Journal articles on the topic 'Educational attainment Social aspects Victoria'
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Warren, John Robert, Chandra Muller, Robert A. Hummer, Eric Grodsky, and Melissa Humphries. "Which Aspects of Education Matter for Early Adult Mortality? Evidence from the High School and Beyond Cohort." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6 (January 2020): 237802312091808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023120918082.
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What dimensions of education matter for people’s chances of surviving young adulthood? Do cognitive skills, noncognitive skills, course-taking patterns, and school social contexts matter for young adult mortality, even net of educational attainment? The authors analyze data from High School and Beyond, a nationally representative cohort of about 25,000 high school students first interviewed in 1980. Many dimensions of education are associated with young adult mortality, and high school students’ math course taking retains its association with mortality net of educational attainment. This work draws on theories and measures from sociological and educational research and enriches public health, economic, and demographic research on educational gradients in mortality that has relied almost exclusively on ideas of human capital accumulation and measures of degree attainment. The findings also call on social and education researchers to engage together in research on the lifelong consequences of educational processes, school structures, and inequalities in opportunities to learn.
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Rassadina, Tatyana A. "Some dysfunctional aspects of social competition in universities." Izvestia of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Sociology. Politology 21, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1818-9601-2021-21-2-150-155.
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In modern conditions of profound changes in Russian social reality socio-cultural space and social competition became a powerful factor contributing to the mobilization of the activity of individuals, groups, society as a whole. The desire of people to take a more favorable social position, the struggle for various resources construct new models of human behavior, new practices. Social competition is viewed as a form of social ties and the type of social interactions reflecting the ability of achieving goals in conditions of competition with others. It permeates the entire social fabric inherent in various social groups, organizations, including such high-status and complex ones like universities. The article analyzes the sociocultural mechanisms that accompany social competition, such as pragmatization and rationalization of consciousness and behavior, transformation of traditional values. The mechanisms of flexible-contextual rationality, deviations of values from ideal attitudes are analyzed. The practices simulating (imitating) the processes of organizing and implementing various aspects of the educational process at the university are presented. These practices contribute to the successful attainment of the actors’ goal, but are dysfunctional in the instrumental aspects related to how goal attainment occurs in a competitive environment. The influence of competitive conditions on the growth of authoritarian and bureaucratic tendencies is shown; usage of presentation paradigm and point-rating system; McDonaldized practices in which quantity is synonymous to quality. Some problems social-humanitarian cycle lecturers reducing their competitiveness, are demonstrated. The analyzed practices reflect the process of constructing the sociocultural space of universities, institutionalizing a new normative-value reality.
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Lamm, Kevan W., Maddison Holder, Nekeisha L. Randall, Don W. Edgar, and Alexa J. Lamm. "Agricultural Leadership Development Program Participant Personality and Demographic Characteristics: An Empirical Analysis." SAGE Open 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 215824402110615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211061577.
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Although personality has been widely studied within the academic literature, there has been little research into the relationship between personality and leadership development programs, particularly within an agricultural context for adult learners. The purpose of this research was to investigate the nature of relationships among ten aspects of the Big Five personality factors and demographic characteristics including: gender, age, organizational level, educational attainment, and geographic region within a sample of adult agricultural leadership development program participants. Results of the study indicate that there are differences between demographic groups relative to specific aspects of personality. Among the ten aspects analyzed, the most statistically significant differences between groups were observed between age groups, while the fewest statistically significant differences were observed in the educational attainment and geographic region groups. Effect sizes were also calculated with gender having the largest observed effect sizes and age having the largest number of statistically significant effect sizes.
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Ainsworth, Frank. "The social and economic origins of child abuse and neglect." Children Australia 45, no. 4 (August 28, 2020): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2020.36.
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AbstractThis commentary aims to start a debate about various dimensions of social disadvantage and the relationship to child abuse and neglect (CAN). These dimensions include poverty, educational attainment, employment status, sub-standard housing, disadvantaged neighbourhoods and social isolation from family. Other aspects such as mental health issues, domestic violence and substance misuse are compounding factors that are critical influences on the relationship between disadvantage and CAN. New South Wales is used as the exemplar Australian state.
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Tóth, Olga, and Péter Róbert. "Sociological and Historical Aspects of Entry into Marriage." Journal of Family History 19, no. 4 (September 1994): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909401900403.
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This study analyses the timing of first entry into marriage of Hungarian men and women born between 1916 and 1967. Marriages take place at a considerably earlier age than the West European average, and at the same time show significant differences between cohorts. In the course of the analysis we consider the social and economic circumstances which affect the timing of entry into marriage, and we connect the variables of men and women's educational attainment with their age at marriage. In each cohort we examine the sociological characteristics of those who marry significantly earlier or later than the average for their generation, i.e. than the “normal” age.
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Assari, Shervin. "Parental Educational Attainment and Mental Well-Being of College Students: Diminished Returns of Blacks." Brain Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8110193.
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Background. According to the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDR) theory, the health returns of socioeconomic status (SES) are systemically smaller for Blacks compared to Whites. Less is known, however, about trans-generational aspects of such diminished gains. For example, the differential impact of parental educational attainment on differences in mental well-being between White versus Black college students remains unknown. Aims. With a national scope, this study explored racial differences in the effect of parental educational attainment on the mental well-being of college students in the United States. Methods. The Healthy Mind Study (HMS), 2016–2017, is a national telephone survey that included 41,898 college students. The sample was composed of Whites (n = 38,544; 92.0%) and Blacks (n = 3354; 8.0%). The independent variable was highest parental educational attainment. The dependent variable was mental well-being (mentally healthy days in the past month) which was measured using a single item. Age and gender were covariates. Race was the moderator. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results. In the pooled sample, high parental educational attainment was associated with better mental wellbeing, independent of race, age, and gender. Race, however, showed a significant interaction with parental educational attainment on students’ mental wellbeing, indicating a smaller effect of parent education on the mental wellbeing of Black compared to White college students. Conclusions. The returns of parental educational attainment in terms of mental well-being is smaller for Black college students compared to their White counterparts. To minimize the diminished returns of parental education in Black families, policies should go beyond equalizing SES and reduce the structural barriers that are common in the lives of Black families. Policies should also aim to reduce extra costs of upward social mobility, prevent discrimination, and enhance the quality of education for Blacks. As the mechanisms that are involved in MDR are multi-level, multi-level solutions are needed to minimize the racial gaps in gaining mental health benefits from higher socioeconomic levels.
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Banerjee, Sri, G. Michael Szirony, Nina McCune, W. Sumner Davis, Sue Subocz, and Brian Ragsdale. "Transforming Social Determinants to Educational Outcomes: Geospatial Considerations." Healthcare 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 1974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101974.
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In recovering from one of the worst educational crises in recorded history due to the pandemic, in a mission to rebuild and become more resilient, there has been a heightened urgency to provide resources to communities most in need. However, precisely identifying those needs have become all the more important due to the increase in popularity of e-learning as a suitable option and the improvement of technologies. Most notably, socially disadvantaged and historically marginalized communities were disproportionately and severely impacted by several aspects of the pandemic, in terms of health, economics, access to education, and sustainable well-being. This differential effect was modeled spatially with the combination of aerial photogrammetry, traditional geospatial mapping, and other robust AI-driven techniques to synthesize and analyze the various types of data. In this original research study, we apply various spatial health variables, relate them to educational variables in an initial empirical process of understanding how to address equity-related considerations from the context of the learner’s experience, providing the empirical evidence for the development of locally tailored learner support and assistance, meeting students where they are by specifically identifying and targetting geographically underserved areas. We found that there were clear statistically significant relationships between educational attainment and several physical (p < 0.001), mental (p = 0.003), access to healthy food/food security (p < 0.001), and uptake of preventative health measures (p < 0.001), which also varied geographically. Geographic variations in learning experiences demonstrates the unquestionable need to understand a variety of physical, mental, and dietary factors surrounding the student’s success. Understanding a combination of these factors in a geospatial context will allow educational institutions to best serve the needs of learners.
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Hannover, Bettina, and Lysann Zander. "How Personal and Social Selves Influence the Development of Children and Adolescents at School." Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie 34, no. 2 (March 2020): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652/a000261.
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Abstract. How do different aspects of students' self-relate to their development at school? In educational psychology, this question has been examined essentially only in terms of the influence of the ability self-concept, a central part of the personal self. Starting with a literature review on why and how the ability self-concept impacts motivation and student outcomes, we argue that social selves – learners' knowledge about their group memberships and associated evaluations – have an impact, too. Students are more intrinsically motivated and more successful if they experience fit between learning environment and important self-aspects. Accordingly, we suggest a model according to which students try to increase fit by exerting primary control, i. e., by proactively changing the environment, with the self as agent. To that end (i) they mentally project the self as different from the actual self, with the mental self-projection serving as a self-evaluative standard and motiving behaviors aiming at its attainment, (ii) they choose behavioral options that allow for the enactment of important self-aspects, (iii) they choose interaction partners who share important self-aspects or are supportive of their behavioral enactment, and (iv) they switch between or prioritize different values, to best match affordances and constraints of the learning environment. If a student repeatedly fails to achieve fit through primary control, secondary control strategies are deployed, i. e., internal processes aimed at minimizing losses and saving resources for the pursuit of more attainable goals. To that end, students either disidentify with the learning environment or redefine their selves in a reactive manner, with, in many cases, detrimental effects on their academic outcomes. We hope to inspire educational psychologists to more systematically investigate the different self-aspects' impact on social and academic development of learners at school.
