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Journal articles on the topic 'Education China Regional disparities'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Xu, HongHua, bin Liu, and Minjoo Rah. "Regional Disparities in the Conditions of Preschool Education in China." Korean Journal of Teacher Education 30, no. 1 (January 30, 2014): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14333/kjte.2014.30.1.219.

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2

Kwon, Soyoung. "Regional Variations in Health Disparities : A Cross-Regional Comparison of Self-Rated Health Determinants in Reform-era China." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 2070–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v10i2.4729.

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It is well documented that higher socioeconomic status is associated with favorable health status. Given regional variations in the pace and consequence of economic reform in China, this relationship may differ cross-regionally. Building upon the theoretical notion about distinct stratification system under state-socialism versus market economy, as well as the fundamental causes of health disparities, this study compares the association of education and cadre status with self-rated health across geographical regions (e.g., provinces) in reform-era China. Analyses of data pooled from the 1991-2000 China Health and Nutrition Survey reveal that the association between education and self-rated health is stronger in a more marketized region. Health benefits associated with a cadre status tend to decline in a more marketized region, which however fails to reach a statistical significance. The findings highlight the role regional contexts play in shaping health disparities in reform-era China.

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Guo, Gang. "Persistent Inequalities in Funding for Rural Schooling in Contemporary China." Asian Survey 47, no. 2 (March 2007): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2007.47.2.213.

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Decentralization in post-Mao China has widened regional gaps in the provision of basic education. Reforms since 1994 have not reversed that trend. More recently, the government started centralized spending projects on rural education, which have significantly narrowed the urban-rural gap in education spending since 2001. However, interprovincial disparities remain large and growing.

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Qian, Joanne Xiaolei, and Russell Smyth. "Private and public financing of education and regional disparities in education inputs in contemporary China." China Economic Journal 1, no. 3 (December 18, 2008): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538960802567768.

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Tang, Wen, Xiangyang Zhang, and Youyi Tian. "Mitigation of Regional Disparities in Quality Education for Maintaining Sustainable Development at Local Study Centres: Diagnosis and Remedies for Open Universities in China." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214834.

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Regional disparities in quality education remain a sensitive issue in developing and developed countries and also in basic and higher education. The issue for the moment is especially crucial for open educational institutions regarding the stability of the open education ecosystem and the capacity for sustainable development. Our research focuses on the aspect of the quality of teaching and learning and its enhancement. In the study, we systematically explored the regional disparities of teaching and learning quality in local study centres with samples of 72 from Jiangsu Open University (JOU), China. With statistical toolkits and a typological research paradigm, we have identified the ranking of the local study centres according to holistic performance. By the clustering methods, we categorised the local study centres as belonging to four types: potentially contradictory, urgently to be reformed, less cost-effective, and normatively autonomous in terms of their basic attributes, learners’ support services, and teaching commitment. The research findings proved that the region where the study centres are located did have impacts on the quality of teaching and learning, and the scalability of student enrolment. The authors conclude and suggest that mitigation of the regional disparities in quality education will facilitate the optimisation of the local study centres in the regional education ecosystem and maintain sustainable development.

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Su, Yufen, Carrie Lau, and Nirmala Rao. "Early education policy in China: Reducing regional and socioeconomic disparities in preschool attendance." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 53 (2020): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.02.001.

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Hong, Xiumin, Li Luo, and Fangfang Cui. "Investigating Regional Disparities of Preschool Education Development with Cluster Analysis in Mainland China." International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy 7, no. 1 (May 2013): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/2288-6729-7-1-67.

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8

Shindo, Yuko. "The effect of education subsidies on regional economic growth and disparities in China." Economic Modelling 27, no. 5 (September 2010): 1061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.04.003.

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9

Morales, Danielle Xiaodan. "Geographic inequality and ethnic stratification in China, 2000 to 2010." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 39, no. 7/8 (August 22, 2019): 535–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-03-2019-0057.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to extend current knowledge by focusing on three geographic factors (minority-Han residential segregation, rural-urban disparities and regional differences) and their effects on educational and occupational outcomes of Chinese ethnic minorities from 2000 to 2010.Design/methodology/approachData from the 2000 and 2010 Chinese decennial censuses were used, and both descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted.FindingsResults revel that there were regional differences in terms of educational segregation between minorities and the Han. It was also difficult for minority groups that were residentially segregated from the Han and mainly located in rural areas or western/southeastern regions to obtain high-level education. When minority groups were residentially segregated from the Han, they tended to have higher levels of occupational segregation from the Han; while minority groups with larger percentages of rural residents tended to have smaller percentages of people obtained high-status occupations. Despite China’s rapid social and economic development, ethnic disparities in education did not significantly change, and ethnic gaps in occupational attainment were widened from 2000 to 2010.Social implicationsGeographic sources of ethnic conflicts in China should not be overlooked, and future researchers should also conduct studies on Chinese ethnic minorities at individual or household level.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature in two major ways: first, all Chinese minority groups were included in the analyses to clarify intra-ethnic differences; second, data from two Chinese decennial censuses and longitudinal statistical modeling were used to investigate the effect of time on ethnic stratification.

