence of one-dimensional poverty in terms of “educational level index of head of household,” “per capita non-transfer income of households in 2019,” and “per capita household income in 2019” is the highest; at the same time, the contribution rate of the three indicators to the multidimensional poverty index is also higher than other indicators. Therefore, several suggestions have been put forward to alleviate the multidimensional relative poverty in the region from the aspects of industry development and education.
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Baiju, K. C. "Nexus of multidimensional poverty and educational deprivation among the social groups: Evidence from a developing country." Journal of Governance and Regulation 12, no. 1 (2023): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv12i1art14.
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The interface between the incidence of multidimensional poverty and its fallout on educational deprivation is often debated in the realm of human development perspective. The paper aims to explore the nexus of multidimensional poverty and educational deprivation among the households belonging to different social groups, namely Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Other Backward Castes (OBC), and Forward Castes (FC) in rural areas of a developing country, India (Gaur & Rao, 2020). A decomposition analysis within the human development framework using primary data from selected regions of India, namely Kerala, West Bengal, and Bihar, is attempted to explore whether there is any deprivation gap in education in the selected regions. The multidimensional poverty and educa-tional deprivation of select states are analysed using the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiatives (OPHI) (Alkire & Foster, 2011; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2022; PIB Delhi, 2020; Ballon & Krishnakumar, 2010). The study identified the determinants of educational deprivation and its nexus with the multidimensional poverty of the households belonging to the social groups of rural India. The paper highlights the influence of disproportional attainment of education, which worsens deprivation leading to unequal outcomes of human development among the different social groups of rural India. The discussion further unfolds the incidence of disproportional multidimensional poverty among social groups in rural India that enables the explanation of the policy implications and interventions in educational entitlements.
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McKinney, Stephen, Stuart Hall, Kevin Lowden, Michele McClung, and Lauren Cameron. "The relationship between poverty and deprivation, educational attainment and positive school leaver destinations in Glasgow secondary schools." Scottish Educational Review 44, no. 1 (March 13, 2012): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27730840-04401004.
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The impact of poverty and deprivation on children and their education is a major source of concern for the United Kingdom and Scottish governments. This article reports on a research project that focussed on Glasgow city secondary schools for the period 2006-2009. The project aimed to establish an association between poverty and deprivation and attainment in public examinations and also in initial leaver destinations. The project constructed a tri-partite means of measuring poverty that used Free School Meal Entitlement, the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation and Staged Intervention. This measure was then compared with attainment figures and initial leaver destinations. Unsurprisingly, the research demonstrates that there is a major association between poverty and deprivation and attainment for the period. However, the research also demonstrates that there is no major association between poverty and deprivation and initial leaver destinations and that some schools serving poorer areas are particularly successful in securing a high proportion of initial leaver destinations.
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OYEDEPO, ELIZABETH OMOLOLA. "CORRELATES OF POVERTY STATUS AMONG RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA: AN ASSET INDEX APPROACH." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 16, no. 2 (November 22, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v16i2.1680.
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Examination of the characteristics and causes of poverty is an important input into the design of economic policy and poverty alleviation programmes. This study assessed the poverty status of rural households in Ogun State, using the Asset Index Approach due to shortcomings of the conventional methods in poverty analysis. Relevant data were collected from a total of 260 households using a four-stage sampling procedure. The data were analyzed using principal component and ordered probit regression analyses (OPRA). The results showed that the OPRA, which significantly (χ2 = 135.20, p < 0.01) explained the probability of a household escaping poverty, revealed that the primary occupation of household heads and the educational status of household heads and their wives among others factors significantly affect the likelihood of escaping poverty. The study therefore suggested that the economic situation of rural households can be considerably enhanced by promoting member’s access to qualitative education and also by encouraging household heads who take up farming activities as their primary occupation to participate in credit associations, indigenous savings and micro financing so as to boost their farming. Therefore, rural development policies should be tailored towards developing these facilities.
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Shah, Salyha Zulfiqar Ali, Fatima Farooq, Imran Sharif Chaudhry, and Muhammad Muzammil Asghar. "The Role of Internal and External Migration on Rural Poverty Alleviation In Pakistan: A Case Study of Multan District." Review of Education, Administration & LAW 4, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i2.163.
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Migration has become an important part of the current global economy. People migrate from their homes for different purposes although this study endeavors to estimate the role of internal and external migration on poverty alleviation in rural areas of the Multan district. Binary logistic regression is applied to the data of 170 rural households. Poverty has been measured by the headcount index, poverty gap, and squared poverty gap, estimates show the high incidence of poverty in rural areas of Multan district. The findings reveal that rural to urban migration, foreign remittances, educational attainment of the household head, household head age and livestock population turn out to be discouraging aspects of poverty while physical disability and household size turn out to be encouraging aspects of poverty. To eradicate poverty easiness in internal and external migration should be ensured by the government.
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Purwanto, Jamaludin Abdi, Rustam Abd Rauf, and Lien Damayanti. "ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD POVERTY AT SOI VILLAGE, WEST MARAWOLA DISTRICT, SIGI REGENCY." AGROLAND: The Agricultural Sciences Journal 5, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24077593.2018.v5.i1.10454.
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This research aims at finding out the level of household poverty and analyzing the factors influencing the household poverty. The data were analyzed by using headcount index analysis, poverty gap analysis, distribution revenue analysis, total revenue of household analysis, and regression analysis. The poverty level can be seen from the seriousness of poverty index, namely 1.72 which means the poor household expenses various with the acerage value 1.72. the distribution revenue at Soi village, west Marawola district, Sigi regency showed that the average value of household income in 2017 was 246.000, with the coefficient Gini Ratio 0.22 or in the low inequality category. The results of regression analysis showed that the coefficient of terminated (R2) was 0.472. the total of household income variable gave negative significant influence with the coefficient of elasticity -2.341 (p < 0,05), the number of elasticity 3.325 (p<0.05), the age of head of household variable gave negative variable of land ownership gave positive insignificant influence with the value 0.726 and dummy variable of educational status of household gave positive significant influence with the value 0.633.
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Ogwumike, Fidelis O., and Uche M. Ozughalu. "Analysis of energy poverty and its implications for sustainable development in Nigeria." Environment and Development Economics 21, no. 3 (August 19, 2015): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000236.
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AbstractThis study estimates and analyzes the incidence and determinants of energy poverty in Nigeria based on a simple multidimensional energy poverty index that it constructed. It also highlights the implications of energy poverty for sustainable development in Nigeria. The headcount ratio and the logistic regression technique are used. The study utilizes the Nigeria Living Standard Survey data set of 2004, obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics. The estimates show that energy poverty is pervasive in the country; it afflicts over 75 per cent of the population. The determinants of energy poverty in Nigeria include household size; educational level, gender and age of household head; general poverty; region of residence; and proportion of working members in the household. Efforts should be made to adequately tackle the problem of energy poverty in Nigeria. This is a major way to put the country on the path to rapid and sustainable development.
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Eddy Suryo Saputro, Agung, and Agung Priyo Utomo. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEMISKINAN SECARA MAKRO DI LIMA BELAS PROVINSI TAHUN 2007." Jurnal Organisasi dan Manajemen 6, no. 2 (March 10, 2010): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jom.v6i2.285.2010.