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Uecker, Jeremy E., and Lindsay R. Wilkinson. "College Selectivity, Subjective Social Status, and Mental Health in Young Adulthood." Society and Mental Health 10, no. 3 (August 17, 2019): 257–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156869319869401.
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Research on education and mental health has focused primarily on the benefits of higher levels of educational attainment. Other aspects of education, such as college selectivity, may also be associated with mental health, and higher subjective social status (SSS) is a potential pathway through which college selectivity and mental health could be linked. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study (a) examines whether college selectivity influences mental health independent of objective measures of socioeconomic status and (b) assesses the role of SSS in this relationship. Among college graduates, attending a more selective college is associated with higher ratings of SSS, which in turn are associated with fewer depressive symptoms and lower perceived stress and anxiety. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of college selectivity and SSS in the mental health of young adults.
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Harvey, Eric, Maria El Bizri, Geoffrey C. Nguyen, Deborah A. Marshall, Raza Mirza, and Maida J. Sewitch. "Health Care Perspectives of Adult Patients with Lower Educational Attainment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Qualitative Study." Journal of Patient Experience 9 (January 2022): 237437352210925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23743735221092557.
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Patients with lower educational attainment are underrepresented in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) research. To increase our understanding of the health care perspectives of patients with less than a university degree, semi-structured interviews were conducted among 23 outpatients at the McGill University Health Centre IBD Centre (Montreal, Canada). Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Perspectives focused on communication with health care professionals, access to care, symptoms and treatment, and outside support. Access to an IBD specialist was the most important aspect of care. Good care, kind and receptive staff, and a lengthy delay to diagnosis were frequently reported experiences. IBD specialists, nurses, and family and friends were most helpful in managing disease. Physical and emotional symptoms, reduced social engagement, and medications were difficult aspects of living with IBD. An ideal IBD clinic would provide access to traditional and non-traditional services and assist with obtaining support to help patients engage in social activities, increase affordability of care, and maintain employment. Study findings may be helpful in designing equitable models of health care delivery.
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Kantzara, Vasiliki. "Education in Conditions of Crisis in Greece: An Empirical Exploration (2000-2013)." Social Cohesion and Development 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/scad.10854.
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<p>The article aims at exploring the ramification of the crisis on education in terms of access to education, educational attainment of the population, funding, schools, teachers and students. These and other aspects of education are examined on basis of statistical data that has been collected and published by international agencies and Greek sources. In order to analyse fluctuations and trends, the data examined covers a period before and after the onset of the crisis (in 2009), namely from 2000 to 2013. In addition, socio-political developments and educational policy are taken into consideration, for they form the context in which education operates.The concept guiding this endeavour is equity; it is defined normatively as equality of opportunity and meritocracy, the two principles upon which social institutions function in a democratic society.The results point to differences in the ways education has been affected by the crisis: at micro and meso level, for example, the funding, the school units and the education personnel have been reduced; at macro level, access to education and education attainment continues to rise, but to a lesser degree than before the onset of the crisis. </p>
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VonDras, Dean D., and Scott F. Madey. "The Attainment of Important Health Goals Throughout Adulthood: An Integration of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Aspects of Social Support." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 59, no. 3 (October 2004): 205–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/78uq-5nmw-7yld-tfwv.
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Nasr, Asmaa, and Nagia Shawky. "Educational Opportunities for the crisis of Corona virus (COVID-19) From the viewpoint of the students of Hafar Al-Batin University." International Journal of research in Educational Sciences 4, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): 353–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29009/ijres.4.2.10.
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The emerging Corona virus crisis has imposed many challenges on all individuals and societies, but this crisis has carried a number of educational opportunities for individuals and institutions alike. Countries have given many opportunities to deal with the crisis, and benefit from the experiences of other countries in managing and containing the crisis, as well as It also provided individuals with multiple educational opportunities for growth, learning, and character development in all its aspects , The current study aimed to identify educational opportunities for the emerging corona crisis in the educational, social, cultural, sports and recreational fields, from the viewpoint of Hafr Al-Batin University students. From some colleges .The results of the study indicated an increase in students ’attainment rate during the crisis and their acquisition of skills in e-learning, acquiring positive coping skills with the crisis, participating in volunteer activities to serve the community, in addition to developing their cultural level, and increasing their awareness of the importance of playing sports to improve physical and mental health, as well as awareness. The importance of investing in leisure and recreation time .
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KOTTI, Ahmed Bilel, Aicha CHERIF, and Ali ELLOUMI. "The Social Roots of Health Inequity in Tunisia: A Preliminary Study on the Social Determinants of Health Inequity." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 4 (May 6, 2021): 576–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.84.10082.
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Addressing the Social Determinants of Health is critical if we truly want to achieve health equity. The World Health Organization’s Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (2008) recognized the need to broaden the understanding of these determinants among the general public to facilitate change in communities and improve the overall health status. Using the data from the Tunisian Health Examination Survey (2016), this quantitative preliminary study explored the state of social inequity in health among the Tunisian population using a quantitative statistical analysis that shed light on the relations between the SDHs (Age – gender – SES – Geographical location – Area of residence – and Educational attainment) and the self-rated health status. This preliminary study explored the current state of health equity in Tunisia through exploring the hidden patterns of social identity formation and power relation inside society. This preliminary study also pointed out certain aspects of health inequity in Tunisia as well as the social factors and determinants contributing to the status-quo. The findings of this preliminary study could be the basis of an ambitious academic work that will explore the intersection between SDHs and their impact on health outcomes in Tunisia that will be an asset in the process of implementing health equity policies in the future.
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Pardo, Ignacio, Teresa Martín-García, Teresa Castro-Martín, and Wanda Cabella. "Fatherhood after Union Breakup in Uruguay: Transitory or Life-Long Commitment?" Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 784–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19882960.
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Rising union dissolution in Latin America—and in much of the world—has increased public concern over the involvement of nonresidential fathers in the lives of their children. At the same time, social norms about post-separation fatherhood have changed, increasingly favoring not only economic support, but also participation in child-rearing. In this article, we (a) examine several dimensions of nonresidential fathers’ involvement with their children, (b) test whether there is a link between pre-separation and post-separation fathering practices, and (c) explore which dimension of pre-separation fathering practices—engagement, accessibility, and responsibility—is more influential on post-separation paternal behavior. The study is based on two waves of a longitudinal national survey carried out in Uruguay. Empirical findings suggest that fathers’ pre-separation involvement in child-rearing affects their post-separation parenting behavior, although results are not conclusive in all aspects of post-separation involvement, and father’s educational attainment tends to have a more influential role.
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Scholtz, Hanno. "Rational Choice Theory in Comparative Sociology." Comparative Sociology 14, no. 4 (October 13, 2015): 587–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341359.
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Among schools of thought in comparative research, Rational Choice Theory (rct) is both the most systematic and the most contested. rct lacks a “classical” foundation but offers a clear internal theory structure. The rationality assumption contains an unquestioned heuristic aspect, although the determinants of choice (especially preferences) lack a universally accepted solution. The choice aspect addresses the understanding of social phenomena as the result of individual actions seen in light of the possible alternatives. This view unifies scholars in the Rational Choice tradition and leads to the macro-micro-macro-scheme. Micro-oriented comparative research has flourished through the availability of multi-level data sets in fields such as social capital theory, social stratification and mobility, including educational attainment or the inclusion of migrants, family studies, criminology, and labor markets. Institutional rct-based comparative research has addressed welfare states, religion, and general questions. In both aspects, rct leaves room for further productivity in comparative research.
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Huq, Mohammed Nazmul, Moyazzem Hossain, Faruq Abdulla, and Sabina Yeasmin. "Intergenerational educational mobility in Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): e0255426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255426.
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Introduction Social mobility is considered as an important indicator of the economic development of a country. However, it varies widely across geographical regions and social groups in developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper intends to evaluate the intergenerational mobility in Bangladesh across generations. Methods and materials This paper considers a nationally representative sample survey of 8,403 respondents (rural: 5,436 and urban: 2,967). The male and female respondents aged 23 years and above were included in the sample. The education attainment of a son or daughter as compared to their father’s education level was considered as the measure of intergenerational mobility. Transition probability matrix and different social mobility indices were used to find out the intergenerational education mobility in Bangladesh. Results The findings reveal that approximately three-fourth (74.5%) of the respondents attained formal education, while more than half (58.3%) of the respondents’ father was illiterate. The educational status of the respondents and their father who lived in urban areas was relatively better than who lived in rural areas. It is also observed that 91.2% and 81.6% of the intergenerational class movement was upward among sons and daughters respectively. The probability of a higher educated father will have a higher educated child is higher in urban areas than in rural areas of Bangladesh. The intergenerational mobility is higher in the primary, secondary, and higher secondary educational levels, though the illiterate and higher education levels are the least mobile classes. In addition, the limiting probabilities reveal that the chance of sending sons to schools by an illiterate father is less as compared to their daughters. Such difference is more obvious in the urban areas, i.e., it is highly likely that sons of the illiterate father are also illiterate. Conclusion Bangladesh has been progressing remarkably in recent years. To keep the pace of the ongoing economic development in the country, it is necessary to give more attention to the illiterate people especially the girls who live in rural areas. The authors anticipate that the findings will be helpful for the policymakers as the relationship between inequality and intergenerational mobility is vital for several aspects of the economic development of a country.
