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1
Höpfl, Bernd. "EDHF initiiert fortgeleitete Gefäßdilatationen in Arteriolen des Skelettmuskels." Diss., lmu, 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-31718.
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Schach, Christian Oliver. "Mechanismus der EDHF-vermittelten Gefässdilatation der Arteria Interlobaris Suis /." Frankfurt a.M, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000254594.
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Burnette, Ethan Williams. "Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) in rat mesenteric artery." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66130.pdf.
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Charisis, Ioannis. "Role of calcium-dependent potassium channels and mitochondria in the EDHF phenomenon." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55773/.
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Background Acetylcholine (ACh) and the calcium ionophore A23187 are both known to trigger EDHF-type responses in the rabbit iliac artery via endothelial cell hyperpolarization mediated by the opening of calcium-dependent potassium channels (Kca). In addition, ACh and A23187 also stimulate the release of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from the endothelium. Aims of study 1) To determine the relative contribution of different Kca channel subtypes to ACh- and A23187-evoked responses. 2) To determine whether there is a connection between the activation of endothelial Kca channels and the release of H2O2. 3) To identify the source of endothelium-derived H2O2 in the rabbit iliac artery. Major findings 1) Immimohistochemical investigations demonstrated expression of SKca, IKca and BKca channels in the endothelium of rabbit iliac arteries. 2) Mechanical studies with the SKca inhibitor apamin, the IKca inhibitor l- (2- chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl -lH-pyrazole (TRAM-34) and the BKca inhibitor iberiotoxin demonstrated that all three Kca channel subtypes participate in ACh- and A23187-evoked EDHF-type relaxations. 3) Mechanical investigations with catalase and the catalase/SOD-mimetic manganese porphyrin (MnTMPyP) demonstrated that responses to ACh and A23187 both included a significant H2C>2-dependent component, that could be inhibited by combined Kca channel blockade. 4) Investigations with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor oxypurinol and the inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron transport chain rotenone and myxothiazol indicated that mitochondria are likely to be the main source of H2O2 in the endothelium of the rabbit iliac artery. Conclusions The study has highlighted the concerted role of different Kca channel subtypes in ACh- and A23187-evoked EDHF-type relaxations in rabbit iliac arteries. It has also demonstrated that both responses consist of an H202-dependent component which is attenuated when Kca channels are inhibited. However, the evidence provided is not sufficient to prove that H2O2 release in the endothelium is coupled to Kca activation Additional studies aimed to identify the intracellular compartment that produces H2O2 upon stimulation with ACh and A23187. It has been demonstrated that under the current experimental conditions the most likely source of H2O2 is the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
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Harris, David. "Pharmacological studies on EDHF and anandamide in the rat mesenteric arterial bed." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366599.
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Chauhan, Sharmila Deepa. "Mechanisms of endothelium-dependant dilation : a study of EDHF and endothelial dysfunction." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397184.
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Mather, Simon. "Endothelial cell modulation of vascular tone by EDHF and gap junctional communication." Thesis, University of Bath, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418594.
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Young, Elisa, and elisayoung@iprimus com au. "Endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance: The role of EDHF and gap junction communication." RMIT University. Medical Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080110.162249.
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Background: Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in the development of vascular complications in insulin resistance and diabetes and recent studies have established that endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor (EDHF) plays an important physiological role in endothelium-derived relaxation responses, especially in small arteries and arterioles. Objective: This project aimed to identify the role of, and characterise, EDHF in animal models of insulin resistance, including the obese Zucker rat (OZR) as well as the fructose-fed (FF) Sprague-Dawley rat. Methods: Vascular function was studied in third-order mesenteric arteries from male and female Zucker rats using pressure myography, and in lobar arteries from male FF rats using wire myography. Endothelial function was determined by studying responses to the endothelium-dependent dilator acetylcholine (ACh) and the endothelium-independent dilator levcromakalim in the presence of a variety of inhibitors to study the roles of NO, EDHF and gap junctions. The effect of insulin resistance on gap junctions was further assessed by measuring the protein and mRNA expression of vascular connexins. Protein levels were determined by western blotting followed by semi-quantitative analysis of band intensity, whilst mRNA levels were quantified using real-time PCR, in which beta-actin was used as the housekeeping gene. Results: Metabolic parameter comparisons confirmed that male OZRs were type 2 diabetic, whilst female OZRs were insulin resistant. Responses to ACh were reduced in both the male and female OZRs compared with their gender controls, with the male OZR showing a greater degree of endothelial dysfunction. In all Zucker third-order mesenteric arteries, inhibition of NO had no effect; however inhibitors of EDHF abolished relaxation responses to ACh. Inhibitors of gap junctions associated with connexin 40 significantly (p less than 0.05, Student's t-test) attenuated the maximal response to ACh in the LZR, but had no effect in the OZR. Comparison of Western blot band intensity indicated that connexin 40 protein levels in mesenteric vascular homogenates in the OZR were significantly smaller (p less than 0.05, Student's t-test) than in the LZR, with no difference in connexin 43 protein levels. mRNA levels showed a significant (p less than 0.05, Student's t-test) decrease in connexin 40 expression in the OZR compar ed with the LZR, with no change in connexin 43 mRNA expression. Although FF rats did develop insulin resistance, responses to ACh were not altered in the FF rats as compared with their controls, and ACh responses were abolished by NO inhibitors. Conclusion: The findings presented in this thesis demonstrate that endothelial dysfunction is present in third-order mesenteric arteries from insulin-resistant female and type 2 diabetic male OZRs, and is associated with a defect in EDHF. However, endothelial function was not compromised in the insulin-resistant FF rats. Furthermore, the reduction in EDHF-mediated vasodilatation in the mesenteric arteries from female OZRs was associated with the functional absence of connexin 40-related gap junctions as well as a reduction in connexin 40 protein and mRNA levels. This novel finding suggests that gap junctions associated with connexin 40 may be a potential therapeutic target for diabetic vascular disease.
9
Neininger, Michael. "Zelluläre Mechanismen der Dilatation isolierter Widerstandsarterien durch NO-Donatoren und den Endothelabhängigen Hyperpolarisierenden Faktor EDHF." Diss., lmu, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-27038.
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Riexinger, Tobias. "Ein Cytochrom P450 2C8/9-abhängig gebildeter EDHF hyperpolarisiert Thrombozyten und hemmt deren Adhäsion an Endothelzellen." Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-89394.
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Pu, Qiaoxue, and 浦峤雪. "Investigation of the regulatory pathways involved in NO- and EDHF-mediated relaxations in porcine coronary arteries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50712652.
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Background
Nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) are both important relaxing factors. Their synthesis, release and downstream signaling pathways are controlled by a number of proteins, such that alteration in the activity of these proteins may disturb vascular tone.
Aim
This study was aimed to investigate the role of some of the regulatory proteins in NO- and EDHF-mediated relaxations. The regulatory proteins that were examined include: 1) calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II), 2) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 3) adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 4) phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) / protein kinase B (Akt) and 5) phosphoprotein phosphatase.
Experimental approach
Organ chamber system was used for measuring isometric tension of porcine coronary arteries. The role of the regulatory proteins was investigated by using their activators or inhibitors. In the contraction study, arterial rings without endothelium were contracted with U46619 (0.1 nM to 10 μM) or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu, 0.1 nM to 1 μM). In the relaxation study, arterial rings with and without endothelium were contracted with U46619 (30 or 100 nM). They were incubated with indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor, 10 μM) and TRAM-34 plus UCL1684 (intermediate- and small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel blockers, respectively; 1 μM each) or L-NAME (NO synthase inhibitor, 30 μM) for the study of NO and EDHF components of bradykinin (0.1 nM to 10 μM)-induced relaxations. Moreover, endothelium-independent relaxations by sodium nitroprusside (SNP, exogenous NO donor, 0.1 nM to 100 μM) and diazoxide (ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator, 1 nM to 1 mM) were examined in arteries without endothelium.
Key findings
1. NO and EDHF are both involved in endothelium-dependent relaxation in porcine coronary arteries, in which NO is the dominant relaxing factor.
2. KN-93 (CaMK II inhibitor, 30 μM) significantly reduced contractions to U46619 and PDBu. On the other hand, CaMK II partly involved in EDHF signaling but not in the NO-mediated relaxations.
3. Calyculin A (phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor, 30 nM) greatly inhibited both endothelium-dependent and –independent relaxations.
4. PD98059 (MAPK inhibitor, 30 μM) significantly potentiated bradykinin-induced relaxation that was mediated by EDHF but not that mediated by NO. On the other hand, it potentiated SNP-induced but not diazoxide-induced endothelium-independent relaxations.
