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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Education History 18th century'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Jones, Diana Kathryn. "The relationship between religion, work and education and the influence of 18th and 19th century nonconformist entrepreneurs." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308233.

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2

Yates, Paula. "The established church and rural elementary schooling : the Welsh dioceses 1780-1830." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683276.

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3

McIntosh, William A. "Rousseau's theory of education in the context of the eighteenth century." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66093.

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4

Peterson, Rebecca C. (Rebecca Carol). "Early Educational Reform in North Germany: its Effects on Post-Reformation German Intellectuals." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278681/.

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Martin Luther supported the development of the early German educational system on the basis of both religious and social ideals. His impact endured in the emphasis on obedience and duty to the state evident in the north German educational system throughout the early modern period and the nineteenth century. Luther taught that the state was a gift from God and that service to the state was a personal vocation. This thesis explores the extent to which a select group of nineteenth century German philosophers and historians reflect Luther's teachings. Chapters II and III provide historiography on this topic, survey Luther's view of the state and education, and demonstrate the adherence of nineteenth century German intellectuals to these goals. Chapters IV through VII examine the works respectively of Johann Gottfried Herder, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Leopold von Ranke, and Wilhelm Dilthey, with focus on the interest each had in the reformer's work for its religious, and social content. The common themes found in these authors' works were: the analysis of the membership of the individual in the group, the stress on the uniqueness of individual persons and cultures, the belief that familial authority, as established in the Fourth Commandment, provided the basis for state authority, the view that the state was a necessary and benevolent institution, and, finally, the rejection of revolution as a means of instigating social change. This work explains the relationship between Luther's view of the state and its interpretation by later German scholars, providing specific examples of the way in which Herder, Hegel, Ranke, and Dilthey incorporated in their writings the reformer's theory of the state. It also argues for the continued importance of Luther to later German intellectuals in the area of social and political theory.

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5

Handa, Satoko. "Saving 'the Age of Innocence' Catholicism, Revolution and representations of childhood in France, 1762-1830 /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41508919.

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6

Casey, Shawn Thomas. "Literacy and the Social Worlds of Writing in the Scottish Atlantic: 1750-1800." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354125418.

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7

Rundqvist, Annelie. "Av god Conduit : Privatlärare i Stockholm med omnejd 1793-1795." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136522.

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OF PROPER CONDUCT: PRIVATE TUTORS IN STOCKHOLM AND ITS ENVIRONS 1793–1795 This paper studies private tutors in Stockholm and its environs 1793-1795 by examining work advertisements written by said tutors. It is in part a continuation of a previous study of the education market in Stockholm 1798. It utilizes Yvonne Hirdman ’s gender theory and Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of symbolic capital to analyze differences in what male and female tutors offered to teach, how they portrayed themselves and if any social groups could be ascertained. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used, where the quantitative method is partly influenced by the verb oriented-method from the Gender and Work (GaW) project and the qualitative method is influenced by hermeneutics. The study shows that most of the tutors were men, and of those men a majority were students, priests, educated men and officials. The female tutors did not use titles overall, but the subjects they offered to teach suggests most were in the mid- to upper mid layer of society. The French salon culture was dominating among the nobles at the end of the 18th century. This study argues that the salon culture was the cultural capital by which the tutors measured themselves. Because of their academic merits, men tended to use institutionalized cultural capital while women used only partly embodied cultural capital through their knowledge of the French language. Where men tended to use formal merits, women used a wider array of strategies. There were however a number of men who used strategies of weakness when faced with financial difficulties. Women taught mainly needlework and French, where female tutors offering to teach how to sew of clothes showed a shift from male professional tailors to female seamstresses. It is argued that Hirdman’s principle of segregation between men and women both affected the subjects the tutors were able to offer as well as the subjects they did offer.

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8

Honeyman, Valerie. "'That ye may judge for yourselves' : the contribution of Scottish Presbyterianism towards the emergence of political awareness amongst ordinary people in Scotland between 1746 and 1792." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/10826.

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This thesis offers a new interpretation of the origins of eighteenth-century popular political consciousness in Scotland during the second half of the eighteenth century by considering the relationship between Presbyterianism, literacy and political activity, and it examines the long-standing enmity to the authority of the elite expressed through patronage disputes, the burgh reform movement and opposition to Catholic relief. In particular it discusses the ongoing debate over lay ecclesiastical patronage arguing that religious dispute was a major stimulus to the process of politicising ordinary people. This process was aided by the inherent radicalism within Presbyterianism which was egalitarian and anti-hierarchical, and which was used to justify inclusion in the political process. It also emphasises the continuing relevance of Scotland’s Covenanting tradition for people from all walks of life who engaged with ideas predominantly through polemical religious books, particularly Covenanting theology and history, and it argues that the clergy provided a crucial link between the general populace and the issues of the day through their ability to draw people into contemporary debate as a result of their preaching and publications.