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One factor which influences the success of poverty alleviation program is to determine where the poverty is concentrated. There are 15 provinces that have a value index of poverty depth (P1) higher than the value of P1 Indonesia. This study will describe the characteristics of poverty in 15 provinces; identify key factors affecting poverty at the macro level; and the relationship between each of the major factors in P1. Based on factor analysis obtained there are three main factors that characterize the 15 poor provinces, which are employment, education, and residence. Logistic regression analysis showed the relationship between employment factors and education with the negative P1. Both employment and educational factors have a significant effect on P1. Meanwhile, factor of residence was positively related to P1 but the effect is not significant.
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Odaga, Geoffrey, and Esther Kibuka-Sebitosi. "The fair share dimension of tertiary educational distribution." Progress in Development Studies 21, no. 1 (January 2021): 26–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993420968651.
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This article presents the fair share methodology, a new development approach and perspective for policymaking, for countries struggling to achieve higher returns in higher education. The methodology involves the use of the fair share index as a measure to account for the rising trend of inequality and how its impact on societal well-being and community productivity to rise above poverty can be limited. The approach is innovative as it uses district-level empirical data to calculate the fair share index, the equity index and the equity gap in access to higher education as a development resource across time and space, allowing for inter-district and inter-temporal comparisons in trends of inequality/deprivation and what can be done to limit it. It offers policy makers, in developing countries an effective tool to ensure the benefits of development are more equitably distributed, such that no one is left behind. The methodology incorporates ‘equity’ as a third dimension of resource distribution, placing the discours of fair share in development literature and practice in ways not previously reported.
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Adeoye A, Yusuf S.A., SalmanK. K, 2Adepoju A.O., Adejumo D.R., and Taiwo A.M. "COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF ASSET OWNERSHIP AND POVERTY STATUS OF FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN RURAL NIGERIA." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 07, no. 04 (2022): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2022.5746.
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This study analyzed asset ownership and poverty status of female-headed households (FHH) in rural Nigeria using the 2013 General Household SurveyData collected by National Bureau of Statistic. Descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, Foster, Greer and Thorbeeke and Ordered Probit models at α0.05 were used to analyse data collected from 424 FHH. The results revealed that asset index was highest in South-West Geo-political zone and lowest in NorthCentral. Mean per capita expenditure was N30, 258.6 while the poverty line was N20, 172.4 per annum. However, poverty incidence, depth and severity were higher in the North-Central geopolitical zone than the South-West counterparts. Aggregate asset index, educational status and membership of cooperative society of FHH significantly determined their poverty status. Also, additional aggregate asset for FHH reduced the probability of being core poor by 0.8% and likelihood of moderately poor by 0.9%. Female-headed household being in the North-East, North-West, South-East and South-Southhad theprobability of being poor reduced by 38.8%, 50.2%, 31.0%, 22.4% and 21.4% respectively relative to the North-Central.The study recommends that FHH should be involved in social network and accruing more skills since both are poverty reducing strategies.
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Bersisa, Mekonnen, and Almas Heshmati. "A Distributional Analysis of Uni-and Multidimensional Poverty and Inequalities in Ethiopia." Social Indicators Research 155, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 805–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02606-w.
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AbstractThis study analyzes uni-and multidimensional poverty and inequalities in rural and small towns in Ethiopia. Unlike the unidimensional measure, the multidimensional measure of poverty shows all the channels through which poverty may manifest itself; it also shows the extent of deprivation. The analysis uses 6 dimensions with 14 indicators to construct a multidimensional index of poverty and inequalities using Ethiopian Households’ Socioeconomic Survey dataset. The study also uses multiple correspondence analyses for determining relative weights in computing a multidimensional index and conducts a stochastic dominance analysis of distribution of poverty for different population segments. The paper sheds light on the degree of inequalities in consumption expenditure and multidimensional deprivations. In addition, it also compares the degree of poverty using the conventional measure of poverty and the multidimensional approach. It also examines the determinants of household poverty status using both unidimensional and multidimensional measures using the logit model. The results show that the intensity, severity, and depth of poverty varies substantially across the 2 measures. The unidimensional measure of poverty shows that 36 percent of the households were poor as compared to 46 percent multidimensionally poor households. Moreover, demographic, regional, and household heads’ characteristics also affect households’ poverty status.
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Upev, Samuel, Amurtiya Michael, Shuaibu Mshelia, and Justice Onu. "Poverty and its Alleviating Strategies among Rural Farming Households in Benue State, Nigeria." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 21, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2021.21.2.8.
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The study analysed rural farming households’ poverty status and alleviating strategies in Benue State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to: describes the rural household heads’ socio-economic characteristics; determine the poverty status of the respondents and its determinants; and identify poverty alleviating strategies of the respondents. Data for the study was collected from 420 respondents selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measurement index, and the Binary Logistic regression model. The findings of the study revealed a very high incidence of poverty (70%), having a gap of 0.34, and severity of 0.17. Poverty in the area is positively associated with the age of the household head and household size, while gender, educational level, off-farm activity, membership of a group, farm size, and land ownership are negatively associated with poverty. The common poverty alleviation strategies identified were agricultural wage labour (48.6%), rental services (45.0%), and transportation business (36.7%). Therefore, it was recommended that the government and other stakeholders should initiate sustainable social protection schemes that can assist rural residents in alleviating poverty until their condition improves.
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Gallardo, Mauricio. "Measuring Vulnerability to Multidimensional Poverty." Social Indicators Research 148, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 67–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02192-y.
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Abstract A method to measure vulnerability to multidimensional poverty is proposed under a mean–risk behaviour approach. We extend the unidimensional downside mean–semideviation measurement of vulnerability to poverty towards the multidimensional space by incorporating this approach into Alkire and Foster’s multidimensional counting framework. The new approach is called the vulnerability to multidimensional poverty index (VMPI), alluding to the fact that it can be used to assess vulnerability to poverty measured by the multidimensional poverty index (MPI). The proposed family of vulnerability indicators can be estimated using cross-sectional data and can include both binary and metric welfare indicators. It is flexible enough to be applied for measuring vulnerability in a wide range of MPI designs, including the Global MPI. An empirical application of the VMPI and its related indicators is illustrated using the official MPI of Chile as the reference poverty measurement. The estimates are performed using the National Socioeconomic Characterisation Survey (CASEN) for the year 2017.
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Abdul Rahman, Muhamad Zulfadli, Mohammad Taqiuddin Mohamad, and Muhammad Shamshinor Abdul Azzis. "Indeks Kemiskinan Multidimensi Global: Analisis Menurut Perspektif Maqasid Syariah (Global Multidimensional Povety Index: An Analysis According to Maqasid Syariah Perspectives)." UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/umran2022.9n1.544.