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Khattab, Nabil. "Ethnicity and higher education: The role of aspirations, expectations and beliefs in overcoming disadvantage." Ethnicities 18, no. 4 (May 30, 2018): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796818777545.
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The papers in this issue examine various aspects of ethnic differences in higher education. The first three papers, all of which focus on Britain, attempt to explain the very high motivation behind enrollment in higher and further education by ethnic minority students. These papers argue that investment in higher education is a defiance strategy that is used by ethnic minorities to counterbalance the effect of ethnic penalties. It seems that aspirations are still significant in shaping the educational attainment and are fuelled by the grim structural barriers facing ethnic minorities. The anticipation of labour market discrimination on the one hand, and the belief in the value of education as the main means for social mobility on the other hand, lead ethnic minorities in Britain to over-invest in education. The fourth paper tells a different story, in that immigrant students experience systematic disadvantages throughout their school careers including a much lower enrollment in higher education. These young immigrants hold more negative perceptions towards the value of education, not only in comparison with their Italian counterparts, but it seems also in comparisons with minority young people in Britain. However, in the last paper, the results resemble the British case, in that the second generation students hold higher academic expectations than their non-immigrant origin peers, and that these higher expectations are associated with higher levels of persistence and attainment. The authors here highlight the importance of the theory of immigrant optimism in explaining the between-groups differences. However, this theory does not seem to have strong explanatory power in the Italian case, if anything, perhaps ‘immigrant pessimism’ is a better theory to explain the low aspirations for higher education and poor educational attainment among immigrants in Italy. Of course, further evidence is required to substantiate this claim.
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Jaunky, Vishal Chandr, Jamiil Jeetoo, and Shreya Rampersad. "Happiness and Consumption in Mauritius: An Exploratory Study of Socio-Economic Dimensions, Basic Needs, Luxuries and Personality Traits." Journal of Happiness Studies 21, no. 7 (October 9, 2019): 2377–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00178-8.
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Abstract Mainstream economics perceive an individual as highly individualistic, presuming that he/she consumes goods in the most efficient way to optimize his/her level of happiness. This study attempts to explore the nexus between socio-economic dimensions, basic needs, luxuries and personality traits and happiness in Mauritius. Material consumption and happiness are projected to be positively and strongly related. This is usually illuminated in terms of the increased possibilities to satisfy basic needs and luxuries along with other motives which additional spending provides. Other instrumental aspects of consumption, such as its relative, community-based and hedonic magnitudes are accounted. Cross-sectional data are compiled from a household survey with a sample size of 1015 observations. To conduct the analysis, an ordered probit model is applied. The general conclusion is drawn upon the results that socio-economic indicators like educational attainment, residential location, family size, income in addition to the intermediate needs deprivation index, brand consciousness, fashion innovativeness, commercial interest, shopping enjoyment, hedonism, bandwagon effect and personality traits are significantly related to people’s happiness.
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Nauduam, Yanara, and Gabriela Sandoval. "Factors associated with Oral Health Related Quality of Life in children. Literature Review." International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences 6, no. 1 (September 6, 2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/ijmss.2019.008.
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Quality of Life (QoL) refers to a concept that might comprise different levels, which are able to identify the biological, economic, social and psychological demands from individual level up to community level. The concept of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) refers to the ability of performing daily activities and considers subjective aspects such as happiness, social well-being and emotional well-being, in order to know people’s perception about their life. The aim of this article is to review the main factors associated with OHRQoL in children. Socioeconomic status, family structure, overcrowded homes, number of children, parent’s educational attainment and psychological factors, among others, were significant predictors for children’s OHRQoL. In Chile, there is a scarcity of OHRQoL in children and adolescents. The knowledge of OHRQoL might help to improve the development of programs and the effectiveness of oral health services, since it allows the assessment of small children, perceived needs and effectiveness of treatment strategies.
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Menezes, Gabriela Bezerra de, Leonardo F. Fontenelle, and Márcio Versiani. "Trans-cultural aspects of social anxiety disorder and related conditions: a Brazilian case series and a review of international clinical studies." Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 55, no. 3 (2006): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0047-20852006000300004.
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Cross-cultural studies have much to teach clinicians and researchers alike about psychopathology in general and about social anxiety disorder (SAD) in particular. Unfortunately, little is known about the degree and the mechanisms through which cultural environment may influence clinical manifestations of SAD. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to identify culture-related clinical patterns in SAD and related disorders. METHODS: We described socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of a sample of 62 adult outpatients with SAD seen at a university clinic for anxiety and depressive disorders in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and compared them with those reported in clinical samples from North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania identified through a systematic review in Medline, PsychINFO, and LILACS. RESULTS: Our comparison of trans-cultural features of SAD lends partial support to Heimberg's (1997) contention that the majority of socio-demographic features and symptoms of this disorder are relatively independent of geographic and cultural differences. CONCLUSION: Patients with SAD were almost universally characterized by: 1) a predominance of males in clinical samples; 2) early onset of the disorder; 3) high educational attainment; and 4) great frequency of comorbidities.
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Thielking, Monica, and Shane R. Jimerson. "Perspectives Regarding the Role of School Psychologists: Perceptions of Teachers, Principals, and School Psychologists in Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2006): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.16.2.211.
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AbstractSchool psychologists have a unique and multifaceted role within schools and must work with a variety of stakeholders. Therefore, it is important to explore and understand the perspectives of other educational professionals regarding the roles of school psychologists. This study examined the perspectives of principals (N = 21), teachers (N = 86), and school psychologists (N = 81) regarding what they believe should be the role of school psychologists. Participants were working in Catholic, Independent, and Government primary and secondary schools across Victoria, Australia. Results revealed both similarities and differences between the three groups regarding perspectives about school psychologists' role. For instance, the three groups shared similar perspectives that school psychologists should: (a) conduct research on issues relevant to the school, (b) be up-to-date on relevant research, (c) conduct psychological assessments, (d) provide counselling to students, (e) organise group programs for students, (f) organise workshops and provide information to teachers on issues of students' welfare and (g) inform primary students' parents of their child's participation in counselling. However, the three groups also differed in their perspectives about some aspects of the school psychologists' role. It was notable that each of the differences in perceptions between the groups had implications for potential ethical dilemmas, for instance: (a) boundaries, (b) dual relationship, (c) confidentiality/who is the client? and (d) informed consent. Implications for practice and scholarship in the field of school psychology are discussed.
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Lavely, William, Xiao Zhenyu, Li Bohua, and Ronald Freedman. "The Rise in Female Education in China: National and Regional Patterns." China Quarterly 121 (March 1990): 61–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000013515.
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The considerable increase in educational attainment of Chinese women from virtual complete illiteracy 50 years ago to current levels can be traced systematically for the first time on the basis of the 1982 census of China and a large sample survey of the same year. Until very recently we had known only the broad outlines of this major social transformation. Although even the newly available data are imperfect, their significance is illustrated by their strong and consistent association with such vital facts of life as the age at which women marry and the number of children they bear. Educational levels can be shown to have varied with degree of urbanization and rural development from the earliest days of the People's Republic.Major regions of China have distinctive educational histories. In all regions examined here, however, the course of educational change was affected to a greater or lesser degree by such major historical events as the great famine, the Cultural Revolution and the post-Mao reforms. It is now possible to measure with some precision the influence of these events on educational progress. This paper utilizes census and survey data to describe change in female education nationally and for four major regional populations from 1952 to 1982. Because it is plausible that the educational trends and differentials are related to other aspects of Chinese social, political and economic history, they are presented here in some detail.Our findings can be summarized as follows:1. The rise of female education occurred mainly in two periods the 1950s to 1958, and the late 1960s to mid 1970s.
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Moslehuddin, Badal, and Philip Mendes. "Young people’s journey to independence: Towards a better future for young people leaving state care in Victoria." Children Australia 31, no. 3 (2006): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200011238.
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Young people leaving state care have been found to experience deficits in all aspects of their life cycle. These include homelessness, poor educational and employment outcomes, involvement in juvenile crime and prostitution, mental and physical health problems, early parenthood and inadequate social support systems. These poor outcomes experienced by care leavers result from a range of factors relating to their pre-care abuse and neglect, poor quality and unstable care history and inadequate support for their successful transition to independence. Young people leaving state care in Victoria are currently lacking the ongoing and guaranteed support that would be expected of a good parent. Using relevant local and international literature and findings from a qualitative study involving 10 care leavers, this paper examines the factors that contribute to negative as well as positive outcomes for young people leaving state care. Some conclusions are drawn regarding policy and practice reforms that could lead to improved outcomes for care leavers.