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9

Workman, Jessica Crystal. "A laudable ambition fired her soul conduct fiction helps define republican womanhood, female communities, and women's education in the works of Judith Sargent Murray, Hannah Webster Foster, and Susanna Haswell Rowson." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4723.

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This study examines the major works of Judith Sargent Murray, Hannah Webster Foster, and Susanna Haswell Rowson, three major writers of the 1790s whose writing responds to the ideologies of the early American Republic. I suggest that Murray, Foster, and Rowson write conduct fiction which responds to the changing attitudes toward women and education after the American Revolution. Using fiction, these authors comment on the republican woman, the need for women's education, and the necessity for women to gather in communities for support. Despite the prevailing notion that reading too many novels would corrupt young women, Judith Sargent Murray's novella, The Story of Margaretta (1786), Hannah Webster Foster's novels, The Coquette (1797) and The Boarding School (1798), and Susanna Rowson's novels, Charlotte Temple (1794) and Reuben and Rachel; or, Tales of Old Times (1798), were some of the most popular books in the late eighteenth century. If these novels were not meant to be read by young women, who were the authors' primary audience, why were they so popular? This project situates these questions in the political environment the authors were writing in to show that a relationship exists between what women were reading and how authors of conduct fiction helped facilitate the changing roles of women in the early Republic.
ID: 030646201; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-108).
M.A.
Masters
English
Arts and Humanities
English; Literary, Cultural and Textual Studies Track

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10

Moura, Breno Arsioli. "A aceitação da óptica newtoniana no século XVIII: subsídios para discutir a Natureza da Ciência do Ensino." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/81/81131/tde-24042013-153421/.

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A compreensão da Ciência como um empreendimento dinâmico e em constante transformação tem se tornado uma das mais importantes metas da educação científica nos últimos anos. É quase senso comum que discussões sobre a Natureza da Ciência (NdC) sejam incorporadas nos currículos de ciências. De uma forma geral, a NdC pode ser definida como um arcabouço de saberes sobre as bases ou princípios epistemológicos envolvidos na construção do conhecimento científico. Uma das maneiras de se ensinar NdC é a discussão de episódios da História da Ciência. Nesse trabalho, analisamos em detalhes o desenvolvimento, a repercussão e a aceitação da óptica newtoniana; particularmente, estudamos sua popularização na Europa do início do século XVIII, principalmente na Grã-Bretanha. Neste período ocorreram mudanças sociais e culturais significativas, entre elas, a valorização da Filosofia Natural e seus produtos, o estabelecimento da mecânica e óptica newtonianas e da imagem de Isaac Newton como um representante da genuína filosofia natural. Assim, na época, foram selecionados e incorporados aos tratados de física apenas aspectos de sua óptica que evidenciavam o caráter indutivista e que ao mesmo tempo podiam ser conciliados com sua mecânica. A partir deste estudo histórico, aspectos da NdC podem ser explicitamente discutidos, por exemplo, a questão da inexistência de um método científico universal, a influência do contexto e do prestígio do pesquisador em questão na aceitação ou rejeição de suas idéias, o caráter provisório do conhecimento científico, a importância da maneira como as idéias são apresentadas, entre outras coisas. Este tipo de discussão é relevante para diversos âmbitos da formação de professores, favorecendo a construção de uma imagem adequada da Ciência de um modo geral.
Currently, there is a general agreement that Nature of Science (NOS) aspects must be included in science curriculums. The present dissertation analyzes in details the development, the repercussion and the acceptance of Newtonian optics; with particular emphasis on its popularization in early 18th century in Europe, especially in Great Britain. In this period, significant social and cultural changes occurred, among them the valorization of Natural Philosophy and its products, the establishment of Newtonian mechanics, optics and Isaac Newton\'s image as genuine representative of Natural Philosophy. As consequence, only Newtonian optics aspects that evidenced the inductivism and could be conciliated with his mechanics were incorporated in 18th century natural philosophy books. From this historical study, NOS aspects can be explicitly discussed, for instance, the inexistence of an universal scientific method, the influence of social context and how the prestige of a scientist biases the acceptance of her/his ideas, the temporary character of scientific knowledge, the relevance of how ideas are communicated, among other topics. The present work is important for teacher training courses, since it provides adequate view of Science development.

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11

Macdonald, Simon James Stuart. "British communities in late eighteenth-century Paris." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609294.

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12

Riordan, Michael Benjamin. "Mysticism and prophecy in Scotland in the long eighteenth century." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709304.

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13

Sinclair, Alistair John. "The emergence of philosophical inquiry in 18th century Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284694.

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14

Brito, Nadia Francisca. "Merchants of Curacao in the early 18th century." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625499.

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15

Dwyer, John. "Virtuous discourse : sensibility and community in late eighteenth-century Scotland." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25786.