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Poverty is often associated with the issue of lack of income. However, when questions such as "do children get the education they deserve?", "does a family get the right health services?" and "does the community receive the clean water and electricity supply it needs?" cannot be answered well, then it is a sign that poverty still exists from a multidimensional view. This study applies library methods, textual and contextual analysis methods by taking into the five elements of Shariah Maqasid in the context of multidimensional poverty and extracted based on inductive, deductive, and comparative methods. The results of the study show that multidimensional poverty has a direct relationship to Maqasid Syariah. All dimensions of multidimensional poverty such as education, health, and living standards have their importance in preserving the five elements of Maqasid Syariah, namely religion, intellect, soul, lineage, and property. In the education aspect, achievement in this aspect must take into account both types of educational streams, namely fardu ain and fardu kifayah. In the health aspect, emphasis is given to the prevention of disease as well as a balanced diet by taking into the source of treatment and halal supply for both. While in the aspect of living standards, the accumulation of wealth serves as a pillar to build a more prosperous life, providing benefits to human beings, rewards, and favors given by Allah SWT to his servants and is a test in human life. This study is seen to contribute to improving the shortcomings that exist in the existing multidimensional poverty measurement through the application of poverty measurement elements based on the perspective of Maqasid Syariah as an added value in creating a comprehensive multidimensional poverty measurement as discussed by Islam.
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Iqbal, Asim, Anjum Siddiqui, and Maryam Zafar. "A geographically disaggregated analysis of multidimensional poverty in Punjab." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2019-0037.
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PurposeThe study seeks to examine the extent and the causes of multidimensional poverty as opposed to the traditional unidimensional headcount poverty measures to understand the true face of economic deprivation in Punjab, Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachPoverty is measured through the Alkire–Foster index at the geographically disaggregated levels of divisions and districts, and the causes of pervasive poverty are analyzed through a logit model using the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) comprising of 95,238 households in 9 geographical divisions and their 36 districts.FindingsIt was found that poverty in Punjab is associated with larger household size, inadequate wealth, and low levels of educational attainment, and that both matric as well as post-matric education reduced the chances of poverty of household heads by approximately 19 percent. In addition to rural poverty, the study finds evidence of urban poverty across the geographical districts of Punjab. Contrary to common belief that chances of poverty are higher in females, it was found to be more likely in males. However, the statistical significance of gender as a determinant of poverty was not observed in the majority of divisions.Practical implicationsPractical implications were for focused policy interventions in poverty alleviation.Originality/valueThe analysis of determinants of multidimensional poverty at the geographically disaggregated level of divisions is an original contribution.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-01-2019-0037
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Rodgers, J. R. "Does the choice of poverty index matter in practice?" Social Indicators Research 24, no. 3 (May 1991): 233–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00306081.
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NGWAKWE COLLINS, C. "Gender equality and extreme poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa." Demography and social economy, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2020.04.056.
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This article assesses the link between the four pillars of gender equality and extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Accordingly, the objective of the paper is to empirically examine whether the four pillars of gender equality, namely women’s health, women education, political participation of women and economic participation facilitate extreme poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. Data were collected from the World Bank development indicators and World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Index for 25 sub-Saharan African countries whose data appear on both indexes for three years into the SDGs era. Th e paper applied a quantitative approach with secondary data on poverty gap index drawn from the World Economic Forum Poverty Gap Index for sub-Saharan Africa. Data for twenty-fi ve sub-Saharan African countries were analysed using the fi xed-eff ect panel data regression approach using the Hauseman model selection test. Findings from the analysis indicate that, ceteris paribus, an increase in the threegender equity variables namely economic participation of women, education of women and political participation and leadership of women in sub-Saharan Africa has a signifi cant potential to reduce extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa within the sample of study. Since the fi ndings of this study have shown that extreme poverty can be reduced through increased women participation in economic activity, education and leadership, the SDG of poverty alleviation can be improved in sub-Saharan Africa through better government provision of economic, educational and leadership opportunities for women such as providing women with free-interest small business start-up funds, free education for women and supporting women to ascend and survive in political and leadership positions in sub-Saharan Africa through a balanced quota for female leadership positions. Given that the women’s health variable did not prove to be signifi cant on extreme poverty, further research is recommended to separate the health variable into rural health and urban health variables in order to examine the possibility that either of the health clusters might contribute signifi cantly to reducing extreme poverty. Th is paper contributes to existing literature by providing an empirical evidence to show that gender equality in sub-Saharan Africa is a viable policy strategy for achieving the SDGs 2030 Agenda of extreme poverty eradication in sub-Saharan Africa; the paper also provides empirical model for future study.
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Shakeel, Muhammad, and Azmat Hayat. "Impact of Economic Reforms on Social Sector of Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis." Review of Economics and Development Studies 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v6i2.210.
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This study evaluates the impact of economic reforms on the social sector of Pakistan by constructing the index of economic reforms of the key sectors of the economy for the period 1971 to 2015 using ARDL. For analysis purpose two separate models have been estimated for poverty and income inequality. The results of the study reveal that economic reforms impact poverty and income inequality negatively and significantly. The negative relationship of economic reforms show that economic reforms are helpful for improving the social sector of Pakistan. Moreover, both the models also show convergence from short run to long run period. The foreign direct investment exerts positive impact on poverty and gross fixed capital has positive impact on both poverty and income inequality. The relationship between population growth and income inequality is positive and significant. Moreover, age dependency ratio and life expectancy reduces both inequality and poverty respectively in the long run. The role of crime appears to be insignificant in case of income inequality. The study suggests that government of Pakistan should formulate and implement pro poor policies and introduce reforms for providing health and educational facilitates. Furthermore, the introduction food subsidy to the poor will also be helpful in reducing the intensity of poverty and inequality in Pakistan.
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Subramanian, Sreenivasan. "On a ‘Level-Sensitive’ Headcount Ratio: Revisiting Shorrocks’ Poverty Index." Social Indicators Research 88, no. 3 (November 6, 2007): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9215-2.
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Asyatun, Irma. "REGIONAL AND ACCESSIBILITY ANALYSIS OF THE BANKING SYSTEM AND THEIR IMPACTS TOWARD REGIONAL FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN INDONESIA." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 4, no. 2 (February 9, 2019): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v4i2.1015.
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Financial inclusion has been widely discussed in the global level. The increasedengagement in discussion of financial inclusion is inseparable from the implementationof policy priorities which are seemingly leaning towards improving financial inclusionto tackle poverty and growing inequality in a country. This article seeks to identifywhether regional variables (income level, educational level, income inequality,population size and banking accessibility) are significant on influencing financialinclusion in Indonesia. This study proxied financial inclusion level by measuring thefinancial inclusion index using the method developed by Sarma in 2012. The researchis conducted for 3 years, between 2012-2015. Employing the panel data estimationmethod, the results indicate that income level, educational level, and bankingaccessibility possess significant impact on financial inclusion in regional Indonesia.Keywords: Financial Inclusion; Financial Inclusion Index; Banking Accessibility.JEL Classifications: G10; G20; G21.
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Emeka Eze and Justin.C. Alugbuo. "Financial inclusion and poverty reduction in Nigeria: A survey-based analysis." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 075–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2021.7.3.0127.
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Financial inclusion's impact on poverty and economic development has remained a focus of researchers and policymakers for years, owing to its function in facilitating access to financial services, which act as a stimulus for general economic growth and development. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of financial inclusion on poverty reduction in Nigeria. We estimated two models using data from the World Bank's 2017 Global Findex survey for Nigeria: a Logit model and an Instrumental variable model. The dependent variable was a dummy variable labeled "poor," which was set to 1 if the individual's "within economy income quintile" was in the bottom 40%, and 0 otherwise. The explanatory variables include, financial inclusion index constructed by the author, age of respondents, educational level of respondents, gender, employment status, wage, government transfers, pension, savings, and self-employment. The study established that financial inclusion reduces household poverty in Nigeria even after controlling for endogeneity in the explanatory variables.