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Lee, Othelia E., and Junghyun Park. "EFFECTS OF PRODUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT ON SUBJECTIVE HEALTH AMONG OLDER ADULTS WITH SENSORY IMPAIRMENTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3058.
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Abstract Background: Productive engagement becomes significant protective factors in healthy aging. Yet, subgroups of older adults with age-related vision and hearing impairments lack access to various activities , suggesting that unequal ability to participate in productive aging is a major public health and health-disparities concern. Methods: Older adults experiencing age-related vision and hearing impairments were drawn from the 2015-2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n=2,164). Perceived health status (good vs. poor) was outcome measures used in multivariate logistic regression. Two aspects of productive engagement was considered: 1) employment status (unemployed vs employed) and 2) regular religious service attendance as tools to build social capital in their faith-based communities. Gender, race, marital status, educational attainment, poverty, urbanization, obesity, chronic disease, hospitalization, binge drinking, cigarette smoking, and difficulty with mobility were considered as covariates. Results: Working older adults with sensory loss were more likely to perceived good health status, compared to their unemployed counterparts (OR=2.46, p<.05). Religious service attendance also became protective factors for health (OR=1.60, p<.01). Of the covariates, higher educational attainment, White race, having one chronic disease, hospitalization, smoking, drinking, and mobility challenges appeared to affect the health status. Conclusions/Implications: Study findings implied the needs to identify late-life engagement through work and participation in faith-based community as a major public health issue. Given the barriers and disincentives to the productive engagement of older adults in this culture, healthcare providers should provide programs promoting employment and religious attendance.
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Cohen, Joachim, Dirk Houttekier, Bregje Onwuteaka-Philipsen, Guido Miccinesi, Julia Addington-Hall, Stein Kaasa, Johan Bilsen, and Luc Deliens. "Which Patients With Cancer Die at Home? A Study of Six European Countries Using Death Certificate Data." Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 13 (May 1, 2010): 2267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.23.2850.
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Purpose This study examines the proportion of cancer deaths occurring at home in six European countries in relation to illness and to demographic and health care factors. Methods Death certificate data of all cancer-related deaths in 2002 in Italy and 2003 in Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, England, and Wales (N = 238,216) were linked with regional health care and area statistics. Multivariate binomial logistic regressions were performed to examine factors associated with dying at home. Results The percentage of all cancer deaths occurring at home was 12.8 in Norway, 22.1 in England, 22.7 in Wales, 27.9 in Belgium, 35.8 in Italy, and 45.4 in the Netherlands. Having solid cancers and being married increased the chances of dying at home in all countries. Being older and being a woman decreased the chances of dying at home, except in Italy where the opposite was the case. A higher educational attainment was associated with better chances of dying at home in Belgium, Italy, and Norway (countries where information on educational attainment was available). Better chances of dying at home were also associated with living in less urbanized areas in all countries but England. The number of hospital and care home beds seemed not to be universally strong predictors of dying at home. Conclusion There are large country differences in the proportion of patients with cancer dying at home, and these seem influenced by country-specific cultural, social, and health care factors. Alongside cross-national differences, country-specific aspects need to be considered in the development of policy strategies facilitating home death.
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Dodgeon, Brian, Praveetha Patalay, George B. Ploubidis, and Richard D. Wiggins. "Exploring the role of early-life circumstances, abilities and achievements on well-being at age 50 years: evidence from the 1958 British birth cohort study." BMJ Open 10, no. 2 (February 2020): e031416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031416.
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ObjectivesWe aim to examine the relative contributions of pathways from middle childhood/adolescence to mid-life well-being, health and cognition, in the context of family socio-economic status (SES) at birth, educational achievement and early-adulthood SES. Our approach is largely exploratory, suspecting that the strongest mediators between childhood circumstances and mid-life physical and emotional well-being may be cognitive performance during school years, material and behavioural difficulties, and educational achievement. We also explore whether the effects of childhood circumstances on mid-life physical and emotional well-being differ between men and women.Setting/participantsData were from the National Child Development Study, a fully-representative British birth cohort sample of 17 415 people born in 1 week in 1958.Primary/secondary outcome measuresOur four primary mid-life outcome measures are: cognitive performance, physical and emotional well-being and quality of life. Our intermediate adult outcomes are early-adulthood social class and educational/vocational qualifications.ResultsUsing structural equation modelling, we explore numerous pathways through childhood and early adulthood which are significantly linked to our outcomes. We specifically examine the mediating effects of the following: cognitive ability at ages 7, 11 and 16 years; childhood psychological issues; family material difficulties at age 7 years: housing, unemployment, finance; educational/vocational qualifications and social class position at age 42 years.We find that social class at birth has a strong indirect effect on the age 50 outcomes via its influence on cognitive performance in childhood and adolescence, educational attainment and mid-life social class position, together with small direct effects on qualifications and social class position at age 42 years. Teenage cognitive performance has a strong positive effect on later physical health for women, while educational/vocational qualifications have a stronger positive effect on emotional well-being for men.ConclusionOur findings provide an understanding of the legacy of early life on multiple aspects of mid-life health, well-being, cognition and quality of life, showing stronger mediated links for men from childhood social class position to early adult social class position. The observed effect of qualifications supports those arguing that education is positively associated with subsequent cognitive functioning.
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Balgos, Jecho G., and Sheila P. Arnibal. "Burnout and Conservation Practices of Nurses of Tertiary Hospital in Negros Occidental." Philippine Social Science Journal 3, no. 2 (November 15, 2020): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i2.233.
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Burnout occurs in any given occupation. In the previous research about burnout, it shows that its prevalence is high among practitioners in the field of healthcare. With several factors to burnout, it eventually leads to compromised patient care and the occurrence of patient safety issues. Studies showed that less conservation could lead to the progression of burnout. Levine's theory of conservation includes the concept of conservation of energy, combined with the psycho-social aspects of the individual's needs that when all operate together, it will promote healing. Thus, this paper aims to assess the level of burnout and the extent of Conservation practices of Nurses of Tertiary Hospital in Negros Occidental. Furthermore, it explored significant relationships between variables sex, age, years of service, employment status, educational attainment, and areas of assignment and levels of burnout. Also, it intends to correlate the aforementioned variables and conservation practice, and burnout and conservation practices. Finally, it explores the predictors of the conservation practices of nurses.
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Davies, Nathan, Rosie Cooper, and Manpreet Bains. "What is school readiness? A qualitative exploration of parental perceptions in England." Journal of Health Visiting 8, no. 8 (August 2, 2020): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/johv.2020.8.8.338.
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School readiness is a strong predictor of educational attainment and future health, but its meaning to parents is uncertain. This study aimed to generate an understanding of how parents conceptualise school readiness, and the forms of support they would find most acceptable and effective. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 17 parents and were analysed thematically. Parents appeared conflicted in their beliefs about the most important school readiness factors (physical, social and emotional health) and those they perceived schools to prioritise (numeracy and literacy). Parents reported orienting children towards developing cognitive skills because they believed schools favoured these over socio-emotional aspects of school readiness. Parents valued health visitors' input in developing understanding of school readiness. Parental understanding of school readiness could be better supported, along with information on how best to prepare children. Health visitors could play a pivotal role in school readiness and have opportunities to educate and empower parents of young children.
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Das, Keemee, and Madhushree Das. "Women And Wedlock: A Study On Female Marital Status Among the Hindus, Muslims and Christians of Assam, India." Space and Culture, India 6, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v6i1.294.
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Although marriage is a social institution but marital status and age at marriage are important demographic determinants as these aspects influence the pattern of fertility and natural growth of population. Studying the various aspects of marital status of any population group especially the figures related to women can give an exposition about the probability of fertility rate as well as social manifestation prevailing in the society. It also helps to understand the preferred specific age at marriage for women. However, little is known about the marital status of women living in Assam cutting across religions—Hindu, Muslim and Christian. In this backdrop, an attempt has been made through this research to examine the changing trend of marital status among the Hindu, Muslim and Christian women of Assam. The research is based on secondary data and Census information and considers the entire state of Assam. Census data of 2001 and 2011 shows interesting and striking information about the changing situation of marital status among the Hindus, Muslims and Christians of the state. It is arguable that the study linked to female marital status is saliently more influencing in this context as it determines the socio-economic status of women and pattern of fertility in any society. Among the different religions of Assam, Hindu women have the highest married proportion followed by Christian while Muslim is the lowest in the same category. Depending on the socio-cultural practices, economic conditions and the level of educational attainment, the age at marriage varies among the religious groups. The proportion of woman being married at a younger age has been less, is an indication of advancement in the educational scenario.
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Khodayari Moez, Elham, Katerina Maximova, Shannon Sim, Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan, and Roman Pabayo. "Developing a Socioeconomic Status Index for Chronic Disease Prevention Research in Canada." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 7800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137800.