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10

Cui, Can. "Housing career disparities in urban China: A comparison between skilled migrants and locals in Nanjing." Urban Studies 57, no. 3 (December 4, 2018): 546–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018800443.

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The last two decades have witnessed a substantial growth of the owner-occupied housing sector in urban China, where most people tend to follow a conventional life course in terms of ascending the housing ladder towards homeownership. Yet, with skyrocketing housing prices in the real estate market, fragmentation in housing opportunities has become more important in reshaping the structure of social inequalities. This paper investigates the disparities in housing careers between skilled migrants and their local counterparts in Nanjing, focusing on temporal and spatial aspects. Specifically, this paper examines how skilled migrants’ housing tenure and location change over time, to what extent these changes differ from those of skilled locals, and what factors contribute to the disparities between migrants and locals. The results verify that there are indeed disparities in housing careers between migrants and locals, and the foremost difference lies in the tenure, especially the tenure of the first residence. Spatially, migrants exhibit an outward-bound pattern, often associated with the transition from renting to owning. These disparities in housing careers could be primarily attributed not only to the gap of the intergenerational transfer of wealth between migrants and locals, which can be traced back to regional disparities in economic development, but also to the self-selection of migration. While facing skyrocketing housing prices, the timing of making a foray into the housing market is pivotal. This study also revealed the diminishing marginal utility of education that is found in terms of establishing a superior housing career.

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Dai, Fuqiang, Hao Liu, Xia Zhang, and Qing Li. "Does the Equalization of Public Services Effect Regional Disparities in the Ratio of Investment to Consumption? Evidence From Provincial Level in China." SAGE Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 215824402210850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221085007.

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Insufficient equalization of public services and coexistence of high investment and low consumption are two major dilemmas facing the high-quality development of China’s economy. This study first evaluated the level of equalization of public services by provincial panel data from 2013 to 2017. Then econometric models were constructed to investigate the effect of the equalization of public services on the regional disparities in the ratio of investment to consumption (IC). Results show that the overall level of equalization of public services in China is low and there are large regional differences. Average values of the relative level of equalization of public services show an increasing trend in order of the eastern, central, northeastern, and western regions. The ratio of IC in China also exhibits large regional differences. Public education significantly negatively affects the IC in China, and the effects exist in the eastern and central regions. The seven evaluation criteria of equalization of public services in different regions have different effects on the ratio of investment to consumption. Therefore, according to the characteristics of the relationship between the equalization of public services and the ratio of investment to consumption at the whole or regional scales, a reasonable pathway should be selected to improve the current situation of high investment and low consumption and promote high-quality and sustainable development of the Chinese economy under the new normal.

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Wang, Ying, Yong-Jing Ping, Hai-Yu Jin, Ning Ge, and Chenkai Wu. "Prevalence and health correlates of anaemia among community-dwelling Chinese older adults: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e038147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038147.

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ObjectivesTo identify the prevalence of anaemia among older adults in China by sociodemographic and geographical regions, and cross-sectionally examine the associations between anaemia and several geriatric outcomes.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting and participantsParticipants were 6656 older adults aged at least 60 years with haemoglobin data from the 2015 to 2016 wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.MethodsWe examined the prevalence of anaemia by sociodemographics (age, sex, residence, education, marital status) and geographical regions, adjusting for age. We investigated the associations between anaemia and geriatric conditions.ResultsThe prevalence of anaemia was 20.6% among adults ≥60 years and was higher at advanced ages, among those who were females, living in rural areas, and those who were unmarried. The southern region of China had a higher burden of anaemia than the north. Anaemic adults had a higher age-adjusted prevalence of falls, activities of daily living (ADL) disability, instrumental ADL disability, lower extremely functional limitation, upper extremely functional limitation, low gait speed, low grip strength and low self-reported memory.ConclusionsAnaemia affected approximately one in five older adults in China, particularly in those with disadvantaged sociodemographics, and anaemia was associated with a higher burden of geriatric conditions. Huge geographical disparities of anaemia prevalence between northern and southern regions reflected the dietary variations in different regions. Efforts on preventing anaemia and reducing regional disparities of anaemia were needed to improve older adults’ health in China.

