Relevant bibliographies by topics / Education China Regional disparities

Academic literature on the topic 'Education China Regional disparities'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Education China Regional disparities"

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Xu, HongHua, bin Liu, and Minjoo Rah. "Regional Disparities in the Conditions of Preschool Education in China." Korean Journal of Teacher Education 30, no. 1 (January 30, 2014): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14333/kjte.2014.30.1.219.

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Kwon, Soyoung. "Regional Variations in Health Disparities : A Cross-Regional Comparison of Self-Rated Health Determinants in Reform-era China." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 2070–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v10i2.4729.

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It is well documented that higher socioeconomic status is associated with favorable health status. Given regional variations in the pace and consequence of economic reform in China, this relationship may differ cross-regionally. Building upon the theoretical notion about distinct stratification system under state-socialism versus market economy, as well as the fundamental causes of health disparities, this study compares the association of education and cadre status with self-rated health across geographical regions (e.g., provinces) in reform-era China. Analyses of data pooled from the 1991-2000 China Health and Nutrition Survey reveal that the association between education and self-rated health is stronger in a more marketized region. Health benefits associated with a cadre status tend to decline in a more marketized region, which however fails to reach a statistical significance. The findings highlight the role regional contexts play in shaping health disparities in reform-era China.
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Guo, Gang. "Persistent Inequalities in Funding for Rural Schooling in Contemporary China." Asian Survey 47, no. 2 (March 2007): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2007.47.2.213.

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Decentralization in post-Mao China has widened regional gaps in the provision of basic education. Reforms since 1994 have not reversed that trend. More recently, the government started centralized spending projects on rural education, which have significantly narrowed the urban-rural gap in education spending since 2001. However, interprovincial disparities remain large and growing.
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Qian, Joanne Xiaolei, and Russell Smyth. "Private and public financing of education and regional disparities in education inputs in contemporary China." China Economic Journal 1, no. 3 (December 18, 2008): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538960802567768.

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Tang, Wen, Xiangyang Zhang, and Youyi Tian. "Mitigation of Regional Disparities in Quality Education for Maintaining Sustainable Development at Local Study Centres: Diagnosis and Remedies for Open Universities in China." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214834.

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Regional disparities in quality education remain a sensitive issue in developing and developed countries and also in basic and higher education. The issue for the moment is especially crucial for open educational institutions regarding the stability of the open education ecosystem and the capacity for sustainable development. Our research focuses on the aspect of the quality of teaching and learning and its enhancement. In the study, we systematically explored the regional disparities of teaching and learning quality in local study centres with samples of 72 from Jiangsu Open University (JOU), China. With statistical toolkits and a typological research paradigm, we have identified the ranking of the local study centres according to holistic performance. By the clustering methods, we categorised the local study centres as belonging to four types: potentially contradictory, urgently to be reformed, less cost-effective, and normatively autonomous in terms of their basic attributes, learners’ support services, and teaching commitment. The research findings proved that the region where the study centres are located did have impacts on the quality of teaching and learning, and the scalability of student enrolment. The authors conclude and suggest that mitigation of the regional disparities in quality education will facilitate the optimisation of the local study centres in the regional education ecosystem and maintain sustainable development.
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Su, Yufen, Carrie Lau, and Nirmala Rao. "Early education policy in China: Reducing regional and socioeconomic disparities in preschool attendance." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 53 (2020): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.02.001.

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Hong, Xiumin, Li Luo, and Fangfang Cui. "Investigating Regional Disparities of Preschool Education Development with Cluster Analysis in Mainland China." International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy 7, no. 1 (May 2013): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/2288-6729-7-1-67.

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Shindo, Yuko. "The effect of education subsidies on regional economic growth and disparities in China." Economic Modelling 27, no. 5 (September 2010): 1061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.04.003.