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Capturing socioeconomic inequalities in relation to chronic disease is challenging since socioeconomic status (SES) encompasses many aspects. We constructed a comprehensive individual-level SES index based on a broad set of social and demographic indicators (gender, education, income adequacy, occupational prestige, employment status) and examined its relationship with smoking, a leading chronic disease risk factor. Analyses were based on baseline data from 17,371 participants of Alberta’s Tomorrow Project (ATP), a prospective cohort of adults aged 35–69 years with no prior personal history of cancer. To construct the SES index, we used principal component analysis (PCA) and to illustrate its utility, we examined the association with smoking intensity and smoking history using multiple regression models, adjusted for age and gender. Two components were retained from PCA, which explained 61% of the variation. The SES index was best aligned with educational attainment and occupational prestige, and to a lesser extent, with income adequacy. In the multiple regression analysis, the SES index was negatively associated with smoking intensity (p < 0.001). Study findings highlight the potential of using individual-level SES indices constructed from a broad set of social and demographic indicators in epidemiological research.
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Gilead, Tal, and Iris BenDavid-Hadar. "Employing needs-based funding formulae – some unavoidable tradeoffs." International Journal of Educational Management 31, no. 7 (September 11, 2017): 1092–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-01-2017-0008.
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Purpose The method by which the state allocates resources to its schooling system can serve as an important instrument for achieving desired improvements in levels of educational attainment, social equity and other social policy goals. In many school systems, the allocation of school resources is done according to a needs-based funding formula. The purpose of this paper is to provide a deeper understanding of some significant tradeoffs involved in employing needs-based funding formulae. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on theoretical investigations of normative aspects involved in using needs-based funding formulae. Findings There are a number of underexplored complications and difficulties that arise from the use of needs-based funding formulae. Dealing with these involves significant tradeoffs that require taking normative decisions. Understanding these tradeoffs is important for improving the use of needs-based funding formulae. Originality/value The paper highlights three under-examined issues that emerge from the current use of needs-based funding formulae. These issues are: to what extent funding formulae should be responsive to social and economic needs? To what extent should funding formulae allow for the use of discretion in resource allocation? To what degree needs-based formulae funding should be linked to outcomes? By discussing these issues and the tradeoffs involved in them, the paper provides a deeper understanding of significant aspects stemming from the use of needs-based funding formulae. This, in turn, can serve as a basis for an improved and better informed process for decision making regarding the use of funding formulae.
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Bintang Ayu Puspita Sari Edi Saputri and Siti Nurhayati. "Praktik Paronan Pemeliharaan Sapi Perspektif Sosiologi Hukum Islam." Istidlal: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/istidlal.v5i2.349.
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There were various ways of raising cattle between capital and calves. There were 4 (four) types of capital sharing between cattle owners and custodians, while the calf paring method consists of 2 (two) types. The transfer of capital (cows) does not mention the amount of capital (cow price). There was no written agreement regarding the agreement in raising cattle, everything was done orally. In addition, there was no time limit in the practice of raising cattle in Purworejo Village and there was no specific benchmark regarding the percentage of Paronan. Second, the sociological perspective of Islamic law on the practice of raising cattle in Purworejo Village, Kandat District, Kediri Regency can be seen from several aspects. There were factors behind the community doing Paronan namely economic factors, educational factors, socio-cultural factors. All agreements were made orally, if there was a written agreement it was considered unreasonable. The function of AGIL (Adaption, Goal Attainment, Integration and Latency) can run properly so that it caused a balance in the social system that occurs in Purworejo Village
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Steptoe, Andrew, and Paola Zaninotto. "Lower socioeconomic status and the acceleration of aging: An outcome-wide analysis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 26 (June 15, 2020): 14911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915741117.
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Aging involves decline in a range of functional abilities and phenotypes, many of which are also associated with socioeconomic status (SES). Here we assessed whether lower SES is a determinant of the rate of decline over 8 y in six domains—physical capability, sensory function, physiological function, cognitive performance, emotional well-being, and social function—in a sample of 5,018 men and women aged 64.44 (SD 8.49) y on average at baseline. Wealth was used as the marker of SES, and all analyses controlled for age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, and long-term health conditions. Lower SES was associated with greater adverse changes in physical capability (grip strength, gait speed, and physical activity), sensory function (sight impairment), physiological function (plasma fibrinogen concentration and lung function), cognitive performance (memory, executive function, and processing speed), emotional well-being (enjoyment of life and depressive symptoms), and social function (organizational membership, number of close friends, volunteering, and cultural engagement). Effects were maintained when controlling statistically for other factors such as smoking, marital/partnership status, and self-rated health and were also present when analyses were limited to participants aged ≤75 y. We conclude that lower SES is related to accelerated aging across a broad range of functional abilities and phenotypes independently of the presence of health conditions and that social circumstances impinge on multiple aspects of aging.
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White, Isabella, Jill Benson, Taryn Elliott, and Lucie Walters. "Australian general practice registrars’ experiences of training, well-being and support during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study." BMJ Open 12, no. 6 (June 2022): e060307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060307.
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ObjectivesProviding well-supported general practice (GP) training is fundamental to strengthen the primary health workforce. Research into the unique needs of GP registrars during disasters is limited. Registrar burnout and insufficient support have been associated with personal and professional detrimental effects. This study aims to explore the experiences of Australian GP registrars with learning, well-being and support from their training organisation during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to guide training organisation efforts to support registrars through future disasters.SettingInterviews were conducted via Zoom.ParticipantsFifteen GP registrars from South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales who had experienced community-based GP training in both 2019 (prepandemic) and 2020 (early pandemic).Outcome measuresTraining, well-being and support experiences were explored. Interviews were recorded and transcribed and themes analysed.ResultsDiverse experiences were reported: changes included telehealth, online tutorials, delayed examinations and social restrictions. Social and professional connections strongly influenced experiences. Personal and training factors were also important. Additional GP training organisation support was minimally needed when strong connections were in place.ConclusionsThis study identifies aspects of support which shaped registrars’ diverse experiences of COVID-19, particularly regarding professional and social connections. Findings illustrate the importance of broad principles around supporting registrar well-being. Particularly significant aspects of support include connection to educational mentors such as supervisors and medical educators; connection and culture within practices; opportunities to share clinical experiences; and connection to personal social supports. Participation in this global disaster contributed to registrars’ developing professionalism. GP training organisations are positioned to implement monitoring and supports for registrars through disasters. Although registrars may not require significant GP training organisation intervention where powerful professional and personal connections exist, strong foundational GP training organisation supports can be established and augmented to support registrars in need before and during future disasters. These findings contribute to the global developing field of knowledge of registrar training and well-being needs during crises.
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Ibrahim, Izleen, Nurul Hidayah Mansor, and Jasmani Bidin. "Factors Affecting Mental Illness and Social Stress in Students Using Fuzzy TOPSIS." Journal of Computing Research and Innovation 7, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jcrinn.v7i2.294.
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A disorder known as mental illness alters a person’s emotions, thoughts, or behaviour. Any of these elements alone or in combination may cause it. If stress cannot be managed, people of all ages, races, religions, sexes, and nationalities can develop mental illnesses. The development of mental diseases is significantly influenced by stress. Risk factors for mental illness and social stress include academic stress, socioeconomic position, and financial difficulties. All of these risk variables are challenging to pinpoint because they come from many environments. The purpose of this study is to identify the key aspects that students experience that contribute to mental illness and social stress, as well as to rank those factors by using Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). This study ranks social life, academic life, and financial status as the three factors that have the greatest influence on mental illness and social stress among college students. The following evaluation criteria are used to grade the components: family background, educational attainment, physical health, and mode of study. Additionally, Fuzzy TOPSIS is used to rank the variables according to correlation. The issues in this study are evaluated by three decision-makers using linguistic characteristics ranging from “very affected†to “not affectedâ€. With a proximity value of 0.469, the research demonstrates that academic life has a significant impact on student’s mental health and social stress. With a closeness coefficient of 0.358, social life is the least significant factor. The results of this study may be useful to many people, including parents, counsellors, and the kids themselves. The project’s scope could be expanded in the future by adding a range of criteria and options.
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Charlesworth, Stephanie. "Why Two Jurisdictions? Some Aspects of the Historical Context of the Decision to Maintain Separate Courts for Married and Unmarried Parents in Relation to Parental Rights in Victoria." Children Australia 9, no. 4 (1985): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000007463.
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Many professional people working with families are frustrated by the fact that there is still a marked differentiation made between children of married parents and children of non-married parents in the courts. This division has persisted in spite of legislation to remove the status of illegitimacy and the reasons for this are far from obvious to those who are not lawyers. This paper traces the historical background of this split in jurisdiction between State and Federal Courts (i.e., the Family Court) and concludes that it is based on an anachronistic view of State’s rights which no social group or political party would support today.
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Burton, Sheila. "Empowering learning support assistants to enhance the emotional wellbeing of children in school." Educational and Child Psychology 25, no. 2 (2008): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2008.25.2.40.
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This article is practice based in that its main emphasis is on how psychological theory into behavioural, emotional and social development can be used to empower learning support assistants (LSAs) to increase children’s skills in the area of emotional literacy. For the past two decades, since the introduction of a national curriculum, the educational focus in the United Kingdom has been principally on raising academic attainment within schools. Yet in recent years there has been a growing appreciation by Government that to raise standards it is not sufficient to focus solely upon the content of the curriculum and the way in which it is delivered. Schools need to be concerned with the all round development of children and young people, as shown by the introduction of the Every Child Matters (2005) programme with its broader and enduring outcome measures. This paper describes how an educational psychology service has developed training and support that aims to increase the success of pupils by empowering LSAs to address pupils’ emotional needs. It explores the rationale for investing significant time and effort into such work and describes how a small pilot project has been extended to become a county-wide initiative across primary and secondary phases of education. Consideration is given to the partnership with schools and the practical aspects to be considered in an initiative of this kind. Early evaluation results are reported and areas for development are considered, including further in-depth evaluation of individual outcomes for pupils.
