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Academic literature on the topic 'Édition de l'ADNmt'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Édition de l'ADNmt"
Shebanov, Nikita. "Pathogenic mutations of the mitochondrial protein ND5 : the development of novel gene therapy strategies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ095.
Full textHuman cells contain multiple copies of mtDNA, which encodes 37 genes. mtDNA is prone to mutations that can lead to diseases severely affecting tissues with high energy demands. We focused on two pathogenic mutations in the MT-ND5 gene,13513G>A and 13514A>G, that alter Asp393, a residue critical for proton translocation during ATP synthesis. Our aim was to evaluate whether CRISPR/Cas12a technology can be applied to human mtDNA. We demonstrated that chemically modified crRNAs improve the specificity of the Cas12a system under physiological levels of Mg²⁺. The specific activity of AsCas12a-fused mitochondrial base editors targeting the ND4 and ND5 genes of mtDNA was shown both in vitro and, for the first time, in the mitochondria of cultured HEK293 cells. We also demonstrated that crosslinked Cas12a and crRNA were imported into isolated mitochondria, showing the potential of crosslink technology in enhancing crRNA mitochondrial delivery
Charpentier, Marine. "Développement de nouvelles approches d’édition du génome à l’aide de nucléases artificielles (TALENs et CRISPR/Cas9)." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE3106/document.
Full textGenome editing relies on the ability of artificial nucleases (TALEN or CRISPR/Cas9 system) to induce double strand break into a precise and unique sequence in a whole genome and on the different DNA repair system. The two major DNA repair systems are NHEJ (Non Homologous End Joining) and HR (Homologous Recombination). NHEJ consists on DNA end direct ligation. This system can lead to deletion or insertion at the cut site. These mutations, when induced in an exon, can induce reading frame change and gene inactivation (Knock out). HR consists on the use of sister chromatid to copy lost information in order to complete the double strand break. If an exogenous DNA with homologies with the targeted DNA is inserted with artificial nucleases, it can be used as a template and can permit to introduce any transgene at the cut site (Knock In). In this work, different strategies were used to optimize genome editing. By fusing Nter part of CtIP to Cas9, the KI rate of an exogenous DNA is increased and by fusing Trex2 exonuclease to Cas9, the mutation rate induced is also increased. These two approaches can be widely used to improve genome editing strategies
Jiao, Wenjuan. "APOBEC1 cytidine désaminase induit la mutagenèse de l'ADN chez différentes espèces animales." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7181.
Full textAPOBEC1 (A1) cytidine deaminases have a clear substrate preference for RNA. In addition, a few A1 enzymes have been shown to be active on single stranded DNA, mirroring the activities described for APOBEC3 enzymes. As human APOBEC3A (A3A), APOBEC3B (A3B) and related enzymes across the spectrum of placental mammals can introduce mutations in nuclear DNA leading to cancer genomes, we explored the mutagenic threat of A1 cytidine deaminases to chromosomal DNA.Using 3D-PCR to detect APOBEC specific GC to AT mutations, we demonstrated that A1 enzymes from the cow, pig, dog, rabbit and mouse have an intracellular ssDNA substrate specificity. However, only the mouse enzyme was able to introduce mutations into nuclear DNA. Interestingly, mouse A1 leaves the same dinucleotide editing context (5’TpC) as APOBEC3 like enzymes. These traits were paralleled by deamination of 5-methylcytidine substituted DNA by mouse A1 which is a feature of the mammalian A3A and A3B enzymes. Mouse A1 enzyme was far less efficient than human A3A and was closer to human A3B.At an experimental level mouse APOBEC1 is remarkable among 12 mammalian enzymes in that it represents a source of somatic mutations in mouse genome, potentially fueling oncogenesis. While the order of Rodentia is bereft of an A3A like enzyme it seems that APOBEC1 may well substitute for it, albeit remaining much less active. This modifies the paradigm that APOBEC3 and AID enzymes are the sole endogenous mutator enzymes giving rise to off-target editing of mammalian genomes
Rabai, Aymen. "Correction de l'ADN in vitro et in vivo comme thérapie personnalisée pour les myopathies congénitales." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ117.
Full textGenome editing with the CRISPR/Cas9 technology has emerged recently as a potential strategy for therapy in genetic diseases. For dominant mutations linked to gain-of-function effects, allele-specific correction may be the most suitable approach. Here we tested allele-specific inactivation or correction of a heterozygous mutation in the Dynamin 2 (DNM2) gene causing the autosomal dominant form of centronuclear myopathies (CNM). Truncated single guide RNAs targeting specifically the mutated allele were tested on cells derived from a mouse model and patients. The mutated allele was successfully targeted in patient fibroblasts and Dnm2R465W/+ mouse myoblasts, and clones were obtained with both precise genome correction or inactivation. Dnm2R465W/+ myoblasts showed an alteration in transferrin uptake and autophagy. Specific inactivation or correction of the mutated allele rescued these phenotypes. The mutated allele was also successfully targeted in Dnm2R465W/+ mouse muscles. These findings illustrate the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to target and correct heterozygous point mutations leading to a gain-of-function effect in an allele-specific manner
Rabai, Aymen. "Correction de l'ADN in vitro et in vivo comme thérapie personnalisée pour les myopathies congénitales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ117.