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Li, Shujuan, Liyun Zhao, Dongmei Yu, and Hongyan Ren. "Attention Should Be Paid to Adolescent Girl Anemia in China: Based on China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015–2017)." Nutrients 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14122449.

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Adolescent girls are in the key stages of rapid physical and psychological development and have a great demand for iron. Anemia affects adolescent girls’ health, future development, and even the health of their offspring. There has been limited study of adolescent girl anemia at the national and provincial levels in China. We investigated the anemia status of adolescent girls in China based on data from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNHS, 2015–2017). The anemia prevalence in Chinese adolescent girls aged 10–17 years is 8.5%, with mild anemia and moderate anemia accounting for 65.9 and 31.8%, respectively, and severe anemia accounting for only 2.3%. Significant urban–rural disparities and regional disparities were found in adolescent girl anemia. The anemia prevalence in adolescent girls varied from 3 to 13.4% in different provinces, and 90% of the provinces had anemia prevalence higher than 5%. Having started menstruating (OR = 2.58, p < 0.01) and living in rural areas (OR = 1.18, p < 0.05) were risk factors for anemia; having a mother with higher education was a protective factor (OR = 0.87, p < 0.05). As for food intake, consuming meat ≥35 g per day was a protective factor (OR = 0.90, p < 0.05). Consuming vegetables ≥3 times per day was also a protective factor (OR = 0.72, p < 0.01), while consuming vegetables ≥400 g per day was a risk factor (OR = 1.24, p < 0.01). Special attention should be paid to adolescent girls, especially to those already having started menstruating, living in rural areas, to those whose mother has a low education level, and to those with a relatively unbalanced diet. Comprehensive measures, including paying special attention to vulnerable areas and vulnerable subgroups of adolescent girls, would reduce the risk of anemia.

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Dong, Yi, Kun Fang, Xin Wang, Shengdi Chen, Xueyuan Liu, Yuwu Zhao, Yangtai Guan, et al. "The network of Shanghai Stroke Service System (4S): A public health-care web-based database using automatic extraction of electronic medical records." International Journal of Stroke 13, no. 5 (March 21, 2018): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493018765492.

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Background Several stroke outcome and quality control projects have demonstrated the success in stroke care quality improvement through structured process. However, Chinese health-care systems are challenged with its overwhelming numbers of patients, limited resources, and large regional disparities. Aim To improve quality of stroke care to address regional disparities through process improvement. Method and design The Shanghai Stroke Service System (4S) is established as a regional network for stroke care quality improvement in the Shanghai metropolitan area. The 4S registry uses a web-based database that automatically extracts data from structured electronic medical records. Site-specific education and training program will be designed and administrated according to their baseline characteristics. Both acute reperfusion therapies including thrombectomy and thrombolysis in the acute phase and subsequent care were measured and monitored with feedback. Primary outcome is to evaluate the differences in quality metrics between baseline characteristics (including rate of thrombolysis in acute stroke and key performance indicators in secondary prevention) and post-intervention. Conclusions The 4S system is a regional stroke network that monitors the ongoing stroke care quality in Shanghai. This project will provide the opportunity to evaluate the spectrum of acute stroke care and design quality improvement processes for better stroke care. A regional stroke network model for quality improvement will be explored and might be expanded to other large cities in China. Clinical Trial Registration-URL http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02735226.

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Yunshan, Liu, Wang Zhiming, and Yang Xiaofang. "Selecting the Elite: Status, Geography and Capital—Admission of Rural Students into Peking University (1978-2005)." International Journal of Chinese Education 1, no. 1 (2012): 19–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221258612x644548.

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Abstract This article examines new students from rural areas admitted to Peking University from 1978 to 2005. In order to illustrate the intense maneuvering between social status groups for the benefits and prestige accordant with admission to Peking University, it analyzes the status struggles of these rural students and the special barriers they must overcome. Regional disparities in admissions, the sizes of elite selection circles across different provinces and cities, and the distribution of resources for quality basic education are also analyzed. By examining the culture, institutions, structures and processes of the selection process in China, the authors argue that a seemingly fair and merit-based selection process actually obscures complex and powerful interests capable of manipulating it. The study also raises two issues associated with cultivating elite students, cultural capital shortages and cultural discontinuities, that are in need of further consideration.

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Zhao, Yajie, and Tetsuya Araki. "Evaluation of Disparities in Adults’ Macronutrient Intake Status: Results from the China Health and Nutrition 2011 Survey." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 3044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093044.

