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Academic literature on the topic 'Édition de gènes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Édition de gènes"
Jordan, Bertrand. "Édition de gènes in vivo et thérapie génique." médecine/sciences 37, no. 10 (October 2021): 933–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2021140.
Full textBallouhey, Océane, Marc Bartoli, and Nicolas Levy. "CRISP(R)ation musculaire." médecine/sciences 36, no. 4 (April 2020): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2020081.
Full textChauveau, Sophie. "Christophe Bonneuil, Frédéric Thomas, Gènes, pouvoirs et profits. Recherche publique et régimes de production des savoirs, de Mendel aux OGM, Versailles/Lausanne, Éditions Quæ et Fo." Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 59-3, no. 3 (2012): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rhmc.593.0206.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Édition de gènes"
Hamouri, Fatima. "Contrôle optique de l'activité de protéines et de l'expression de gènes, par photo-activation du cyclofène cagé, pour l’étude de l’initiation du cancer." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS235.
Full textThe zebrafish has become an increasingly popular and valuable cancer model over the past decades. While most of these models are generated by expressing mammalian oncogenes under tissue-specific promoters, here we describe a method that allows for the precise optical control of oncogene expression or inactivation in live zebrafish. Thus, this technique allows for the induction of tumor phenotypes by activating the constitutive expression of a typical human oncogene, KRASG12V, in selected tissues and single cells without tissue-specific promoters in live zebrafish. We also demonstrate the optical control of oncogene expression as KRASG12V, CMYC and BRAFV600E as well as the control of the expression and the activity of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. In addition, it should be noted that accurate manipulation of gene expression is essential to understand most biological processes. Therefore, our work presents a novel approach to initiate and study cancer in zebrafish. Finally, it is also worth noting that the high spatio-temporal resolution of this method makes it a valuable tool for studying cancer initiation from single cells
Argüeso, Lleida Andrea. "Développement d’approches de modifications ciblées du méthylome dans les cellules mammifères." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ068.
Full textDNA methylation takes place on cytosines of CpG dinucleotides in mammals and is catalysed by DNMT enzymes. Cancer cells are characterised by frequent promoter hypermethylation leading to transcriptional repression of tumor suppressor genes and favouring tumor progression. Because of its reversible nature, DNA methylation is a target of choice in epigenetic therapies. However, current DNMT inhibitors act in a global and non-specific manner, leading to side effects and toxicity in normal cells. During my thesis I have developed strategies to perform targeted demethylation in specific regions of the genome without affecting global methylation. First, I have validated a strategy inducing the specific and durable epigenetic reprogramming of the tumor suppressor gene SERPINB5 in a breast cancer cell line, which can pave the way to further biomedical research. Second, I have optimised epigenome editing strategies as a regular tool in basic research
Bernard, Guillaume. "Contribution à la caractérisation du métabolisme des phénolamides chez la chicorée : approches biotechnologiques et édition ciblée du génome." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R061.
Full textCichorium intybus, commonly known as chicory, is a plant that was first consumed for its therapeutic properties, then its cultivation was gradually industrialized for the production of coffee substitute and inulin production. In chicory, by an inverted genetic approach, 2 genes named CiSHT1 and CiSHT2, closed to the Spermidine hydroxycinnamoyl transferases (SHTs), have been highlighted and seem to be involved in the biosynthesis pathway of tetracoumaroyl spermine in the chicory anther tapetum. The expression of these two genes and the accumulation of tetrahydroxycinnamoyl spermine appear to be specific to plants belonging to the Asteraceae family, but the role of these molecules is still unexplained. In order to validate the function of these two genes, genome editing technology: CRISPR/Cas9 was implemented in chicory. Validation of this technology was achieved through the edition of the phytoene desaturase gene (CiPDS), using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation and protoplast transfection methods. The Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation being more effective and plant regeneration faster, it has been used to generate sht1 and sht2 mutant plants. The involvement of these two genes in the production of tetracoumaroyl spermine in chicory has been validated by the study of the mutant plants and has shown the combinate and sequentially action of these two enzymes. The production of this molecule in homologous and heterologous systems and further study of the mutants may facilitate the understanding of the original accumulation of these molecules in pollen grains, as well as its value for industrial applications. In addition, the implementation and the mastery of CRISPR/Cas 9 technology in chicory will allow to study and to quickly improve many traits in this cultivated plant
Charpentier, Marine. "Développement de nouvelles approches d’édition du génome à l’aide de nucléases artificielles (TALENs et CRISPR/Cas9)." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE3106/document.