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Aminu, Raheem Olatunji, Wei Si, Shakirat Bolatito Ibrahim, Aisha Olushola Arowolo, and Adefunke Fadilat O. Ayinde. "Impact of socio and demographic factors on multidimensional poverty profile of smallholder arable crop farmers – evidence from Nigeria." International Journal of Social Economics 49, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2020-0834.
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PurposeThis paper evaluates the impact of socio and demographic factors on the multidimensional poverty of smallholder arable crop farming households in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachData were drawn from the second wave of the LSMS-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture General Household Survey Panel 2012/2013. The methods adopted in analysing the data were descriptive statistics, Alkire and Foster Method (AFM) and logit regression model.FindingsThe result shows that 84.34% of the households were headed by a male while 80.26% of the respondents were married with a mean household size of seven persons. The multidimensional poverty of arable crop farm households in Nigeria is 0.60, while the adjusted headcount ratio (MPI) is 0.27, with an average intensity of 0.45. We found that deprivation in the dimension of living standard accounted for 45.5% of the overall multidimensional poverty index (MPI). The result of the logistic regression indicates that household location, gender, household size and non-farm income are negatively correlated to poverty. The factors that increase poverty among households are the age of the household head and access to extension services.Originality/valueThe study presents an alternative means of assessing poverty among smallholder arable crop farming households in Nigeria. This study recommends that policymakers should focus more on improving the living standard of arable crop farming households to reduce poverty in rural areas. Similarly, concerted efforts should be made towards providing adequate health care and improved sanitation, supply of electricity and educational training that goes beyond primary education for farming household members.
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Amado Cornejo, Nathalie, and Consuelo Luna-Muñoz. "Association between educational level and knowledge on transmission of hiv/aids in adolescent women in Peru-ENDES 2019." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana 21, no. 4 (September 23, 2021): 804–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25176/rfmh.v21i4.4266.
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Introduction: Knowledge about the transmission of HIV in adolescent women is important due to the great risk of contracting said infection. Objective: To determine the association between the educational level and knowledge about the transmission of HIV in female adolescents according to the ENDES year 2019. Methods: Quantitative, observational, retrospective, cross-sectional and analytical study based on the public availability data of the ENDES 2019. Results: Of the 4 668 women in the age range of 15 to 19 years. 30.6% had adequate knowledge about HIV and 69.4% had inadequate knowledge. No association was found between educational level and level of knowledge about HIV transmission. In the multivariate analysis, regarding the wealth index, being non-poor compared to being in extreme poverty has a positive influence on adequate knowledge about HIV (OR: 1.25 95% CI: 1.14–1.38). Conclusion: Knowledge about HIV transmission in adolescent women in Peru is not adequate, no association was found between educational level and knowledge about HIV transmission, nor with place of residence; but if an association was found with the wealth index.
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Ashraf Toor, Imran. "Child Labor’s Link with Literacy and Poverty in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2005.v10.i1.a2.
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In developing countries, children have long been largely ignored in public policy-making and the development of program strategies for improving their welfare. The complex issue of child labor is a developmental issue worth investigating. The notion that children are being exploited and forced into labor, while not receiving education crucial to development, concerns many people. This study focuses on child labor in Pakistan with two main objectives. We first estimate the prevalence of child labor in the 100 districts of Pakistan and then examine the hypothesis that child labor is significantly higher in districts that have a higher incidence of poverty and lower level of educational attainment. The results show that child labor has a negative relationship with the literacy rate both 10-14 year age and 15 years and above. There is a negative but insignificant relationship with per capita income and Deprivation Index in the case of male child labor. The study proved that literacy rate and per capita income has influenced negatively on female child labor.
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Pickett, Kate E., and Richard G. Wilkinson. "Child wellbeing and income inequality in rich societies: ecological cross sectional study." BMJ 335, no. 7629 (November 16, 2007): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39377.580162.55.
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Objectives To examine associations between child wellbeing and material living standards (average income), the scale of differentiation in social status (income inequality), and social exclusion (children in relative poverty) in rich developed societies. Design Ecological, cross sectional studies. Setting Cross national comparisons of 23 rich countries; cross state comparisons within the United States. Population Children and young people. Main outcome measures The Unicef index of child wellbeing and its components for rich countries; eight comparable measures for the US states and District of Columbia (teenage births, juvenile homicides, infant mortality, low birth weight, educational performance, dropping out of high school, overweight, mental health problems). Results The overall index of child wellbeing was negatively correlated with income inequality ( r =−0.64, P=0.001) and percentage of children in relative poverty ( r =−0.67, P=0.001) but not with average income ( r =0.15, P=0.50). Many more indicators of child wellbeing were associated with income inequality or children in relative poverty, or both, than with average incomes. Among the US states and District of Columbia all indicators were significantly worse in more unequal states. Only teenage birth rates and the proportion of children dropping out of high school were lower in richer states. Conclusions Improvements in child wellbeing in rich societies may depend more on reductions in inequality than on further economic growth.
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Adamyk, Viktoriia. "Socio-economic inequality in the national and global spotlight: a contemporary view on the issue." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 1(91) (January 1, 2019): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2019.01.102.
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The article discusses the main aspects and forms of socio-economic inequality in today’s world, such as: wealth and income inequality, gender inequality, life-level and life-quality gaps between rural and urban people and workers from various branches of the national economy, educational inequality and poverty, inequality on the labour market, wealth inequality by age, digital inequality and stratification. It is emphasized that socio-economic inequality and polarization in any economic system, both national and global ones, occur due to objective factors and have positive (stimulating) effects. Clearly, it is not proper to measure inequality only by using traditional indicators, namely, GDP per capita, Gini coefficient, Kaitz index, etc., because they do not make it possible to reveal all the forms and threats under the conditions of current political and geo-economic transformations. The integral indices have been characterized through which socio-economic gaps can be assessed for qualitative parameters, including the Social Progress Index, the Quality of Life Index, and the Inclusive Development Index as the most complete and suitable tool for identifying inequalities at the national and global levels. The author has established the fact that wealth and income inequality is an essential but not the only aspect of inequality in today’s world, and that all forms of inequality are linked by cause-and-effect relationships. The research paper provides a partial comparison and an analysis of the current state in Ukraine (by forms of inequality). It is pointed out that in recent years the issues of educational inequality and digital stratification have been among the main threats for the future socio-economic development. Overcoming the challenges will be possible through national and international poverty alleviation policies, aimed at increasing the inclusive development of the world’s economies and leveling the activities of extractive institutions.
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Ahmed, Huda. "Inequality of Opportunity for Education in Sudan: Results from Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey, 2014." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 341–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.71.7668.
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Inequality of opportunity (IoP) in education is widely addressed in the literature, with few, if any, in Sudan. This paper aims to measure IoP for educational attainment and school attendance in Sudan, using data collected by Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (2014). Circumstance variables used were gender, household wealth, residential areas, head of household education, and region of residence. The study used ordered logistic and dissimilarity index to assess the ex-ante IoP and used the Human Opportunity Index for school attendance. The findings show that circumstance variables were responsible for more than half of the inequality. Household wealth accounted for the largest share, followed by the household head's education level, then residential areas. The total coverage of school attendance was 51.3%, and about 14% of the chances were distributed unequally. The study recommended effective policies based on spatial redistribution of educational resources like teachers, books, schools, and to implement more comprehensive plans that integrate poverty reduction strategies.