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Morales, Danielle Xiaodan. "Geographic inequality and ethnic stratification in China, 2000 to 2010." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 39, no. 7/8 (August 22, 2019): 535–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-03-2019-0057.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to extend current knowledge by focusing on three geographic factors (minority-Han residential segregation, rural-urban disparities and regional differences) and their effects on educational and occupational outcomes of Chinese ethnic minorities from 2000 to 2010.Design/methodology/approachData from the 2000 and 2010 Chinese decennial censuses were used, and both descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted.FindingsResults revel that there were regional differences in terms of educational segregation between minorities and the Han. It was also difficult for minority groups that were residentially segregated from the Han and mainly located in rural areas or western/southeastern regions to obtain high-level education. When minority groups were residentially segregated from the Han, they tended to have higher levels of occupational segregation from the Han; while minority groups with larger percentages of rural residents tended to have smaller percentages of people obtained high-status occupations. Despite China’s rapid social and economic development, ethnic disparities in education did not significantly change, and ethnic gaps in occupational attainment were widened from 2000 to 2010.Social implicationsGeographic sources of ethnic conflicts in China should not be overlooked, and future researchers should also conduct studies on Chinese ethnic minorities at individual or household level.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature in two major ways: first, all Chinese minority groups were included in the analyses to clarify intra-ethnic differences; second, data from two Chinese decennial censuses and longitudinal statistical modeling were used to investigate the effect of time on ethnic stratification.
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Cui, Can. "Housing career disparities in urban China: A comparison between skilled migrants and locals in Nanjing." Urban Studies 57, no. 3 (December 4, 2018): 546–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018800443.

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The last two decades have witnessed a substantial growth of the owner-occupied housing sector in urban China, where most people tend to follow a conventional life course in terms of ascending the housing ladder towards homeownership. Yet, with skyrocketing housing prices in the real estate market, fragmentation in housing opportunities has become more important in reshaping the structure of social inequalities. This paper investigates the disparities in housing careers between skilled migrants and their local counterparts in Nanjing, focusing on temporal and spatial aspects. Specifically, this paper examines how skilled migrants’ housing tenure and location change over time, to what extent these changes differ from those of skilled locals, and what factors contribute to the disparities between migrants and locals. The results verify that there are indeed disparities in housing careers between migrants and locals, and the foremost difference lies in the tenure, especially the tenure of the first residence. Spatially, migrants exhibit an outward-bound pattern, often associated with the transition from renting to owning. These disparities in housing careers could be primarily attributed not only to the gap of the intergenerational transfer of wealth between migrants and locals, which can be traced back to regional disparities in economic development, but also to the self-selection of migration. While facing skyrocketing housing prices, the timing of making a foray into the housing market is pivotal. This study also revealed the diminishing marginal utility of education that is found in terms of establishing a superior housing career.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Education China Regional disparities"

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Wang, Fei. "Regional disparities in China, the agricultural aspect." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23546.pdf.

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Vedom, Julia. "Health care access and regional disparities in China." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/25483.

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This thesis examines the access of health care facilities in nine provinces of China between the years 1989 and 2004, evaluating the effect of demographic, financial and geographic factors. Equity in social welfare has long played a major role in shaping China's national policies. However, continued pursuit of the GDP-led development orientation in China since the late 1970s has resulted in increasing urban-rural and intra- and inter-regional socio-economic disparities, raising multiple causes for concern from an equity perspective and suggesting the trends that should be closely monitored. While there is a consensus about the need and importance of access equity, little geographic research has been conducted in this area. In light of these issues, using China Health and Nutrition Survey this study addressed the following two objectives: (1) to describe the geographic and financial disparities in access to clinics and hospitals in nine provinces of China during the 1989-2004 period, and (2) to explore the demographic, socio-economic and geographic factors affecting access to health care. Results of the analysis show that between 1989 and 2004 the accessibility gap between hospitals and clinics in terms of geographic indicators has decreased, while the gap in financial accessibility has increased, making urban hospitals the least accessible facilities. Access to both hospitals and clinics in urban and rural areas is mostly conditioned by geographic factors, namely the travel method, region of residence and the availability of health care facilities. Patients who were able to reach the facilities on foot were more likely to enjoy better access than those who were not able to do so. Similarly, residents of western China (Guangxi and Guizhou) along with the provinces with higher availability of health care facilities also tended to have better potential access than their counterparts. Several important contributions essential for informing public decision- and policymaking stem from this thesis, leading to a better understanding of issues related to the accessibility of health care in nine provinces of China. While, typically, the determinants of accessibility have been attributed to the financial or demographic characteristics of patients, this research has identified geographic factors as being of the foremost importance in the accessibility of health care. This important finding provides grounds for further geographic research on accessibility issues in China. While our conceptual framework was designed for studying the accessibility of health care in China, it can be potentially applied to any country with regional, provincial or neighborhood disparities in access.
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龍國英 and Guoying Long. "The political economy of regional disparities in transitional economies: a case study of Jiangsu province,People's Republic of China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30430525.