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Little is known about the macronutrient intake status of adult Chinese people. This cross-sectional study assessed the macronutrient intake status of adults (aged ≥20 years) by comparing their intake level of macronutrients against the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). It further explored the associations between macronutrient intake status and age groups, genders, education levels, smoking status, drinking frequency, social classes, knowledge of Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2016 (CDGs), healthy diet priorities, and areas (urban and rural) within two regions (northern and southern). The analysis includes the dietary intake data of 7860 Chinese adults, with complete data entries in the China Health and Nutrition 2011 survey. Dietary data were obtained through the 24 h recall method. More than half had carbohydrate intake below the recommended level of intake, and more than half had fat intake above the recommended level of intake. There were significant associations between three macronutrient intakes and education levels, social classes, healthy diet priorities, areas, and regions. Disparities in macronutrient consumptions revealed geographical and socioeconomic variations in dietary patterns, as well as risks for many different noncommunicable diseases. Public health and nutrition interventions should take notice of regional differences in dietary intake and place more emphasis on vulnerable populations including women, rural residents, and people with lower education level.

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Sang, Guoqiang, Chuang Yuan, Min Wang, Jun Chen, Xingye Han, and Ruibao Zhang. "What Causes Burnout in Special School Physical Education Teachers? Evidence from China." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 13037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013037.

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Special physical education is considered a challenging process concerned with the development of the physical and mental health of students with physical disabilities. Special physical education teachers face pressures from society, parents, schools, and themselves, which can easily lead to burnout and increase levels of teacher attrition. In our paper, we explore the significant effects of role and job stress (divided into role ambiguity and conflict, and stressors and stress responses, respectively), teaching efficacy (divided into general and personal teaching efficacy), job satisfaction (divided into internal and external job satisfaction), and social support (divided into objective and subjective support) on burnout (divided into emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment). We chose to conduct an empirical analysis using data from different regions of China. Our study results showed that role conflict, general teaching efficacy, job satisfaction, and objective support were the main factors influencing burnout among special physical education teachers in China. Stressors were the main factors influencing emotional exhaustion. General teaching efficacy, job stress, and role conflict significantly influenced depersonalization. Internal job satisfaction and personal teaching efficacy mainly influenced feelings of reduced personal accomplishment. Attributes such as seniority, marriage status, gender, academic titles, and education level also affected burnout. Additionally, we verified that there are regional disparities in the factors influencing burnout. Finally, our study of burnout among special physical education teachers could improve the physical and mental health of students with physical disabilities.

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Li, Zekun, Shenjing He, Shiliang Su, Guie Li, and Fei Chen. "Public Services Equalization in Urbanizing China: Indicators, Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Implications on Regional Economic Disparities." Social Indicators Research 152, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 1–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02405-9.

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Li, Shujuan, Yacong Bo, Hongyan Ren, Chen Zhou, Xiangqian Lao, Liyun Zhao, and Dongmei Yu. "Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Anaemia and Associated Risk Factors among Infants Aged 0–23 Months in China: China Nutrition and Health Surveillance." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041293.

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Infantile anaemia has been a severe public health problem in China for decades. However, it is unclear whether there are regional differences in the prevalence of anaemia. In this study, we used data from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNHS) to assess the prevalence of anaemia and the risk factors associated with its prevalence in different regions. We included 9596 infants aged 0–23 months from the CNHS 2013 database. An infant was diagnosed with anaemia if he/she had a haemoglobin concentration of <110 g/L. We used multivariate logistic regression to investigate the potential risk factors associated with the development of anaemia. We found that anaemia was present in 2126 (22.15%) of the infants assessed. Approximately 95% of these cases were classified as mild anaemia. Based on the guidelines laid out by the World Health Organization, 5.5% and 43.6% of the surveillance sites were categorized as having severe and moderate epidemic levels of anaemia, respectively. The prevalence of infantile anaemia in Eastern, Central and Western China was 16.67%, 22.25% and 27.44%, respectively. Premature birth, low birth weight, breastfeeding and residence in Western China were significantly associated with higher odds of developing anaemia. Female sex and having mothers with high levels of education and maternal birth age >25 years were associated with lower odds of developing anaemia. In conclusion, we observed significant regional disparities in the prevalence of infantile anaemia in China. Western China had the highest prevalence of infantile anaemia, and rural regions showed a higher prevalence of anaemia than urban regions.

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Zhang, Jing Hua, Xinxin Peng, Chengkun Liu, Yijun Chen, Hongmin Zhang, and Ojo Olukayode Iwaloye. "Public satisfaction with the healthcare system in China during 2013–2015: a cross-sectional survey of the associated factors." BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (May 2020): e034414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034414.