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This study explores the moral characteristics of late eighteenth-century Scottish culture in order to ascertain both its specific nature and its contribution to modern consciousness. It argues that, while the language of moral discourse in that socio-economic environment remained in large part traditional, containing aspects from both neo-Stoicism and classical humanism, it also incorporated and helped to develop an explicitly modern conceptual network. The language of sensibility as discussed by Adam Smith and adapted by practical Scottish moralists, played a key role in the Scottish assessment of appropriate ethical behaviour In a complex society. The contribution of enlightened Scottish moralists to the language and literature of sensibility has been virtually overlooked, with a corresponding impoverishment of our understanding of some of the most important eighteenth-century social and cultural developments. Both literary scholars and social historians have made the mistake of equating eighteenth century sensibility with the growth of individualism and romanticism. The Scottish contribution to sensibility cannot be appreciated in such terms, but needs to be examined in relation to the stress that its practitioners placed upon man's social nature and the integrity of the moral community. Scottish moralists believed that their traditional ethical community was threatened by the increased selfishness, disparateness, and mobility of an imperial and commercial British society. They turned to the cultivation of the moral sentiments as a primary mechanism for moral preservation and regeneration in a cold and indifferent modern world. What is more their discussion of this cultivation related in significant ways to the development of new perspectives on adolescence, private and domestic life, the concept of the feminine and the literary form of the novel. Scottish moralists made a contribution to sentimental discourse which has been almost completely overlooked. Henry Mackenzie, Hugh Blair and James Fordyce were among the most popular authors of the century and their discussion of the family, the community, education, the young and the conjugal relationship was not only influential per se but also reflected a particularly Scottish moral discourse which stressed the concept of sociability and evidenced concern about the survival of the moral community in a modern society. To the extent that literary scholars and historians have ignored or misread their works, they have obscured rather than enlightened eighteenth-century culture and its relationship with the social base.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate

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16

Hübner, Regina Beate. "State medicine and the state of medicine in Tokugawa, Japan : Kōkei saikyūhō (1791), an emergency handbook initiated by the Bakufu." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708725.

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17

Stubbs, Tristan Michael Cormac. "The plantation overseers of eighteenth-century Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608227.

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18

Baker, Daniel Alexander. "Technologies of encounter : exhibition-making and the 18th century South Pacific." Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2018. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/13703/.

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Between 1768 and 1780 Captain James Cook led three epic voyages from Britain into the Pacific Ocean, where he and his fellow explorers- artists, naturalists, philosophers and sailors, were to encounter societies and cultures of extraordinary diversity. These 18th Century South Pacific encounters were rich with performance, trade and exchange; but they would lead to the dramatic and violent transformation of the region through colonisation, settlement, exploitation and disease. Since those initial encounters, museums in Britain have become home to the images and artefacts produced and collected in the South Pacific; and they are now primary sites for the representation of the original voyages and their legacies. This representation most often takes the form of exhibitions and displays that in turn choreograph and produce new encounters with the past, in the present. Drawing on Alfred Gell's term 'technologies of enchantment' my practice reconceives the structures of exhibitions as 'technologies of encounter': exploring how they might be reconfigured to produce new kinds of encounter. Through reflexive practice I critically engage with museums as sites of encounters, whilst re-imagining the exhibition as a creative form. The research submission takes the form of an exhibition: an archive of materials from the practice, interwoven with a reflective dialogue in text. The thesis progresses through a series of exhibition encounters, each of which explores a different approach to technologies of encounter, from surrealist collage (Cannibal Dog Museum) and critical reflexivity (The Hidden Hand), to a conversational mode (Modernity's Candle and the Ways of the Pathless Deep).

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19

Nadeau, Martin. "Theatre et esprit public : le role du Theatre-Italien dans la culture politique parisienne a l'ere des revolutions (1770-1799)." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37795.

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Taking as a case study the Theatre-Italien, here considered both as a particular theatrical practice and as a specific stage in Paris---one of the most popular at the time---this dissertation asks what role this theatre played in the novel competition of discourses which characterized political culture in the era of Revolutions. All too often, historians have overestimated print culture as the main medium through which discourses were produced in the eighteenth century, and this despite the fact that theatre played a fundamental role in the public life of this period. Furthermore, when theatre is studied, historians emphasize too often the written form of the plays.
The dissertation's structure seeks to underline the specificity of the cultural practice represented by the theatre. The discrepancies between the meaning of a play written by a particular author and the same play as it is performed on stage are emphasized. Political messages emerge out of the language of the actors and actresses without any possibility to control them, so that the players become, in effect, co-authors of the play. Similarly, the variety of the nature of the audience and the way in which it becomes at once judge, co-author and co-actor make the public, neither intangible nor invisible, but simply gathered, a crucial feature of this cultural practice which allows us to argue that theatre was actually a very bad instrument of propaganda. Instead, theatre can be seen at the time to be a public scene of immediate political debate. The conflicting opinions expressed there turn theatre not into the minor of political reality intended by various regimes confronted to the diversity of the polity---what some people have called "a school for the people"---but rather as the mirror of the reality experienced by a large number of Parisians at the time. It is in this sense that we relate the theatrical practices studied with the concept of public spirit, expressing the people's understanding of the general interest, instead of that of public opinion, expressing the unified message imposed by a dominant political group.

