Journal articles: 'Ectomycorrhizas'

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Burke, David J., Kendall J. Martin, Paul T. Rygiewicz, and Mary A. Topa. "Relative abundance of ectomycorrhizas in a managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) genetics plantation as determined through terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 6 (June 2006): 924–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-046.

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We examined the relationship between relative abundance of ectomycorrhizas in soil cores determined using morphotype tip counts and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis. Root tips were harvested from a total of 120 soil cores collected from six family plots in a loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) genetics plantation. Tips from each soil core were morphotyped based on physical characteristics, identified through TRFLP and sequence analysis, then pooled to reconstruct the ectomycorrhizal community within that core. The identity and relative abundance of specific ectomycorrhizas in each reconstructed community was then determined using TRFLP analysis of the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA gene. Using TRFLP, we were able to detect 34 ectomycorrhizal phylotypes colonizing roots of loblolly pine. TRFLP peak area was an accurate approximation of the relative number of tips of each ectomycorrhizal type within a soil core. Relative abundance of each ectomycorrhiza as determined by TRFLP was used to describe their distribution in the pine plantation. Although there were no differences found in ectomycorrhizal richness and evenness among the six family plots, the two fertilized plots had generally lower levels of ectomycorrhizal richness and evenness as indicated by rank abundance curves. Our results suggest that TRFLP is a useful tool for describing the occurrence and distribution of ectomycorrhizas in environmental samples.

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Wurzburger, Nina, Martin I. Bidartondo, and Caroline S. Bledsoe. "Characterization of Pinus ectomycorrhizas from mixed conifer and pygmy forests using morphotyping and molecular methods." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-079.

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We used morphotyping and molecular methods to characterize ectomycorrhizas of bishop pine (Pinus muricata D. Don) and Bolander pine (Pinus contorta ssp. bolanderi (Parl.) Critchf.) from mixed conifer and hydric pygmy forests on the northern California coast. Sixteen ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were described, producing 15 internal transcribed spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism (ITS-RFLP) types, and 12 were identified via ITS sequencing. From a given site, all root tips of a specific morphotype produced identical ITS-RFLP patterns. However, sometimes two morphotypes produced the same ITS-RFLP type, and sometimes samples of the same morphotype from two different sites produced two different ITS-RFLP types. These results indicate that surveys of ectomycorrhizal fungi based on morphology alone are not sufficient, and that grouping morphotypes prior to molecular analysis can expedite the process. Ectomycorrhizas from mixed conifer included Russuloid sp., Tomentella sublilacina (Ellis & Holw.) Wakef., Tuber sp., and two Thelephoroid species. Ectomycorrhizas from hydric pygmy included two Dermocybe spp., a Cortinarius sp., two Thelephoroid spp., and Suillus tomentosus (Kauffman) Singer. Both plant communities contained Cenococcum geophilum Fr.:Fr. The hydric pygmy sites were more similar to each other than to the mixed conifer site (Jaccard similarity). The presence of ectomycorrhizal taxa in one plant community type may reflect biotic (host specificity) or abiotic (soil fertility or hydrology) adaptation.Key words: ectomycorrhiza, bishop pine, Pinus muricata, Bolander pine, Pinus contorta ssp. bolanderi, morphotyping, ITS-RFLP.

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Valentine, L. L., T. L. Fiedler, A. N. Hart, C. A. Petersen, H. K. Berninghausen, and D. Southworth. "Diversity of ectomycorrhizas associated with Quercus garryana in southern Oregon." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-117.