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Saikina, G. K. "Education Phenomenon in Terms of “Metaphysics of Man”." Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia 31, no. 12 (December 21, 2022): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2022-31-12-103-114.
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The purpose of this article is to reveal the resources of “metaphysics of man” for understanding the phenomenon of education. The creativity of “metaphysics of man” based on understanding a man as a self-founded, free and self-creating creature, allows taking education as a process of molding, forming a person from himself and thereby affirming his anthropological foundations and ideals. Education can be defined as a fundamental characteristic of anthropic identity. The conclusion that the deep meaning of education is in line with the goal of human metaphysics, which consists of the self-elevation of a person above himself and attainment of himself is substantiated. Scheler’s concept of an “educated creature” was taken as an example of a bearer of a metaphysical relation to education, the essential features of which are ontological participation, the culture of the soul, openness to others, and living integrity, freedom, decency, guidance by common sense. The novel nature of the study is in the substantiation of the heuristic meaning of the comparative analysis of the institutional and metaphysical dimensions (modes of existence, aspects) of the educational process, which appeared to us in the form of individual models of education. The institutional and metaphysical models of education differ from each other: 1) according to the forms of communication between the teacher and the student (vertical or subject-object, and horizontal or subject-subject relations respectively); 2) according to the predominance of one of the educational aspects: teaching or learning (the dominance of teaching or the dominance of learning and self-learning); 3) according to the way the student relates to education (consumer relation or relation to education as an inherent value). The main difference between these models is anthropological: whether a person has made a choice in favor of the metaphysical dimension of life. Allowing moving away from practical relation to the education process, the metaphysical model of education introduces a true axiological meaning into it, affirming the commitment to the social and individual good.
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Muñoz-Concha, Diego, Ximena Quiñones, Juan Pablo Hernández, and Sebastián Romero. "Chili Pepper Landrace Survival and Family Farmers in Central Chile." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101541.
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Chili pepper is produced by family farmers in central Chile incorporating modern technologies and maintaining traditional practices. Although chili pepper is deeply rooted in the local culture, the agricultural system supporting its production and the germplasm involved are poorly studied. This work focused on two main landraces lacking information about what features (agronomic, morphological and chemical) distinguish them and how distinct they are. It is also of high importance to deepen our understanding of the agricultural system and the aspects that may affect its sustainability. An integrated approach was applied for the evaluation of social characteristics of farmers, the growing system, morphological traits, and selected chemical components. Between landraces, flower and fruit morphology was clearly distinct. Total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and total carotenoid content showed higher values in fruits of cacho de cabra than in chileno negro. Both landraces had a higher total phenolic content than other Capsicum cultivars in the world. Farmers ascribe distinct attributes for the landraces regarding agronomic performance, fruit quality and processing applications. Characteristics that may affect the sustainability of the agricultural system are small farm size, relatives working as employees, and low farmers’ educational attainment. The study landraces are distinct and represent unique genetic material produced in an agricultural system facing important challenges where farmers have adapted to socio-economic pressures, externalizing plant production, reducing harvest costs, and developing innovations in product and marketing.
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Micabalo, Kingie G. "Assessment for a Sustainable Livelihood Driver: The Economic, Social and Environmental Viewpoint of a Community Extension Program." Asian Review of Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2022.11.2.3240.
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The academe is regarded as the primary actor capable of empowering people, with the potential to contribute to a better community. School institutions have a mission to connect with the community by providing skill training and information to individuals who are less fortunate in order to help them reach their full potential.The investigation expects to survey the community's status in economic maintainability, social practicality, and ecological quality with an end perspective on building up a sustainable livelihood program centered to advance development and improvement in the community. The 359 residents - respondents of a village in an urban poor area participated in the study using Slovin’s formula to decide the study's sample size on a cluster sampling method in data gathering. Frequency and simple percentage, weighted mean, and Chi-Square Test of Independence were used to treat and interpret the data.The data found that individuals in the area rated social viability highly, while economic sustainability and environmental soundness were rated moderately. The respondents' favored program is the Community Livelihood Program Training Center, whereas the development of People's Cooperative for Businesses, the launch of Community Microfinancing, and Community SME's were rated fairly. The study also discovered a link between the respondents' gender, civil status, educational attainment, monthly income, source of income, and the community's economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the community's economic sustainability, social viability, environmental quality, and selected sustainable livelihood program all have a major relationship. The study concluded that the residents of the village place a high value on the social, economic, and environmental aspects of community growth and development. It also concludes that the community requires a Sustainable Livelihood Training Center, which the people believe is extremely suitable and acceptable for leveraging the community's current situation. People's perceptions of the community's status are influenced by their personal status as a local resident. And, if people's personal status and manner of life improve, a bigger percentage of growth and development in the community will be realized as well.
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Ginsberg, David L., Nina R. Schooler, Peter F. Buckley, Philip D. Harvey, and Peter J. Weiden. "Optimizing Treatment of Schizophrenia Enhancing Affective/Cognitive and Depressive Functioning." CNS Spectrums 10, no. 2 (February 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900019337.
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ABSTRACTRecognition and treatment of schizophrenia has largely focused on positive symptoms of the disorder, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganization. However, other important symptoms, such as depression, cognition, and social functioning, have not received comparable attention. Fifty percent of schizophrenic patients suffer from comorbid depression, which is a major risk factor for suicide in this population, while 10% to 25% suffer from comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive deficits commonly observed in patients with schizophrenia include problems with concentration, attention, and memory, as well as problem-solving and verbal skills. These deficits are observed at early stages of the illness and can predict deficits in functional capabilities, such as occupational and social skills, educational attainment, and the ability to live independently. The severity of such impairments affects all patients in this population, including up to 10% of patients working full time and up to one third of those working part time. In light of the debilitating effects of depression, cognitive impairment, and other aspects of affective functioning on the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia, physicians need to partner with their patients to address these concerns and determine an appropriate treatment regimen. This can be done with simple functional-based cognitive questioning, the use of evidence-based psychosocial practices, and psychoeducation on the many pharmacotherapeutic options. It is recommended that depressive or suicidal symptoms of schizophrenia be treated with an antidepressant or mood stabilizer only if the symptoms have not subsided after treatment of the psychosis with an atypical antipsychotic. Additionally, relative to older medications, atypicals have demonstrated benefit in improving some of the cognitive impairments.
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Tran, Dai Binh, and Hanh Thi My Tran. "Women’s health: a benefit of education in Australia." Health Education 119, no. 4 (June 3, 2019): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-11-2018-0053.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between education and health amongst Australian women. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia data set. Spouse’s education is employed as an instrument to solve the potential endogeneity of educational attainment. Findings The results indicate that an additional year of schooling can lead to an increase in self-reported health, physical health, mental health and a reduced likelihood of having long-term health conditions. Women who are not in the labour force are likely to enjoy higher benefits of education compared to their employed counterparts. The findings also suggest that the relationship between education and health can be explained by the extent of positive health behaviours and social capital as mediators. Research limitations/implications The conclusion from the results might be different in the case of men, reducing the generalisability of the results. Several objective health variables should be used to provide further aspects of health on which education has an impact. Practical implications As the positive effect of education on women’s health is empirically found, investment in women’s education should be seriously considered and reevaluated. Originality/value This paper focuses on Australian women which not only reduces the heterogeneity between genders but also adds to the rare number of studies on this topic in Australia. This paper also employs a formal mediation analysis to examine what are the mechanisms explaining the relationship between education and health.
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Stephan, Jennifer L. "Social Capital and the College Enrollment Process: How Can a School Program Make a Difference?" Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 115, no. 4 (April 2013): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811311500407.
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Background College attendance has become a crucial determinant of life chances in U.S. society. Besides college costs and academic preparation, college-related cultural and social capital may help explain socioeconomic differences in whether and where students attend college. While high school counselors are seen as potential agents of social capital, the standard counseling model, developed to serve middle-class students, may not translate effectively to schools serving disadvantaged students. The college coach program, introduced in 12 non-selective Chicago Public Schools (CPS) in the fall of 2004, provides an alternative model. In contrast to the standard high school counseling model, college coaches take a “community organizer” role in assisting the college enrollment process. Statistical difference-in-differences analysis suggests that coaches may have improved the kinds of colleges that students attended, particularly for less advantaged students (Stephan, 2010). Purpose This qualitative study describes how the coach program works and analyzes key aspects that may explain its positive relationship with college enrollment outcomes. Participants Interviews were conducted between the spring of 2006 and spring of 2007 with 9 current and former college coaches, 2 postsecondary specialists (to whom the coaches report), and 30 high school seniors in 2 coach schools, which, like other non-selective CPS high schools, serve students who are predominantly African American or Latino and low-income. Research Design Responses to semi-structured interviews with coaches and students were coded for recurring themes and according to interview questions. A model of how coaches create social capital emerged from iterations between coding interviews and studying previous research on the creation of social capital. Conclusions The results suggest that coaches use new advising strategies (different from typical school counseling practices) to increase students’ college-related social capital and subsequently increase the number of students completing college actions, which may explain improved enrollment outcomes. This research highlights previously tacit assumptions about how counseling should work and details new advising procedures that may benefit disad-vantaged students in the college enrollment process. More generally, this research discusses specific social mechanisms through which policy or institutions may create social capital to improve educational attainment.