5. AMPK and Akt do not play a role in regulating vascular tone as compound C (AMPK inhibitor, 30 μM), AICAR (AMPK activator, 1 mM) and wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor, 100 nM) did not affect contractions to U46619 and PDBu, and relaxations to bradykinin, SNP and diazoxide in porcine coronary arteries.
Conclusions and implications
Different regulatory proteins (CaMKII, MAPK, AMPK, Akt, phosphoprotein phosphatase) have different effects on the regulation of vascular tone. While the present study has the limitation of using pharmacological agents at only one concentration to examine the role of these proteins, it still produces scientific information for the development of therapeutic agents. In considering CaMK II, MAPK and phosphoprotein phosphatase as potential therapeutic targets, the vascular effects (which can be therapeutic or adverse) of the compounds acting on these proteins should be taken into account.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Pharmacology and Pharmacy<br>Master<br>Master of Medical Sciences
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Riexinger, Tobias. "Ein Cytochrom P450 2C8/9-abhängig gebildeter EDHF hyperpolarisiert Thrombozyten und hemmt deren Adhäsion an Endothelzellen." kostenfrei, 2008. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8939/.
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Li, Yiwen. "Interactive roles of hydrogen peroxide and calcium in the endothelial signaling network that underpins the EDHF phenomenon." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/41989/.
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Endothelium-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been suggested to function as a freely diffusible endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). However, in the rabbit vasculature, it has been shown that the electrotonic spread of endothelial hyperpolarization via myoendothelial and homocellular smooth muscle gap junctions is essential for nitric oxide (NO)-prostanoid-independent arterial relaxation. Therefore, a series of interlinked experiments, both mechanical and imaging, have been undertaken to investigate the role of H2O2 in vascular control, focusing on the mechanisms through which H2O2 may regulate intracellular endothelial calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. These studies have shown that exogenous H2O2 does not directly mediate an EDHF-type response, but can potentiate electrotonically-mediated relaxations by facilitating the elevation of endothelial cell intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), thereby promoting the activation of hyperpolarizing endothelial Ca2+-activated potassium channels (KCa). Mechanistically, this potentiating effect of H2O2 involves enhanced depletion of the ryanodine-sensitive endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store, through inhibition of sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity, and therefore increased extracellular Ca2+ influx through store-operated Ca2+ entry. This effect of H2O2 is independent of the nature of the initiating stimulus, as it is observed with both the receptor-coupled agonist acetylcholine and the SERCA pump inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid. Paradoxically, however, H2O2 was also shown to exert inhibitory effects on NO-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxations. Additionally, arsenite was found to modulate vascular responses through the elevation of the endogenous endothelial-produced H2O2 that is secondary to the activation of NADPH oxidase. This thesis provides evidence that H2O2 is a physiological-important signalling molecule in endothelial Ca2+ homeostasis. The findings also give further insights into the mechanism underlying the compensatory role of the EDHF phenomenon to compromised NO-mediated response that are observed in diseased vessels.
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Hamill, Claire. "In hypertension do smaller holes in arterial internal elastic lamina lead to fewer routes for myoendothelial junctions and hence less EDHF response?" Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1398/.
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The work presented in this thesis describes the influence of the endothelium on smooth muscle cells, and how the structure of the internal elastic lamina (IEL) affects this relationship in mesenteric and saphenous arteries. This was enabled by the study of functional and confocal microscopy dye transfer experiments. Normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive (SHR) rats of 12 weeks and 6 months of age were used to assess the effect of hypertension and ageing on endothelial and smooth muscle cell communication. The endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor (EDHF) response in mesenteric arteries was investigated using wire myography, and the involvement of myoendothelial gap junctions (MEGJs) was assessed using the putative gap junction inhibitor carbenoxolone. Carbenoxolone attenuated the EDHF response in the WKY, suggestive of the involvement of myoendothelial gap junctions in EDHF. In the saphenous artery, incubation with L-NAME and indomethacin abolished the relaxation to ACh, indicating that there was no EDHF response in this artery. Dye transfer experiments using luminally loaded calcein-AM and the gap junction blocking peptides (GJi) 37,43Gap27 and 40Gap27 in mesenteric arteries demonstrated that the dye moved from endothelial cells to smooth muscle cells by means of gap junctional transfer in the WKY. In the SHR, calcein staining in the smooth muscle showed a significant reduction to that observed in the WKY at both age points (with endothelial cell staining remaining constant between strains), and GJi incubation did not reduce smooth muscle cell staining from that of the control. Dye transfer was correlated with the EDHF function of the vessels, and was consistent with the increasing evidence supporting the role of MEGJS in the EDHF response. No conclusive evidence could be obtained from saphenous artery imaging of dye transfer or fenestrae area due to its unsuitability for this approach. However, functional experiments illustrated this artery (reported to have a lack of MEGJs) to be devoid of an EDHF response, thereby making it a potential control artery for the mesenteric artery. Differences in the organisation of elastin in the IEL were assessed by measurement of fenestrations in the IEL, which are the only points through which endothelial and smooth muscle cells can connect. In WKY, the fenestrae appeared to fuse with age, causing a parallel increase in fenestrae area and decrease in fenestrae number which was not apparent in the SHR due to the inability of fenestrae to fuse in this strain. The smaller fenestrae area in the 6 month old SHR is thought contribute to the reduced EDHF response compared with WKY. Collectively, the results of this study imply that there is a relationship between the EDHF response and myoendothelial coupling within an artery. EDHF response and smooth muscle cell staining following luminal calcein-AM application were reduced in the 6 month old SHR compared with aged-matched WKY. The smaller fenestrae in the IEL of the 6 month old SHR is a possible explanation as to why there is reduced cellular coupling, as this would restrict the passage of substances or charge between the endothelium and smooth muscle, be it by gap-junctional transfer or by diffusion.
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Pieperhoff, Susanne. "Rolle von Cytochrom P450-Metaboliten bei der EDHF-vermittelten Dilatation von Widerstandsarterien und Effekte von chronisch erhöhtem Perfusionsdruck auf glattmuskuläre und endotheliale Funktionen." Diss., lmu, 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-40539.
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Fhima, Lévy Maryline. "Rôle des facteurs vasoactifs non prostanoïdes dérivés de l'endothélium (NO, EDHF, et ETs) dans la modulation du tonus vasculaire pulmonaire au cours de la maturation chez le porcelet." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05CD09.
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L'absence de baisse des résistances vasculaires pulmonaires à la naissance conduit au syndrome d'hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) du nouveau-né. Cette affection, dont les mécanismes physiopathologiques ne sont pas compris, est une cause fréquente d'hospitalisation en réanimation néonatale avec un taux de mortalité élevé. Le rôle précis des facteurs vasoactifs dérivés de l'endothélium (NO, EDHF et endothéline) dans la modulation du tonus vasculaire pulmonaire à la naissance n‘est pas établi. Le but de ce travail était d'étudier les mécanismes régissant la chute des résistances vasculaires pulmonaires à la naissance et en particulier le rôle des facteurs vasoactifs endothéliaux. Nous avons donc étudié la réactivité des artères intrapulmonaires distales ainsi que l'expression de la NO synthase et de l'endothéline à la naissance, à 48h, à 10 jours et chez l'adulte. Nous avons montré que : la libération de NO par les cellules endothéliales et la sensibilité des cellules musculaires lisses au NO sont très faibles à la naissance et augmentent au cours de la maturation. L'endothélium vasculaire majore le tonus vasoconstricteur à la naissance alors qu'il le diminue à partir de 48h de vie. L'expression d'endothéline au niveau des artères intrapulmonaires est très élevée à la naissance puis décroît à partir de 48h de vie. L'expression de la NO synthase au niveau des artères intrapulmonaires est très faible à la naissance puis croît à partir de 48h de vie. La voie de l'EDHF est plus importante que celle du NO à la naissance. L'activation des canaux potassiques KATP induit une vasorelaxation qui est atténuée par l'endothélium vasculaire chez le nouveau-né du fait de l ‘activation des récepteurs ETA de l'endothéline. L'activation des récepteurs ETB de l'endothéline induit une vasorelaxation dépendante de l'endothélium qui est très faible à la naissance et croît au cours de la maturation. En conclusion, un déséquilibre entre substances endothéliales vasoconstrictrices et vasodilatatrices pourrait être à l'origine du syndrome d'HTAP du nouveau-né. Les activateurs des canaux KATP, les inhibiteurs des récepteurs ETA ou les activateurs des récepteurs ETB pourraient avoir une implication thérapeutique dans les nombreux cas de nouveaux-nés ayant une HTAP réfractaire au NO.
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Tozzato, Gabriela Palma Zochio. "Efeitos da artrite induzida por adjuvante (AIA) sobre as respostas da aorta à angiotensina II em ratos submetidos ou não à castração cirúrgica." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153793.
