Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Education China Regional disparities'

This thesis examines the access of health care facilities in nine provinces of China between the years 1989 and 2004, evaluating the effect of demographic, financial and geographic factors. Equity in social welfare has long played a major role in shaping China's national policies. However, continued pursuit of the GDP-led development orientation in China since the late 1970s has resulted in increasing urban-rural and intra- and inter-regional socio-economic disparities, raising multiple causes for concern from an equity perspective and suggesting the trends that should be closely monitored. While there is a consensus about the need and importance of access equity, little geographic research has been conducted in this area. In light of these issues, using China Health and Nutrition Survey this study addressed the following two objectives: (1) to describe the geographic and financial disparities in access to clinics and hospitals in nine provinces of China during the 1989-2004 period, and (2) to explore the demographic, socio-economic and geographic factors affecting access to health care. Results of the analysis show that between 1989 and 2004 the accessibility gap between hospitals and clinics in terms of geographic indicators has decreased, while the gap in financial accessibility has increased, making urban hospitals the least accessible facilities. Access to both hospitals and clinics in urban and rural areas is mostly conditioned by geographic factors, namely the travel method, region of residence and the availability of health care facilities. Patients who were able to reach the facilities on foot were more likely to enjoy better access than those who were not able to do so. Similarly, residents of western China (Guangxi and Guizhou) along with the provinces with higher availability of health care facilities also tended to have better potential access than their counterparts. Several important contributions essential for informing public decision- and policymaking stem from this thesis, leading to a better understanding of issues related to the accessibility of health care in nine provinces of China. While, typically, the determinants of accessibility have been attributed to the financial or demographic characteristics of patients, this research has identified geographic factors as being of the foremost importance in the accessibility of health care. This important finding provides grounds for further geographic research on accessibility issues in China. While our conceptual framework was designed for studying the accessibility of health care in China, it can be potentially applied to any country with regional, provincial or neighborhood disparities in access.

Ever since the tax reform in 1994 in China, local governments have to rely more and more on land and real estate related fees as a major source of revenue. With the rapid development of the financial sector in China, local governments also rely more on bank loans with real estate assets as collaterals to finance capital expenditure projects and other government expenditure. Many theoretical studies have suggested that the reliance of local governments on land and real estate related revenue has fuelled housing prices and rendered the central government’s policy to contain housing price escalation ineffective. However, so far there has been little vigorous empirical analysis that supports this argument. This study use panel data from 31 provinces over the period 1999 to 2010 to analyses empirically the role of provincial governments’ behavior in determining housing price levels in China. Our empirical results suggest that the behavior of provincial governments has contributed significantly to regional housing price disparity after controlling for social and economic factors. In particular, we found that the level of fiscal autonomy (local government revenue as a percentage of GDP) has an overall positive impact on housing prices and that such impact is stronger for provinces that are geographically more distant from Beijing. We also found that although the central government’s policy on the RMB exchange rate reform in 2005 has an overall positive impact on real housing prices due to inflow of speculative hot money, such impact varied across different provinces and thus also contributed to regional housing price disparity. Our empirical results suggest that speculative hot money tended to flow into housing markets in provinces with a more developed tertiary sector. This is because regions with more developed tertiary sector usually have more mature real estate markets, lower information costs, better financial and legal services, which facilitates flow of fund into and out of the housing market. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on regional housing price disparity. Unlike previous studies that only focused mainly on the impact of economic, social and government planning policies, this study also aimed at studying the role of fiscal and monetary policies in China. The results have important policy and practical implications. First, while the financial incentives and responsibility given to provincial governments may increase economic efficiency, they may also lead to conflicting goals between central and local governments. In addition such financial incentives and responsibility may unexpectedly lead to housing price bubbles that are economically and socially undesirable. Second, the central government’s policy to reform the exchange rate formation mechanism of the RMB in 2005 has also contributed to housing price escalation which may not be desirable from both social and political perspectives. Even worse still, the impact was not uniform but stronger in provinces with a more developed tertiary sector, which are usually wealthier provinces. Increase in housing prices in these provinces may lead to faster regional economic growth and thus contributing to even more sever regional income disparity, which contradicts the central government’s goal of reducing income polarization.
published_or_final_version
Real Estate and Construction
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Eritreans have been subjected to limited and unequal education provision. throughout their hundred years of colonial history. It was expected that in post-independence Eritrea education provision would be equitably provided to all the regions and ethnic groups in the country. The focus of the thesis is on understanding disparities in provision in primary schooling with particular emphasis on ethno-regional disparities and what precipitate these inequalities. This thesis presents an account of the state of primary schooling in Eritrea between 1992 and 2001.