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We investigated diversity of ectomycorrhizas associated with Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. (Oregon white oak, or Garry oak) at Whetstone Savanna Preserve in southern Oregon. Based on morphotyping and DNA restriction fragments, we described 39 ectomycorrhizas. The most common five morphotypes were found in 5% or more of 160 soil cores. Cenococcum geophilum, the most abundant morphotype, occurred in 75% of soil cores. Another common morphotype yielded a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern similar to that of Tuber species. Uncommon morphotypes were responsible for the majority of ectomycorrhizal diversity on Q. garryana. Morphotype diversity of seedlings was more similar to that of their parent tree than to seedlings under other trees. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) RFLP patterns of ectomycorrhizas found beneath sporocarps did not match those of the sporocarps fruiting above ground. An understanding of the diversity of the ectomycorrhizal community on Q. garryana will enable us to compare ectomycorrhizas on other oak species and habitats; determine seasonality of ectomycorrhizal growth; evaluate treatments such as fire, grazing, invasion by exotic plants, and other anthropogenic disturbances; and aid restoration protocols.Key words: biocomplexity, biodiversity, ectomycorrhizas, hypogeous fungi, morphotypes, Peziza infossa, Tuber.

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Reddell, Paul, Victoria Gordon, and Michael S. Hopkins. "Ectomycorrhizas in Eucalyptus tetrodonta and E. miniata Forest Communities in Tropical Northern Australia and their Role in the Rehabilitation of these Forests Following Mining." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 6 (1999): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97126.

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The importance of ectomycorrhizas in Eucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. and E. miniata Cunn. ex Schauer dominated forests and woodland communities in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia was assessed. Ectomycorrhizas colonised between 24 and 54% of final order lateral roots in soil cores collected at 16 native forest sites. Only a minority of the plant species present formed ectomycorrhizas (mainly eucalypts and acacias) but these species contributed more than 75% of the basal area. More than 70 species of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi were collected, with three hypogeous taxa (Nothocastoreum, Hysterangium and an undescribed Boletaceae) most frequently encountered. Glasshouse inoculation experiments confirmed that a diverse range of fungi was capable of forming ectomycorrhizas with E. tetrodonta and E. miniata seedlings, and that the growth of both species could be substantially increased by inoculation with specific fungi. The fungi most effective in increasing seedling growth were generally those which most extensively colonised the seedling roots. A second component of this study investigated the requirements for ectomycorrhizal fungi in native forest rehabilitation following mining. Ectomycorrhizal infectivity was low in disturbed soils and mine spoil materials, with the intensity of disturbance and the presence of regrowth vegetation key determinants of the level of infectivity. Inoculation of seedlings of E. miniata with spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi increased both growth and leaf phosphorus concentrations by between two- and three-fold at 7 months after planting out on a waste rock dump devoid of native ectomycorrhizal propagules. The application of these findings to minesite rehabilitation in the region, and the feasibility of using spores for broad-scale inoculation, are discussed.

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Laurent, Pascal, Catherine Voiblet, Denis Tagu, Dulcinéia de Carvalho, Uwe Nehls, Roberta De Bellis, Raffaella Balestrini, Guy Bauw, Paola Bonfante, and Francis Martin. "A Novel Class of Ectomycorrhiza-Regulated Cell Wall Polypeptides in Pisolithus tinctorius." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, no. 10 (October 1999): 862–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.10.862.

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Development of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis leads to the aggregation of fungal hyphae to form the mantle. To identify cell surface proteins involved in this developmental step, changes in the biosynthesis of fungal cell wall proteins were examined in Eucalyptus globulus-Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizas by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enhanced synthesis of several immunologically related fungal 31- and 32-kDa polypeptides, so-called symbiosis-regulated acidic polypeptides (SRAPs), was observed. Peptide sequences of SRAP32d were obtained after trypsin digestion. These peptides were found in the predicted sequence of six closely related fungal cDNAs coding for ectomycorrhiza up-regulated transcripts. The PtSRAP32 cDNAs represented about 10% of the differentially expressed cDNAs in ectomycorrhiza and are predicted to encode alanine-rich proteins of 28.2 kDa. There are no sequence homologies between SRAPs and previously identified proteins, but they contain the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif found in cell-adhesion proteins. SRAPs were observed on the hyphal surface by immunoelectron microscopy. They were also found in the host cell wall when P. tinctorius attached to the root surface. RNA blot analysis showed that the steady-state level of PtSRAP32 transcripts exhibited a drastic up-regulation when fungal hyphae form the mantle. These results suggest that SRAPs may form part of a cell-cell adhesion system needed for aggregation of hyphae in ectomycorrhizas.