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Gunawan, David, William Griffiths, and Duangkamon Chotikapanich. "Inequality in Education: A Comparison of Australian Indigenous and Nonindigenous Populations." Statistics, Politics and Policy 13, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spp-2021-0026.
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Abstract Data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey is used to estimate distributions for the level of educational attainment for Australian indigenous and nonindigenous populations for the years 2001, 2006, 2014 and 2017. Bayesian inference is used to analyse how these ordinal categorical distributions have changed over time and to compare indigenous and nonindigenous distributions. Both the level of educational attainment and inequality in educational attainment are considered. To compare changes in levels over time, as well as inequality between the two populations, first order stochastic dominance and an index of educational poverty are used. To examine changes in inequality over time, two inequality indices and generalised Lorenz dominance are considered. Results are presented in terms of posterior densities for the indices and posterior probabilities for dominance for the dominance comparisons. We find some evidence of improvement over time, especially in the lower parts of the indigenous distribution and that inequality has significantly increased from 2001 to 2017.
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Sánchez-García, Juan-Francisco, María-del-Carmen Sánchez-Antón, Rosa Badillo-Amador, María-del-Carmen Marco-Gil, Juan-Vicente LLinares-Ciscar, and Susana Álvarez-Díez. "A New Extension of Bourguignon and Chakravarty Index to Measure Educational Poverty and Its Application to the OECD Countries." Social Indicators Research 145, no. 2 (April 13, 2019): 479–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02115-x.
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Nuzhath, Tasmiah, Peter J. Hotez, Ashish Damania, P. Shuling Liu, and Brian Colwell. "Creation of a Global Vaccine Risk Index." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 24, 2022): e0272784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272784.
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The World Health Organization has identified vaccine hesitancy as one of its top ten global health threats for 2019. Efforts are underway to define the factors responsible for reductions in vaccine confidence. However, as global measles cases accelerated beginning in 2018, it became evident that additional factors were promoting measles re-emergence, including war, political and socio-economic collapse, shifting poverty, and vulnerability to weather events and climate change. Accordingly, we propose a Global Vaccine Risk Index (VRI) to consider these variables as a more comprehensive means to identify vulnerable nations where we might expect measles and other vaccine-preventable diseases to emerge or re-emerge. In Sub-Saharan African and Middle Eastern nations, conflict and political instability predominated as the basis for high vaccine risk scores, whereas in Southeast Asian countries, the major reasons included climate variability, current levels of measles vaccination coverage, and economic and educational disparities. In Europe, low vaccine confidence and refugee movements predominated, while in the Americas, economic disparities and vaccine confidence were important. The VRI may serve as a useful indicator and predictor for international agencies committed to childhood immunizations and might find relevance for accelerating future COVID19 vaccination programs.
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Deyshappriya, N. P. Ravindra, and Simon Feeny. "Weighting the Dimensions of the Multidimensional Poverty Index: Findings from Sri Lanka." Social Indicators Research 156, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02656-0.
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Surat, Shabi O., Modesta Chinyere Ofodile, Anu Keshiro Toriola, Adekule Olugbanga Adelaja, and Lateef Salami. "Educational Attainment and Household Standard of Living in Nigeria." Indonesian Journal of Contemporary Education 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33122/ijoce.v4i1.28.
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In developing countries and Nigeria in particular more and more educated people are wallowing in poverty due to diminishing standards of living. Despite the launch and re-launch of the universal Basic Education scheme by successive government in Nigeria since 1999, inequalities relatively to standards of living chances have remained little altered. This study makes use of annual time series data sourced from the world bank development index (WDI) covering the period of 1981 to 2017. Jarque-Bera Normality test, Unit root test, test for multicorrelation, cointegration test were used for the pre-test while the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) approach was used for the estimation. The result shows that educational attainment (=0.029, t = 7.986, p 0.05) and formal education complementary skills ( = 0.00001, t = 3.752, p 0.05) exert a significant positive effect on household standard of living in Nigeria. Income redistribution ( =-0.019, t = -2.112, p 0.05) does not show any effect on household standard of living in Nigeria. The study submitted that educational attainment and formal education complementary skills contribute positively to household standard of living. The need to create job for secondary school leavers some of whom may not be interested in further education to enhance the secondary school return to education was recommended.
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Aderemi, Timothy Ayomitunde, Samson Olowo, Bukonla Grace Osisanwo, and Olufemi Samuel Omoyele. "Reinvestigating Foreign Direct Investment and Poverty Nexus: any Difference with the Nigerian Human Development?" Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges 2021, no. 3 (2021): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51865/eitc.2021.03.02.
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This study examined the relationship between FDI inflows and poverty reduction vis-à-vis Human Development Index in which majority of past studies have not fully explored in Nigeria. Data were extracted from secondary sources with application of ARDL and Bounds test technique. The major findings that came up in this study are as follows; FDI net inflows had an insignificant negative relationship with GDP per capita that measures welfare of the people in terms of the socio-economic benefits in Nigeria. Similarly, net FDI inflows had a negative but insignificant relationship with literacy rate, which measures welfare of the people in terms of educational attainment. Whereas, net FDI inflows had an insignificant positive relationship with life expectancy which measures welfare of the people in terms of health. Consequently, steaming from the principal findings that emerged in this work, the following recommendations are therefore made for the policy makers in Nigeria. When the Nigerian policy makers want to address poverty holistically in the country, the human development variables should be targeted. Also, policy measures that would stimulate FDI inflows into the country should be encouraged, and FDI inflows in the country should be utilized maximally in order to bring poverty reduction in the country in the short run.
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A. Bastida, Christy, Gladys E. Tunan, and Ariel E. San Jose. "Do Parents’ Socio-demographic Profiles Link with the Body Mass Index of Children Five-Year-Old and Below?" Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies 39, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2023/v39i4852.
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Aims: To investigate the socio-demographic profiles, nutritional status, and the significant relationship between the two variables.
Study Design: A descriptive-correlation.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Malita, Davao Occidental, Philippines, during the first quarter of 2022.
Methodology: The study used stratified random sampling in choosing the 187 parents/guardians respondents from 24 sitios/streets. To obtain the pertinent data, the researchers adapted the Philippine National Nutrition Council [1] questionnaire and used the anthropmetric measures using the Electronic Operation Timbang Tools. Moreover, ethical considerations were observed in the conduct of the study.
Results: Most of the respondents had 49-59 months old children males. The majority had 3-4 children, were high school level and earned below the poverty line. Most children were average in weight for age and height for age ratios. However, Body Mass Index (BMI) revealed that most children were underweight. It also showed that children's BMI, parents' educational attainment, and monthly income were not significantly associated. The results proved that children's nutrition depends not on parents' educational attainment and economic status but on several other factors.
Conclusion: Common belief that parents’ economic status and educational attainment are link with their children's malnutrition. The results of the study prove the assumption to be non-sequitur. Children's health depends significantly on parents' understanding of good nutrition.
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Meisel-Roca, Adolfo, and Diana Ricciulli-Marín. "La pobreza en Santa Marta: los estragos del bien." Economía & Región 12, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 43–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32397/er.v12i2.199.