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20

Perinetti, Dario. "Hume, history and the science of human nature." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38509.

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This thesis sets out to show that a philosophical reflection on history is, in the strongest possible way, an essential feature of Hume's project of a science of human nature: a philosophical investigation of human nature, for Hume, cannot be successful independently of an understanding of the relation of human beings to their history. Hume intended to criticize traditional metaphysics by referring all knowledge to experience. But it is almost always assumed that Hume means by "experience" the result of an individual's past sense perception or personal observation. Accordingly, Hume's criticism of traditional metaphysics is taken to lead to an individualistic conception of knowledge and human nature. In this thesis I claim that this picture of Hume's "empiricism" is simply wrong. He is not a philosopher who reduces "experience" to the merely private happenings within a personal psychology. On the contrary, Hume has a wider notion of experience, one that includes not only personal observation and memory, but, fundamentally, one that includes implicit knowledge of human history. Experience, so understood, brings about what I term a historical point of view, namely, the point of view of someone who seeks to extend his experience as far as it is possible in order to acquire the capacity to produce more nuanced and impartial judgments in any given practice. It is precisely this historical point of view that enables us to depart from the individualistic perspective that we would otherwise be bound to adopt not only in epistemology but, most significantly, in politics, in social life, in religion, etc.
Chapter 1 presents the historical background against which Hume elaborates his views of history's role in philosophy. Chapter 2 discusses and criticizes the individualist reading of Hume by showing that he had a satisfactory account of beliefs formed via human testimony. Chapter 3 presents a view of Hume on explanation that underscores his interest in practical and informal explanations as those of history. Chapter 4 provides a discussion of Hume's notion of historical experience in relation both to his theory of perception and to his project of a "science of man."

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21

Wrightson, Nicholas Mikus. "Franklin's networks : aspects of British Atlantic print culture, science, and communication c.1730-60." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670081.

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22

Bellais, Leslie Anne. "Textile Consumption and Availability: A View from an 18th Century Merchant's Records." W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625406.

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23

Kane, Victoria Eileen. "False Lips and a Naughty Tongue: Rumors and 18th Century Native Americans." W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625992.

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24

West, Shearer. "The theatrical portrait in eighteenth century London." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2982.

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A theatrical portrait is an image of an actor or actors in character. This genre was widespread in eighteenth century London and was practised by a large number of painters and engravers of all levels of ability. The sources of the genre lay in a number of diverse styles of art, including the court portraits of Lely and Kneller and the fetes galantes of Watteau and Mercier. Three types of media for theatrical portraits were particularly prevalent in London, between c.1745 and 1800 : painting, print and book illustration. All three offered some form of publicity to the actor, and allowed patrons and buyers to recollect a memorable - performance of a play. Several factors governed the artist's choice of actor, character and play. Popular or unusual productions of plays were nearly always accompanied by some form of actor portrait, although there are eighteenth century portraits which do not appear to reflect any particular performance at all. Details of costume in these works usually reflected fashions of the contemporary stage, although some artists occasionally invented costumes to suit their own ends. Gesture and expression of the actors in theatrical portraits also tended to follow stage convention, and some definite parallels between gestures of actors in theatrical portraits and contemporary descriptions of those actors can be made. Theatrical portraiture on the eighteenth century model continued into the nineteenth century, but its form changed with the changing styles of acting. However the art continued to be largely commercial and ephemeral, and in its very ephemerality lies its importance as a part of the social history of the eighteenth century.

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25

Allen, Katherine June. "Manuscript recipe collections and elite domestic medicine in eighteenth century England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7c96c4db-2d18-4cff-bedc-f80558d57322.

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Collecting recipes was an established tradition that continued in elite English households throughout the eighteenth century. This thesis is on medical recipes and advice, and it addresses the evolution of recipe collecting from the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century. It investigates elite domestic medicine within a cultural history of medicine framework and uses social and material history approaches to reveal why elites continued to collect medical recipes, given the commercialisation of medicine. This thesis contends that the meaning of domestic medicine must be understood within a wider context of elite healthcare in order to appreciate how the recipe collecting tradition evolved alongside cultural shifts, and shifts within the medical economy. My re-appraisal of the meaning of domestic medicine gives elite healthcare a clearer role within the narrative of the social history of medicine. Elite healthcare was about choice. Wealthy individuals had economic agency in consumerism, and recipe compilers interacted with new sources of information and products; recipe books are evidence of this consumer engagement. In addition to being household objects, recipe books had cultural significance as heirlooms, and as objects of literacy, authority, and creativity. A crucial reason for the continuation of the recipe collecting tradition was due to its continued engagement with cultural attitudes towards social obligation, knowledge exchange, taste, and sociability as an intellectual pursuit. Positioning the household as an important space of creativity, experiment, and innovation, this thesis reinforces domestic medicine as an important part of the interconnected histories of science and medicine. This thesis moreover contributes to the social history of eighteenth-century England by demonstrating the central role domestic medicine had in elite healthcare, and reveals the elite reception of the commercialisation of medicine from a consumer perspective through an investigation of personal records of intellectual pastimes and patient experiences.