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ObjectiveWe explore how public satisfaction with the healthcare system in China varies with social and economic factors, especially regional variations and changes during 2013–2015.DesignPopulation-based, cross-sectional survey performed between July 2013 and July 2015.SettingGeneral population of China during 2013–2015.ParticipantsA total of 15 969 participants (women=49.4%, sample-weighted average age=51.9).Primary outcome measurePublic satisfaction with the healthcare system, defined as ‘being satisfied’ if a respondent’s satisfaction score is ≥70 points.ResultsThe 2-year mean of the satisfaction score of the sample is 68.5 out of 100 points and the score in 2015 is higher than 2013 by 3.5 points. Senior respondents (OR=1.19, p<0.001), rural respondents (OR=1.23, p=0.009) and those with higher socioeconomic status are more likely to report being satisfied. Internal migrants (OR=0.75, p<0.001) and those with a higher level of education are less likely to report being satisfied. Total health expenditure as percentage of gross domestic product and density of hospital beds have a significantly positive association with satisfaction (OR=1.13, p<0.001). Meanwhile, the government’s share in total healthcare expenditures has a moderately negative association with satisfaction (OR=0.97, p<0.001). In rural areas, the density of hospital beds has a positive association with satisfaction (OR=1.26, p=0.002). The Northeast region and Shanghai (OR=0.49, p<0.001; OR=0.71, p=0.034) are less likely to report being satisfied and this remained unchanged in 2015.ConclusionThere are considerable disparities in public satisfaction with the healthcare system in China, associated with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, regional locations, urban–rural environment, and regional health resource abundance. Actions are recommended to improve satisfaction with the public healthcare system, especially in the Northeast region of China.

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Sun, Meiping, Alon Rasooly, Xiaoqi Fan, and Weiyan Jian. "Assessing the quality of primary healthcare for diabetes in China: multivariate analysis using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) Database." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e035192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035192.

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ObjectiveTo assess the quality of primary healthcare (PHC) for patients with diabetes in China from 2011 to 2015.SettingThis study analysed data on 1006, 1472 and 1771 participants with diabetes who were surveyed in 2011, 2013 and 2015, respectively, in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, a nationally representative survey conducted in 29 provinces of China.Outcome measuresThe study measured the proportions of patients with diabetes who received diabetes-related health education, examinations and treatments, as well as the hospital admission rate due to diabetes of these patients. Multilevel logistic regression was used to adjust sociodemographic variables.ResultsAccording to the multivariate analysis, the proportion of patients who received diabetes-related health education decreased significantly (OR=0.74, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.90), and the proportion of those receiving examinations and treatments remained unchanged from 2011 to 2015. Diabetes-related hospitalisation increased from 4.01% in 2011 to 6.08% in 2013 (OR=1.47, 95% CI 0.97 to 2.22), and recurrent hospitalisations increased from 18.87% in 2011 to 28.45% in 2015 (OR=1.78, 95% CI 1.44 to 2.20). The proportions of patients with diabetes-related and recurrent hospitalisations in western China were higher than those in the east (OR=1.80, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.87; OR=1.92, 95% CI 1.50 to 2.45).ConclusionsNationally, the analysis of patient-reported process and outcome indicators cannot confirm that the quality of PHC has improved in China during 2011–2015. Regional disparities in primary diabetes care require urgent resource allocation to western China. Establishing a national quality registry for PHC, which transparently reports outcomes by region and social-economic position, is essential for countries sharing the challenge of improving both quality and equity of PHC.

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Dr. Fahd Shehail Alalwi, Liu Kanglong, Muhammad Afzaal,. "Pedagogical Approaches and Instructional Variations: A Comparative Curriculum Analysis of Master Translation Programs in China, Hong Kong and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Psychology and Education Journal 57, no. 9 (March 10, 2021): 6288–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v57i9.2807.

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The study examines the underlying curriculum for translation training, pedagogies that integrate translation in the curriculum, teaching practice, and universities' approaches from Saudi Arabia, China and Hong Kong. Consideration of these issues in a curricular framework must also acknowledge the ideological potential of curricula themselves to prioritise individual relationships between the learner and society, relationships which arc investigated from the perspective of a socially situated view of the translator. The purpose of the study is to offer deep scientific apprehension of the explication of translation expertise in terms of learning translation methods, concepts and the intricacy of certain aspects of teaching. The results reveal that traditional language methodology with unprofessional trainers and teachers are the fundamental concerns in this regard, and it requires to rethought translation method and practice in the Chinese affairs and ordinary circumstances. The findings of the manifest study disparities all-around three cases somewhat due to regional circumstances and departmental differences, but are mainly because of discrete notions of the implementation of translation method and practice of theoretical concepts. Translation teaching research informs the training of all-around translators and interpreters and contributes to the growth of translation studies as a discipline.