This study investigates the underlying factors influencing the large variances in innovation performance among the Chinese regions. What is specified in the study is the issue of the knowledge divide in China as existing regional inequalities have appeared in conjunction with the production of knowledge and innovation in its transformation into an innovation-driven economy. While the Chinese innovation system has achieved some promising developments at the aggregate level over the past few years, the inequality between the coastal and inland regions are widening with substantial disparities in the level of innovation capacity. In order to understand the major reasons for this new trend in regional divergence, the study explores the different levels of innovation activities among the provincial-level regions of China and analyzes the determinants of regional innovation capacity, employing a comprehensive and unified framework of a regional innovation system. The overall results suggest that while the Chinese regional innovation systems have evolved over time, increasing human and capital resources in innovation and accumulated knowledge stock/the level of economic development, together with the development of innovation-enhancing policies, industrial cluster environment, and linkages between innovation actors, are all crucial determinants of regional innovation capacity, leading to significant disparities in the level of innovation capacity among Chinese regions.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the growth performances of regions in Turkey and the role of human capital in this process within the framework of new growth theory. For this aim, it firstly attempts to investigate the evolution of regional income growth differences in Turkey in the period 1980-2000 and the tendency of provinces in Turkey towards income growth convergence. Secondly, by taking a detailed account of human capital, it aims to explore the contribution of human capital differences towards explaining income growth disparities among Turkey&rsquo
s provinces. In this framework, human capital is defined in terms of education, entrepreneurship and innovation.

China's phenomenal economic growth has coincided with a substantial increase in FDI inflows and hence led researchers, including the author, to believe that increased inflows of FDI into China has had important implications for the country's trade and economic development over the past decades. The objective of this thesis is to identify and investigate several key issues associated with inward FDI in the Chinese economy. These include the determinants of FDI inflows at the sectoral level, spillover effects of FDI on labour productivity and innovation, the causal linkage between FDI and China's bilateral trade with selected OECD countries, and the performance of foreign funded enterprises (FFEs) compared to the performance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China. This thesis adds to the existing research on the role that FDI has played in recent growth of the Chinese economy by applying new as well as established techniques to China's regional and sectoral data. In particular, it integrates descriptive and empirical analysis to extend existing studies in several ways. First, analyses in the empirical chapters of this thesis are undertaken using data at the regional and sectoral level. Second, this thesis uses panel data from official sources for all empirical examinations. Last, whereas most existing studies have ignored the importance of unit-root issues when using panel data, and therefore possibly producing unreliable results, this thesis employs unit-root tests for all panel data analyses. The key findings in this thesis can be summarized in four points. First, at the sectoral level, for China as a whole, foreign investors are influenced by labour productivity, wage costs and innovation activities but not by the level of state ownership. For Guangdong province, foreign investors are concerned with labour productivity and wages as well as state ownership at sectoral level. However, the level of innovation does not play an important role in influencing inflows of FDI into Guangdong province at sectoral level. Second, the thesis found that FDI generates spillover effects on labour productivity in China although no spillover effects on the level of innovation were detected. At the regional level, it was concluded that the coastal and western regions experience a greater amount of spillover effects from FDI than do the municipal cities. Furthermore, the western region is the only region that experiences greater spillover effects from FDI on innovation than the municipal cities. Also, the spillover effects of FDI appear to be no different prior to or post-1997 when the Asian financial crises occurred. Third, a co-integrating relationship exists between FDI and total trade, FDI and exports, and FDI and imports in China. The thesis further concluded that bidirectional causality between FDI and trade variables exists in China in the long-run. However, short-run causality runs only from FDI to trade. Fourth, the thesis further shows that FFEs in China are more efficient than SOEs. Over time it is observed that SOEs and FFEs in the municipal cities and the coastal regions experienced greater productivity gains than those in the central and western regions during the sample period. It is also concluded that both SOEs and FFEs in the municipal cities have experienced more productivity growth than those in other regions with SOEs in the central region and FFEs in the western region experiencing the least productivity growth.

The rapid economic development in China has successfully drawn a worldwide attention and benefit its population, with a average 8 percentage GDP growth rate every year and 500 million people out of poverty. While a large number of people are seeking for the reason why economic achievement in China has been so dramatic and unprecedented, less people show solicitude for Chinese women`s condition and empowerment.    Women as a worldwide vulnerable group, their well-being need to be taken into consideration during the process of developing economy. In China, female population accounts for 48.47 percentage (633.2 million) of entire population. Under the big picture of economic prosperity, the author found that Chinese people`s living condition has advanced largely, the popularization of basic education and medical service has benefit the vast majority people, meanwhile, people can be more involved in political process to express their opinions. However, women are benefited disproportionately but still less empowered than men are. Moreover, since China is a geographically large country, the economic development has shown some regional characteristic, that means, in southeastern China, due to the convenient traffic condition, such as harbors, economic development process is faster than in northwestern China, where traffic and natural conditions are both weak. Would that cause a unequal empowered situation between women from different economic developed regions?   Women has been paid less attention through the history of China, let alone different conditions of women in different regions. In this thesis, the author will describe women`s different empowered situation in rural and urban regions of China, via a capability approach viewpoint, and discussion of whether there is a regional pattern will be based on (Dis) Empowerment model.

The diploma thesis consists of an analysis of the secondary education in the Czech Republic in relation to the demand for the labor force of the labor market. The main aim of the thesis is to identify whether the structure of secondary school graduates who enter the labor market corresponds with the structure of the demand for a labor. The basic terms and concepts of education and labor market and basic characteristics of the selected regions are mentioned in the theoretical part of the thesis. In addition the basic legislation and strategic documents related to education are described in the theoretical part. The practical part of the thesis is focused on analysis of the number and structure of secondary schools graduates and the number of vacant positions in selected regions of the Czech Republic. For the purposes of the analysis the data from years 2006-2011 in South Bohemia, South Moravia and Moravian-Silesian Region will be used.