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Orientador: Marcos Renato de Assis<br>Resumo: A expectativa de vida diminui com artrite reumatoide (AR) devido ao aumento da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares. Isto se deve, possivelmente, à disfunção endotelial resultante da intensa atividade inflamatória relacionada à AR. Evidências tem apontado para um possível envolvimento do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) nos danos cardiovasculares inerentes à AR. Acredita-se que a participação do SRA agrave o comprometimento endotelial decorrente de inflamações sistêmicas através da ativação do receptor de angiotensina II tipo 1 (AT1) pela angiotensina II (Ang II). Por outro lado, a literatura também reporta a influência dos hormônios andrógenos, principalmente da testosterona, nas ações da Ang II sobre os tecidos vasculares. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é investigar os efeitos da artrite induzida por adjuvante (AIA) sobre o equilíbrio redox, a função endotelial e as respostas da aorta de ratos à Ang II, bem como, verificar se esses efeitos podem ser influenciados pela redução dos níveis circulantes de testosterona. Para isto, ratos Wistar machos adultos foram submetidos à falsa-castração e falsa-imunização (Controles), castração seguida de falsa-imunização (ORX), falsa-castração seguida de imunização (ORX) e castração seguida de imunização (ORX+AIA). Ao final do experimento, segmentos de aorta torácica foram desafiadas em cubas de órgãos isolados com acetilcolina (ACh), Ang II, KCl e nitroprussiato de sódio e, das curvas concentração resposta obtidas, calculou-se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Life expectancy of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is lower due to increased mortality in consequence of cardiovascular diseases. Presumably, this occurs due to endothelial dysfunction resulting from severe inflammatory activity related to RA. Evidence has demonstrated a possible involvement of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the cardiovascular injury inherent to RA. The RAS involvement is considered to worsen the endothelial impairment due to systemic inflammation through angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) activation of Ang II. (Ang II). Additionally, previous studies also observed that androgen hormones, mainly the testosterone, modulate the Ang II actions in cardiovascular tissues. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) on systemic redox balance, endothelial function and rat aorta responses to Ang II, as well as, whether these effects may be influenced by the reduction of circulating levels of testosterone. For this, adult male Wistar rats were submitted to false-castration and false-immunization (Controls), castration followed by false-immunization (ORX), false-castration followed by immunization (ORX) and castration followed by immunization (ORX + AIA) . At the end of the experiment, thoracic aorta segments were challenged in isolated organ bath with acetylcholine (ACh), Ang II, KCl and sodium nitroprusside and, from the concentrantion-response curves obtained were calculated pEC50 and maximal ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Ribeiro, Sandra Albino. "Esquina edif?cio: uma proposta arquitet?nica para um edif?cio misto." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20745.
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Previous issue date: 2014-06-30<br>Natal, como outras cidades metropolitanas brasileiras, sofreu nas ?ltimas d?cadas uma forte transforma??o impulsionada pelo mercado imobili?rio e pela ind?stria da constru??o civil. A produ??o de apartamentos em condom?nios fechados vem crescendo e tornando cada vez mais comum, no cen?rio urbano, a presen?a de torres residenciais (com extensos muros e grades, fachadas cegas e guaritas) que favorecem o ?desurbanismo?. Por outro lado, este tipo de empreendimento, o edif?cio multifamiliar, apresenta plantas baixas padronizadas as quais frequentemente s?o incoerentes com a diversidade de perfis dos usu?rios. A consequ?ncia disso s?o reformas e adequa??es nos apartamentos ap?s a entrega da obra. Diante deste contexto, elaborei uma proposta arquitet?nica, que ? apresentada nesta disserta??o, como alternativa a essa modalidade de produ??o que est? se tornando dominante no Brasil e em outros pa?ses. Dois conceitos nortearam esta proposta: a) o conceito de urbanidade cujo objetivo no projeto arquitet?nico ? favorecer a percep??o do outro (por copresen?a e/ou coci?ncia) atrav?s da permeabilidade, acessos e passagens entre o edif?cio e o entorno. A maneira como os cheios (barreiras) se estruturam com os vazios foi trabalhada de modo que definissem propriedades espaciais cuja inten??o ? facilitar o encontro e a diversidade entre moradores e entre estes e os de fora, no entanto sem desconsiderar o problema da viol?ncia urbana e, consequentemente a import?ncia da promo??o de seguran?a para os usu?rios. b) o conceito de flexibilidade a fim de possibilitar ao consumidor final o desmembramento da unidade habitacional em duas e, em especial, a participa??o e ou escolha na concep??o do arranjo interno e da defini??o dos acabamentos do seu apartamento. Tudo isto durante a constru??o do empreendimento e ao longo da sua vida ?til, favorecendo assim o potencial de diversidade (grupos sociais), adaptabilidade a fases distintas da vida e durabilidade do edif?cio.
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Takiya, André. "Edif 60 anos de arquitetura pública." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16138/tde-10052010-141328/.
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Esta nossa pesquisa, EDIF 60 anos de arquitetura pública, é uma simples seleção de dois momentos distintos da arquitetura (obra e pensamento), feita por arquitetos numa repartição pública da cidade de São Paulo (Convênio Escolar nos anos 1950 e EDIF nos anos 2000) e, um princípio metodológico de organização de um vasto material em deterioração e confuso, como os que existem em qualquer serviço público no Brasil. Este nosso trabalho consiste apenas na apresentação primária desses projetos e pensamentos de alguns arquitetos, sem a preocupação de chegarmos a conclusões definitivas. Para isso, escolhemos alguns arquitetos do Convênio Escolar (Hélio Duarte, Roberto Tibau, Eduardo Corona, Ernest Robert de Carvalho Mange e Oswaldo Corrêa Gonçalves) e uma obra (CEUs) da equipe de arquitetos do Departamento de Edificações (EDIF) da Secretaria Municipal de Infra-estrutura Urbana e Obras do Município de São Paulo.<br>This study, EDIF - 60 anos de arquitetura pública (EDIF 60 years of public architecture) is a simple selection of two distinct moments of architecture (work and thought), carried out by architects in a government office of the city of São Paulo (Convênio Escolar School Partnership in the 1950s and EDIF in the 2000s), and a methodological principle of organization of a vast material that is confused and in deterioration, like the ones that exist in any public service in Brazil. This study provides a preliminary presentation of these projects and of some architects thoughts, without aiming to reach definitive conclusions. To achieve this, we chose some architects of Convênio Escolar (Hélio Duarte, Roberto Tibau, Eduardo Corona, Ernest Robert de Carvalho Mange and Oswaldo Corrêa Gonçalves) and one work (CEUs Unified Educational Centers) of the team of architects of the Constructions Department (EDIF) of the Municipal Secretariat of Urban Infrastructure and Works of the Municipality of São Paulo.
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Machado, Jos? J?lio Melo. "Retrofit energ?tico em edif?cios de interesse hist?rico estudos de casos - edif?cios modernistas em Natal." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/19523.
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Previous issue date: 2014-06-09<br>Este trabalho aborda a tem?tica do retrotif aplicado em edifica??es pertencentes ao quadro da produ??o arquitet?nica modernista com interesse hist?rico localizadas na ?rea urbana da cidade de Natal. O Objetivo geral ? identificar e compatibilizar procedimentos de retrofit e de preserva??o de patrim?nio arquitet?nico utilizando elementos de analise da express?o construtiva e par?metros da Rela??o Custo Beneficio (RCB), estabelecidas pela Ag?ncia Nacional de Energia El?trica - ANEEL. A hip?tese defendida ? a de que atrav?s do estimulo ao exerc?cio projetual de analise, em interven??es de retrofit, ? poss?vel se obter projetos com melhores resultados de RCB que contemplem os aspectos de preserva??o de patrim?nio arquitet?nico. Para tanto foram desenvolvidos fluxos de analise do processo e propostas solu??es de interven??o de elementos e sistemas que procuram melhorar o desempenho energ?tico da edifica??o, recuperando ou preservando os elementos arquitet?nicos. As propostas de interven??es passam por simula??es computacionais de desempenho atrav?s de sistemas como o DesignBuilder e Sun Tool. Os resultados energ?ticos foram convertidos no par?metro de analise do RCB e comparados com as express?o construtivas do projeto nas fases pr? e pois interven??o. A partir dos resultados, foi montado um gr?fico que tem como resultado um comparativo entre o RCB e a express?o construtiva das interven??es simuladas.<br>This paper addresses the theme of retrotif applied to buildings that belong to the
modernist architectural production of historical interest located in the urban area of
Natal . The overall objective is to identify and harmonize procedures for retrofit and
architectural heritage preservation using elements of constructive analysis of
expression and Benefit Cost Ratio ( BCR ) parameters established by the National
Electric Energy Agency - ANEEL . The hypothesis put forward is that by stimulating
the projetual year analysis , retrofit interventions , it is possible to obtain better
results with projects RCB addressing the issues of preservation of architectural
heritage . For both flow analysis of process solutions and proposals for action of
elements and systems that seek to improve the energy performance of the building
, restoring or preserving the architectural elements were developed . The proposed
interventions undergo performance through computer simulations of systems such
as DesignBuilder, Solar and Sun Tool. The energy results were converted to the
analysis of RCB parameter and compared to the constructive expression of the
project because the prenatal and intervention. From the results , a plot was
constructed which results in a comparison between the RCB and the constructive
expression of the simulated interventions
21
Blanton, Ronald DeShawn 1965. "Digital system synthesis with standard EDIF output." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276973.