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Li, Chu-Shiu, Chwen-Chi Liu, and Yuehua Zhang. "Determinants of agricultural household demand for insurance in China from 2004 to 2007." China Agricultural Economic Review 9, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 660–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-08-2017-0154.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the purchase of insurance and economic growth among agricultural households. Design/methodology/approach Using survey data of the agricultural sector obtained from China over two years, the authors highlight the effect of job switching between farm and non-farm activities on the demand for insurance by applying the difference-in-differences and triple differences methodologies. Findings The results show that compared with farm income, non-farm income is associated with an increased (decreased) demand for insurance among households in Eastern (Western) China. The inequality in degree of economic development between the regions plays an important role in this finding. Both education and income exhibit a positive relationship with insurance demand for most regions. In addition, in 2007, regardless of farm or non-farm sector, switches are (except in the northeast region) associated with a significant increase in insurance expenditures. Households who switched from the farm to non-farm sector in 2007 are significantly negatively associated with insurance expenditures in the western region. Social implications Inequalities in the degree of economic development play an important role in insurance consumption. Originality/value The authors assess the determinants of insurance market development in the agricultural sector in China, characterized by inter-regional disparities in economic development.

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Lakshmanan, T. R., and Chang-i. Hua. "Regional Disparities in China." International Regional Science Review 11, no. 1 (April 1987): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016001768701100107.

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Agarwal, Dr DR, and Ms Bhawna. "Population growth is a big speed breaker at this juncture in India." Restaurant Business 118, no. 9 (September 25, 2019): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i9.8086.

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After the dawn of independence in 1947, India moved on the path of planned development after launching a series of five years plans with the objective of creating a socialistic pattern of society that is the growth with social justice. In a welfare society, the functions of the govt. increases extensively and intensively. Gone are the days when functions of the govt. were limited to internal law and order and war preparedness (internal and external security). To provide all basic needs of the lowest and disadvantageous section of the society is considered to be duty of the govt. Education, health, power, sanitation, transport, communication, growth through distributive justice, linking of employment process with planned development, balanced regional development, social welfare and social security, clean drinking water, rural development, expansion of production and productive resources, equitable distribution of income and assets, removal of poverty, eradication of illiteracy, reduction in regional disparities, price stability, empowerment of the weaker section of the society, research and development with application of science, improvement in technology and productivity, conservation of natural resources for future generation, continuous process of change for better standard of life, human dignity and values, environmental balances etc. On the other side, India’s population grew at 1.2% a year between 2010 and 2019 marginally higher than global average of 1.1% a year in this period, but more than double china’s 0.5% a year according to UN population fund state of the world’s population 2018, released on 10-04-2019. India’s population growth = Population growth rate of China + Population growth of US = 0.5 + 0.7. Moreover, actual fertility rate children per women is 2.1 against the desired family size of 1.8. India has over 18% of the world population but just 4% of its fresh water resources. This is going to create a big demand for all kinds of commodities. The propensity to generate waste is increasing (waste is associated with food such as milk packets and water bottles piling up and solid waste disposal is acute crisis in big cities). All efforts of growth of G D P may go futile, if population growth remains unchecked. This paper highlights the consequences.

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PENG, JIANGANG, JING HE, ZHANGFEI LI, YU YI, and NICOLAAS GROENEWOLD. "REGIONAL FINANCE AND REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN CHINA." Australian Economic Papers 49, no. 4 (December 2010): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.2010.00404.x.

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Marukawa, Tomoo. "Regional unemployment disparities in China." Economic Systems 41, no. 2 (June 2017): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.11.002.

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SHEN, CHUNLI, and HENG-FU ZOU. "CHINA: REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN POVERTY DISTRIBUTION." Division of Labour & Transaction Costs 03, no. 01 (2008): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219871108000343.

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Wu, Yanrui. "Regional disparities in China: an alternative view." International Journal of Social Economics 29, no. 7 (July 2002): 575–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068290210431588.

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Blížkovský, Petr. "Regional disparities and convergences in Asia." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 4 (2012): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260040047.