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Pang, Ming, and 庞溟. "The impact of China's fiscal and monetary policies on regional disparity in housing prices." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194608.

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Ever since the tax reform in 1994 in China, local governments have to rely more and more on land and real estate related fees as a major source of revenue. With the rapid development of the financial sector in China, local governments also rely more on bank loans with real estate assets as collaterals to finance capital expenditure projects and other government expenditure. Many theoretical studies have suggested that the reliance of local governments on land and real estate related revenue has fuelled housing prices and rendered the central government’s policy to contain housing price escalation ineffective. However, so far there has been little vigorous empirical analysis that supports this argument. This study use panel data from 31 provinces over the period 1999 to 2010 to analyses empirically the role of provincial governments’ behavior in determining housing price levels in China. Our empirical results suggest that the behavior of provincial governments has contributed significantly to regional housing price disparity after controlling for social and economic factors. In particular, we found that the level of fiscal autonomy (local government revenue as a percentage of GDP) has an overall positive impact on housing prices and that such impact is stronger for provinces that are geographically more distant from Beijing. We also found that although the central government’s policy on the RMB exchange rate reform in 2005 has an overall positive impact on real housing prices due to inflow of speculative hot money, such impact varied across different provinces and thus also contributed to regional housing price disparity. Our empirical results suggest that speculative hot money tended to flow into housing markets in provinces with a more developed tertiary sector. This is because regions with more developed tertiary sector usually have more mature real estate markets, lower information costs, better financial and legal services, which facilitates flow of fund into and out of the housing market. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on regional housing price disparity. Unlike previous studies that only focused mainly on the impact of economic, social and government planning policies, this study also aimed at studying the role of fiscal and monetary policies in China. The results have important policy and practical implications. First, while the financial incentives and responsibility given to provincial governments may increase economic efficiency, they may also lead to conflicting goals between central and local governments. In addition such financial incentives and responsibility may unexpectedly lead to housing price bubbles that are economically and socially undesirable. Second, the central government’s policy to reform the exchange rate formation mechanism of the RMB in 2005 has also contributed to housing price escalation which may not be desirable from both social and political perspectives. Even worse still, the impact was not uniform but stronger in provinces with a more developed tertiary sector, which are usually wealthier provinces. Increase in housing prices in these provinces may lead to faster regional economic growth and thus contributing to even more sever regional income disparity, which contradicts the central government’s goal of reducing income polarization.
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Real Estate and Construction
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Ephraim, Ephraim Tewoldebrhan. "Ethno-regional disparities in primary schooling in Eritrea, 1992-2001." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2614_1256886479.

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Eritreans have been subjected to limited and unequal education provision. throughout their hundred years of colonial history. It was expected that in post-independence Eritrea education provision would be equitably provided to all the regions and ethnic groups in the country. The focus of the thesis is on understanding disparities in provision in primary schooling with particular emphasis on ethno-regional disparities and what precipitate these inequalities. This thesis presents an account of the state of primary schooling in Eritrea between 1992 and 2001.

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Long, Guoying. "The political economy of regional disparities in transitional economies : a case study of Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?

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Guo, Huanguang. "Inequality and economic growth in China : an empirical analysis." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2004. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/607.

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Yoon, Jungwon. "Exploring regional innovation capacities of PR China: toward the study of knowledge divide." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42910.

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This study investigates the underlying factors influencing the large variances in innovation performance among the Chinese regions. What is specified in the study is the issue of the knowledge divide in China as existing regional inequalities have appeared in conjunction with the production of knowledge and innovation in its transformation into an innovation-driven economy. While the Chinese innovation system has achieved some promising developments at the aggregate level over the past few years, the inequality between the coastal and inland regions are widening with substantial disparities in the level of innovation capacity. In order to understand the major reasons for this new trend in regional divergence, the study explores the different levels of innovation activities among the provincial-level regions of China and analyzes the determinants of regional innovation capacity, employing a comprehensive and unified framework of a regional innovation system. The overall results suggest that while the Chinese regional innovation systems have evolved over time, increasing human and capital resources in innovation and accumulated knowledge stock/the level of economic development, together with the development of innovation-enhancing policies, industrial cluster environment, and linkages between innovation actors, are all crucial determinants of regional innovation capacity, leading to significant disparities in the level of innovation capacity among Chinese regions.
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Shi, Tuo. "Regional disparities, agglomeration economy and transport infrastructure : an empirical study for China from a new economic geography perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708417.