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Turner, Grace S. "An Allegory for Life: An 18th century African-influenced cemetery landscape, Nassau, Bahamas." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623360.

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I use W.E.B. Du Bois' reference to the worlds 'within and without the veil' as the narrative setting for presenting the case of an African-Bahamian urban cemetery in use from the early eighteenth century to the early twentieth century. I argue that people of African descent lived what Du Bois termed a 'double consciousness.' Thus, the ways in which they shaped and changed this cemetery landscape reflect the complexities of their lives. Since the material expressions of this cemetery landscape represent the cultural perspectives of the affiliated communities so changes in its maintenance constitute archaeologically visible evidence of this process. Evidence in this study includes analysis of human remains; the cultural preference for cemetery space near water; certain trees planted as a living grave site memorial; butchered animal remains as evidence of food offerings; and placement of personal dishes on top of graves.;Based on the manufacture dates for ceramic and glass containers African-derived cultural behavior was no longer practiced after the mid-nineteenth century even though the cemetery remained in use until the early twentieth century. I interpret this change as evidence of a conscious cultural decision by an African-Bahamian population in Nassau to move away from obviously African-derived expressions of cultural identity. I argue that the desire for social mobility motivated this change. Full emancipation was granted in the British Empire by 1838. People of African descent who wanted to take advantage of social opportunities had to give up public expressions of African-derived cultural identity in order to participate more fully and successfully in the dominant society.

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27

Bethune, Kate. "British politeness and elite culture in revolutionary and early national Philadelphia, c.1775-1800." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609079.

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28

Egan, Grace. "Corresponding forms : aspects of the eighteenth-century letter." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1b22283d-1b7b-46bc-8bbe-fdda16b20323.

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My thesis investigates the dialogic aspects and literary qualities ascribed to letters during the long eighteenth century. In part this involves documenting the correspondence between letters and other genres, such as the novel. Being in correspondence encouraged writers such as Burney and Johnson to express the relationship between sender and recipient in interesting ways. I posit that the letter offered a sophisticated means for writers, including those in Richardson's circle, to represent speech and thought, and mimic (with varying degrees of indirection), that of others. I consider the editorial habits and typographical conventions that governed letter-writing during the period, honing in on Richardson's contributions. I link his claim that letters were written 'to the Moment' with broader tropes of 'occasional' style, and show how this manifests in letters' intricate modulations of tense and person. Chapter 1 details the conventions that prevailed in letters of the period, and their interactions with irony and innovation. I compare convention in the epistolary novels of Smollett and Richardson, and look at closure in the Johnson-Thrale correspondence. Chapter 2 demonstrates that various methods of combining one's voice with others were utilized in letters (such as those of the Burney family), including some that took advantage of the epistolary form and its reputation as 'talking on paper'. Chapter 3 shows the role of mimesis in maintaining the dialogic structure of letters, and links it to contemporary theories of sympathy and sentiment. Chapters 4 and 5 apply the findings about epistolary tradition, polyphony and sentimentalism to the letters of Sterne and Burns. In them, there is a mixture of sentiment and irony, and of individual and 'correspondent' styles. The conclusion discusses the editing of letters, both in situ and in preparation for publication. The twin ideals of spontaneity and sincerity, I conclude, have influenced the way we choose to edit letters in scholarly publications.

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29

Robichaud, Marc. "Making hospitals "worthy of their purpose" : hospitals and the hospital reform movement in the généralité of Rouen (1774-1794)." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84543.

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The eighteenth century was a period ripe with challenges for hospitals in France. Denounced as ineffective, inefficient and even inhumane institutions, hospitals found themselves at the centre of a growing debate over the administration of health care and welfare. Although dismissing the hospital's traditional role as a refuge for the poor, the indigent and the sick, many reformers believed that this institution still could play a valuable social role. Thus, while contemporaries lashed out against the large, "abuse-ridden," hopitaux generaux and hotels-Dieu , small hospitals were seen in a more favourable light. For the growing number of contemporaries who argued that hospitalisation should be reserved exclusively for the sick, hospitals containing a small number of beds were promoted as better disposed and better equipped to meeting the health-care needs of the community. At the same time, contemporaries began calling for the decentralization of health care and welfare services. Instead of focusing these services in large regional poor-relief institutions, reformers argued that the poor and the sick would be better served by receiving assistance in their own community, either in small parish hospitals, or within their own home (secours a domicile).
This dissertation examines how hospitals and hospital services in the late eighteenth-century generalite of Rouen responded to this growing hospital reform movement. It shows that many of the policies adopted by the region's hospital administrators reflected the contents of the larger "national" debate on health care and welfare reform. More importantly, the military was behind many of the changes affecting hospital services in this region During the eighteenth century, military hospitals became a model to emulate towards making the "reformed" hospital a reality. However, imposing military-style health standards on the region's civilian hospitals proved to be a complicated process, one that often involved a great deal of negotiation and compromise.