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Heinrich, PA, and JW Patrick. "Phosphorus Acquisition in the Soil-Root System of Eucalyptus pilularis Smith Seedlings. II the Effect of Ectomycorrhizas on Seedling Phosphorus and Dry Weight Acquisition." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 4 (1986): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860445.

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Ectomycorrhizas were visible on Eucalyptus pilularis Smith seedling root systems 30 days after sowing when seedlings were grown under glasshouse conditions in a severely phosphorus-deficient A1 horizon soil collected from a study area in the Myall Lakes National Park, N.S.W. The types of ectomycorrhizas were similar to those observed on seedlings collected from the study area. Black ectomycorrhizas were the initial and dominant symbiont on seedlings until at least 6 months after sowing. The ectomycorrhizal component of the A1 horizon soil could not be eliminated by partial sterilisation of the soil without a significant change in the available phosphorus supply. However, a comparison of seedlings grown in autoclaved soil with or without black ectomycorrhizas showed that this symbiont had the capacity to increase the phosphorus acquisition of seedlings. A correlative approach, quantifying the relationship between black ectomycorrhizal infection intensity and seedling growth, was utilised to indicate whether the black ectomycorrhizas improved phosphorus and dry weight acquisition of seedlings grown in A1 horizon soil. The pattern of phosphorus acquisition and the dry weight increment of seedlings grown in the A1 horizon soil under glasshouse conditions were characterised by two phases, the second indicated by a three-fold increase in both seedling parameters 116 days after sowing. At a harvest in the first phase of growth (96 days after sowing) seedlings with larger numbers of black ectomycorrhizas per unit root length had significantly higher phosphorus contents (P< 0.05) but not dry weights. In comparison, a harvest selected in the second phase of growth (176 days after sowing) showed that both seedling phosphorus content and dry weight were highly correlated with the numbers of black ectomycorrhizas per unit root length (r² = 0.81 and r² = 0.88 respectively). These results, when considered in combination with the inoculation study, indicate that black ectomycorrhizas do improve the phosphorus acquisition of seedlings grown in A1 horizon soil. The black ectomycorrhizas increased the inflow of phosphorus by 2.2 x 10-6μg P cm infected root length-1 s-1. We propose that dry weight was promoted by this increase only when substantial amounts of phosphorus were transferred to the shoot. This has been shown to occur primarily in the second phase of seedling growth.

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7

Mcgee, P. "Mycorrhizal Associations of Plant-Species in a Semiarid Community." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 5 (1986): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860585.

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Of 93 species in 37 families occurring in a semiarid open mallee community near Murray Bridge, South Australia, 85 species were mycorrhizal. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) were more common than other types of mycorrhizas observed. Genera not previously known to form ectomycorrhizas include Astroloma (Epacridaceae), Comesperma (Polygalaceae), Thysanotus (Asphodelaceae: Liliflorae), Baeckea and Calytrix (Myrtaceae), Dampiera (Goodeniaceae), Podotheca and Toxanthes (Inulae: Asteraceae). Many species were found with both ectomycorrhizas and VAM, with annuals having both VAM and ectomycorrhizas for the whole growing season and perennials usually exhibiting either a predominantly VAM or ectomycorrhizal association. Vesicles were present in plant species not commonly thought of as mycorrhizal hosts.

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Costa, Maurício Dutra, André Narvaes da Rocha Campos, Matheus Loureiro Santos, and Arnaldo Chaer Borges. "In vitro ectomycorrhiza formation by monokaryotic and dikaryotic isolates of Pisolithus microcarpus in Eucalyptus grandis." Revista Árvore 34, no. 3 (June 2010): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622010000300001.