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This paper analyses the disparity and convergence between the 10 and 11 countries of ASEAN and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) respectively and the 31 sub-national regions (provinces) in China.The regional disparity levels and trends were analysed using the Gini coefficient between the regions (nominal GDP, GDP per capita and GDP per capita in Purchasing Parity Power, PPP). The convergence analysis was evaluated using the Disparity Range Coefficient (DRC), the Average Disparity Range Coefficient (ADRC), and the σ- and b-convergence. The time period covered was 2000–2008 (ASEAN and CIS) and 2000–2006 (China).The results show a relatively high regional disparity between the Asian macro-regions of ASEAN and CIS and much lower disparities between the China sub-regions. The disparities were highest if based on the nominal GDP and lower if based on the DGP per capita. The GDP per capita was lower, between 0.30 to 0.4 for the CIS and China, and around 0.7 in ASEAN. The convergence analysis showed mixed results. Based on the DRC analysis, none of the Asian macro-regions converged. All three macro-regions diverged 1.4 to 12.68 times quicker than the average macro-regional GDP per capita grew, ASEAN being at the divergence top and China at the bottom. Based on the ADRC analysis, all macro-regions also proved to diverge. However, the divergence rates were much lower. For macro-regions China and CIS, the divergence was slower than macro-regional growth, thus their divergence was moderate. On the other side, if the macro-region was calculated using the σ-convergence analysis, the converging macro-regions were ASEAN and China, with 2.13% and 0.47% respectively. CIS was diverging at the speed of 1.25% per year. Based on b-convergence, ASEAN and China were converging (1.54% and 1.32%), and a slow divergence trend was registered for CIS, 1.01%.

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OLUWOYE, JACOB. "COVID-19 Pandemic and Mode Choice of Alabamian Truck Drivers’ Mobility to Grocery Shopping." Healthcare Review 2, no. 2 (November 7, 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47285/hr.v2i2.107.

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Background: In late December 2019, COVID-19, commonly referred to as the Coronavirus was identified in China because of the main explanation for recent human respiratory health cases. The virus was first detected in Wuhan City, and during a space of months, it had covered the whole globe. The virus has engendered huge drastic changes to world healthcare, economic, transportation, and education systems around the world. Purpose: The general purpose of this study was to investigate the intersection of demographic characteristics and how truck drivers view change in their grocery shopping (CGS) under the COVID-19 circumstances of selected counties in Alabama. Specifically, the objectives of the study are to (1) examine if there is any relationship between marital status (MS) and CGS and (2) know and assess the choice of transport mode used for grocery shopping during the covid-19 pandemic Methods: The research paper's goal necessitated the truck drivers’ views regarding commuting to the workplace. Following a summary of the literature review research phase, the researcher conducted a variety of semi-structured interviews with truck drivers in Alabama through Survey Monkey by a postgraduate student in June-July 2020. Overall, 50 truck drivers have completed the survey. The info was stored on Survey Monkey servers within the Center for Urban and Rural Research (CURR), Department of Community and Regional Planning, Alabama A&M University. Results: The data analysis reveals their main workplace before the COVID-19 pandemic 94% of the truck drivers residing in Alabama especially from Jefferson county provided information about commuting to workplaces, while 4% to the places of educations (lecture room0 and a couple of production sites. Furthermore, 92% of the truck drivers reported NO change within the means of transport in commuting trips during the COVID-19 pandemic, while 8% indicated changes within the means of transport. Implications: This research paper contributes important new empirical analysis of the truck drivers’ views regarding commuting to the workplace under the COVID-19 pandemic to some extent where there's an abundance of conceptual papers and opinion pieces but still scant evidence on the particular road safety of the pandemic for researchers to think about on potential person and situation factors related to COVID-19 that would affect road safety during and after the pandemic. Collaborative efforts by researchers and public and personal sectors are going to be needed to collect data and develop truck drivers' road safety strategies in reference to the new reality of COVID-19. Keywords: COVID‐19, health disparities, roadway safety, syndemics, truck driver

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Pannell, Clifton W., and Philipp Schmidt. "Structural Change and Regional Disparities in Xinjiang, China." Eurasian Geography and Economics 47, no. 3 (January 2006): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/1538-7216.47.3.329.

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33

Heng, Yin. "Characteristics of Inter-regional Income Disparities in China." Social Sciences in China 32, no. 3 (August 2011): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2011.598305.

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34

Tian, Xiaowen. "Market Orientation and Regional Economic Disparities in China." Post-Communist Economies 11, no. 2 (June 1999): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631379995968.

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35

Vedom, Julia, and Huhua Cao. "Health Care Access and Regional Disparities in China." Espace populations sociétés, no. 2011/1 (March 1, 2011): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/eps.4345.

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36

Pan, Jay, and Chu Chen. "Reducing universal health coverage regional disparities in China." Lancet Public Health 7, no. 12 (December 2022): e985-e986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00256-0.

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Chen, Anping, Peter Nijkamp, Takatoshi Tabuchi, and Jouke van Dijk. "Regional science research in China: Spatial dynamics, disparities and regional productivity." Papers in Regional Science 93, no. 2 (June 2014): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12123.