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Ksiazkiewicz, Allison Ann. "Geology and neoclassical aesthetics : visualising the structure of the earth in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607907.

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Allard, Julie 1977. ""Nous faisons chaque jour quelques pas vers le beau simple" : transformations de la mode française, 1770-1790." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79280.

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This thesis analyses the simplification of fashion in the French "beau monde" at the end of the eighteenth century. It reveals that the simplified fashion of the 1770s and 1780s was the result of a new feeling for nature. New perceptions of the body led physicians to plead for a new fashion, more respectful of the natural characters of the body. On the aesthetic level, natural simplicity was meant to be the only way to recover original truth and energy. Moreover, anglomania, by way of sustained exchanges with England, contributed to the development of a simpler and more egalitarian fashion. This new feeling for nature reflects profound changes in the French society at the end of the century. The idea of nature, defined according to the values and ideals of a rising bourgeoisie, conveyed a bourgeois spirit no longer restricted to a narrow social group.

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32

Schneider, Leann G. "Capturing Otherness on Canvas: 16th - 18th century European Representation of Amerindians and Africans." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1437430892.

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Sörlin, Per. "Trolldoms- och vidskepelseprocesserna i Göta hovrätt 1635-1754." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Historiska studier, 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-65857.

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Extensive witchcraft trials took place in Sweden between the years 1668 and 1676. Approximately three hundred individuals were executed during a period of very few years. However, far more common were trials of a more modest nature, concerning minor magic and malevolent witchcraft without aspects of diabolism. The present dissertation deals with these minor cases, which have previously attracted very little academic interest. The source material for this study comprises 353 cases (involving 880 individuals), submitted to the Göta Royal Superior Court by informants during the period 1635-1754. The area of jurisdiction covered by the Göta Royal Superior Court embraced the southernmost areas of Sweden. This study discusses witchcraft and magic trials from three perspectives: 1. The elite perspective (the acculturation model); 2. The functionalistic conflict perspective; and 3. The systems-oriented perspective of popular magic. Ideologically and religiously coloured perceptions of magic became more pervasive at the same time as the number of trials increased. This was caused by central administrative measures, which broadened the opportunities for pursuing cases on the local level. However, the increased influence of the dite cannot be characterized as a conquest of folk culture by the elite. It is more adequate to speak of a movement of repression, originating in a state become all the more civilized. Death sentences were few and far between and most of the cases concerned minor magic. There existed no independent popular level such as emerges in the reports from the proceedings of the trials. People clearly differentiated between different types of malevolent witchcraft when standing before the courts. They were more likely to go directly to trial when the signs preceding their misfortunes hinted at magical activity (viewed as sorcery), than they were when suspicions against witches were based on threats made in conflict situations. Witchcraft which had its basis in conflict situations appears to have been more dependent upon first receiving encouragement in the form of obliging courts, before people would take their cases to trial. This has created a pattern which ostensibly makes it seem that the level of social tensions was low, so that people therefore appeared indifferent toward malevolent witchcraft. Just as illusory is the competing image of an uninfluenced popular perception of witchcraft which actually emerges in the Göta Royal Superior Court. However, this does not mean that the actions of individuals was characterized by an assimilation of the values of the dominant culture. Receptivity to the signals of the elite was certainly clear, but at the same time the responses indicate a great deal of independence. Popular participation in witchcraft trials took place without any prerequisite profound cultural transformations.
digitalisering@umu

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Miller, Derek Robert. "Breaking the Mold: Sugar Ceramics and the Political Economy of 18th Century St Eustatius." W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626553.

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Chic, Ciara L. "Hidden pathways : a study of interrelationships among Native and African Americans in 18th century Virginia." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1562871.

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There are gaps within American history that overlook histories of other cultures that are embedded and interwoven in this nation’s history. The voices of Natives and African- Americans have been drowned out by dominating Eurocentric views and documentation. This study will document and analyze the entangled histories of Natives and Africans in Virginia during the early colonial period. The purpose of my study is to examine more in depth the relationships and interactions between Native Americans and Africans through historic documents and material cultural studies. I want to find out why and how these peoples formed cross-cultural and created hybrid bonds and cultures through community development, marriage and kinship during the 18th century. This study will cross the boundaries of race, ethnicity, gender, class and nationalism and contribute to a deeper understanding of intersectional processes. It will also demonstrate that relationships between Africans and American Indians were prevalent in the Virginia colony and the Upper Southeastern region as a whole.
Introduction -- Theory and literature review -- Historical context -- Race and racism -- Contact of Natives and Africans -- Conclusion.
Department of Anthropology

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36

Holley, Jared Douglas. "Eighteenth-century Epicureanism and the political thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708202.