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The formation of ectomycorrhizas by monokaryotic and dikaryotic isolates of Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) G. Cunn. in Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid. was studied by in vitro synthesis in Petri dishes. The formation of ectomycorrhizas was observed for all strains tested. Ectomycorrhizas formed by the monokaryotic strains presented a sheath of hyphae around the roots and a Hartig net limited to the epidermis layer, typical of the angiosperm ectomycorrhizas. Colonization rates, a measure of the number of ectomycorrhizas in relation to the total number of lateral root tips, varied from 23 to 62%. Some monokaryotic strains stimulated the formation of lateral roots, promoting increases of up to 109% above the control. The presence of some of the isolates in the in vitro synthesis medium stimulated the production of thicker lateral root tips. The dimensions of the lateral roots tips and ectomycorrhizas varied from one isolate to the next, indicating a variation in their capacity to provoke morphological changes in the host plant roots. The dikaryotic strain M5M11 presented higher values for lateral root yield, number of ectomycorrhizas, and colonization percentage than the corresponding monokaryotic strains, M5 and M11. This indicated the possibility of selecting compatible performing monokaryotic isolates for the yield of superior dikaryotic strains. The set of monokaryotic strains tested varied greatly in their ability to colonize E. grandis roots and cause secondary metabolism-related morphological changes in roots, providing a wealth of model systems for the study of genetic, physiological, and morphogenetic processes involved in Pisolithus-Eucalyptus ectomycorrhiza formation.

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Pera, J., J. Parlade, and I. F. Alvarez. "Efficacy of inoculum type of Pisolithus tinctorius on mycorrhizae formation in Pinus pinaster and Pseudotsuga menziesii." Forest Systems 3, no. 1 (June 1, 1994): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/517.

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Three types of Pisolithus tinctorius inoculum: a) vegetative inoculum produced in peat-vermiculture substrate, b) mycelium entrapped in alginate gel, and c) spores, have been tested to determine their effectiveness to form ectomycorrhizas on container-grown Pinus pinaster and Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings. Vegetative inoculum, applied at 1:8 (inoculum: substrate, v:v) rate, produced a high root infection level (82 p. 100 of short roots) on 80 p. 100 of P. pinaster inoculated seedlings. The same inoculum was ineffective on P. menziesii. Mycelium entrapped in alginate gel resulted an ineffective inoculum for the development of P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizas on both tree species. Spore inoculations produced a high number of ectomycorrhizal P. pinaster seedlings (96-100 p. 100), but the level of root infection obtained (65 p. 100) was lower than the root colonization achieved when the vegetative inocolum of the strain A-93 was used. Spore application was the only inoculation technique successful in the formation of P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizas on containerized P. menziesii seedlings. Nevertheless, the percentage of ectomycorrhizal seedlings (< 40 p. 100) and the level of root infection (5-12 p. 100) were too low to expect a positive effect on survival and growth of outplanting seedlings.

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Béreau, M., M. Gazel, and J. Garbaye. "Les symbioses mycorhiziennes des arbres de la forêt tropicale humide de Guyane française." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-080.

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Roots of 75 tree species, belonging to 28 families, were sampled on different types of soil in the forest of French Guiana. Both seedlings and mature trees of each species were studied. The roots were first observed for ectomycorrhizas, then thinned and stained to observe and quantify endomycorrhizal associations. Ectomycorrhizas were found only on two genera: Coccoloba (Polygonaceae) and Neea (Nyctaginaceae). All the species studied had zygomycetous endomycorrhizas with hyphal coils and vesicles. It is remarkable that some families (Caesalpiniaceae, Myrtaceae, Tiliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae), considered as frequently ectomycorrhizal in other regions of the world, were not so in our sample. In addition, the results contradict the theory that ectomycorrhizal species are dominant in the poorest soils in tropical rainforests (tropical podzols). Key words: tropical rainforest, symbioses, mycorrhizas, French Guiana.