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In the growing field of digital system design, there is a great need for design tools that will assist the engineer in developing large scale systems. AHPL, A Hardware Programming Language, is a hardware description language which allows a digital system to be described, evaluated, and analyzed. But like many design tools, AHPL cannot satisfy the multitude of design tool applications. In order to enhance the power of AHPL as a design tool, an EDIF translator is developed. The EDIF translator generates an EDIF netlist of an AHPL design, thus making it possible to port AHPL designs to other design tools.
22
FILLEY, SYLVIE. "Edrf et hypertension arterielle pulmonaire en chirurgie cardiaque." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1M346.
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Nyberg, Angelica, and Jonas Hartman. "Evaluation of EDF scheduling for Ericsson LTE system : A comparison between EDF, FIFO and RR." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Programvara och system, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-131551.
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Scheduling is extremely important for modern real-time systems. It enables several programs to run in parallel and succeed with their tasks. Many systems today are real-time systems, which means that good scheduling is highly needed. This thesis aims to evaluate the real-time scheduling algorithm earliest deadline first, newly introduced into the Linux kernel, and compare it to the already existing real-time scheduling algorithms first in, first out and round robin in the context of firm tasks. By creating a test program that can create pthreads and set their scheduling characteristics, the performance of earliest deadline first can be evaluated and compared to the others.<br>Schemaläggning är extremt viktigt för dagens realtidssystem. Det tillåter att flera program körs parallellt samtidigt som deras processer inte misslyckas med sina uppgifter. Idag är många system realtidssystem, vilket innebär att det finns ett ytterst stort behov för en bra schemaläggningsalgoritm. Målet med det här examensarbetet är att utvärdera schema-läggningsalgoritmen earliest deadline first som nyligen introducerats i operativsystemet Linux. Målet är även att jämföra algoritmen med två andra schemaläggningsalgoritmer (first in, first out och round robin), vilka redan är väletablerade i Linux kärnan. Det här görs med avseende på processer klassificerade som firm. Genom att skapa ett program som kan skapa pthreads med önskvärda egenskaper kan prestandan av earliest deadline first algoritmen utvärderas, samt jämföras med de andra algoritmerna.
24
Lim, Yeow Lam 1962. "A package efficient PC based AHPL to EDIF translator." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291439.
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Computed-Aided Design tools have assisted the digital designer at various levels of the design process. AHPL, A Hardware Programming Language, is a hardware description language which allows a digital system to be described at the register transfer level. AHPL circuit descriptions can be translated into logic gate networks using the HPCOM hardware compiler. The Electronic Design Interchange Format (EDIF) is a data exchange standard used to exchange data between CAD tools. By providing a translator to convert the logic gate networks from HPCOM into EDIF Netlist format, designs described in AHPL can be ported to other CAD tools. This thesis documents the development and implementation of a EDIF Netlist translator for the HPCOM generated logic network. The translator is designed to use every gate in a package and includes an option that converts logic gates to their NAND equivalents. Netlist outputs from the translator are simulated with the OrCAD Verification and Simulation Tools. These simulations are then compared with simulations from HPSIM to make sure the netlist output from the translator is indeed a gate level representation of the design as described by AHPL.
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Masvigner, Raphael Charlie Jean. "EDF and the Brazilian power sector." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/9844.
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Previous issue date: 2012-05-09<br>Electricité de France (EDF) is a leading player in the European energy market by being both the first electricity producer in Europe and the world’s leading nuclear plant operator. EDF is also the first electricity producer and supplier in France. However, Europe, EDF’s core market, is currently underperforming: the European sovereign debt crisis is lowering significantly the growth perspective of an energy market that has already reached its maturity. As a consequence, European energy companies are now looking at international markets and especially BRIC economies where economic growth potential remains high. Among them, Brazil is expected to keep its strong economic and electricity demand growth perspectives for the coming decades. Though Brazil has not been considered as a strategic priority for EDF after the Light reversal in 2006, the current economic situation has led the Group to reconsider its position toward the country. EDF’s current presence in Brazil is limited to its stake in UTE Norte Fluminense, a thermal plant, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This report investigates the possibility and the feasibility of EDF’s activities expansion in Brazil and what added value it could bring for the Brazilian power market. Considering that the status quo would not allow EDF to take full advantage of Brazil’s future growth, this work is identifying the various options that are currently opened to EDF: market exit, status quo, EDF alone, local partner. For that purpose, this study collects and analyses the latest energy market data as well as generation companies’ information which are necessary to give a relevant overview of the current brazilian power sector and to present EDF strategic options for the country.
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Poel, Marc te. "Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Identität des Endothelium Derived Relaxing Faktor (EDRF)." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963472038.
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Machado, W?nya Dantas Romariz. "Edif?cio de uso misto com envolt?rias flex?veis." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM ARQUITETURA, PROJETO E MEIO AMBIENTE, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24481.
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Previous issue date: 2017-06-22<br>O presente trabalho descreve o processo de concep??o e desenvolvimento de um
projeto de arquitetura para um edif?cio de uso misto (residencial multifamiliar e
comercial), com aplica??o de princ?pios bioclim?ticos de conforto ambiental para a
cidade de Natal/RN e ?nfase na elabora??o de envolt?rias flex?veis. Fundamenta-se,
inicialmente, em pesquisa bibliogr?fica, visando ampliar a compreens?o sobre os
edif?cios de uso misto, o conforto ambiental e a flexibilidade aplicada ? arquitetura,
principalmente a partir dos trabalhos de Kronenburg (2007) e Jorge (2012). O
conceito de flexibilidade ? tratado como uma resposta poss?vel ?s demandas
funcionais e formais pretendidas para o projeto. Nesse sentido, ensejando uma
analogia com a c?lula vegetal, a cria??o de uma ?segunda pele? com estruturas
manej?veis funciona como um filtro, solucionando quest?es pertinentes ? promo??o
do conforto ambiental ? como sombreamento e permeabilidade da ventila??o ? e
tamb?m quanto ? privacidade. Do ponto de vista formal, essa solu??o confere
tamb?m ao edif?cio caracter?sticas como dinamismo e flexibilidade. A pesquisa
emp?rica baseou-se na an?lise dos condicionantes do terreno ? aspectos
f?sico/ambientais e prescri??es urban?sticas/legais ? e estudos de refer?ncias diretos
e indiretos, que subsidiaram a defini??o da programa??o, do partido arquitet?nico e
das estrat?gias de conforto ambiental. A proposta arquitet?nica ? apresentada em
n?vel de anteprojeto, acompanhada de um memorial que cont?m a descri??o e
justificativa das solu??es projetuais adotadas, especialmente quanto ao emprego de
envolt?rias flex?veis na edifica??o.<br>This dissertation describes the design and development of an architecture project for
a mixed use building (multifamily and commercial residential), with application of
bioclimatic principles of environmental comfort for the city of Natal / RN and
emphasis on the elaboration of flexible enclosures. It is based, initially, on
bibliographical research, aiming to broaden the understanding about mixed-use
buildings, environmental comfort and flexibility applied to architecture, mainly from
Kronenburg (2007) and Jorge (2012). The concept of flexibility is treated as a
possible response to the functional and formal demands intended for the project. In
this sense, by creating an analogy with the vegetable cell, the creation of a "second
skin" with manageable structures functions as a filter, solving issues pertinent to
promoting environmental comfort - such as shading and permeability of ventilation -
as well as privacy. From the formal point of view, this solution also gives the building
characteristics such as dynamism and flexibility. The empirical research was based
on the analysis of the conditions of the site - physical / environmental aspects and
urban prescriptions - and studies of direct and indirect references, which subsidized
the definition of programming, the architectural party and environmental comfort
strategies. The architectural proposal is accompanied by a memorial that contains
the description and justification of the design solutions adopted, especially regarding
the use of flexible envelopes in the building.
28
Zhang, Fengxiang. "Analysis for EDF Scheduled Real Time Systems." Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507493.
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Ng, Zendrix. "EDF File Preprocessing and the Query Interface PSGQuery." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1307541601.
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Kang, Gyoung-Dong. "Conception et synthèse d'antagonistes non peptidiques des récepteurs aux endothélines." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE18005.