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Lane, Jonah Anne Marie. "The society and economy of a fishing community: Liverpool, Nova Scotia in the late 18th century." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6091.

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The staples theory has dominated the history of the fisheries in Atlantic Canada for the last century. Historians have discussed the economic and social history of the region largely in terms of the impact of international trade and war. These two factors are important; however, they alone do not explain the development of the region. The people who lived there came from diverse backgrounds, chose to settle there for different reasons, and approached the exploitation of the resources of the region based on their own experiences and aspirations. This thesis builds on studies of maritime communities from New England to Newfoundland to explain how people in a fishing-based community in Nova Scotia in the late 18th century lived and worked. It examines the economic strategies found in this Nova Scotian fishing community in comparison with other studies of economic pluralism in rural communities from New England, Quebec, and New Brunswick. Liverpool, Nova Scotia was settled by New England Planters in 1759, after the expulsion of the Acadians. The circumstances of the new settlers were affected by the political climate and the changing conditions of international trade. Thirty years after their arrival, the New England Planters had shaped their economy and society based their environment and on their own traditions and expectations. This study examines the work lives of fishermen and seafarers, the work of women, and the economic role of the family in order to understand the full world of work that shaped this community. It examines the activities of local merchants as well as the role of community institutions to understand how this society functioned. Much as other historians have concluded about rural agricultural communities, this study concludes that this fishing based community had, and depended on, a plurality of economic activities, both commercial and non-commercial in nature, and that this plurality was a source of strength.

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Sjöberg, Maria. "Järn och jord : Bergsmän på 1700-talet = [Iron and land] : [mining peasants during the 18th century]." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen, 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128257.

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Stewart, Alan M. (Alan Maxwell) 1953. "Settling an 18th-century faubourg : property and family in the Saint-Laurent suburb, 1735-1810." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64109.

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Hillam, F. C. "The development of dental practice in the provinces from the late 18th century to 1855." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378033.

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Bycroft, Michael Trevor. "Physics and natural history in the eighteenth century : the case of Charles Dufay." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648547.

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Stevens, Ralph. "Anglican responses to the Toleration Act, 1689-1714." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708765.

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43

Wong, Chi-man Lorraine, and 黃芷敏. "Cultural fever, consumer society and pre-orientalism China in eighteenth-century England." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31227946.

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Nitcholas, Mark C. "The Evolution of Gentility in Eighteenth-Century England and Colonial Virginia." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2617/.

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This study analyzes the impact of eighteenth-century commercialization on the evolution of the English and southern American landed classes with regard to three genteel leadership qualities--education, vocation, and personal characteristics. A simultaneous comparison provides a clearer view of how each adapted, or failed to adapt, to the social and economic change of the period. The analysis demonstrates that the English gentry did not lose a class struggle with the commercial ranks as much as they were overwhelmed by economic changes they could not understand. The southern landed class established an economy based on production of cash crops and thus adapted better to a commercial economy. The work addresses the development of class-consciousness in England and the origins of Virginia's landed class.

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Wilton, Alene Jayne. "Clergy and community : the Archdeaconries of Buckingham and Gloucester, 1730-1780." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7a423dec-2db4-462a-ab97-40c963106053.

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The intention of this thesis is to make a contribution to the understanding of the eighteenth-century Church of England within the community in which it existed. Recognising the enormous variation that existed within the Church during the period, this study provides a close comparison of two archdeaconries, (something which is rarely undertaken in the historiography of the Church), both of which have never received attention from historians. In order to study the Church in these regions, the archdeaconries of Buckingham and Gloucester, detailed consideration is given to the role and activities of the parochial clergy in each archdeaconry. By concentrating upon the community, and the clergy's place within it, this thesis is able to provide a detailed picture of the social, political and economic integration of the clergy within these two specific regions, as well as their pastoral work and family life, the latter much neglected by historians. It devotes much attention to the property of the clergy, as a means of locating the clergy within local communities, and because of the great effect their property and income had upon other spheres of their everyday life. In doing this, this thesis demonstrates the diversity of experience of clergy within each archdeaconry, but it also shows some overall trends which marked the experience of parochial clergy in the period. It argues that the eighteenth-century clergyman was immersed in almost every aspect of community life, and although conscious of his distinctiveness as a parson, such integration represented a fusion of the ecclesiastical and secular, the incumbent's pragmatic response to the circumstances of the community of which he was a part.

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Oliver, Stephanie. "Writing Her Way to Spiritual Perfection: The Diary of 1751 of Maria de Jesus Felipa." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/309.