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Harrington, Thomas J., and Derek T. Mitchell. "Characterization of Dryas octopetala ectomycorrhizas from limestone karst vegetation, western Ireland." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 970–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-082.

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The principal ectomycorrhizas of Dryas octopetala L. from a treeless grass-heath in the Burren, western Ireland, were characterized using morphotyping and molecular methods (PCR-RFLP analysis of ITS-rDNA and sequencing of the ITS region). Twenty-one distinct morphotypes are described. Six of these (Cortinarius atrovirens Kalchbr., Cortinarius caesiocanescens (Mos.) Kühn. & Romagn., Cortinarius calochrous (Mos.) Nezd., Cortinarius odorifer Britz., Cortinarius mussivus Fr., and Tricholoma myomyces (Scop.) Quél.) were distinguished by tracing rhizomorph connections between mycorrhizas and basidiomes. The ectomycorrhizas of Cenococcum geophilum Fr., Craterellus lutescens (Pers.:Fr.) Fr., and Hebeloma sinapizans (Paulet:Fr.) Gill were identified based on molecular and morphological evidence. The ectomycorrhizas of Cortinarius brunneus (Pers.:Fr.) Fr., Cortinarius infractus (Pers.:Fr.) Fr., Hydnum repandum L., and Hebeloma circinans Quél. were distinguished provisionally, because they were consistently found in soil core samples containing basidiomes of a particular fungal species. The provisional identification of Lactarius sanguifluus (Paulet) Fr., and Russula delica Fr. ectomycorrhizas was also based on anatomical evidence, particularly the presence of lacticifers and cystidia, respectively. Six morphotypes could not be assigned to a specific fungal taxon and, therefore, were named "Dryadirhiza" + a characterizing epithet (D. aerea, D. cerina, D. fulgens, D. nigra, D. rugosa, and D. truncata). It is concluded that Dryas octopetala forms ectomycorrhizal associations in the Burren with woodland fungal species.Key words: ectomycorrhizas, Dryas octopetala, morphotyping, ITS-RFLP, mountain avens.

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Sagara, Naohiko. "Association of ectomycorrhizal fungi with decomposed animal wastes in forest habitats: a cleaning symbiosis?" Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-406.

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A new tripartite relationship among animals, fungi, and plants, based on formation of ectomycorrhiza and on removal of animal wastes, is described. In forest habitats where animal wastes such as urine or faeces or dead bodies, mainly of mammals, have been deposited, a particular group of fungi form reproductive structures successionally after the apparent decomposition of the wastes. This natural event can be simulated by application to the soil of urea, aqueous ammonia, or nitrogen compounds that release ammonia on decomposition. Both field observations and simulation experiments show that, when these events take place in forests of ectomycorrhizal trees, ectomycorrhizal fungi fruit during the late phase in the succession. Ectomycorrhizas are in fact observed in the soils colonized by these fungi. Among these fungi, Hebeloma spp., Laccaria spp., and a few others colonize commonly in various waste sites, while Hebeloma radicosum colonizes specifically in moles’ deserted middens (latrines) near their nests. The animals involved here as waste depositors or cadavers seem not to feed on the fungi and the plants but may depend on them for cleaning their own habitats, since mycorrhizas should readily remove products derived from wastes. The tripartite relationship described may be viewed as a cleaning symbiosis. Key words: animal waste, ammonia, postputrefaction fungi, Hebeloma, ectomycorrhiza, cleaning symbiosis.

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Duponnois, R., S. Diédhiou, J. L. Chotte, and M. Ourey Sy. "Relative importance of the endomycorrhizal and (or) ectomycorrhizal associations in Allocasuarina and Casuarina genera." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 4 (March 1, 2003): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-038.