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En 1985, el indicador de pobreza por Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI) posicionó a Santa Marta como la ciudad con menor pobreza entre las ocho capitales de la Región Caribe. Dos décadas más tarde, en 2005, Santa Marta empeoró su desempeño relativo, alcanzando un nbi superior al de otras capitales de la región como Barranquilla y Cartagena. Este documento tiene tres objetivos principales: primero, realizar una caracterización espacial de la pobreza en Santa Marta; segundo, investigar las razones del rezago relativo en reducción de pobreza; y tercero, proponer una serie de inversiones para superar dicho rezago. El análisis encuentra que el retroceso se debe en buena parte a la llegada masiva de desplazados que se inició en la década de 1990. Por su parte, los mapas muestran la aparición de cinturones de miseria en las faldas de los cerros aledaños y en algunas zonas del perímetro urbano, donde la pobreza coincide con la informalidad y el bajo logro educativo. Estos y otros resultados revelan prioridades de inversión en cuatro sectores: educación, vivienda, acueducto y alcantarillado, y empleo.
In 1985, Santa Marta was the city with the lowest level of structural poverty in the Colombian Caribbean region according to the index of Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN). Two decades later, in 2005, Santa Marta worsened its relative performance, with an index of ubn greater than other cities of the region such as Cartagena and Barranquilla. This paper has three purposes. First, to characterize poverty and its spatial dimension in Santa Marta. Second, to understand the causes of the lag in poverty reduction. And third, to propose a set of investments to overcome this lag. Our analysis shows that one of the main factors associatedwith increased poverty in the city was the massive arrival of displaced people, starting in the 1990’s. The maps, meanwhile, show the appearance of misery belts in the surrounding foothills and in some areas inside the urban perimeter, where poverty is correlated with informality and low educational attainment. These and other results point to investment priorities in four sectors: education, housing, water and sewage, and employment.
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Hails, Katherine A., and Daniel S. Shaw. "Associations Between Boys’ Early Childhood Exposure to Family and Neighborhood Poverty and Body Mass Index in Early Adolescence." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 44, no. 9 (June 24, 2019): 1009–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsz047.
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Abstract Objective To test relations between exposure to poverty, in the forms of family income and neighborhood deprivation, during three developmental stages, and children’s body mass index (BMI) in early adolescence. Methods Data came from a longitudinal sample of racially diverse, urban, low-income boys. Interactions between family income to needs and census-derived neighborhood deprivation at three developmental stages—early childhood (18 and 24 months), preschool-to-school entry (3.5 and 6 years), and school-age (8 and 10 years)—were tested in relation to BMI at age 11. Results There was a significant interaction whereby higher income predicted lower BMI only in the context of low levels of neighborhood deprivation in early childhood. In high-deprivation neighborhoods, higher income was associated with risk for overweight/obesity in early adolescence. This pattern was found to be specific to income and neighborhood deprivation measured in early childhood. Conclusions Findings have implications for policy relevant to obesity prevention. More research on associations between early exposure to poverty and later risk for obesity on low-income samples is warranted, as the relationship is likely complex and influenced by many different factors, including the family and neighborhood food environments and child health behaviors.
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Tsega, Gebeyehu, Gebremariam Getaneh, and Getasew Taddesse. "Are Ethiopian diabetic patients protected from financial hardship?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): e0245839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245839.
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Background Globally, diabetes mellitus exerts an economic burden on patients and their families. However, the economic burden of diabetes mellitus and its associated factors were not well studied in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the economic burden of diabetes mellitus and its associated factors among diabetic patients in public hospitals of Bahir Dar city administration, Ethiopia. Methods Across sectional study was conducted on 422 diabetic patients. The patients were selected by simple random sampling method. The prevalence-based model was used to estimate the costs on patients’ perspective. Bottom up and human capital approaches were used to estimate the direct and indirect costs of the patients respectively. Wealth index was constructed using principal component analysis by SPSS. Forty percent of nonfood threshold level was used to measure catastrophic diabetic care expenditure of diabetic patients. Whereas, the World Bank poverty line (the $1.90-a-day poverty line) was used to measure impoverishment of patients due to expenses of diabetes mellitus care. Data were entered by Epi data version 3.1and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used. Results Four hundred one respondents were interviewed with response rate of 95%. We found that 239 (59.6%) diabetic patients incurred catastrophic diabetic care expenditure at 40% nonfood threshold level. Whereas, 20 (5%) diabetic patients were impoverished by diabetic care spending at the $1.90-a-day poverty line. Educational status of respondent, educational status of the head of household, occupation and wealth status were statistically associated with the catastrophic diabetic care expenditure. Conclusions The study revealed that the economic burden of diabetic care is very disastrous among the less privileged populations: the less educated, the poorest and unemployed. Therefore, all concerned stakeholders should design ways that can reduce the financial hardship of diabetic care among diabetic patients.
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Yassine, Abderrahman, and Fatima Bakass. "Youth’s Poverty and Inequality of Opportunities: Empirical Evidence from Morocco." Social Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12010028.
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Youth is an important and critical transition stage towards adulthood, during which time individuals are supposed to prepare in the best possible conditions for adulthood. Moroccan youth are facing unequal opportunities to develop because of the circumstances of their household background and childhood deprivation. This paper measures the level of poverty and the equality of opportunities among Moroccan youth aged 18–29 years utilizing the Human Opportunity Index (HOI). It analyzes poverty from a multidimensional perspective. The findings demonstrate that younger youth are at substantially higher risk of poverty than older young. Poor youth have low educational attainments. The unemployment rate for the non-poor youth is lower than for the poor. Unemployment rates continue to be high for secondary and university graduates, particularly for the poor. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that education deprivation followed by healthcare deprivation is the most prevalent severe deprivation among youth. The results from both the logit regression and the descriptive analyses show that youths of illiterate parents are more likely to have poorer health, drop out of school themselves, and work rather than attend school. Youth in rural areas are least likely to have the opportunity to complete secondary and university education as well as to attend school/university than those in urban areas. Moreover, the decomposition of the total difference of HOI between urban and rural areas into access and equality of opportunities indicates that the differences are mainly due to the coverage effect.
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Crosta, Facundo Luis. "Disparities in Access to Educational Media and Child Labor." education policy analysis archives 15 (March 19, 2007): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v15n6.2007.
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This paper presents an innovative way of analyzing the effects of child labor on the access to the educational system. The results show that an integrated analysis of achievement in the educational system allows for a more precise identification of the heterogeneities involved in access to such system. To this end, an index of orderly categories is built, allowing us to show some of the different ways that the relation of individuals with the system can take. The analysis is based on microdata withdrawn from the ECV 2001 for Argentina. It is shown that child work is a significant variable to explain why some individuals are not at grade level corresponding to their age. What?s more, the interactions between occupation and age, gender, and poverty reveal that this effect increases for males 15 years or older and poor. It is shown that observable individual characteristics such as age and sex are the ones that establish differences in access to the educational system, thus becoming relevant instruments for public policy. Besides, this result suggests that policy that allots the same amount of money to all secondary school students without considering age and gender does not seem to be the best answer to solve the problem of academic achievement at this level. A more in-depth study is necessary to be able to evaluate the simultaneity of decisions about work and study and their relationship with the availability of financial resources at home.
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ALABUJA, Funso, Luka ANTHONY, and Elizabeth EBUKİBA. "Socio-economics characteristics, income inequality, and poverty status of female headed cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) farming households in federal capital territory, Nigeria." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences 7, no. 1 (March 25, 2023): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.1.4.