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Saral, Guldem. "Regional Income Growth Disparities And Convergence In Turkey: Analyzing The Role Of Human Capital Differences." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1043207/index.pdf.

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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the growth performances of regions in Turkey and the role of human capital in this process within the framework of new growth theory. For this aim, it firstly attempts to investigate the evolution of regional income growth differences in Turkey in the period 1980-2000 and the tendency of provinces in Turkey towards income growth convergence. Secondly, by taking a detailed account of human capital, it aims to explore the contribution of human capital differences towards explaining income growth disparities among Turkey&rsquo
s provinces. In this framework, human capital is defined in terms of education, entrepreneurship and innovation.
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Books on the topic "Education China Regional disparities"

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Zhai, Fan. Impacts of the Doha development agenda on China: The role of labor markets and complementary education reforms. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.

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Xiaobo, Zhang, and Institute for Social and Economic Change., eds. Fifty years of regional inequality in China: A journey through central planning, reform, and openness. Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2004.

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Sudan, Falendra K. Regional disparities in educational development. Jammu, J. & K., India: Vinod Publishers & Distributors, 1993.

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Jian, Tianlun. Trends in regional inequality in China. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.

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Bonal, Xavier. Les desigualtats territorials en l'ensenyament a Catalunya. Barcelona: Editorial Mediterrània, 2004.

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Belachew, Mekete. The need for regional educational planning within the context of integrated rural development: The case of Ethiopia. [Addis Ababa?: s.n., 1987.

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Bonal, Xavier. Les desigualtats territorials en l'ensenyament a Catalunya. Barcelona: Editorial Mediterrània, 2004.

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Forray, Katalin R. Az iskolázottság területi egyenlőtlenségei Magyarországon, 1980 : munkaközi beszámoló. Budapest: Országos Pedagógiai Intézet, 1986.

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Chiiki no naka de kyōiku o tou. Tōkyō: Shinhyōron, 1989.

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Fengxuan, Xue, and Lu Dadao, eds. China's regional disparities: Issues and policies. Huntington, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Education China Regional disparities"

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Fry, Gerald W., Hui Bi, and Rosarin Apahung. "Regional Educational Disparities in Thailand." In Education in Thailand, 373–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7857-6_14.

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Watson, Andrew, and Harry X. Wu. "Regional Disparities in Rural Enterprise Growth." In Rural Enterprises in China, 69–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23609-1_5.

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Jiang, Yanqing. "Openness and Regional Growth in China." In Openness, Economic Growth and Regional Disparities, 55–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40666-9_4.

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Jiang, Yanqing. "Industry Mix and Interregional Disparities in China." In Openness, Economic Growth and Regional Disparities, 195–222. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40666-9_9.

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Jiang, Yanqing. "Output Growth and Productivity Growth in China." In Openness, Economic Growth and Regional Disparities, 7–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40666-9_2.

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Jiang, Yanqing. "Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Productivity Growth in China." In Openness, Economic Growth and Regional Disparities, 113–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40666-9_6.

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Jiang, Yanqing. "Endogenous Saving, Interregional Capital Mobility, and Convergence across China." In Openness, Economic Growth and Regional Disparities, 137–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40666-9_7.

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Jiang, Yanqing. "Openness, Structural Factors, and Economic Growth across the Regions in China." In Openness, Economic Growth and Regional Disparities, 223–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40666-9_10.

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Jiang, Yanqing. "Trade Openness and Economic Growth in China: Models, Implications, and Some Thoughts." In Openness, Economic Growth and Regional Disparities, 299–328. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40666-9_14.

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Jiang, Yanqing. "Strategic Competition in Public Spending on Education in Different Chinese Regions." In Openness, Economic Growth and Regional Disparities, 285–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40666-9_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Education China Regional disparities"

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Wu, Kaiyao, Qing Shen, and Zhiwei Zhang. "Regional TFP disparities in China(1978-2012)." In 2016 International Forum on Management, Education and Information Technology Application. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ifmeita-16.2016.184.

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Zhao, Xiaofeng, and Mingming Zhang. "Evaluation and Regional Disparities of Modernization of Higher Education in China." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Seminar on Education Innovation and Economic Management (SEIEM 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/seiem-18.2019.88.