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This work was carried out to determine the relative importance of the endomycorrhizal and (or) ectomycorrhizal association in species of Casuarina and Allocasuarina. Under axenic conditions, Pisolithus and Scleroderma isolates formed ectomycorrhizas with a mantle and a Hartig net on Allocasuarina verticillata but failed to form a Hartig net on Casuarina glauca. In a controlled soil system, C. glauca was inoculated with the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, and A. verticillata was inoculated with Pisolithus albus IR100 Bougher & Smith and (or) G. intraradices. Both symbionts significantly stimulated growth in both plant species. For A. verticillata, its growth response to ectomycorrhizal inoculation was higher than to endomycorrhizal inoculation. When both symbionts were inoculated, antagonism among the fungal isolates was observed with a higher ectomycorrhizal colonization. These results showed that A. verticillata was ectomycorrhizal dependent, whereas C. glauca was endomycorrhizal dependent. From a practical point of view, this study shows the importance of selecting compatible mycorrhizal fungi for developing successful inoculation programmes. In addition, it would help to further research and determine the effect of ecto- and endo-mycorrhizal symbiosis on the formation and function of N2-fixing actinorhizal nodules.Key words: Casuarinaceae, ectomycorrhizas, arbuscular mycorrhizas, plant growth.

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Burgess, Treena, and Bernie Dell. "Changes in protein biosynthesis during the differentiation of Pisolithus – Eucalyptus grandis ectomycorrhiza." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-070.

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Protein biosynthesis in Pisolithus – Eucalyptus grandis ectomycorrhiza was related to the stage of ectomycorrhizal development using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins labelled by in vivo incorporation of 35S radiolabelled amino acids. Nineteen-day-old seedlings were radiolabelled and the primary root was divided into 1-cm segments. With increasing distance from the tip of the primary root, the lateral roots developed as follows: segment 1, no lateral tips; segment 2, three lateral tips, 1–4 days old; segment 3, five lateral tips, 3–8 days old; segment 4, five lateral tips, 7–12 days old. Six-day-old ectomycorrhizas were fully formed with a mantle and Hartig net. During ectomycorrhizal development, there was a decrease in all plant proteins and differential accumulation of fungal proteins. The apical segment of the primary root had a biosynthesis profile very similar to that of noninoculated roots. By contrast, the other segments of the primary root, with attached lateral roots, had biosynthesis profiles that were similar to those of the free-living hyphae. Thus, plant biosynthesis was shown to be predominantly associated with the primary root meristem. The domination of the fungal partner in the protein biosynthesis of developing ectomycorrhiza is probably a consequence of stimulated fungal growth and the corresponding decrease in plant meristematic activity. Ectomycorrhizal development was associated with a differential accumulation of fungal polypeptides and the appearance of a group of symbiosis-related acid fungal polypeptides between 27 and 37 kDa. As the polypeptides were present in a similar magnitude throughout ectomycorrhizal development (lateral tips 1–12 days old), it is suggested that they function as structural proteins associated with mantle formation. Keywords: ectomycorrhizal development, Eucalyptus, Pisolithus, protein biosynthesis, symbiosis-related polypeptides.

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van der Heijden, EW, and M. Vosatka. "Mycorrhizal associations of Salix repens L. communities in succession of dune ecosystems. II. Mycorrhizal dynamics and interactions of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 12 (February 20, 2000): 1833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-178.