With China's increasingly active involvement in the process of economic globalisation and international cooperation, college English education has played a more and more important role in developing high-quality talents for China's fast integration into the global economy. China's firm belief in its "open-door" policy, its fast economic development, its successful bidding for the 2008 Olympics Games and its access to the WTO further strengthen its requirement of large numbers of high-quality talents or Guojixing Rencai who possess not only rich specialised knowledge but also strong competence in English. Guangxi, one of the less developed minority regions in China, is in great shortage of such talents. However, little is known about how people, particularly policy-makers, employers, teachers and students perceive college English education in improving the region's economic development. This research provides an exploratory investigation into the perceptions of policy-makers, employers, teachers and students of Guangxi on college English education in improving the region's economic development. Data were collected during the two-year study among policy-makers, employers, teachers and students. They consisted of 20 semi-structured interviews with four different groups of respondents, together with evidence from other scholastic work and official documents. Data were subsequently analysed within the theoretical framework of economic globalisation, the economic value of English as a global language, and the role of college English education in promoting regional economic development. The data suggested that the respondents were positive towards the economic value of English, which is in conformity with the theoretical and conceptual discussions. It was clear from the data that English as a global language has had great impact upon regional economic development, language planning and policy-making, and college English education had played a key role in developing Guojixing Rencai for the region's economic development. Their perceptions had clear impact on their own practical work, which offered insights into the development of the current college English education of Guangxi. It was found, however, that the standards of the current college English education were still too low to meet the needs of the region's economic development and quite a number of problems still existed. The thesis concludes by recommending a series of solutions to the existing problems of the region's college English education and offers some suggestions for future research.

Zhu, Junlei.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-39).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2. --- Literature Review : --- p.3
Chapter 3. --- Current Status of Public Education Investment in China --- p.6
Chapter 4. --- Conceptual Framework --- p.7
Chapter 5. --- Estimating Different Capital Stock --- p.11
Chapter 6. --- Data and Main Results --- p.18
Chapter 6.1 --- Data description --- p.18
Chapter 6.2 --- Estimation and Results --- p.20
Chapter 7. --- Efficiency Analysis and Policy Recommendation --- p.27
Chapter 8. --- Conclusion --- p.33
References --- p.35

Thesis (M.A.)--Florida State University, 2006.
Advisor: Ljubisa Adamovich, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, Program in International Affairs. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 13, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains v, 77 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Kwan Wing Kai.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-93).
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- A Review of Recent Studies on the Productivity of Chines Economy --- p.3
Chapter 1.2 --- Aims of Study --- p.10
Chapter Chapter 2. --- The Sources of Productivity Growth --- p.16
Chapter 2.1 --- Degree of Government Intervention --- p.16
Chapter 2.2 --- Ownership Structure --- p.18
Chapter 2.3 --- Output Structure --- p.24
Chapter 2.4 --- Changes in Regional Development Strategy --- p.25
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Regional Development Strategy before1979 --- p.27
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Regional Development Strategy since1979 --- p.29
Chapter 2.4.3 --- The Impacts of Different Regional Strategies on Productivity Change --- p.31
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Theoretical Framework and Estimation Methods --- p.33
Chapter 3.1 --- Methed I: The Conventional Approach --- p.35
Chapter 3.2 --- Method II: Replacing the Variable of the Growth of Capital Stock by Investment-Output Ratio --- p.40
Chapter 3.3 --- Method III: Approximation of the Production Function by Taylor Expansion --- p.45
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Empirical Results of the Three Different Methods --- p.51
Chapter 4.1 --- Estimation Results of the Three Different Methods --- p.51
Chapter 4.2 --- Comparison of the Estimation Results of the Three Methods --- p.63
Chapter 4.3 --- An Assessment of Provincial Productivity Growth --- p.66
Chapter 4.4 --- Regional Productivity Difference since1979 --- p.75
Chapter Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.82
References --- p.85
Appendix 1. List of the Abbreviations for Provinces --- p.94
Appendix 2. A Summary of Notations --- p.95
Appendix 3. Estimates of Provincial Capital Stock (1979-1992) --- p.97
Chapter A3.1 --- Initial value of Capital Stock --- p.98
Chapter A3.2 --- Net Increase of Capital Stock --- p.101
Chapter A3.3 --- Estimating the Annual Series of Capital Stock --- p.102
Appendix 4. The Process of Fiscal Decentralization and Deterioration of Regional Redistribution --- p.106
Chapter A4.1 --- The Process of Fiscal Decentralization --- p.106
Chapter A4.2 --- The deterioration of Regional Redistribution --- p.110
Appendix 5. Estimation Results of the Three Different Methods --- p.114