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Sousa, Nilberto Gomes de. "A forma no edif?cio residencial vertical em Natal : 1969 a 2000 :." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2005. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12344.
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Previous issue date: 2005-03-04<br>This essay focuses on issues related to internal problems of the architecture discipline, specially those related to the aesthetics of the buildings. The universe analyzed in this research is constituted of some of the vertical housing built in Natal from the period of 1969 to 2000. As we could observe
there are many different aspects in these apartment buildings external appearance, denoting increasing preoccupations in their formal elaboration in the battlefield for diversity against monotony of the simple prismatic volumetric forms.<br>Este trabalho foca em temas relacionados com problemas internos ? disciplina da arquitetura, especialmente aqueles que t?m a ver com a est?tica das edifica??es. O universo analisado nesta pesquisa cont?m edif?cios residenciais verticais constru?dos em Natal no per?odo de 1969 a 2000. Como foi poss?vel observar, existem muitos aspectos diferentes na apar?ncia externa destas edifica??es, o que denota preocupa??es crescentes com as suas elabora??es formais no campo de batalha pela diversidade contra a monotonia das formas volum?tricas simples
32
Caldas, Giuliano Bezerra. "Edif?cio multifuncional Holanda: diversidade e qualidade ambiental em edifica??es verticais." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM ARQUITETURA, PROJETO E MEIO AMBIENTE, 2016. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/22477.
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Previous issue date: 2016-05-20<br>O presente trabalho descreve o processo de concep??o e desenvolvimento do
projeto de um edif?cio multifuncional vertical localizado no bairro de Lagoa Nova
(Natal/RN), com ?nfase na qualidade ambiental interna e na efici?ncia energ?tica da
edifica??o, por meio de estrat?gias projetuais bioclim?ticas para o clima quente e
?mido. O processo consistiu de revis?o de literatura e de normas pertinentes,
estudos de refer?ncias projetuais, programa??o arquitet?nica, defini??o de conceito
e de partido arquitet?nico, e desenvolvimento em n?vel de anteprojeto. Foi feita
tamb?m a an?lise da viabilidade do empreendimento, com a defini??o do bairro e da
?rea de superf?cie ideais para o projeto, o que conduziu ? escolha do terreno e o
c?lculo de seu potencial construtivo, at? chegar ? defini??o das quantidades e dos
tamanhos das unidades privativas residenciais e comerciais. V?rios esbo?os de tipos
edil?cios distintos foram desenvolvidos, assim como estudos sobre poss?veis
estrat?gias projetuais, buscando a qualidade ambiental interna. Nesse sentido, a
composi??o da edifica??o em torre ?nica, composta por usos diversos e distribu?dos
em blocos sobrepostos com acessos individualizados para pedestres e ve?culos, foi
a que melhor atendeu ?s premissas conceituais e program?ticas. Os princ?pios
bioclim?ticos foram aplicados ao tipo edil?cio escolhido, desde as fases iniciais do
projeto. Esta pesquisa pretende contribuir, assim, com a identifica??o das
estrat?gias projetuais mais adequadas para edif?cios verticais residenciais e
comerciais, localizados em clima quente e ?mido, com informa??es e solu??es que
possam ser incorporadas por arquitetos e projetistas, no intuito de promover e
incentivar a elabora??o de projetos de arquitetura mais eficientes e com maior
qualidade ambiental interna.<br>This research describes the process and development of the design of a vertical
multifunctional building located in the Lagoa Nova neighborhood (Natal / RN), with an
emphasis on indoor environmental quality and energy efficiency for building, through
bioclimatic design strategies for hot and humid climate. The process consisted of
bibliographic review, as well as review of relevant building regulations, studies of
architectural references, architectural programming, design concept and parti
definition, leading to the developed design. It was also analyzed the feasibility of the
project, defining the neighborhood for its implementation and the ideal surface area
for the building, which led to the choice of the land and the calculation of its
constructive potential, up to the definition of number and sizes of private residential
and commercial units. Several sketches of different building types were developed,
as well as studies on possible design strategies, seeking indoor environmental
quality. In this sense, the composition of the building as a single tower, housing
different uses in the shape of overlapped blocks, observing differentiated access for
pedestrians and vehicles, was the one design option that best met the conceptual
and programmatic assumptions. Bioclimatic principles were applied to the building
type chosen from the early stages of the design process. Therefore, the aim of this
research is to identify the most appropriate design strategies for vertical residential
and commercial buildings located in hot and humid weather, with information and
solutions that can be incorporated by architects and designers in order to promote
and encourage the development of more efficient architectural design and indoor
environmental quality.
33
Bréville, Anne. "EDF, une entreprise publique à l'épreuve du droit communautaire." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010337.
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Créée sous la forme d'une entreprise publique chargée d'une mission de service public dans un secteur électrique nationalisé, EDF a longtemps constitué un modèle original d'un opérateur national bénéficiant de droits exclusifs ou spéciaux dans l'exercice de ses activités de production, de transport, de distribution, d'importation et d'exportation d'électricité. Par une interprétation extensive des principes de transparence et d'égalité de traitement des opérateurs économiques, le droit communautaire a déstabilisé le modèle EDF. La parité de traitement se manifeste notamment dans la définition communautaire de. L'entreprise en fonction de ses caractéristiques économiques, indépendamment de la nature juridique de l'opérateur. A ce titre, EDF est une entreprise soumise au respect des règles du droit commun. En outre, sa qualité d'entreprise publique, loin d'exonérer EDF de certaines obligations relevant du droit commun, lui fait également supporter, au nom de la transparence, des sujétions supplémentaires. Cependant, la souplesse des règles communes destinées à mettre en oeuvre un marché intérieur de l'électricité a permis à l'entreprise de conserver certains éléments spécifiques et de garder un rôle essentiel dans la gestion du service public de l'électricité en France. Ce choix des pouvoirs publics français de maintenir une " exception française " dans un secteur en voie d'harmonisation communautaire entraîne simultanément différentes conséquences sur le régime applicable à EDF dans le domaine des achats.
34
Silva, J?nior Carlos Alberto da. "Etiqueta A em clima tropical: edif?cio residencial de m?dio padr?o." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM ARQUITETURA, PROJETO E MEIO AMBIENTE, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24101.
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Previous issue date: 2017-06-26<br>Esse estudo investigou alternativas de projeto, com potencial para aumentar os n?veis
de efici?ncia energ?tica e a ocorr?ncia de conforto em apartamentos populares, para
a cidade de Mossor?-RN, cujas caracter?sticas clim?ticas variam entre quente e seco
e quente e ?mido ao longo do ano. Foi elaborado um mapeamento do processo de
projeto que dividiu o trabalho em oito etapas, passando pelo referencial te?rico, estudo
do zoneamento bioclim?tico brasileiro e uso de programa??o arquitet?nica para
identificar problemas e propor solu??es. Esta ?ltima orientou a escolha dos
precedentes arquitet?nicos, a defini??o das caracter?sticas mais relevantes para o
desenvolvimento do partido e a elabora??o do anteprojeto. Foram especificados os
materiais construtivos para viabilizar a aplica??o do m?todo simplificado de predi??o
e realizar um refinamento do projeto at? que a ENCE A fosse alcan?ada. A simula??o
t?rmica desenvolvida no software Design Builder foi utilizada para comprovar ou
refutar os resultados da simula??o simplificada, avaliar a ocorr?ncia de conforto nas
Uhs e identificar o peso da estrat?gias de projeto. Foi previsto a elabora??o de um
or?amento preliminar a fim de comprovar a viabilidade financeira do empreendimento
e seu enquadramento nos limites impostos pela faixa 2 do programa Minha Casa
Minha Vida. Este trabalho comprovou a efici?ncia da intera??o entre os m?todos de
projeto e simula??o, na elabora??o da proposta de uma moradia de popular eficiente
e confort?vel.<br>This study investigated project alternatives, with potential to increase energy efficiency
levels and the occurrence of comfort in popular apartments, for the city of Mossor?-
RN, whose climatic characteristics vary from warm to dry and hot and humid
throughout the year. A mapping of the project process was elaborated that divided the
work in eight steps, passing through the theoretical reference, study of Brazilian
bioclimatic zoning and use of architectural programming to identify problems and
propose solutions. The latter guided the choice of architectural precedents, the
definition of the characteristics most relevant to the development of the party and the
preparation of the draft. Construction materials were specified to enable the simplified
prediction method to be applied and to refine the project until ENCE A was achieved.
The thermal simulation developed in the Design Builder software was used to prove or
refute the simplified simulation results, to evaluate the occurrence of comfort in the
Uhs and to identify the weight of the design strategies. It was planned to prepare a
preliminary budget to prove the financial viability of the project and its compliance with
the limits imposed by track 2 of the Minha Casa Minha Vida program. This work proved
the efficiency of the interaction between the methods of design and simulation, in the
elaboration of the proposal of an efficient and comfortable popular housing.