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38

KAWADA, Tsutomu. "Regional Disparities of Education Levels in Japan." Japanese Journal of Human Geography 44, no. 1 (1992): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4200/jjhg1948.44.25.

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39

SUMIOKA, Hideki. "The Challenge of Regional Disparities in Education." Journal of Educational Sociology 80 (May 31, 2007): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11151/eds.80.127.

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40

Hájek, Oldřich, Jana Novosáková, and Michal Lukač. "Regional Disparities on The New Silk Road: Some Thoughts about Regional Convergence." Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/conc-2018-0005.

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Abstract Regional disparities are a research and political theme that has received considerable attention. This is also because regional disparities constitute a pull factor of migration, because high regional disparities may seriously threaten territorial integrity, and because socioeconomic development potential is not fully realized in lagging regions. Not surprisingly, regional disparities are an important research and political theme for New Silk Road countries and this is also reflected in the focus of this paper. The primary aim of this paper is to characterize regional disparities in selected New Silk Road countries, namely in China, in Russia and in Visegrad Four countries, and subsequently to discuss the relationship between regional disparities and the One Belt, One Road Initiative. The results point out the presence of a pattern of regional disparities in the countries. In this regard, the importance of the East-West gradient, of spatial hierarchy, and of inherited specialization is particularly emphasized. Reflecting the pattern of regional disparities, the potential of the One Belt, One Road Initiative to stimulate development of lagging regions is indicated.

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Ziyuan Wang and HongJunHyun. "Comparative Analysis of Regional Disparities between Korea and China." Korean Comparative Government Review 16, no. 3 (December 2012): 123–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18397/kcgr.2012.16.3.123.

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42

Liu, Zhangsheng, Ruixin Li, Xiaotian Tina Zhang, Yinjie Shen, Liuqingqing Yang, and Xiaolu Zhang. "Inclusive Green Growth and Regional Disparities: Evidence from China." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 11651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111651.

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It is determined that inclusive green growth comprises processes of economic development and inclusiveness as a system of inclusions, taking into account the anthropogenic burden on the ecosystem, as well as the relational nature of socio-economic transformations. This article is an evaluation of this issue in the context of a contemporary Chinese society beset by regional inequalities that uses the Yangtze River basin as a case study. An index system has been constructed for inclusive green growth measurement, and kernel density and the Dagum Gini coefficient are used to analyze and describe characteristics regarding the distribution and spatial disparities within and between city clusters. The article then concludes that all city clusters are developing towards an inclusive green economy. There are still significant inequalities in inclusive growth among city clusters. Most city clusters are converging so slow that it will take a long time for weaker cites to catch up with stronger cites. City clusters also suffer major inner imbalances and gaps are widening. This paper argues that the profession needs to be more proactive in promoting strategic and targeted policies within such an unequal growth context.

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Lu, Jun, Jay J. Shen, Gang Chen, Charles B. Moseley, Mei Sun, Fei Gao, Ying Wang, Yuming Mao, and Mo Hao. "Regional Disparities in Prenatal Care Services in Rural China." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 23, no. 5 (August 18, 2011): 682–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539511418356.

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Chen, Mengshi, Abuaku Kwaku, Youfang Chen, Xin Huang, Hongzhuan Tan, and Shi Wen. "Gender and regional disparities of tuberculosis in Hunan, China." International Journal for Equity in Health 13, no. 1 (2014): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-13-32.

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45

Tochkov, Kiril, and Wenting Yu. "Sectoral Productivity and Regional Disparities in China, 1978–2006." Comparative Economic Studies 55, no. 4 (June 27, 2013): 582–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.2013.19.

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46

Sheng, Yu, Xunpeng Shi, and Dandan Zhang. "Economic growth, regional disparities and energy demand in China." Energy Policy 71 (August 2014): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.04.001.

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47

Jones, Marie Thourson. "Regional Disparities and Public Policy in Tunisian Education." Comparative Education 22, no. 3 (January 1986): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305006860220303.

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ZHIFEN, LIN. "Regional Disparities in Social Security in China and Transfer Payments." Chinese Economy 37, no. 5 (September 2004): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2004.11033507.

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49

Fu, Xiaolan. "Limited linkages from growth engines and regional disparities in China." Journal of Comparative Economics 32, no. 1 (March 2004): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2003.10.004.

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Chen, Anping, and Nicolaas Groenewold. "Reducing regional disparities in China: An evaluation of alternative policies." Journal of Comparative Economics 38, no. 2 (June 2010): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2009.12.003.

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