The study of regional inequality has attracted numerous attentions of geographers and economists. The interdisciplinary research has been reflected in a spatial-temporal hierarchical structure, that is, the multi-scalar nature of economic convergence and the temporal dynamics of geographical inequality. With the support of big databases, the integration of these two growing fields provides opportunities for a spatially integrated social science. Therefore, this dissertation aims to explore this long-debated issue from two novel perspectives. On the one hand, the newly available county-level dataset will be employed to reexamine the three major issues of economic inequality and then a comparative analysis at the county level, city level and provincial level will be conducted to study the scale nature of economic inequality. On the other hand, the spatial data exploratory analysis as well as the geospatial analysis provides a new methodological framework to study the spatial effects of economic development.
With the support of the Barameter on China’s Development database, this dissertation covers 2254 county-level units, 338 prefecture-level units and 27 provincial units during the period of 1997 to 2010. Three major research issues have been reexamined at three different spatial scales using the geospatial analysis. Firstly, besides the temporal trend of economic inequality at multiple scales, the decomposable Theil index is applied to measure the intra/inter provincial/prefectural inequality as well as the urban-rural disparity. It is found that economic inequality is more prominent within provinces and between prefectures. Moreover, different from previous studies, the inequality within urban or rural areas is much more intense than the urban-rural disparity. Secondly, global and local spatial patterns of economic inequality are explored with the exploratory spatial data analysis technique. With the recent advances in geovisualization, a spatially explicit view of development mobility provides new insights on the role of spatial spillover effects. It is found that spatial clustering of economic development is investigated differently at these three spatial scales during the whole time period. Spatial integrated moves where the county-level unit’s development improves or worsens more than its neighbors are more frequently encountered than the reversed situation. Thirdly, spatial filtering method as well as multilevel modelling is employed to examine the causal mechanisms underlying economic inequality, which are nested among different spatial scales in China. The spatio-temporal and hierarchical analysis reveals that the county-level development is influenced significantly by its decentralization, fixed investment as well as urbanization rate. Simultaneously, the multi-mechanisms underlying regional development are spatially heterogeneous shaped largely by geography and policy.
The above findings thus contribute to the recent literature on economic inequality and suggest meaningful theoretical and policy implications. The county-level scale provides a novel perspective for understanding the trajectory of economic development in China. As suggested by the new economic geography literature, the prominent significance of space is reaffirmed at different spatial scales and reiterates pervasive existence of spillover effects operating at local scales. Furthermore, institutional reforms, such as empowering counties, should be enlarged to strengthen cooperative relationships among local governments thus realizing cross-border economic cooperation. Meanwhile, with the advances of geocomputing and geovisualization, new interdisciplinary approaches are needed to study this longstanding issue, so as to visualize the spatially integrated dynamics of regional development.
自从改革开放以来，中国经济保持着每年约10%的增长速度。在快速增长的同时，愈来愈显著的区域差异问题也成为困扰中央和地方政府的一大难题。许多学者已对区域差异问题展开了广泛且深入的研究，主要围绕区域差异的时间趋势、空间格局以及驱动因素等三大主要问题，但至今由于研究方法、研究尺度或者研究区域的不同，学者们很难达成对区域差异问题的统一见解，从而影响有效区域政策的制定。
区域差异研究发展到至今，大致经历了从宏观尺度向微观尺度的转变，研究的视角也开始更注重时间空间的动态结合，但仍存在以下不足：首先，以往研究主要围绕省级单元进行，或者仅以个别经济发展较快的省份作为研究对象，宏观尺度的研究掩盖了微观尺度上的区域发展过程，而个别省份的研究又影响了区域研究的整体性；其次，以往研究主要依赖于传统的统计方法，虽然一些最新的研究开始应用多层次模型等，但根据克鲁格曼提出的新经济地理，空间的作用不可忽略。空间模型的应用仍是以后更深入了解区域差异的重要方法。
本文针对现今区域差异研究的不足，在具有可比性时空动态分析的理论框架和多尺度多机制的分析框架下，从研究尺度和研究方法上进行创新，旨在为更深入理解区域差异问题提供一种新的视角。基于从1997年到2010年的全国县级发展数据库，本文首先探讨并比较县级、地级市及省级层面上区域差异的时间趋势，其次采用地理可视化技术和空间马尔科夫链，探讨了区域差异的空间格局及其动态特征，最后运用空间过滤方法及多层次多变量模型，探讨了不同尺度上驱动因素的相互作用。完成的主要研究工作如下：
首先，在分析了几种不同衡量区域差异的指标后，本文采用了泰尔系数衡量并比较全国省、市、县等不同尺度上的区域差异趋势，并利用泰尔系数的分解性特征，进一步研究区域差异在不同地理尺度上、城乡单元之间的关联性和特征，并着重研究了区域差异趋势的空间异质性。本文发现了区域差异在较小的空间尺度上更为显著，省级、地级市之间的区域差异大体呈现倒U型，但县域空间差异却呈现逐渐增强的趋势。通过多尺度泰尔系数的分解，区域经济差异在省内部和地级市之间更为明显。不同于以往的研究，城市或者乡村内部的差异远超过城乡差距，并成为导致县域差异的主因。另外，由于空间异质性，区域差异在东部、西部、中部、东北呈现不同的时间趋势及特征。
其次，在采用地理信息系统和探索性空间数据分析方法鉴定区域发展的全局和局部空间集聚特征后，为了进一步理解这种空间特征的动态性，本文采用空间马尔科夫链探讨区域发展的空间溢出特征，并结合地理可视化技术，更直观显示区域发展的空间关系及其变化。本文发现了区域发展主要呈现出空间集聚的特征，且空间集聚的强度在细尺度上更为明显。2004年开始，空间集聚开始呈现出逐渐北移的新特征。从时空角度看，一个区域的经济发展受它地理邻居单元的影响，呈现出共同进退的特征；一般而言，一个区域的发展速度均快过邻居的发展。
再次，采用空间过滤方法，并结合多层次模型，设计出符合理论框架的定量模型。并采用多尺度多变量模型分析财政分权、全球化、固定投资、人力资本以及政策对区域发展的影响，以及驱动因素在不同空间尺度间的相互影响。研究发现空间溢出对于县域发展作用不显著，但受到财政分权、外商投资以及固定资产的重要影响。地理和政策对于区域发展的影响呈现出空间异质性。
总之，本文从县级尺度出发，采用最新的一些地理空间方法重新探讨了区域差异的三大经典问题。本文证实了新经济地理学的观点，空间尺度和空间溢出对于重新理解区域发展问题至关重要。同时，本文提出了一些实用性较强的区域发展政策，旨在实现更为均衡的区域发展模式。
He, Sanwei.
Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-166).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on 05, October, 2016).
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Lau Lai Man.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-100).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation and Issues --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Contributions --- p.4
Chapter Chapter Two --- Overview of Guangdong --- p.6
Chapter 2.1 --- Geography --- p.7
Chapter 2.2 --- Openness --- p.9
Chapter 2.3 --- Fiscal Decentralization --- p.13
Chapter Chapter Three --- Literature Review --- p.18
Chapter 3.1 --- Literature on Economic Growth and Interregional Disparities --- p.18
Chapter 3.2 --- Literature on Inter-regional Disparities in China --- p.23
Chapter Chapter Four --- Methodology --- p.27
Chapter 4.1 --- Two concepts of convergence --- p.27
Chapter 4.2 --- Growth Equation --- p.33
Chapter Chapter Five --- Estimation Issues --- p.39
Chapter 5.1 --- Panel Data Estimation --- p.39
Chapter 5.2 --- Other Econometric Issues --- p.43
Chapter Chapter Six --- Estimation Results --- p.47
Chapter 6.1 --- σ-convergence --- p.47
Chapter 6.2 --- Unconditional β-Convergence --- p.49
Chapter 6.3 --- Estimation of the Growth Equation and Conditional β-Convergence --- p.50
Chapter 6.4 --- Summary and Interpretation of Major Findings --- p.58
Chapter 6.5 --- Guangdong's Intra-provincial Disparities in Light of the Empirical Results --- p.61
Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusion and Policy Implications --- p.64
Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Salient Findings --- p.64
Chapter 7.2 --- Policy Implications --- p.65
Appendix I --- p.71
Appendix II --- p.73
Appendix III --- p.75
Tables --- p.78
Figures --- p.91
Bibliography --- p.96