Full textGenome editing relies on the ability of artificial nucleases (TALEN or CRISPR/Cas9 system) to induce double strand break into a precise and unique sequence in a whole genome and on the different DNA repair system. The two major DNA repair systems are NHEJ (Non Homologous End Joining) and HR (Homologous Recombination). NHEJ consists on DNA end direct ligation. This system can lead to deletion or insertion at the cut site. These mutations, when induced in an exon, can induce reading frame change and gene inactivation (Knock out). HR consists on the use of sister chromatid to copy lost information in order to complete the double strand break. If an exogenous DNA with homologies with the targeted DNA is inserted with artificial nucleases, it can be used as a template and can permit to introduce any transgene at the cut site (Knock In). In this work, different strategies were used to optimize genome editing. By fusing Nter part of CtIP to Cas9, the KI rate of an exogenous DNA is increased and by fusing Trex2 exonuclease to Cas9, the mutation rate induced is also increased. These two approaches can be widely used to improve genome editing strategies
Khedher, Ahmed. "Utilisation de technologies d'édition du génome afin de générer des cardiomyocytes matures à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines induites CtIP Fusion to Cas9 Enhances Transgene Integration by Homology-Dependent Repair." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL002.
Full textHuman induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are a very promising model for several scientific and therapeutic applications ranging from disease modeling to drug discovery, and from predictive toxicology to regenerative medicine. Despite numerous efforts, current protocols do not yet lead to a maturation phenotype equivalent to adult human myocardium. Indeed, key features of hiPSC-CMs remaining closer to fetal stages of development, such as gene expression, electrophysiology and function. Transcriptome analysis performed at Sanofi have confirmed these findings at the genome-wide level. Indeed, KCNJ2 and CASQ2 which are implicated in the two major physiological characteristics of cardiac cells, their electrophysiological behavior and calcium handling, respectively, were expressed at very low levels in hiPSC-CMs in comparison with adult cardiomyocytes. This thesis aimed to improve the maturation of hiPSC-CMs by using genome editing technologies. We generated stable hiPSC-CMs with inducible expression of KCNJ2, or CASQ2 or both genes (KCNJ2-CASQ2 hiPSC-CMs) and studied their functional and electrophysiological phenotype by several complementary methods. Upon doxycycline induction of KCNJ2 and CASQ2, KCNJ2-CASQ2 hiPSC-CMs displayed phenotypic benefits expected from previous studies of each maturation gene, including a drastic reduction of spontaneous beating, hyperpolarized resting membrane potential, shortened action potential duration and enhanced calcium transients. In addition, co-expression of the two genes enhanced Na+ spike slope of extracellular field potential and Ca2+ handling. We tested four reference drugs and observed signatures of known cardiac effects in KCNJ2-CASQ2 hiPSC-CMs, including arrhythmias induced by QT prolonging drug (E-4031), which were more easily detected than in control hiPSC-CMs. Therefore, KCNJ2-CASQ2 hiPSC-CMs exhibited a more mature phenotype than hiPSC-CMs and such genetically engineered hiPSC-CMs could be useful for testing cardiac toxicity of novel candidate drugs
Peyny, Maud. "L'expression du gène BCAR4 (Breast Cancer anti-estrogen Resistance 4) et son rôle dans la reproduction chez la lapine." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4031.