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Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations of Salix repens were studied at 16 sites in different successional stages of dune ecosystems (calcareous-acidic, dry-wet) in the Netherlands. High EcM colonization, low AM colonization, and lack of differences between habitats indicate that ectomycorrhizas do not increase their importance in later successional stages. EcM and AM colonization and plant-nutrient status indicate that the relative importance of P and N does not change during succession, but during seasons. Salix repens showed low levels of AM colonization but, nevertheless, even these low levels contributed to covering the P demands of the plant. As a decrease in AM colonization in S. repens at the end of the season coincided with a decrease in AM inoculum potential, the seasonal decline of arbuscular mycorrhiza is caused by changes in plant demand or soil nutrient availability rather than by interference by ectomycorrhiza. Regardless of seasonal shifts and possible interaction between ectomycorrhiza and arbuscular mycorrhiza, both persist in the plant roots during seasons and throughout succession. Differences in the habitat preference of various EcM morphotypes and arbuscular mycorrhiza suggest that mycorrhizal diversity contributes to the broad ecological amplitude of S. repens.

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Smith, J. E., D. McKay, C. G. Niwa, W. G. Thies, G. Brenner, and J. W. Spatafora. "Short-term effects of seasonal prescribed burning on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community and fine root biomass in ponderosa pine stands in the Blue Mountains of Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 2477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-124.

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The effects of seasonal prescribed fire on the belowground ectomycorrhizal community and live fine root biomass were investigated before, 1 year after, and 2 years after prescribed underburning. Ectomycorrhizas were sampled from four replications of three treatments (fall underburning, spring underburning, and a nonburned control) in a randomized complete block design. Samples were separated in two subsamples representing the upper 5 cm and lower 5 cm of a soil core. Molecular tools were used to distinguish 140 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) species of fungi directly from the ectomycorrhizas. Prior to underburning, the number of RFLP species and amount of live root biomass were similar among treatment units and between upper and lower core samples. Fall underburning largely removed live root biomass to a depth of 10 cm and significantly reduced ectomycorrhizal species richness compared with spring underburning and the nonburned control for at least 2 years. RFLP species richness and live root biomass following spring underburning were generally similar to the nonburned treatment. The successful reintroduction of fire to the ecosystem to retain high species diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi and achieve the desired future condition of large-tree ponderosa pine retention with low fuel loads may require more than underburning in a single season.

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Gross, Eduardo, Lilian I. Thomazini Casagrande, and Flávio Henrique Caetano. "Ultrastructural study of ectomycorrhizas on Pinus caribaea Morelet. var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf. seedlings." Acta Botanica Brasilica 18, no. 1 (March 2004): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062004000100001.

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The ultrastructure of ectomycorrhizas formed between Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch and Telephora terrestris (Ehrenb.) Fr. was analyzed just before the transplant of these seedlings to the field to ascertain if fungi are established in the roots. Ectomycorrhizal fungi formed a well-developed compact mantle in lateral roots. Vacuoles, nuclei and dolipore septa were observed in mantle hyphae and numerous nuclei, endoplasmatic reticulum and polymorphic mitochondria were frequently located in the cytoplasm of Hartig net hyphae adjacent to plant cortical cells. Highly vacuolated cortical cells contained droplets of electron-dense material, nucleus and some organelles were observed in a narrow region of peripheral cytoplasm. The ectomycorrhizas of P. caribaea var. hondurensis exhibited typical ultrastructural characteristics of a compatible and physiological active association.

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Guttenberger, Martin, and R�diger Hampp. "Ectomycorrhizins ? symbiosis-specific or artifactual polypeptides from ectomycorrhizas?" Planta 188, no. 1 (1992): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01160722.

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Martin, Francis, Mauritz Ramstedt, and Kenneth Söderhäll. "Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas." Biochimie 69, no. 6-7 (June 1987): 569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(87)90176-3.

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Berch, Shannon M., Paul Kroeger, and Terrie Finston. "The death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides) moves to a native tree in Victoria, British Columbia." Botany 95, no. 4 (April 2017): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0183.