35
Hanouz, Jean-Luc. "Le monoxyde d'azote : implications physiologiques, physiopathologiques et thérapeutiques." Caen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CAEN3081.
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Arnelöv, Eric. "Design and Implementation of an EDF Scheduer for Fiasco.OC L4." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301952.
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This paper describes the implementation of an EDF scheduler for the FIASCO microkernel. Benchmark test shows that the average case gain an improvement of 16-34%, in regards to schedule calls, running EDF over the existing fixed priority scheduler using Rate Monotonic (RM). A possible approach to mimic EDF scheduling with fixed priority is described using dynamic counters and worst case ready queue. The advantages and disadvantages are compared to the Fixed Priority with the Priority Promotion algorithm.
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Alliaume, Véronique. "Intégration de l'environnement dans la stratégie d'entreprise : cas d'application EDF." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996IEPP0038.
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Depuis la fin des années soixante, l'action en faveur de l'environnement s'est notablement amplifiée dans les pays développés, comme en témoignent les multiples actes législatifs et réglementaires sur la pollution de l'air, de l'eau, des sols, la normalisation des produits, la gestion et la circulation des déchets, l'évaluation des impacts sur l'environnement, la préservation de la nature, la sûreté et la sécurité des produits, des installations chimiques ou nucléaires, etc. La dynamique de ce processus législatif et réglementaire lié au développement et à l'internationalisation des politiques environnementales a permis, en grande partie l'internalisation des coûts sociaux résultant des dommages environnementaux causés par les pollueurs. Ces dispositions ont été surtout suscitées par les revendications d'associations ou de mouvements environnementalistes et ou écologistes, entrés en politique, utilisées par les "lawyers", étayées par les universitaires scientifiques ou économistes, amplifiées par les médias de telle sorte que l'opinion publique joue en permanence, dans ce domaine, un rôle crucial pour les entreprises mises en accusation. Parmi les plus importantes entreprises d'électricité du monde, Electricité de France, un des derniers monopoles d'Etat, est amenée à prendre en compte l'environnement à trois niveaux : interne, national et international pour s'adapter techniquement, économiquement et socialement, afin d'assurer son développement et sa pérennité. Ces problèmes environnementaux auxquels doit faire face EDF, sont évidemment lies aux activités de l'entreprise qui produit la quasi totalité de l'énergie électrique consommée en France, la transporte et la distribue jusqu'au compteur du client final. De plus, ses activités à l'étranger : vente d'électricité en Europe, exportation et exploitation de systèmes de production électrique notamment dans les pays en voie de développement, ingénierie technique ou financière, ou encore, "diplomatique" dans le cadre de sa participation à E7, amènent EDF à répondre à un défi plus global, dans l'espace et dans le temps, celui du développement durable. Par ses implications l'environnement joue donc un rôle dans toutes les activités et les axes stratégiques d'EDF aussi bien dans ses choix techniques pour la production ou la commercialisation de l'électricité, que dans ses choix économiques comme la tarification et la péréquation, ou encore par ses enjeux sociaux dans son comportement d'entreprise "citoyenne" ou enfin dans le cadre de sa fonction internationale. Le positionnement en matière d'environnement offre un certain nombre d'opportunités, mais aussi de vulnérabilités mises en évidence d'une part dans l'industrie nucléaire et d'autre part en ce qui concerne l'avenir environnemental "durable" de notre planète<br>Impacts, the preservation of nature, the safety and security of products, and chemical or nuclear installations,. . . The dynamics of this standardisation process (the definition of technical and legal standards) the development and internationalisation of environmental policies (setting up of appropriate regulatory bodies) has resulted, at least in part, in an internationalisation by those responsible for the pollution of the social costs related to the environmental damage caused. Indeed, these dispositions have mostly been lobbied by the numerous associations or environmental and or ecological movements, with the assistance of the lawyers, the support of science and economics professors, and the back up of the media, to the extent that public opinion still today is significant in shaping environmental action, and plays a crucial role for those companies accused of misdemeanours. As a result, Electricite de France, one of the largest electricity companies in the world and one of the last state monopolies, has had to adapt on three fronts : internal, national and international. At each of these three levels, the environment is one of the major factors that EDF is required to consider in order to deal with its development and future. Such environmental problems that EDF must face are obviously related to the activities of the company which generates almost all the electric energy of France, as well as supplying and distributing it to each customer's home. Furthermore, through its undertakings abroad : direct sales of electricity in Europe, export and operations of electricity generating systems, technical and financial engineering, or its "diplomatic" activity through its participation in E7, EDF is required to meet a global challenge : that of sustainable development. Hence, the environment plays a significant role with implications across the board of EDF's activities and strategy, whether in technical choices for generation or marketing of…
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Zguira, Mohamed Sami. "Vasomotricité Endothélium-Dépendante et Activité physique : approches expérimentales chez le rat diabétique et cliniques chez des sujets sains, sédentaires, en surpoids ou obèses." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN20059/document.
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L'activité physique (AP) régulière se révèle essentielle en terme de santé publique et est un déterminant important, impactant l'endothélium, pour assurer la prévention primaire et secondaire de nombreuses pathologies et facteurs de risques cardiovasculaires (HTA, IC, hypercholestérolémie, diabète, sédentarité, obésité, surpoids).Tant chez l'homme que chez l'animal, il est couramment accepté que l'AP modérée permet de restaurer la vasodilatation endothélium dépendante médiée par le NO/EDRF (VED-NO) lorsque celle ci est altérée chez des sujets diabétiques (1 et 2), obèses, en surpoids ou sédentaires. De nombreuses investigations, tant expérimentales que cliniques restent à explorer pour évaluer les paramètres (fréquence, intensité, durée) de différents types (endurance, résistance) d'exercices se révélant les plusbénéfiques pour améliorer une VED-NO détériorée dans de nombreuses pathologies et facteurs de risques cardiovasculaires. Dans un premier temps, par une approche expérimentale, nous avons eu pour objectif de déterminer les effets d'un entraînement intense sur VED-NO. L'étude a été réalisée avec des aortes isolées de rats diabétiques (type1) sédentaires et entraînés. Dans un second temps, dans une étude clinique chez des adolescents (14-16 ans), nous avons cherché à savoir si un entrainement préalable modifiait la VED-NO après un exercice isolé aigu. Ce travail a été réalisé au niveau de la microcirculation cutanée de l'avant-bras, par débitmètrie « Laser Doppler ». Dans un troisième temps, toujours par une étude clinique par débitmétrie « Laser Doppler », nous avons enregistré les effets d'un entraînement musculaire de deux mois chez des femmes obèses tant au niveau de VED-NO qu'au niveau de biomarqueurs de l'inflammation (TNF alpha, leptine, Interleukine, visfatine).Nos principaux résultats montrent que: 1) L'inactivité physique et l'état diabétique de type 1 chez le rat provoquent, sur l'aorte isolée, une augmentation de la vasoconstriction à la Phényléphrine ainsi qu'une réduction importante de la VED -NO - inhibée par le L-NAME- induite par l'Ach comme par l'ADPβS via des récepteurs muscariniques M1/3 et purinergiques P2Y, 2) L'AP intense (sur tapis roulant, 60min/j, 25m/min, 5j/semaine,8semaines) chez le rat diabétique est inefficace à rétablir une VED-NO, 3) L'entraînement préalable de jeunes hommes (15+ ou – 1ans) permet, suite à un exercice isolé et aigu, d'améliorer la VED-NO induite par une iontophorèse d'ACh au niveau de la microcirculation cutanée de l'avant-bras (flux sanguin mesuré par Laser-Doppler), 4) .L'AP (bicyclette ergométrique 1h, intensité à 50% de la FC max, 3j/semaine, 2 mois) chez des femmes obèses -IMC=38.5-, comparativement à dessujets témoins, restaure la VED-NO induite par une iontophorèse d'ACh au niveau de la microcirculation cutanée, 5) De plus, dans cette dernière étude, les capacités aérobies sont améliorées et apparaît une réduction importante des biomarqueurs de l'inflammation. En conclusion, nos travaux montrent qu'il y a encore beaucoup d'investigations à mener pour comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires conduisant à une réhabilitation de la fonction endothéliale préalablement altérée et qu'il faut continuer à préciser, pour chaque type de pathologie cardiovasculaire, les paramètres d'AP (intensité, durée, fréquence) les plus adaptés pour rétablir la VED-NO chez l'animal comme chez l'homme<br>Regular physical activity appears to be essential in terms of public health. It is an important determinant, concerning the endothelium, for primary and secondary prevention of many diseases and cardiovascular risk factors (Hypertension, heart failure, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, sedentarity,obesity, overweight).Both in man and in animals, it is well know that moderate physical activity can restore endothelium-dependent vasodilatation mediated by NO/EDRF (EDV-NO) when it was altered in diabetics (type 1 and 2), obese, overweight, sedentary. Many investigations, both experimental and clinical remain to be explored to evaluate parameters (frequency, intensity, duration) of different types of exercise (endurance, resistance) being the most beneficial for improving EDV-NO deteriorated in many diseases and cardiovascular risk factors. In a first time, by an experimental approach, we aimed to determine the effects of intense training on EDV-NO. The study was performed with isolated aortas of sedentary and trained diabetics rats (type 1). In a second time, in a clinical study in youngmen (14-16 years), we investigated whether prior training modifies EDV-NO after an acute isolated exercise. This work was performed in the cutaneous microcirculation of the forearm by « Laser Doppler » flowmetry. In a third time, in a clinical study by « Laser- Doppler »flowmetry, we recorded the effects of two months resistance training in obese women both in EDV-NO and on inflammatory biomarkers ( TNF alpha, leptin, interleukin, visfatin). Our main results show that: 1) physical inactivity and type 1 diabetic state in rats cause on the isolated aorta, increased vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine and a significant reduction in EDV-NO(inhibited by L-NAME) induced by Ach as ADPβS via M1/3 muscarinic and P2Y purinergic receptors. 2) Intense training (treadmill, 60min/day, 25m/min, 5d/week, , 8 weeks) in diabetic rats is ineffective in restoring EDV-NO. 3) Prior training of young men, allows, after an isolated acute exercise, to improve EDV-NO induced by ACh iontophoresis in the cutaneous microcirculation of the forearm. 4) Physical activity (treadmill, walking 1 h, intensity 50% Heart Rate max, 3d/week, 2 months) in obese women (BMI=38.5) compared to control subjects, restores EDV-NO induced by Ach iontophoresis in the cutaneous microcirculation of the forearm. 5) In addition, the previous study, aerobic capacities are improved and appears a significant reduction in inflammatory biomarkers concentration. In conclusion, our researchesshow that there is still many studies to understand the molecular mechanisms leading to a restoration of impaired endothelial function. It is necessary to continue to specify, for each type of cardiovascular disease, the most appropriate parameters of physical activity adapted to restore EDV-NO in animal and man
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Adam, Christopher S. "The demand for money, asset substitution and the inflation tax in a liberalizing economy : an econometric analysis for Kenya." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:037dcc1e-edff-4096-89cb-6d24a70742d8.