Full textThe BCAR4 gene (Breast Cancer anti-estrogen Resistance 4) has been previously characterized in cattle as a gene expressed preferentially in the oocyte and early embryo, whose inhibition alters embryonic development in vitro. However, its role in oogenesis, folliculogenesis and overall in fertility in vivo remains unknown. Since this gene is conserved in various mammals but not in rodents, the rabbit has been chosen to investigate its expression and function in vivo. By reverse transcription coupled to PCR, BCAR4 transcript is detected in the ovary when primordial follicles are formed, and in ovarian follicles at the preantral and antral stages, as well as in ovulated oocytes. Its abundance decreases after fertilization and throughout preimplantation development to disappear in the blastocyst, a typical profile for a maternal transcript.In order to elucidate the role of BCAR4 in vivo in female reproduction, rabbits carrying an altered BCAR4 gene were created and a line was generated. Both homozygous and heterozygous carriers of the genetic alteration are viable and appear healthy. The genetic alteration abolishes BCAR4 expression in ovarian follicles of homozygous animals, as the transcript abundance is down thirty-fold as compared to the wild-type phenotype. Females were phenotyped on several parameters related to reproduction. The genotype did not have a significant impact on follicular development or ovarian activity, as estimated by follicular count onto ovarian sections, anti-mullerian hormone concentration in plasma, and the response to ovarian stimulation. To evaluate their fertility and prolificacy, females were inseminated three times every six-weeks. Homozygous females had a significantly lower farrowing rate than heterozygous females, 22±7% vs 71±11% (mean±sem), while prolificacy was 1.5±0.7 vs 5.8±1.5 pups per insemination. In conclusion, BCAR4 is not essential for follicular development but the gene contributes to optimal fertility of female rabbits
Weber, Leslie. "New therapeutic strategies for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC272.
Full textHighly efficient curative therapeutic strategies are in great demand for patients affected by β-hemoglobinopathies, namely sickle cell disease (SCD) and β-thalassemia. Indeed, the poor access to compatible donors restrains the application of the only approved definitive therapy, the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. In the first part of this thesis, we aimed at optimizing an established therapeutic alternative consisting in the autologous transplantation of lentivirus (LV)-corrected hematopoietic HSCs. The development of β-globin expressing LVs and the improvement of HSC transduction conditions have led to a clear clinical benefit for SCD and β-thalassemia patients treated with this approach in the frame of recent clinical trials. Despite these significant progresses, there is room for further improvement. Indeed, the correction of severe transfusion-dependent B-thalassemia and SCD patients requires high levels of transgene expression. The goal of this project was to select a high-titer LV able to transduce efficiently HSCs and to drive high levels of transgene expression in HSC-derived RBCs. To this purpose, we compared different combinations of regulatory elements, in order to define the minimal regulatory cassette needed for achieving high levels of globin expression in the frame of LVs. We constructed 2 mini-LCRs containing either HS2 and HS3 (total size 2.6 kb) or HS2, HS3 and HS4 (total size 3.7 kb) derived from the 16-kb Locus Control Region. These cassettes were inserted in the β-AS3 and β-AS3 HS4 LVs, respectively, driving the expression of an anti-sickling βAS3-globin transgene. First, we aimed at comparatively evaluate the transduction efficiency of β-AS3 and β-AS3 HS4 in SCD hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) and long term-repopulating HSCs. The second aim of the study was to assess β-AS3 and β-AS3 HS4 derived transgene expression in RBCs produced from SCD HSPCs, and to evaluate the efficacy of the best-performing LV in rescuing the SCD phenotype. The second part of this thesis aimed to develop a novel genome editing-based strategy to restore fetal γ-globin genes expression. This therapeutic approach stems from the observation that the clinical course of β-thalassemia and SCD is improved in the presence of elevated HbF levels. By using the innovative CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we aimed at disrupting repressors binding sites in the γ-globin promoters to reactivate HbF expression in SCD HSPCs-derived RBCs. Reactivating fetal γ-globin genes at their endogenous genomic locus can circumvent the difficulties associated with the relatively low LV-derived transgene expression per vector copy, likely because the low LV vector capacity allows the usage only of short DNA stretches from the LCR, arranged in a non-physiological manner. In addition, this strategy offers a potentially safer targeted approach compared to the LV-based gene addition. In SCD, this therapeutic approach can favor the anti-sickling γ-globin expression, at the expense of the mutated βS-globin, given the competition between the fetal and the adult genes for the interaction with the LCR. In a comparative approach, we intended to evaluate novel and known therapeutic targets in the γ-globin promoters. To this purpose, several gRNAs have been designed to target 3 regions of the γ-globin promoters, where variants associated with elevated HbF levels and/or binding sites for HbF repressors have been described. We aimed to screen these gRNAs in an adult erythroid cell line (HUDEP-2) and SCD HSPCs-derived RBCs in terms of HbF reactivation and correction of the patient phenotype, to select the best therapeutic target for an efficient and safe therapeutic approach for β-hemoglobinopathies
Marande, William. "Structure et expression des gènes mitochondriaux de Diplonema papillatum." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15249.
Full textMoreira, Sandrine. "Décodage de l'expression de gènes cryptiques." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18548.