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Gál, Katalin, and Rita Pásztor. "Silver Economy in Romania. Érmellék Case Study." Erdélyi Társadalom 18, no. 2 (2020): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17177/77171.249.
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After the regime change in Romania significant changes in the structure of the population can also be observed, one aspect of which is aging. Our research examines the Romanian aspects of the silver economy on the example of Érmellék micro region. The studied North Bihor area is a disadvantaged micro-region where the social and economic changes of the last 30 years have not brought an easier life. These social changes can be seen in ethnic change, aging, the feminization of aging, and low educational attainment. According to economic indicators, people living here are characterized by low income and commuting lifestyle for working purposes. Accession to the European Union is mostly reflected in the increase in the number of border crossings points and cross-border labor force migration in this region. Thus, our research concerns the examination of the situation of the aging and elderly generation in Érmellék along the measures and services of the silver economy. After defining the concept of the silver economy and presenting the dimensions of the Active Aging Index, an analysis of the empirical data follows. Our study interprets the silver economy as a set of economic opportunities that address both the public and consumer expenditures associated with an aging population and the specific needs of the population over 50 years. During the data processing, through qualitative approach of the elderly population quality of life, we sought the answer to the question of the extent to which the silver economy, or some of its dimensions, can be accessed in Érmellék. In our study, we integrated the analysis of information from focus group interviews, professional and in-depth interviews in the framework of the exploratory research into the dimensions provided by the Active Aging Index. Along with the applied analytical logic, the presentation of the individual dimensions was supplemented with the processing of qualitative empirical material in addition to the secondary data, so we could get to know the conditions of active aging in Érmellék and the possibilities of the regional silver economy. Keywords: silver economy, active aging, quality of life of the elderly, social care, employment of the elderly, social participation of the elderly
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Dvoriankova, E. V., N. A. Shevchenko, and O. V. Zhukova. "Psychiatric comorbidity and psycho-emotional status of patients with acne." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 13 (August 9, 2022): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-13-38-46.
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Acne is a very common skin disease that has a significant impact on the psycho-emotional status of patients. This disease affects various areas of patients’ lives, leading to problems in body image, socialization, and sexuality. The change in appearance and the psycho-emotional stress associated with the development of acne can also affect other aspects of patients’ lives, including educational attainment, social activity, and a decline in academic performance and ability to work. Interpersonal problems in acne patients can occur not only with acquaintances and colleagues, but also within the family. The presence of a pronounced cosmetic defect, along with acute psycho-emotional problems, leads to a sharp decrease in quality of life, which is often exacerbated by comorbid psychiatric pathology: anxiety, depression, dysmorphophobia, self-injurious behavior, which certainly requires timely, effective and safe therapy for the underlying skin disease. Isotretinoin is an effective medication for the treatment of severe and treatment-resistant forms of acne. This drug has an effect on all four pathophysiological factors of acne development. Isotretinoin reduces sebum production, regulates hyperkeratosis in the estuaries of sebaceous follicles, reduces the number of Propionibacterium acnes on the skin and is thought to have certain immunological and anti-inflammatory effects. This is why the introduction of this drug into clinical practice has been recognized as an incredible triumph in the treatment of vulgar acne. However, the presence of some undesirable side effects may limit its widespread use. In 1982, for example, the FDA issued a warning about the possible risk of depression and the occurrence of suicidal thoughts and attempts while using isotretinoin. However, this warning was not subsequently confirmed.
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Ali, Sittie Mairah H. O., Ashley A. Bangcola, and Athena Jalaliyah Derico Lawi. "Exploring the issues, practices, and prospects of family planning among married couples in Southern Philippines." Belitung Nursing Journal 8, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33546/bnj.1939.
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Background: Nurses are involved in all aspects of health, including reproductive health. They play a fundamental role in family planning and are often designated as point persons in family planning-related concerns. In order to provide effective counseling on family planning, the nurse must understand issues, practices, and prospects of family planning among married couples in their community.
Objective: This exploratory multiple case study investigates family planning issues, practices, and prospects among couples in a municipality located in Southern Philippines.
Methods: Ten married couples of varying characteristics were interviewed to elicit their perspectives on family planning practices. The data were analyzed using coding transcriptions and thematic analysis.
Results: Five sub-themes emerged under the theme of Family Planning Issues: family planning as a burden; fear of side effects; peer-driven contraceptive choice; family planning as a social stigma; family planning as a sin. Two sub-themes emerged under the theme of Family Planning Practices: knowledge of family planning commodities; availability and acceptance of the contraceptive method. Finally, two sub-themes also emerged under the theme of Family Planning Prospects: family planning as a financially beneficial practice; prospects on family planning depend on husband’s acceptance.
Conclusion: These sub-themes were also distinguished by their similarities and differences based on the four parameters identified, including age, sex, financial status, and educational attainment, which aided in the development of recommendations that could be implemented in the local community. The results of this study especially have a bearing on nurses and their role in the family planning process. Nurses play a fundamental role in guiding community members and families toward health and wellness. Thus, it is crucial for nurses to understand family planning issues underpinning their community so they can better exercise their role.
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Onah, Daniel F. O., Elaine L. L. Pang, and Jane E. Sinclair. "Investigating self-regulation in the context of a blended learning computing course." International Journal of Information and Learning Technology 39, no. 1 (December 17, 2021): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijilt-04-2021-0059.
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PurposeMassive open online courses (MOOCs) provide an innovative educational technology, which has become widely used for distance learning by independent learners. However, there has been little work so far to study the effects of using MOOCs as part of a blended classroom approach in which learning activities take place both online and in a traditional classroom setting. The purpose of this study is to investigate the aspects of blended MOOC usage in the context of a computing course for first-year undergraduates at a UK university.Design/methodology/approachThe MOOC was implemented on a purpose-built platform that supports learners to make informed choices about their learning path. This research investigates students’ capacity for self-regulated learning (SRL) and understands their preparedness for independent study, profile the general areas of SRL strength and weakness, which may affect their ability to learn effectively in a self-directed environment. An existing survey instrument, based on a six-dimensional conceptualization of SRL was adapted to investigate the self-regulation in the MOOC study.FindingsThe results demonstrate that the dimensions of self-evaluation and time management represent particular areas of weakness for these students. Furthermore, profiles of SRL for individual students show considerable differences in capability within the study. However, the deficiencies in SRL dimensions contrast with the students’ of generally high levels of attainment. This leads us to question the validity of the existing SRL. Furthermore, a high level of social interaction and help-seeking was reported in relation to the MOOC study indicating the increasing importance of social learning and the importance of co-regulation for SRL.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough this study presents findings from a small data sample, it points to a number of areas for future implementation and exploration. Firstly, in line with the action research approach, students’ SRL could, in the future, be tested early in the course with the MOOC component being ideally placed to provide personalised support for each student in aspects which they may benefit from developing further. Secondly, for students in the cohort studied in this paper, a longitudinal study will track how their SRL develops as they progress through the degree. We feel that it is important to gain further qualitative data to understand how students work in practice and the strategies they adopt when confronted with different modes of learning. Finally, it is necessary to consider the conceptualisation of SRL to understand if existing instruments could be adapted to provide a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of learners’ self-regulation.Originality/valueThere has been little research on the effects of using a MOOC as the online component of a blended classroom learning approach. This study has used a theoretical perspective of SRL to investigate the approaches to self-regulation adopted by undergraduate computer science students studying in a blended MOOC environment. The MOOC used for this purpose was developed on the innovative eLDa platform, allowing students to determine, track and visualise their individual path through topics and materials offered in the MOOC.
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Sobot, Ankica. "The impact of education on time use of elderly population in Serbia." Stanovnistvo 53, no. 2 (2015): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1502067s.