Wong Kin.
Thesis submitted in: December 2005.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-58).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgement --- p.iii
Chapter Chapter One - --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter Two - --- Literature Review
Chapter 1. --- Convergence --- p.8
Chapter 2. --- Methodology Review on Regional Disparity of Service Employment --- p.13
Chapter 3. --- Regional Service Employment Convergence in Great Britain --- p.17
Chapter Chapter Three - --- Methodology --- p.21
Chapter Chapter Four - --- Empirical Results
Chapter 1 . --- Stationarity of Service Employment --- p.29
Chapter 2. --- Stochastic Convergence of Service Employment --- p.33
Chapter Chapter Five - --- Conclusion --- p.36
Appendix A --- p.41
Appendix B --- p.42
Appendix C --- p.43
Tables --- p.48
Bibliography --- p.55

余琴.
"2013年8月".
"2013 nian 8 yue".
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 218-232).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract in Chinese and English.
Yu Qin.

A case study of China's Village Redevelopment Program (VRP, hereafter), this dissertation examines how VRP has been implemented in two counties in the provinces of Shandong and Anhui. It reveals that county governments can demonstrate a surprising degree of divergence and flexibility when implementing similar policies from above. Officials in Chenggu and Beian interpreted the policy and implemented it differently; and higher-level authorities played very different roles as supervisors and subsidy providers. Government-villager relations were also very different in the two counties. Yet, outcomes were ultimately the same. In both counties officials diverged significantly from the genuine goal of VRP to decrease rural economic inequalities, instead channeling government resources to those who already have and leaving the less developed behind. To reconcile the puzzle of different forms of implementation yet similar outcomes, this dissertation focuses on both the concept of local discretion and on the larger economic-political-social environment in which local officials operate and which shape local officials' "own" decision making and actions. Through the prism of VRP, the dissertation illuminates two pressures they face - local economic conditions on the one hand and a politics of command on the other- which have influenced and shaped the modes of implementation and outcomes in each of the counties. This case study of VRP shakes one of the most common conceptualizations of hierarchical relations in the Chinese political system, the commonly used paradigm of principal-agent relations.