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The study evaluated the socio-economic characteristics, income inequality and poverty status of female headed cassava farming households in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Primary data were used for the study. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a total sample size of three hundred and three (303) households from the two area councils. The data were analyze using descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty index, Gini coefficients, Probit model analysis, and principal components analysis (Factor Analysis). From the results about 59.73% of the female headed cassava farming households were less than 50 years old. 31.35% of the female headed cassava farming household were married. The mean household size was about12.00 persons. The mean annual income was 374, 868 Naira. About 56.77% of the female headed cassava farming household were poor given a poverty line N9, 009.37. In addition, 76% of female headed cassava farming households fell into annual income of below N500, 000 and they control 40% of the market share. The Gini coefficient was calculated to be 0.62. Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLE) of the Probit Model shows that the coefficients of marital status (P<0.01), educational level (P<0.05), household size (P<0.01), income (P<0.1), and sources of livelihood (P<0.1) were the statistically and significant factors influencing poverty status among the female headed farming households in the study area. The results of the multinomial Logit model analysis show that the factors that statistically and significantly influencing the income inequality of female headed farming households in the study area, were coefficient of marital status (P<0.05), educational level (P<0.10), access to credit(P<0.05), and sources of livelihood (P<0.05) for low income earners. Educational level (P<0.01), access to credit (P<0.10) and farm size (P<0.01), were statistically and significant factors influencing income inequality or income distribution among high income earners among female headed farming households. Trading enterprise, cassava flour/garri processing, and palm/ groundnut oil pressing were major coping strategies employed by the female headed households to against poverty and income inequality. Based on the findings it was concluded that there was high income gap or income inequality among female headed farming households and they were poor. It was recommended that policies that will help create more credit access/programs in terms of loan at low interest rates for women should be implemented at all tiers of government to help mitigate and reduce the poverty among female headed household. Women should also be encouraged to diversify their sources of livelihood this will help them to have a relative equality or balance in their income levels all year round. Facilities should be made accessible to farmers, provision of rice processing equipment should be made available, more effort to empower women should be designed, contract farming and marketing should be encouraged, and information dissemination via communication devices for increased market participation and increased value sold among rice farmers should be a priority to eradicate poverty and improve livelihood.
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UG, Anyanwu, Osuji EE, Nwaiwu IUO, Tim-Ashama AC, Ibekwe CC, Osuala MO, Eze EU, and Praise CN. "Effects of Demographic Factors on Population Dynamics in Imo State, Nigeria; Implications for Farm Labor Availability and Supply." Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 9, no. 1 (March 11, 2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/aesr.v9i1.3768.
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The study assessed the effects of demographic factors on population dynamics in Imo State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used select 60 respondents. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the ordinary least square regression technique. Results showed that the area was dominated by female farmers 56.7%, and are married 66.7%. Most of the farming lands used was inherited, with more of hired laborers 76.7% used due to rural-urban drift. Results also showed that over 70% of the people migrated from rural to urban communities. Result further showed that age, gender, educational status, income level and poverty index were important and significant factors affecting population dynamics (expressed as index of rural–urban migration). The study recommended the crop farmers to join cooperative societies to raise funds to support large-scale production while the government is to provide basic rural infrastructures to checkmate rural-urban drift in the area.
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Honcharenko, O. G. "SOCIAL SECURITY AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS STRUCTURE." Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Education. Social and Behavioural Sciences 2022, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjeducation.2022.01.081.
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Relevance of the topic. Transformation of the national economy is impossible without a strategy of the state regulation of social processes, which will implement a model of socially oriented market economy based on free competition and social justice and social guarantees that can ensure a decent standard of living. Social security is determined by the state of social interests protection and needs of an individual, society, by complying with social standards related to overcoming poverty and the formation of the middle class; standards of human development, in particular life expectancy and education; living standards and increasing the purchasing power of the population, etc. Purpose setting is in studying the structural indicators of social security and assessing the systemic threats to national security. Presentation of the main material. The assessment of social structure standards related to overcoming poverty and the formation of the middle class shows that about 90% of Ukrainians may face poverty and extreme economic vulnerability if the war drags on for a year. This can lead to the situation when nearly 90% of people will be either at risk of poverty or at high risk of it. The poverty line is defined by people living with $ 5.5 a day. The criteria of identification of the middle class in Ukraine include such characteristics as: a quality education and creative nature of socially useful work; work in the specialty, development of professional competencies and creative abilities, competitiveness in the labor market, healthy living and others. According to the Human Development Index, the assessment of Ukrainian people potential growing is on the 53rd place in ranking. It is found out that in spite of great educational potential Ukraine doesn’t achieve it completely, as nearly half of the graduates don’t work in their speciality. The reason is in different understanding of the educational aim by stakeholders (the state, parents, youth and employers). It is defined that the assessment of living standards and increasing purchasing power of the population decreased by 30%, despite the fact that the average monthly salary in Ukraine increased from 118 in the 90s to $ 500 in 2021. Therefore, the criterion of purchasing power is not the amount of money, which the employee receives, but the material benefits he can buy for his salary. Conclusions. Social security is determined by the degree of protection of the social interests and social needs of the individual, society, state from the impact of internal and external threats. Key words: social security, human capital, poverty, middle class, purchasing power.
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Samoilovych, Anastasiia, Olha Popelo, Iryna Kychko, Oleksandr Samoilovych, and Іvan Olyfirenko. "Management Of Human Capital Development In The Era Of The Digital Economy." Journal of Intelligent Management Decision 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56578/jimd010107.
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The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of managing the development of human capital in the conditions of digitalization. In the course of the study, the method of measuring the human potential index, developed by the UN - the Human Development Index, including taking into account socio-economic inequality, the Gender Inequality Index and the multidimensional poverty index, was applied as basic indicators that reflect the level of development of human capital, which is especially important in the conditions of digitalization of society. The article discusses the concept of human potential, its components, methods of determination. The dynamics of changes in the human development index of Ukraine and its components during 1990-2020 were analyzed. A comparative analysis of the values of the human development index, the human development index taking into account socio-economic inequality, the gender inequality index of Ukraine and other countries was carried out. The importance of the development of human potential in the context of the development of the information society and the digital economy is proven, the specifics of working conditions, requirements for the workforce are given. The factors affecting the development of human potential in the conditions of the digital economy are considered, and ways of solving the identified problems are proposed like creating conditions for development of the population, to ensure a positive balance of reproduction of the population and migration, development of social infrastructure, access of the population to quality medical, educational, and social services, etc.
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Mohammad, Dahiru Sale, and Sarimah Ismail. "Comparative Analysis Between Nigeria and Malaysia Education Policies and Employability Skills in Tvet Curriculum." Open Journal of Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (October 19, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/ojst.v2i2.912.