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This thesis develops empirical econometric models of the private sector aggregate demand for real and financial assets in Kenya over the period 1973 to 1990. Single-equation error-correction models of the demand for money are estimated using systems cointegration methods developed by Johansen (1988). The models are found to be statistically stable functions throughout the period, and are capable of encompassing existing studies. Across a range of monetary aggregates, including a Divisia index aggregate for broad money, the models describe demand for money functions in which inflation and illegal foreign currency substitution are significant determinants of money holdings, and where the private sector adjusts rapidly to deviations from its stable longrun equilibrium real money demand. The demand for money is then integrated within a neo-classical model of asset demands, which examines the behaviour of the aggregate private sector asset portfolio in response to changes in relative prices between assets and to external shocks to the economy, principally the 1976-77 coffee boom. A variant of the Almost Ideal Demand System model developed by Deaton and Muellbauer (1980) is estimated for a class of six assets: base money, banking system deposits, government securities, tradable capital, nontradable capital and inventories. The asset substitution model, which also takes an errorcorrection form, and which allows for credit rationing, generates results which are consistent with the earlier demand for money models, where private agents are also denied access to foreign-denominated assets. Using this model, the maintenance of policies of financial repression are shown to cause the private sector to offset inflationary shocks through the accumulation of real assets, principally in the form of non-tradable capital in the construction and property sectors. The evidence from the two models is used to analyze the fiscal effects of the inflation tax and financial repression measures. Policies of financial liberalization are shown to reduce the revenue maximizing rate of inflation (estimated to be 14% per annum) and the implicit tax on domestic holders of government liabilities. This dampens asset substitution in response to inflationary shocks and offsets the adverse effects of "construction-boom" investment on non-tradable capital prices.
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Ahmed, Swarnali. "New approaches to understanding income differences and current account imbalances." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3fd7e934-ed3f-4861-9647-88f439126463.
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This thesis employs two new approaches to explain some of the important debates in two key economic fields: labour market economics and macroeconomic studies related to current account imbalances. Chapter 1, Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 begin a new strand of research by introducing the normal inverse Gaussian (NIG) distribution to describe unobserved heterogeneity in the labour market. The NIG distribution can be represented as a normal variance-mean mixture with the inverse Gaussian (IG) distribution as the mixing distribution. A 0.01% subsample of the 1980 US Census, comprising all men between 18 and 65 who are in the labour force, as well as a comparable sample from Ghana, is used to show that the NIG distribution provides a better fit of the log earnings function than the normal distribution. The prediction of right skewness of the log earnings distribution arising from the log normal skill Roy selection model is rejected in favour of left skewness. The thesis then extends the model to describe the distribution of log earnings conditioned on education. The same two datasets (US males and Ghanaian males) are used for the empirical analysis. We find that, once the unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for, the return to education is almost flat for lower levels of education in Ghana, and then increases for education levels greater than ten years. One of the key differences between the two datasets is that skewness and unobserved heterogeneity is a function of education for Ghana but not for the US. The NIG framework is found to be a useful tool to model this heterogeneity. Chapter 4 uses a model that allows for a rich structure of age effects similar to those predicted by the life cycle theories to argue that the demographic shifts are partly responsible for the sustained rise in the US current account deficit and the rapid increase in China's current account surplus in the last decade. However, demographics do not have an impact on the long run equilibrium or level of current accounts. Rather, they are important determinants of the short run adjustment of current accounts to their equilibrium levels. In the next twenty years, the demographic shifts are likely to push towards further current account positive adjustments in China and current account negative adjustments in the US. Developing the infrastructure, financial markets, policy tools and regulatory settings to be able to cope with the excess capital flow remains an urgent task.
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Visvanathan, Ashwat. "An in vivo study of chromatin compaction in human cells." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/cdaf983f-edcf-48f4-b6f4-89a5eba8e61b.
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Chromatin was one of the first sub-cellular structures to be described in early microscopy studies (Heitz 1928). Chromatin is formed from DNA, RNA, histones and other associated proteins. Within the nucleus, chromatin is arranged as compacted heterochromatin and decompacted euchromatin. During cell division, interphase chromatin compacts to form the mitotic chromosomes. The arrangement of chromatin within cells, with respect to its compaction state, has a number of implications for processes like transcription, DNA replication, DNA repair and more recently, in vision of nocturnal animals. Most work on the study of chromatin compaction has been done with in vitro assembled nucleosome arrays. Chromatin has been shown to compact when the concentration of polyvalent cations increases, possibly due to negation of the repulsive forces of the negatively charged poly-phosphate DNA backbone. However, these in vitro studies do not necessarily reflect the in vivo chromatin environment. An example of this difference can be seen in the formation of the 30nm fibre in nucleosome arrays, which has not been found within mammalian nuclei, where it adopts a ‘beads on a string’ structure, even in more compact regions. The work in this thesis studies chromatin compaction in mammalian cells using three different approaches. In the first part, I have performed experiments to study charge-based compaction of chromatin in intact nuclei. Studies on permeabilised cells indicate that compaction of chromatin increases with an increase in concentration of polyvalent cations. This increase in chromatin compaction is charge and concentration dependent. The results show that the concentration required for maximal compaction in cells is similar to that required for nucleosome arrays assembled in vitro. Increasing the free intracellular concentration of Ca2+ also led to compaction of chromatin in intact cells. In the second part of the thesis, I use ATP depletion, in vivo, as a model system to induce chromatin compaction in HeLa cells. Either inhibition of transcription, or inhibition of kinases, does not prevent this increase of chromatin compaction caused by ATP depletion. The ATP dependent change in compaction is also seen in mitotic chromosomes. There is a difference in charge distribution within the cell on ATP depletion, with an increase in Ca2+ and changes in localisation of spermine4+, which could explain the increase in chromatin compaction. In the third and final results section, I used a quantitative proteomics approach to systematically identify changes in the abundance of chromatin-associated proteins in HeLa cells, when chromatin is decompacted by Trichostatin A (TSA) treatment. TSA causes increased acetylation of lysine residues in histones, which leads to a loss of positive charge, and concominant decompaction of chromatin. Using MS based proteomics, I have identified a list of proteins that could potentially mediate TSA-dependent chromatin compaction.
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Garmulewicz, Alysia. "3D printing in the commons : knowledge and the nature of digital and physical resources." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:669993b7-edef-4905-a461-8b1054dad443.