by Wong Kwok Choi.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-67).
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2. --- Rural Reforms in China after 1978 and the Regional Development of Rural Enterprises --- p.5
Chapter 2.1. --- Historical Background --- p.5
Chapter 2.2. --- China's Rural Enterprises and Regional Development --- p.9
Chapter 2.3. --- Description of the Regions Included in the Study --- p.13
Chapter 3. --- Rural Income Inequality in China after 1978: A Brief Literature Review --- p.21
Chapter 4. --- The Methodology and Data --- p.27
Chapter 4.1. --- The Generalized Entropy Measures --- p.27
Chapter 4.2. --- Inequality Decomposition by Factor Components --- p.29
Chapter 4.3. --- Extension of Shorrocks´ة Decomposition Rule --- p.33
Chapter 4.4. --- An Asymptotically Distribution-Free Test for Inequality Index and its Decomposed Components --- p.35
Chapter 4.5. --- The Data --- p.36
Chapter 5. --- Empirical Results and Policy Implications --- p.39
Chapter 5.1.a. --- "Rural Income Inequality Trends for Shanxi, Guangdong and Gansu Derived from County-Level Data" --- p.40
Chapter 5.l.b. --- "Factor Decomposition Analyses for Shanxi, Guangdong and Gansu Using County-Level Data" --- p.41
Chapter 5.1.c. --- "Between- and Within-Province Factor Decomposition Analysis Using Pooled County-Level Data for Shanxi, Guangdong and Gansu" --- p.47
Chapter 5.1.d. --- Between- and Within-County Factor Decomposition Analysis Using Township and Village Level Data for Shanxi --- p.49
Chapter 5.2. --- Discussion and Policy Implications --- p.53
Chapter 6. --- Summary --- p.58
REFERENCES --- p.63
APPENDIX
Chapter 1. --- Derivation of the Extended Shorrocks' Decomposition Rule --- p.68
Chapter 2. --- Derivation of the Asymptotic Distributions of Inequality Index and Its Decomposed Components --- p.69
Chapter 3. --- The Double Counting Problem of GVO and GVI --- p.84
Chapter 4. --- The Data Set --- p.87
TABLES
FIGURES

Chu Kwok-chung.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991.
Includes bibliographical references.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.ii
List of Illustrations --- p.v
List of Tables --- p.vii
List of Appendix --- p.ix
Chapter
Chapter 1. --- "INTRODUCTION: THE PROBLEMS, OBJECTIVE AND ITS SETTING" --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Urbanization as a current subject of great concern --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Urbanization Policies in China --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Shift of social concern to social well-being (SWB) in national development --- p.5
Chapter 1.4 --- The problems --- p.6
Chapter 1.5 --- Objective of this study --- p.8
Chapter 1.6 --- The scope of the study --- p.9
Chapter 1.7 --- The organization of the remainder of the thesis --- p.9
Chapter 2. --- CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND --- p.11
Chapter 2.1 --- Definition of Spatial inequality --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- Types of spatial inequalities and different levels and units of analysis in China --- p.12
Chapter 2.3 --- Definition of Social Well-being --- p.16
Chapter 2.4 --- Ingredient of Social Well-being --- p.16
Chapter 2.5 --- The present selection of the ingredient of SWB --- p.18
Chapter 2.6 --- Characteristics of welfare goods allocation in China --- p.22
Chapter 2.7 --- Two approaches in measuring spatial inequalities of SWB --- p.25
Chapter 2.7.1 --- Single component approach --- p.26
Chapter 2.7.2 --- Integrated approach --- p.27
Chapter 3. --- RESEARCH DESIGN --- p.32
Chapter 3.1 --- Procedure of analysis --- p.32
Chapter 3.2 --- Assumptions and approximation --- p.34
Chapter 3.3 --- Techniques of analysis and Treatment of Data --- p.35
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Measuring spatial inequality via single variable --- p.35
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Establishing the composite index of SWB --- p.37
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Unit of analysis (UOA) and level of aggregation (LOA) --- p.41
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Analyzing the association between the composite index and some economic variables --- p.45
Chapter 4. --- SPATIAL INEQUALITY IN SEVERAL WELFARE INDICATORS OF CHINESE CITIES IN THE 1980s --- p.48
Chapter 4.1 --- Spatial inequality by single indicators --- p.48
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Income and Wealth --- p.48
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Living facilities --- p.63
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Education --- p.69
Chapter 4.1.4 --- Medical facilities --- p.72
Chapter 4.2 --- Summary --- p.76
Chapter 5. --- SPATIAL PATTERN OF SOCIAL WELL-BEING OF CHINESE CITIES IN THE 1980s --- p.78
Chapter 5.1 --- Spatial pattern of social well-being of individual citie --- p.78
Chapter 5.2 --- Results of different levels of aggregation of UOA --- p.105
Chapter 5.2.1 --- SWB by City-class level --- p.105
Chapter 5.2.2 --- SWB by provincial level --- p.107
Chapter 5.2.3 --- SWB by Economic regions level --- p.110
Chapter 5.3 --- Summary --- p.113
Chapter 6. --- POSSIBLE FACTORS AFFECTING INEQUALITY OF URBAN SWB AND IMPLICATIONS ON CHINA'S URBANIZATION POLICIES --- p.116
Chapter 6.1 --- Economic factors -- Influence of economic variables on urban SWB --- p.116
Chapter 6.2 --- Policy factor - the formation of the urban SWB pattern --- p.123
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Differentials of urban development due to biased priorities and conceptualization of cities --- p.124
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Urbanization policies -- population control polic --- p.132
Chapter 6.2.3 --- The population control policy and the welfare services provision --- p.139
Chapter 6.3 --- Examples -- the stories of two provincial capitals --- p.141
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Lanzhou --- p.142
Chapter 6.3.2 --- Kunming --- p.148
Chapter 6.4 --- Implication on China's urbanization policies --- p.151
Chapter 7. --- "SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH" --- p.158
Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.158
Chapter 7.2 --- Limitations of this study --- p.164
Chapter 7.3 --- Directions for further research --- p.167
Appendix
Bibliography