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Throughout the colonial period of Mexican history, cloistered nuns wrote spiritual journals at the request of their confessors. These documents were read and scrutinized, not only by the confessors, but also by others in the hierarchy of their Orders. They are important sources of study for historians in that they provide a window into the religious culture of the times and the spiritual mentality of their authors. This thesis will examine one such record, discovered in a collection of volumes at the Historical Franciscan Archive of Michoacán in Celaya, Mexico. The diary covers eleven months of 1751 in the life of a Franciscan nun -- believed to be María de Jesús Felipa who kept such records over a period of more than twenty years. María de Jesús Felipa was a visionary who experienced occasional ecstatic states. Through her contacts with the spiritual world, she pursued her own salvation and that of those most specifically in her charge: members of her own community -- the convent of San Juan de la Penitencia in Mexico City -- and the souls in purgatory. These encounters propelled her into different frames of time and space -- moving her into the past and the future, and transporting her to bucolic and horrific locations. Her diary ascribes meaning to these encounters by tying them to her life and her relationships within the convent. Her diary of 1751 also indicates that this spiritual activity and the records she kept brought her to the attention of the Inquisition. The thesis argues that, because of its cohesiveness of thought and consistency of focus, the diary effectively casts its record keeper as author of her own life story. A close reading reveals the inner thoughts and perceptions of a distinct personality. Her first-person account also reflects the character of Christianity, the impact of post-Tridentine reforms and difficulties in the governance of convents in eighteenth-century New Spain. Although always arduous and often unpleasant, writing provided Sor Maria with an opportunity to establish her integrity, exercise control, and justify her thoughts and actions as she pursued her vocation. Writing under the supervision of a confessor, María de Jesús Felipa was her own person. In its organization and focus, her diary resolutely records a struggle for self-determination within the limits imposed by the monastic vows of obedience, chastity, poverty and enclosure.

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Nicholas, Phillip Bancroft. "Across The Atlantic To Jamaica: Enslavement And Cultural Transformations Of The Gold Coast Diaspora During The 18th Century." W&M ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1616444490.

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As the Asante emerged in the 18th century as a political dominant state and continued to expand and consolidate territory in the Gold Coast, the defeated enemies were enslaved and forcibly transported to slave markets. Simultaneously, coastal people in Fante territory convicted of crimes for violating social and cultural norms or kidnapped by private coastal agents were enslaved and taken to slave markets where European buyers purchased them. Those casualties of war and coastal captives were ripped from their families, communities, and culture in the Gold Coast, and then experienced further isolation during the middle passage. The Gold Coast captives shipped to and sold in Jamaica had to adapt to their new environment while encountering white oppression and attempts to control their agency. The slaves’ initial responses against white supremacy were isolated resistances. Despite being separated from their homes, families, and communities, Gold Coast slaves in the mid to late 18th century Jamaica changed their tactical approach against white supremacy by establishing bonds with their former enemies and different ethnic groups. From those new collectives, the isolated resistance expanded to encompass larger geographical territory. In the process, a cultural transformation emerged as Gold Coast slaves shared their customs, rituals, and traditions with Igbo, Congo, and Creole, Jamaican-born slaves to survive in Jamaica.

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尹浩然 and Ho-yin Wan. "Population expansion, internal migration and social disturbances in eighteenth-century China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221828.

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Fisher, Karen B. "Community in Gloucestertown, Virginia: The Context and Archaeology of Town Development in 17th and 18th Century Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 1986. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625335.

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Rubin-Detlev, Kelsey. "The letters of Catherine the Great and the rhetoric of Enlightenment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b9199484-a774-485d-9e6c-3fef125a361c.

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This thesis offers the first reading of the letters of Catherine the Great as a unified epistolary corpus with literary merit as well as historical value. It explores how the empress employed a key eighteenth-century literary form - the letter - not only to make tactical interventions in political and cultural life, but also to shape her persona. The often contrastive style of her letters balances a charming epistolary voice, suited to the letter as a practice of sociability, with exhibitions of the empress's power and stature as a great individual on the historical stage. The interplay between these two facets, sociability and grandeur, defines her unique approach to the letter form as well as the image of the enlightened monarch as she created it. She displayed her mastery, both literary and political, by creatively manipulating all aspects of the letter, from language choice through etiquette and materiality. Both her lively and seductive personal style and her regal character as an Enlightenment great man derived from and reappropriated available literary models. Seeking to ensure that this image reached receptive audiences, Catherine also carefully controlled the circulation of her letters: in keeping with the semi-privacy of the eighteenth-century letter, she wrote first and foremost to win a reputation with cultural and social elites who exchanged letters out of print. At the same time, she manipulated indirectly through her correspondents the image received by a broader public of her contemporaries and of future generations. The French Revolution challenged all her values, troubling also her elite mode of sociable correspondence and her eighteenth-century version of glory. Yet, to the end of her days Catherine employed her dual style as the best means of writing herself into history.

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