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3D printers are a type of digital fabrication tool being used by communities committed to shared software, hardware, and digital designs. This shared digital knowledge can be understood as an emerging common resource for the fabrication of physical goods and services. Yet the knowledge associated with physical resources used in 3D printing is less understood. This thesis explores what factors enable or prevent knowledge about physical materials entering the commons. 3D printing, with its particular configuration of digital and physical goods, offers a unique angle to advance the field of commons scholarship. This thesis elaborates the use of commons theory for traversing the boundary between knowledge associated with physical materials and digital content from the perspective of 3D printer users. Particular contributions are made to the branch of knowledge commons theory: notably, how design rules in technological systems can be used to theorise boundaries; how differentiating between the nature of underlying resources can help explain the inclusion of knowledge in the commons; and, how patterns of user engagement with types of knowledge in the commons can be studied over time. To develop these contributions I employ theory on the design rules of technological architecture, and use insights from the study of peer production in online communities. Empirical data comes from a qualitative study of users of Fab Labs, community workshops for digital fabrication, as well as from a quantitative study of the online user forum for the Ultimaker 3D printer.
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KinShe, Kam, and Chandrasekhar Kondreddi Bhavani. "Hard Real Time guarantees using Switched Ethernet and distributed scheduling (EDF)." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-250.
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<p>Ethernet technology is being accepted by industrial community due to its open standardization </p><p>and low cost. To meet the requirements of industrial applications, a switched Ethernet </p><p>network with hard real time guarantees using relative deadlines is presented as a first step to </p><p>verify the functionality. The goal of the project was primarily to implement a real-time </p><p>switched Ethernet with EDF (Earliest Deadline First) scheduling algorithm. </p><p>In this project, the function simulations of real-time switched Ethernet with distributed control </p><p>software have been implemented, by using a standard switch with priority-queues and the </p><p>distributed software, as well as EDF-scheduled TDMA (Time Division Medium Access). The </p><p>network topology is the star type. There is no extra hardware added into the switch and the </p><p>nodes. All functions are implemented by software and the setting in the switch. </p><p>The project focuses on hard real-time service guarantees but soft real-time traffic and non </p><p>real-time traffic, as well as real time administration are also taken into the consideration. </p><p>Our simulations show that 100 percent of the network usage could be scheduled and the result </p><p>of deterministic real-time properties of the system are achieved as expected.</p>
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陳思潁 and Sze-wing Scarlet Chan. "Erythroleukemic cell differentiation factor (EDF): biochemical, cloning, molecular structure, and functionalstudies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30269076.
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ALIMI, RAPHAEL. "Modelisation des reseaux de communication industriels des centrales a edf-gdf." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066756.
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Les centrales nucleaires des paliers rep 900/1300 mw utilisent des reseaux locaux industriels d'aide a la conduite. Les applications informatiques en place sont complexes et evolutives avec des contraintes de charge et de temps reel. Aussi il est necessaire de s'assurer que l'architecture de communication sous-jacente est en mesure de supporter les contraintes liees aux applications. Pour resoudre ce probleme, edf-gdf a entrepris une etude en collaboration avec le laboratoire masi afin d'etudier le comportement du reseau industriel des centrales en recourant aux techniques de modelisation
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Leme, Roberto Silva. "Edif?cios de habita??o coletiva em Campinas e as manifesta??es da arquitetura moderna." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2009. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/78.
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Previous issue date: 2009-02-12<br>Our work provides a historic perspective of how apartment buildings have changed in Campinas by focusing chiefly upon the time when they were constructed, according to a specific language that is considered to be characteristic of Modern Architecture. Using the notion of type as an instrument of analysis, our study divides the production of these buildings in four categories and seeks to look deeply into the multiple ways in which they are articulated with the urban space as a function of the ways they are constructed on their plots of land. Our analysis has as its background the concept of public space and private space in their many occurrences projects. The only project by Oscar Niemeyer in Campinas, Itatiaia, is a building with a special role in our dissertation and, as we analyse this building, we seek get a deeper understanding of how Modern Architecture is manifest in Campinas.<br>Este trabalho estuda a evolu??o hist?rica dos edif?cios de habita??o coletiva em Campinas, principalmente nos momentos em que s?o produzidos, conforme a linguagem reconhecida como caracter?stica da Arquitetura Moderna. Utilizando-se da no??o de tipo com instrumento anal?tico, re?ne a produ??o desses edif?cios em quatro categorias e examina em profundidade as v?rias maneiras como eles se articulam com o espa?o urbano, em fun??o dos modos como s?o implantados no lote. A an?lise ter? sempre como pano de fundo os conceitos de espa?o p?blico, espa?o privado e suas variadas manifesta??es. ?nico projeto de Oscar Niemeyer em Campinas, o Edif?cio Itatiaia assume papel de destaque na disserta??o, e sua an?lise possibilita que se aprofunde a compreens?o das manifesta??es da Arquitetura Moderna em Campinas.
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Charlotte, Fillol. "L'émergence de l'entreprise apprenante et son instrumentalisation: études de cas chez EDF." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00160818.
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« Avènement de la société des connaissances » et « omniprésence des technologies de l'information ». Ces deux expressions résument l'évolution actuelle de l'environnement des entreprises et expriment les défis managériaux et théoriques à relever. Notre recherche se situe au carrefour de ces deux champs et vise à comprendre l'émergence et l'instrumentalisation de l'entreprise apprenante. Notre réflexion théorique, alimentée par la littérature sur l'entreprise apprenante, les outils de gestion et des champs connexes – apprentissage et système d'information - propose une conceptualisation systémique et intégrative de l'entreprise apprenante, caractérisée par son climat, ses processus d'apprentissage et ses outils de gestion. L'analyse de cinq études de cas enchâssées, fondées sur 67 entretiens et 26 journées d'observation, confirme et précise cette conceptualisation théorique. Nos résultats s'articulent autour de trois points. Nous déterminons les phases des deux degrés de socialisation qui constituent les mécanismes générateurs de passage d'un niveau d'apprentissage à l'autre. Nous analysons la fonction des outils de gestion dans ces mécanismes ainsi que les déterminants et les facteurs modérateurs de cette fonction. Finalement, nous proposons une modélisation de la notion d'émergence et des axes de pilotage de l'instrumentalisation de l'entreprise apprenante.
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Martin, Emmanuel. "Manager en dernier ressort : le travail de l'encadrement de proximité à EDF." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739382.
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Cette thèse porte sur le travail de l'encadrement de proximité au sein d'une grande entreprise industrielle, EDF, passée d'un statut de monopole public à celui de société anonyme opérant sur un marché concurrentiel. Le processus de " modernisation " dans lequel l'entreprise est engagée depuis les années 1990 conduit à des transformations de l'organisation du travail, dans lesquelles l'encadrement de proximité (agents de maîtrise et cadres encadrant des agents d'exécution) occupe une position délicate. Il lui revient à la fois de " conduire le changement " sans disposer de beaucoup d'autonomie, et de favoriser l'engagement au travail des salariés, tout en se protégeant (et en protégeant l'employeur, qui lui délègue son autorité) des mises en cause qui tiennent à la " souffrance au travail " et aux " risques psychosociaux ", c'est-à-dire aux atteintes potentielles à la santé psychique des agents. Placés dans une position intermédiaire du fait de leur échelon hiérarchique, les encadrants de proximité opèrent des arrangements quotidiens entre la prescription et le travail réel, en jouant de la faible distance qui les sépare de leur équipe et en s'appuyant sur les relations interpersonnelles qu'ils entretiennent avec elle. L'enquête porte sur cette forme particulière du travail d'organisation, le travail d'encadrement, à partir de l'analyse d'une centaine d'entretiens dans la plupart des grandes directions fonctionnelles de l'entreprise (en France métropolitaine), de quatre ans d'observation participante au sein de la Direction des ressources humaines, et de l'exploitation d'archives internes (documents de politiques d'entreprise, procès-verbaux de CHSCT, archives de formateurs). Elle pose la question du rôle des encadrants de proximité dans le renouvellement de l'organisation du travail : marginalisés par des dispositifs gestionnaires de contrôle et relégués dans la seule animation d'un collectif humain, ces encadrants dont leurs supérieurs hiérarchiques voudraient pourtant faire de véritables " managers " affrontent une série de contradictions qu'ils résolvent quotidiennement à leur niveau, ce qui permet de les qualifier de managers en dernier ressort.
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Fillol, Charlotte. "L'entreprise apprenante : le knowledge management en question ? : études de cas chez EDF /." Paris : l'Harmattan, 2009. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41494771k.
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Chan, Sze-wing Scarlet. "Erythroleukemic cell differentiation factor (EDF) : biochemical, cloning, molecular structure, and functional studies /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23472662.
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