碩士
國立政治大學
財政研究所
98
Fiscal decentralization is considered as one of the successful institutional reforms to promote the development of China. However, some analyses of fiscal decentralization and the compulsory education in China show that the former did not improve the supply efficiency of the latter one. So the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of fiscal decentralization in China’s regional compulsory education development after the fiscal reform was implemented in 1994. Both theoretical papers and empirical papers related to the relationship between fiscal decentralization and compulsory education are reviewed. Then this study uses the panel data for 31 provinces in China during the period of 1997-2007 and the two-way fixed effects model with two different fiscal decentralization indices. Furthermore, in order to realize the precise relationship between fiscal decentralization and compulsory education, this study establishes two empirical models with the square term of fiscal decentralization as an independent variable. Finally, to reducing the mistakes occurred in positive models and enabling the study more rigorous, this study uses more methods to test the models and the result.

Poon Fung Ting.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-166).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii
ABSTRACT --- p.iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi
LIST OF TABLES --- p.ix
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Research Questions --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Definitions --- p.4
Chapter 1.4 --- Research Design --- p.9
Chapter 1.5 --- Outline of the Thesis --- p.11
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AND THE LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.13
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13
Chapter 2.2 --- Background of the Study --- p.15
Chapter 2.3 --- Literature Review --- p.28
Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.38
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SPATIAL PATTERNS OF NON-HUKOU MIGRANTS IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA --- p.41
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.41
Chapter 3.2 --- Proportion of Non-hukou Migrants --- p.44
Chapter 3.3 --- Distribution of Migrants --- p.47
Chapter 3.4 --- Sources of Migrants --- p.50
Chapter 3.5 --- The PRD as a Destination --- p.56
Chapter 3.6 --- Gender Ratio of Non-hukou Migrants --- p.64
Chapter 3.7 --- Spatial Patterns and Correlation of Migration Indicators --- p.67
Chapter 3.8 --- Summary --- p.79
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- ANALYZING THE DETERMINANTS OF NON-HUKOU POPULATION IN COUNTY-LEVEL AREAS --- p.83
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.83
Chapter 4.2 --- Method --- p.84
Chapter 4.3 --- Variables --- p.86
Chapter 4.4 --- The Results --- p.90
Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.102
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- IMPACTS OF NON-HUKOU MIGRANTS AND THE POLICY RESPONSES --- p.104
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.104
Chapter 5.2 --- The Trend of Non-hukou Migrants in PRD --- p.106
Chapter 5.3 --- Positive Impacts --- p.110
Chapter 5.4 --- Negative Impacts --- p.115
Chapter 5.5 --- Policy Responses --- p.121
Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.139
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.142
Chapter 6.1 --- Non-hukou Migration in PRD --- p.142
Chapter 6.2 --- Policy Responses --- p.147
Chapter 6.3 --- Suggestions for Further Research --- p.150
REFERENCES --- p.152