Full textGenome editing with the CRISPR/Cas9 technology has emerged recently as a potential strategy for therapy in genetic diseases. For dominant mutations linked to gain-of-function effects, allele-specific correction may be the most suitable approach. Here we tested allele-specific inactivation or correction of a heterozygous mutation in the Dynamin 2 (DNM2) gene causing the autosomal dominant form of centronuclear myopathies (CNM). Truncated single guide RNAs targeting specifically the mutated allele were tested on cells derived from a mouse model and patients. The mutated allele was successfully targeted in patient fibroblasts and Dnm2R465W/+ mouse myoblasts, and clones were obtained with both precise genome correction or inactivation. Dnm2R465W/+ myoblasts showed an alteration in transferrin uptake and autophagy. Specific inactivation or correction of the mutated allele rescued these phenotypes. The mutated allele was also successfully targeted in Dnm2R465W/+ mouse muscles. These findings illustrate the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to target and correct heterozygous point mutations leading to a gain-of-function effect in an allele-specific manner
Lacombe, Laurie. "CRISPR-Cas9-based strategies for enhanced targeted integration." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL047.
Full textTransplantation of autologous corrected Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPCs) emerges as an attractive strategy for treating blood, immune, and metabolic genetic disorders due to their self-renewal capacity and ability to differentiate into any blood cell type. One popular approach to edit HSPCs relies on gene-editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases. Targeted homology-directed integration using CRISPR-Cas9 in HSPCs enables precise insertion of therapeutic sequences, providing a long-term source of corrected cells. The Cas9 induced double-stranded break (DSB) can be repaired via three main pathways: Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ), where generated free strands are re-ligated, or Homology Directed Repair (HDR) and Microhomology-mediated End Joining (MMEJ), which uses a template DNA for repair. By providing an external template of interest, MMEJ and HDR can be hijacked to insert curative sequences at a chosen site. A universal gene therapy platform has been developed, with safe harbor loci like AAVS1 and HBA allowing integration of any therapeutic sequence. The HBA locus, with its high α-globin expression and asymptomatic gene loss, is particularly promising allowing the development of a universal platform for expression and secretion of therapeutic proteins into erythroid cells.However, this promising approach raises important challenges about enhancing and evaluating its efficacy and safety. To address these questions, various aspects of CRISPR/Cas9-based targeted integration were investigated, focusing on optimizing delivery methods, minimizing cell toxicity, and exploiting repair pathways to maximize integration efficiency.One of the key areas of investigation centered on the selection and optimization of delivery methods for introducing donor templates into target cells. We explored both non-viral and viral-based delivery approaches.The potential of AAV6 and IDLV delivery methods was found to be the most promising.Cellular toxicity is triggered by numerous tools utilized in targeted integration using CRISPR-Cas9. AAV and CRISPR/Cas9-induced DSBs decrease cell viability by activating the DNA Damage Response, further impacting HSPC engraftment capacity. Concerns about potential genotoxic effects have led us to explore protocols aimed at reducing toxicity while achieving sufficient rates of targeted integration.Homology-based repair pathways necessary for cassette integration are restricted to specific phases of the cell cycle, reducing the window of action for this strategy. MMEJ operates during G1/S phases, while HDR occurs during S/G2 phases. NHEJ, active throughout the cell cycle, is responsible for most CRISPR drawbacks, particularly chromosomal aberrations post-DSB. To promote HDR and MMEJ utilization, a chemical compound known to inhibit NHEJ has been tested. NHEJ inhibition resulted in a significant increase in targeted integration efficiency with both AAV and IDLV-mediated delivery.Having identified AAV6 as the optimal template delivery method and NHEJ inhibition as a means of enhancing targeted integration, the safety of the strategy at the targeted site was assessed. Using targeted long-read sequencing, characterization and quantification of CRISPR/Cas9-induced genomic alterations and targeted integration events were achieved, demonstrating the improved safety of our approach.Overall, these data highlight the potential of NHEJ inhibition as a promising strategy for tuning genome editing and enhancing DNA targeted integration
Maisonobe, Marion. "Étudier la géographie des activités et des collectifs scientifiques dans le monde : de la croissance du système de production contemporain aux dynamiques d'une spécialité, la réparation de l'ADN." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20055/document.
Full textThis thesis considers the geography of scientific activities through its productive dimension (publications retrieved from bibliographic databases). An original method is designed which relies on two principles: taking the urban area as an elementary level of analysis to study the repartition and organization of research activity at the world scale, taking into account co-authorship data to deduce networks of scientific collaborations between places. The main results show a trend toward the spatial diffusion of production activity at several scales, mitigating the monopoly of hegemonic and over-represented areas in the whole corpus of scientific references considered (SCI Expanded). A case study is realized on a research field in molecular biology: DNA Repair. Considering the role of individual trajectories, it explains the geography of the emergence of the scientific specialty as well as the spatial diffusion of a problem area related to the field of DNA Transcription