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The active ageing concept, which implies individual and broader social benefits, is defined for mitigating the negative effects of intensive population ageing. It redefines the perception of ageing in accordance with the positive trends in terms of health and life span of older persons' life. One of the factors which has certain impact on some aspects of active ageing is education. The researches confirm its influence on the health and vitality of the elderly, as well as on their economic activity. It is important not only as a dimension of socio-economic status, but also from the perspective of certain behavior, the availability of learning, the possibility of adopting valid information and the use of new technological achievements for the purpose of healthy lifestyle. The top ten countries in 2015 regarding Active Ageing Index have up to four times higher shares of highly educated persons among those aged 50 or over (between 23% and 34%), compared to the countries which are at the back of the AAI list. However, Italy is ranked second, regarding the participation in society despite the fact that less than 10% of persons aged 50 or over are highly educated. By contrast, Estonia has only high index in employment, while in relation to the other spheres is very low ranking, regardless there are 34% of highly educated among persons aged 50 or over. The first example shows that it is possible to achieve partial progress despite low prevalence of high education. Another indicates that the attainment in active ageing can be limited by other factors despite high proportion of highly educated. It is possible to conclude that in either of these two cases high education did not impact, but that these characteristics of active ageing are the consequences of other factors. Participation in society, in addition to volunteering and political engagement, implies caring for children or the elderly. It is possible that the incidence of these activities have more important influence on the positioning of Italy in this sphere. Relatively high index of employment could be explained by the influence of socio-economic conditions and the necessity of working engagement of older persons due to social security and living standards of households. This could be said for Estonia because it is placed into the group of countries with lower GDP per capita. The research regarding the time use in Serbia, used in this paper as the framework for studying the lifestyle of older people, shows that the paid work is the most evident differentiation between those who have entered the older age (65 or older) and those who are on the threshold of this limit (55-64 years). Regarding leisure time, it is clear that more passive forms (watching television and resting) prevail. Reading, walking, visiting, spending time with family and the provision of informal help partially mitigate this picture. However, weak commitment to cultural events and physical activity, poor involvement in different spheres of social life, almost the absence of voluntary work and additional training undermine the concept of active ageing. Highly educated persons have the most of leisure time but, in relation to persons with lower educational levels, there is no substantial differentiation regarding the activities that mark active ageing. In comparison with others, they spent less time watching TV and movies as well as resting, but more time walking, visiting, reading, using a computer or providing informal support. Tertiary education has proved to be a point of differentiation among females who approach the entry into older age. It does not only mean more time in paid work, but also less time in unpaid activities, compared to women with lower educational levels. In addition, highly educated women aged 65 or over more frequently perform paid jobs than those with primary education. It is not the specificity of male population. High education did not eliminate the specificities of overpowering cultural pattern of gender roles. Men more engage in paid jobs and have more leisure time, while women spend more time in performing household tasks. Women more devote to reading books, going to the cinema, volunteering, and the participation in religious activities as compared to men. Male respondents spend more time resting, exercising and visiting sport events. However, in both cases passive forms of leisure time prevail, although there are some specificities. In comparison with those who had lower educational levels, highly educated persons evaluated their health as good or very good two times more frequently, but it has not resulted in significant difference in terms of commitment to the activities that mark active ageing. The widespread of tertiary education does not mean unconditional acceptance of this model. In addition to social conditions, living circumstances and cultural norms, lifestyle is important as an advantage or a disadvantage for the realization of active ageing. Lower education levels are an additional challenge in terms of advancing all preconditions for accepting and spreading the model of active aging.
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Petružytė, Donata. "Tyrėjo subjektyvaus patyrimo episteminė reikšmė lauko tyrimuose." Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika 8 (January 1, 2014): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2014.0.2665.
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Vilniaus universitetasSocialinio darbo katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1 – 309 kab.LT-01513 VilniusEl. paštas: donatai@gmail.com Straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti ir atskleisti tyrėjo subjektyvaus patyrimo episteminę reikšmę ir jo panaudojimo lauko tyrimuose galimybes. Šios temos nagrinėjimas svarbus, nes leidžia kritiškiau įvertinti lauko tyrimus, visapusiškiau traktuoti jų duomenis ir siekti didesnio jų validumo. Rengiant medžiagą straipsniui buvo taikomi mokslinės literatūros, metodinių pavyzdžių ir asmeninės patirties analizės metodai. Prieita prie išvados, kad atliekant tokio pobūdžio tyrimus svarbu fiksuoti ne tik tai, kas vyksta tyrėjo išorėje (t. y. tiriamoje erdvėje), bet ir tai, kas vyksta tyrėjo viduje, ir šiuos vidinius vyksmus traktuoti kaip intensyvių ir daugiamačių tyrėjo ir tiriamųjų sąveikų padarinius.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: lauko tyrimas, etnografinis tyrimas, stebėjimas dalyvaujant, reflektyvumas, tyrėjo savianalizė.The Epistemic Singnificance of Researcher’s Subjective Experience in Fieldwork Donata Petružytė Summary The key feature of fieldwork is the researcher’s immersion in the culture (i.e. the group or community) being investigated. For this reason, fieldwork requires an exceptionally deep and personal involvement and is, therefore, emotionally costly to the researcher. This article is specifically aimed at drawing readers’ attention to subjective experiences of the fieldworker, which are rarely discussed in the scientific literature. In essence, the objective of this article is to reveal the epistemological significance of a researcher’s subjective experience and to investigate the possibilities of its application to fieldwork. The primary methods of data collection for this article were analysis, synthesis, and interpretation of scientific literature and methodological illustrations. In addition, the author’s personal experience in fieldwork was also analysed (namely, her research about waste-gatherer communities in Lithuanian landfills, which was conducted in cooperation with Mindaugas Survila, the director and cameraman of the 2011 documentary “Field of Magic”). The author believes that the aforementioned topic deserves thorough research because of its potential to aid the critical evaluation of fieldwork, to allow a more versatile data interpretation, and to improve the validity of gathered data. On the one hand, the theoretical aspects of the problem are only briefly examined in this article. On the other hand, the practical strategies of encouraging social and psychological reflectivity are discussed extensively and personal experience is analysed meticulously. Despite the fact that this article deals with fieldwork in particular, some of its findings might be useful for qualitative research in general. It must be acknowledged that the social setting of the field has an inevitable impact on the ethnographer. The summary of the author’s personal reflections, ethnographic research, and methodological literature reveals five types of such impact: physiological, cognitive, social, emotional, and ethical. In each individual case, the combination of levels of influence and their intensity depend on three factors: research characteristics (duration, intensity of data collection, cultural proximity / distance between researchers and participants), the researcher’s personal qualities and experience, and the peculiarities of the social milieu being investigated. It is evident, that only through constant effort of reflection the pitfall of unconscious social conditioning can be avoided. Otherwise it might lie unnoticed and lead to gross misrepresentations of social reality. Naturally, researchers themselves also have a powerful effect on their group of research subjects as their sudden entrance in the field abruptly interrupts the course of habitual activities of these subjects. Research subjects also have particular expectations the researcher and their own attitudes based on individual experience or common sense. Consequently, it is extremely important for the researcher to master the art of identifying and negotiating these expectations and common sense notions in order to properly steer the process of entering the field. The level of mastery determines the type of data accessible to the researcher and how readily available it is. Generally speaking, there are several crucial aspects of the ethnographer’s influence on research subjects. Firstly, there is a number of primary characteristics of identity, determining the researcher’s personality and the conduct of research, which are beyond one’s control. Namely, they are gender, age, and ethnic background, which are associated with specific social norms. Secondly, there are a few factors that the scientist can control. They include his or her outlook, behaviour, and social skills. Despite being less fundamental, the latter are sometimes useful in mitigating the negative effects of the former. Accordingly, controllable and uncontrollable factors interact with the expectations of research subjects to create a particular image of the scientist. A dedicated role is fairly quickly assigned to the researcher, but it may be transformed in the course of the fieldwork. As each given role allows for a specific amount of social power, and the researcher’s power translates into freedom of inquiry, the fieldworker’s scientific endeavour is enhanced by attainment of powerful roles and limited by reception of powerless roles. Although the former statement has become fieldworkers’ common sense, a mere recognition of the fact does not suffice. In order to thoughtfully and efficiently handle the research process, fieldworkers need to delve deeply into the everyday interaction among their social roles, psychological characteristics, subjects’ expectations and dispositions about them and their research. Scientists must also evaluate their level of coping with all the tasks and how it advances or hinders data collection. It is clearly evident that knowledge about social life, as generated during fieldwork, has little to do with the controlled setting of a lab. Its life-like character is marked with intimate, long-term, complicated, and multidimensional relationship between the research parties. Hence, it is important to register not only the flow of events in the field that are external to the researcher, but also his or her inner processes and to treat them as a product of multifaceted interaction between the fieldworker and natives of the field. It is quite apparent that because of a multitude of reciprocal effects between ethnographers and the field, researchers cannot be regarded as infallible and objective means of research. Henceforth, regular efforts by the researcher to analyse this complicated relationship from one’s point of view are mandatory. These efforts might provide a fruitful insight into research development and data interpretation. In conclusion, reflecting should be a vital part of every ethnographer’s research, because it would bring a handful of improvements. Firstly, the proper reflection on processes within the field and the self-analysis might lead to an increased observational acuteness. This would account for richer data and more in-depth information about the research object. Secondly, regular self-analysis would allow the fieldworker to be more involved in the research process and improve his or her ability to make strategic moves. Thirdly, acute reflection could shed more light on the context of data and the procedure of their collection. Furthermore, this would lead to a both more apt attribution of meaning during data interpretation and an improved validity of data. As a bonus, self-analysis may relieve the emotional burden put on the researcher by the difficulties of fieldwork and encourage the fieldworker’s personal development. Finally, deep reflection might also serve the educational purpose for both authors and readers alike, since it enriches research reports with detailed accounts of the fieldwork peculiarities. Key words: field research, ethnographic research, participant observation, reflectivity, researcher’s self-analysis