Full textThanks to new high throughput sequencing technologies and automatic annotation pipelines, proceeding from an eppendorf tube to a genbank file can be achieved in a single mouse click or so, for some species. Others, however, fiercely resist bioinformaticians with their confounding genomic complexity. Diplonemids are one of them. My thesis is centered on the discovery of new strategies for encrypting genetic information in eukaryotes, and the identification of molecular decoding processes. Diplonemids are a group of poorly studied marine protists. Unexpectedly, metagenomic studies have recently ranked this group as one of the most diverse in the oceans. Yet, their most distinctive feature is their multipartite mitochondrial genome with genes in pieces, and encryption by nucleotide deletions and substitutions. Genes are decrypted at the RNA level through three processes: (i) trans-splicing, (ii) polyuridylation at the junction of gene pieces and (iii) substitutions of A-to-I and C-to-T. Such a diverse arsenal of mitochondrial post-transcriptional processes is highly exceptional. Using a bioinformatics approach, I have reconstructed the mitochondrial transcriptome from RNA-seq libraries. We have identified six new genes including one that presents alternative trans-splicing isoforms. In total, there are 216 uridines added in 14 genes with up to 29 U insertions, and 114 positions edited by deamination (A-to-I or C-to-T) among seven genes (nad4, nad7, rns, y1, y2, y3, y5). In order to identify the machinery that processes mitochondrial RNAs, the nuclear genome has been sequenced. I have then assembled and annotated the genome. This machinery is probably unique and complex because no cis signal or trans actor typical for known splicing machineries have been found. I have identified promising protein candidates that are worth to be tested experimentally, notably RNA ligases, numerous members of the PPR family involved in plants RNA editing and deaminases. During my thesis, we have identified new types of post-transcriptional RNA processing in diplonemid mitochondria and identified new promising candidates for the machinery. A system capable of joining precisely or editing RNAs could find biotechnological applications. From an evolutionary perspective, the discovery of new molecular systems gives insight into the process of gene recruitment, adaptation to new functions and establishment of complex molecular machineries.
Kiethega, Nabonswende Georgette. "Processus post-transcriptionnels inédits dans la mitochondrie des diplonémides." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10192.
Full textOur laboratory has recently discovered an unprecedented mode of expression of mitochondrial genes in D. papillatum, a biflagellate protozoan. In addition to its mtDNA formed of hundreds of circular chromosomes, genes are fragmented. For example, the cox1 gene which encodes the subunit one of the cytochrome oxidase complex, comprises nine modules carried by nine chromosomes. The cox1 mRNA is obtained by trans-splicing and is also edited by the insertion of six uridines between two modules. My thesis project focused on the study of post-transcriptional processes in diplonemid mitochondria. We characterized the fragmentation of cox1 in three other species belonging to two diplonemids genera: Diplonema ambulator, Diplonema sp. 2 and Rhynchopus euleeides. The cox1 gene is fragmented into nine modules in all species but the modules are carried by chromosomes of different size and sequences from one species to another. We have shown that there are no motifs for classical introns, including spliceosomal and archaeal introns, as well as introns of group I and II, that might be implicated in the trans-splicing of cox1 modules. No significant complementarity exists between the flanking regions of two neighboring modules, nor are any conserved residues within a species or across species. We therefore concluded that the trans-splicing of cox1 in diplonemids involves a novel mechanism implicating trans rather than cis-factors. Trans-splicing and editing of cox1 probably involve guide RNAs, but it is also possible that the trans-factors are proteins or DNA molecules. The study of different species has also shown that the insertion of six uridines between two cox1 modules in mRNA is a shared trait in these diplonemids. We discovered that four other mitochondrial genes are also edited in D. papillatum and that RNA editing is not limited to mRNA. So, fragmented genes and RNA editing are common characteristics of diplonemids. We elucidated D. papillatum’s mitochondrial transcript maturation steps. All transcripts undergo three coordinated and precise processes including end processing, trans-splicing and / or editing and polyadenylation. The processing of the 5 'and 3' ends gives rise to three kinds of maturation intermediates. A primary transcript with one free end can bind to its neighbor and trans-splicing occurs without directionality. In the case of edited transcripts, editing precedes trans-splicing. These studies have prepared the ground for functional studies of trans-splicing and RNA editing with the long term goal to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in post-transcriptional regulation in this intriguing system.