对于转型期中国地方政府行为的研究，现有文献日益重视正式制度对官员行为的激励和约束作用：以GDP为标尺的相对绩效考核制度是改革开放后中国经济成功的决定因素，同时该正式制度也是地方政府忽视公共物品供给的重要原因。即使在考虑了正式制度及社会经济因素之后，本研究仍然观察到地方政府在公共物品供给水平上存在着显著的地区和时间差异。然而，对于此差异背后的决定因素，现有文献却考察不足。本文认为，非正式制度是造成该差异的原因。通过采用地区领导人籍贯作为非正式制度的代理并利用1990年至2010年的中国地级市数据，本研究系统检验了上述假设。本文发现，和来自外地的地方领导人相比，那些在其籍贯地任职的官员有更大的动力为本地区提供公共服务：本地籍贯的领导在基础教育、公共医疗和环境保护上的财政投入比重显著高于外地籍贯的领导。本研究同时发现，公共服务支出份额的增加是以基础设施建设支出的减少为代价的：本地籍贯官员对该项支出的投入比重显著低于外地籍贯官员。同时，利用省级数据及相同的模型设定，本文也发现非正式制度在省级行政单位依然发挥作用，但作用程度减弱。上述发现彰显出在一个正式制度主导的环境中，非正式制度依然发挥着显著的作用，并在一定程度上弥补了前者的不足。在实证发现的基础上，本研究又通过案例分析和访谈进一步考察了非正式制度发挥作用的机制。通过分析两个地级市的本地籍贯领导大力发展民生项目的行为以及普通民众对本地官员和外地官员的看法，本文详细说明了非正式制度对官员行为产生影响的机制，从而为实证分析揭示出的因果机制提供了证据。本研究认为，造成上述差异的原因在于：相比于外地官员，本地官员更多地被嵌入到当地的人际网络中，出于对本人及本家族在家乡声望的重视，他们会对民生项目有更多的投入。本文对非正式制度及两种制度互动的考察凸显出非民主国家内部官员行为丰富的制度动态。
Literature on local government behavior in transitional China has primarily examined the impact of formal institutions on the motivations of officials in promoting local economic growth. In particular, investigations focused on how the existing personnel management system provides a “yardstick competition among local officials and therefore guarantees the success of economic reform. Meanwhile, such formal institutions have similarly been studied for the crucial reason that local government ignores the provision of public goods. Nevertheless, even after controlling the influence of formal institutions and socio-economic factors, variations could still be observed on the level of efforts among local governments regarding the provision of public goods. However, these variations cannot be sufficiently explained by existing literature. This research, based on prefectural data in China in 1990-2010, aims to fill this gap through a systematic examination of the effects of informal institutions on local government behavior, especially the casual relationship between the hometown of officials and the provision of local public goods. This research, based on prefectural data in China in 19902010, aims to fill this gap by systematically examining the effects of informal institutions on local government behavior, especially the casual relationship between the hometown of officials and the provision of local public goods. This study finds that holding other variables equal, a native prefectural leader would significantly increase fiscal expenditure rates on basic education, public health, and environmental protection in his jurisdiction, compared with a leader with a different hometown. However, the increased expenditure on public goods impacts those on infrastructure construction, which tends to incur a lower expenditure rate from a local leader compared with that of an official from other prefectures. Meanwhile, using provincial data, this research determines that informal institutions influence the upper-level government, though the effects have weakened. These findings reveal that, in an environment dominated by formal institutions, informal institutions still influence the behavior of officials. In addition, to a certain extent, informal institutions could mitigate the negative effects of formal institutions on the behavior of officials. Based on empirical findings, I used two cases and several interviews with local people and officials to further investigate the mechanism of this influence from informal institutions. By analyzing the efforts of native leaders on promoting the provision of local public goods, I illustrate the mechanism on how the informal institution shapes the behavior of officials, thereby providing evidence for a casual causal relationship. I attribute such pattern to the constraints of local reputation imposed on native officials, who would be deeply embedded in local personnel networks and therefore focus on the evaluation from local people. Local reputation thus imposes additional constraints on the behavior of native officials, which serves as a kind of bottom-up accountability. By investigating the effects of informal institutions and the interaction of formal-informal institutions, this research would help deepen our understanding on the dynamics of institutions under nondemocratic regimes and enable more accurate predictions of political behavior.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
王芳.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-154).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Wang Fang.
Chapter 第1章 --- 引言 --- p.1
Chapter 第2章 --- 制度及官员行为：一个综述 --- p.10
Chapter 2.1 --- 制度 --- p.10
Chapter 2.1.1 --- 正式-非正式制度的划分标准 --- p.11
Chapter 2.1.2 --- 非正式制度发挥作用的机制 --- p.14
Chapter 2.2 --- 正式制度与官员行为 --- p.17
Chapter 2.2.1 --- 当代中国的人事管理制度 --- p.18
Chapter 2.2.2 --- 人事管理制度的影响 --- p.30
Chapter 2.2.3 --- 人事管理制度与公共物品供给 --- p.35
Chapter 2.3 --- 非正式制度与官员行为 --- p.37
Chapter 第3章 --- 地方政府公共物品供给 --- p.46
Chapter 3.1 --- 地方政府概况 --- p.46
Chapter 3.1.1 --- 各级政府的性质、地位和职能 --- p.47
Chapter 3.1.2 --- 地级市政府：历史沿革 --- p.51
Chapter 3.1.3 --- 地级市政府：决策过程 --- p.54
Chapter 3.2 --- 公共物品供给的法律规定及各级政府职责 --- p.62
Chapter 3.3 --- 经济学文献上的中国公共物品供给研究 --- p.72
Chapter 第4章 --- 籍贯：一个非正式制度 --- p.76
Chapter 4.1 --- 官员籍贯回避制度 --- p.76
Chapter 4.1.1 --- 帝制中国的避籍制度 --- p.77
Chapter 4.1.2 --- 当代中国的避籍制度 --- p.84
Chapter 4.2 --- 籍贯与官员行为 --- p.89
Chapter 第5章 --- 数据及实证分析 --- p.93
Chapter 5.1 --- 数据及模型 --- p.93
Chapter 5.2 --- 实证结果及讨论 --- p.103
Chapter 5.3 --- 非正式制度对省级政府行为的影响 --- p.109
Chapter 第6章 --- 因果机制：案例研究 --- p.114
Chapter 6.1 --- 案例分析 --- p.114
Chapter 6.1.1 --- 山东省东营市市委书记石军 --- p.115
Chapter 6.1.2 --- 甘肃省兰州市市委书记陈宝生 --- p.120
Chapter 6.2 --- 访谈资料 --- p.124
Chapter 6.2.1 --- 宁夏回族自治区固原市 --- p.125
Chapter 6.2.2 --- 江苏省南京市 --- p.127
Chapter 6.2.3 --- 内蒙古自治区兴安盟 --- p.129
Chapter 6.2.4 --- 浙江省绍兴市 --- p.131
Chapter 6.3 --- 本地籍贯的约束机制 --- p.133
Chapter 第7章 --- 结论 --- p.137
Chapter 7.1 --- 研究发现 --- p.137
Chapter 7.2 --- 本文贡献 --- p.139
附录 --- p.142
Chapter 附录一： --- 《党政领导干部任职回避暂行规定》 --- p.142
Chapter 附录二： --- 石军简历 --- p.144
Chapter 附录三： --- 陈宝生简历 --- p.145
参考文献 --- p.146
英文文献 --- p.146
中文文献 --- p.151
史书典籍 --- p.153
法律法规 --- p.153
媒体资源 --- p.154