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Lu, Chun, Danxia Xing, and Wenting Zhou. "Study on the Regional Disparities of ICT in Education: Based on the Data Analysis of ICT in Education from Hubei Province, China." In 2017 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iset.2017.46.

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Jansons, Edmunds. "Disparities of regional higher education institutions in Latvia." In 20th International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2019". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2019.067.

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Min, Min, and Chen Jiaying. "A spatial econometrics analysis on regional disparities of agricultural mechanization in China." In 2012 First International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2012.6311702.

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Li, Shuang, Chengqi Cheng, Xiangai Wang, and Zhiqiang Li. "Analyzing regional economic disparities based on ESDA in Yangtze River Delta, China." In IGARSS 2015 - 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2015.7326835.

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Li, Ming, Yuanyuan Sun, and Feng Wang. "Area classification and regional disparities in China: A perspective from 2007-2010." In 2016 5th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment Engineering (ICSEEE 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icseee-16.2016.19.

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Valkova, Jana. "ISOLATION AND MOBILITY OF ELDERLY PEOPLE: INTRA-REGIONAL DISPARITIES." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY, SOCIOLOGY AND HEALTHCARE, EDUCATION. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b12/s2.059.

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Zhang, Bocheng. "Malnutrition And Nutrition-Related Health Disparities in China." In 2020 3rd International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201214.460.

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Li, Yaling. "The Main Factors Change of Economic Growth Regional Economic Disparities in China and Economic Transformation of China." In 2nd International Conference on Humanities Science and Society Development (ICHSSD 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ichssd-17.2018.96.

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Reports on the topic "Education China Regional disparities"

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Li, Haizheng, Junzi He, Qinyi Liu, Barbara Fraumeni, and Xiang Zheng. Regional Distribution and Dynamics of Human Capital in China 1985-2014: Education, Urbanization, and Aging of the Population. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22906.

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Fitzpatrick, Rachael. Evidence on the Impact of Population Growth on Education Financing and Provision in Tanzania. Institute of Development Studies, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.072.

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Tanzania has made great strides in increasing enrolment rates amidst a rapidly growing population. However, despite gains made in primary enrolment, completion rates have not exceeded 70% in the past five years, and enrolment at secondary level remains low (37%). An analysis of expenditure suggests a lack of equitability in distribution of funds within the education sector. Having achieved near universal enrolment at primary level, since 2016 the Government of Tanzania has almost doubled spend on secondary education and increased spending on higher education. In the same period, however, spend per pupil at primary level has halved suggesting that budget is being directed away from pre-primary and primary education to fund secondary, with higher education slightly increasing. Furthermore, the Education Sector Analysis outlines that 35% of the education budget is spent on the top 10% highest educated in the system (Kahangwa et al. 2021, 168). In addition to disparities on spend by education level, regional differences persist in the number of classrooms, textbooks, desks and teacher shortages also exist. Despite current disparities and challenges, Tanzania’s economic growth in recent years suggests that, with increased commitment in minimum spending on education as a proportion of GDP, the education needs of the population could be met. However, this would assume continued economic growth and require a greater proportion of spend to be allocated to education, suggesting trade-offs may be required.
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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.

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Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Hungary. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrhu.2020.12.

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In Hungary, NEET Youth are faced with many problems: social exclusion; lack of opportunities (e.g., education, health, infrastructure, public transport, labour market conditions); low so-cio-economic status; and, a lack of relationships outside the enclosed settlements. In Hungary, the most frequent risk factors are: a socio-economically disadvantageous envi-ronment; low levels of education and schooling problems; lack of proper housing; financial problems; learning difficulties; dissatisfaction with the school; socio-emotional disorders; delinquency; health problems; homelessness; and, drug or alcohol abuse. NEET Youth are fa-cing with this multi-dimensional difficulties, regional disparities and a lack of proper services.The general employment statistics have been improving in Hungary since 2010. The emplo-yment rate of the 15-39-year-old population has increased from 53.0% to 62.5% between 2009 - 2019. The employment rate improved in every type of settlement/area. The improve-ment can be attributed to the community work in the marginalised regions micro-regions and settlements. The NEET rate shows a considerable improvement of nearly 40% between 2009 and 2019 in the urban environment for all age groups. A slight improvement can be detected in the towns and urban environment, which amounts to 25% for all age groups between 2009 and 2019. However special services and targeted programmes are required to make a diffe-rence for NEET Youth.
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