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Nigeria and Malaysia have almost similar historical background; both had sultan as spiritual and government leader in their major areas, colonized by British and got independence in 1960 and 1957 respectively. Presently, Malaysia has recorded human development increments from 1980 to date and aspire to be a developed country in 2020. While Nigeria has recorded poverty increments from 1980 to date and it may likely be among underdeveloped countries in 2020. The purpose of this study was to make judgments about Technical and Vocational Education and training (TVET) systems of Malaysia and Nigeria. The idea was to see what makes Malaysian system successful and how Nigeria addressed its TVET problems. The methodology employed in this paper was analytical method of study that involved evaluation based on critical reading and review of materials which include Nigeria and Malaysia education philosophies, policies, TVET curriculums, employability skills, Malaysian Human Development Index and Nigeria’s Poverty Incidence. Findings revealed that education philosophy and education policy of Malaysia is intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced based on firm belief and devotion to God while Nigerian education philosophy and policy are limited to intellectual and physical development. Malaysia TVET curriculum is equipped with employability skills including core skills, generic skills and personal attributes which are likely contributed to Malaysian human development and full employment of TVET graduates. Malaysia has recorded increments in human and economic developments from 1980 to date while Nigeria TVET curriculum has not been integrated with employability skills which are likely contributed to Nigeria’s poverty incidence and high Nigerian unemployment rate across all educational levels including TVET graduates at both secondary and tertiary levels. Nigeria has recorded steady increase of poverty incidence from 1980 to date.
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Osondu, C. K. "Analysis of entrepreneurial behaviour of women farmers in Abia State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 15, no. 2 (May 22, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v15i2.1.
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This study analysed entrepreneurial behaviour of women farmers in Abia state, Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling method was used to select 120 women farmers from whom data were collected using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, entrepreneurial behaviour index and ordinary least square (OLS) regression technique were used to analyse data. Results showed that mean age, household size, farming experience and farm size of the women farmers were 44 years, 6 persons, 16 years and 0.6 hectares respectively. Mean entrepreneurial behaviour index of the women farmers was 44.34. The OLS regression result with double-log as lead equation posted an R2 value of 0.6392 and revealed that age, educational level, extension contact, farm income, membership to cooperative society and profit motive were significant determinants of entrepreneurial behaviour of women farmers. Majority of the women farmers had high input cost, difficulty in getting loan, land procurement issues and lack of requisite support from research institutions as constraints to their entrepreneurial engagements. The study recommends that state and local governments should make policies and establish programmes that will promote entrepreneurial skills of women farmers, curb unemployment and alleviate poverty among women.
Keywords: Behaviour index, entrepreneurial behaviour, entrepreneurship, women farmers
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Booth, Anne. "Living standards in the past: new perspectives on well-being in Asia and Europe By Robert C. Allen, Tommy Bengtsson and Martin Dribe, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xxii + 472. ISBN 0-19-928068-1." Journal of Global History 1, no. 2 (July 2006): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022806000179.
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We live in an age of increasingly abundant statistical information. The advent of more large data sets obtained from household surveys, as well as from population censuses, labour force surveys, economic censuses and so on, has facilitated reasonably accurate estimates of income and expenditures for households in many parts of the world. These estimates can in turn be used to estimate a number of distributional indicators, as well as estimates of relative and absolute poverty. In addition better census coverage has permitted estimates of infant and child mortality rates, life expectancies, literacy rates and indicators of educational attainment. Such data have in turn been used to estimate composite indicators of wellbeing such as the Human Development Index, not just for entire countries but often for regions within countries as well.
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Mundetia, Nitika, Devesh Sharma, Swatantra Kumar Dubey, and Madhu Priya. "Development and Poverty Assessment Using an Alternate Non-compensatory Composite Index of Rajasthan State in India." Social Indicators Research 140, no. 1 (September 15, 2017): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1751-9.
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Okviyanto, Choirul, and Wildan Syafitri. "Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as sources of social capital: A study of Indonesia." Journal of Socioeconomics and Development 4, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v4i2.2570.
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Over a decade, the development in Indonesia has achieved a good performance in macroeconomic indicators: stability in the economic growth and declining trend of poverty rate; however, this development tends to ignore the social phenomena in terms of social capital, in which the social capital index decreases dramatically during the past ten years. This paper aims to examine the sources of social capital in Indonesia. Consequently, the policymakers obtain some information to improve the social capital index in Indonesia. The present study utilizes the Indonesian Happiness Measurement Study (SPTK) 2017 covering 72,317 households around Indonesia and involves trust and tolerance, collective action, and group and network dimensions as a proxy of social capital. This study employs Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) analysis and finds that education is essential in predicting social capital. Besides, this study confirms that gender and location significantly affect social capital, where males and rural residents are likely to have higher social capital than females and urban residents in Indonesia. Eventually, based on research findings, this study offers some policy implementation for enhancing the social capital index in Indonesia: expanding the free educational program, encouraging women's participation in the community, and continue the village funds program.JEL Classification: B55; I25; O10
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Lukina, Antonida K. "The developing potential of the educational environment of rural schools in the Krasnoyarsk region." Pedagogy Of Rural School 2, no. 8 (2021): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2686-8652-2021-2-8-76-91.
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The article discusses the results of the sociological research of the educational environment of schools in the Krasnoyarsk region and its impact on the development of the student's personality The theoretical basis of the article is the concept «social development situation» as well as the vector model of the educational environment. It is shown that the social situation of rural schoolchildren compared to urban characteristics are characterized by lower socio-educational status of parents, lower quality of education, limited contacts, poverty of cultural life. However, subjectively these differences are not perceived by the participants of the educational process, and their assessments of the educational environment are practically indistinguishable from the assessments of urban respondents. Features of the Krasnoyarsk region from other regions that participated in the study – the diversity of natural and geographical conditions, a fairly high index of socio-economic development, and the predominance of modern industries. As a result, there are marked differences in the assessment of the role and capabilities of the school, its functions, compared to representatives of other regions. The greatest differences in the assessment of different parameters of the environment are found in the assessments of different participants in the educational process – children, parents and teachers. It is noted that parents are extremely negative about many innovations in education, especially with regard to the introduction of the Single State Examination and the unification of rural schools, their actual destruction in the villages. In general, all participants in the educational process highly appreciate the tension of the educational environment of schools; and there were no significant differences in the assessment of this parameter between rural and urban schools. According to the participants of the educational process, the school creates the necessary conditions for the development of different abilities of students, development of life skills. Based on the analysis of the educational environment by the vector model, it was found that the educational environment of urban schools is shifted towards «career» and rural – «dogmatic» educational environment.
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Karaman Aksentijević, Nada, and Zoran Ježić. "Education and Reducing Income Inequalities – The Importance of Education in Maritime Studies." Pomorstvo 33, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.33.2.9.
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Contemporary studies of economic inequality and poverty emphasise that their key causes are in the area of tax policy, labour force policy, and employment, and the causes that are being pointed out lately are education and educational attainment level of the population. The aim of the paper is to confirm the theoretically defined link between education and income inequality reduction and to point out that economic policy makers cannot solve the problem of inequality in society without a significant influence on public education, primarily through increased availability and quality of public education. In the second part of the paper, the Gini coefficient, the education index, and the coefficient of human inequality are used on the example of 130 countries to establish a correlation between education and income inequality reduction. The model shows a strong link between income inequality reduction (measured by the Gini coefficient) and increase in the educational attainment level of the population, increase in income, but also improvement of the health care system. It was found that, for each unit reduction of the coefficient of human inequality (IHDI), the Gini coefficient decreases by 9.7 points. In addition to research limitations and the proposal of future research, the conclusion proposes the opportunities and measures for increasing the educational attainment level of the population in order to reduce income inequality. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of tertiary maritime education.