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Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Link, the death cap mushroom, is an invasive ectomycorrhizal fungus in North America that was inadvertently introduced from Europe. Death cap mushrooms are highly toxic and have caused three recorded poisonings in British Columbia (BC), including one recent death. In BC, these mushrooms fruit mostly in urban environments in the greater Vancouver and Victoria areas under planted exotic broadleaf trees. In California, A. phalloides was demonstrated to also form ectomycorrhizas with a native oak species. Here we report that A. phalloides forms ectomycorrhizas with Quercus garryana, which is BC’s only native species of oak, and can fruit in association with this tree host. If death cap mushrooms spread in Q. garryana habitat, the risk for serious mushroom poisoning will increase, and mushroom harvesters, the medical community, and park managers will need to be made aware of this increased risk.

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Sarsekova, Dani, Sezgin Ayan, and Abzhanov Talgat. "Ectomycorrhizal Flora Formed by Main Forest Trees in the Irtysh River Region of Central and Northeastern Kazakhstan." South-east European forestry 11, no. 1 (May 11, 2020): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15177/seefor.20-06.

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In this study, the aim was to determine and identify symbiotically living ectomycorrhizas of the main tree species forming forests in central and northeastern Kazakhstan. Surveys were conducted on the right bank of the Irtysh River in a mixed forest of Pinus sylvestris, Picea obovata and Betula pendula trees. The collection was formed and the primary identification of voucher samples of fruiting bodies of macromycetes collected as ectomycorrhiza forming fungi was completed. In the collection and species identification of fruiting bodies, standard methods were used. A total of 30 ectomycorrhizas belonging to Agaricomycetes were identified. The distribution of 30 species into families is as follows: Suillaceae (8), Russulaceae (7), Cortinariaceae (4), Boletaceae (3), Tricholomataceae (2), Amanitaceae (1), Cantharellaceae (1), Gomphaceae (1), Gomphidiaceae (1), Paxillaceae (1), and Bankeraceae (1). The richest genus on account of the number of species was Suillus (8). Concerning the woody host species, 17 mycorrhizas were determined to build symbiosis with P. sylvestris, 8 mycorrhizas with B. pendula, 6 mycorrhizas with Populus tremula, 1 mycorrhiza with P. obovata, 1 mycorrhiza with Quercus robur, 1 mycorrhiza with Salix sp., and 1 mycorrhiza with Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zuccarini. Ectomycorrhizas should be used as a major performance-enhancing tool in afforestation and restoration studies in the Irtysh River basin under extreme ecological conditions and under climate change effects.

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Lee, Lee Su, I. J. Alexander, and R. Watling. "Ectomycorrhizas and putative ectomycorrhizal fungi of Shorea leprosula Miq. (Dipterocarpaceae)." Mycorrhiza 7, no. 2 (July 24, 1997): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050165.

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Chalot, Michel, and Annick Brun. "Physiology of organic nitrogen acquisition by ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 22, no. 1 (April 1998): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00359.x.

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Thoen, Daniel, Bassirou Sougoufara, and Yvon Dommergues. "In vitro mycorrhization of Casuarina and Allocasuarina species by Pisolithus isolates." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 2537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-319.

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Five Casuarina species and five Allocasuarina species were inoculated in vitro with three isolates of Pisolithus sp. (Ors.X004 and Ors.7870 from Senegal, PR86 from Australia) to test their ability to form ectomycorrhizas. The mycorrhiza-forming ability varied between fungal isolates. The greatest differences occurred between Casuarina and Allocasuarina species. On Casuarina species, Pisolithus isolates formed only a fungal sheath. However, Ors.X004 induced well-developed ectomycorrhizas on Casuarina equisetifolia, whereas PR86 failed to form any fungal sheath on Casuarina cunninghamiana. On Allocasuarina species, Pisolithus isolates formed generally well-developed ectomycorrhizas. In addition, isolates Ors.7870 and PR86 invaded the cortical cells of Allocasuarina luehmannii and Allocasuarina decaisneana, respectively, thus forming ectendomycorrhizas. Epidermal cells of both Casuarina and Allocasuarina mycorrhizas showed tannin deposits. In fully developed ectomycorrhizas, the epidermal cells were radially elongated and the Hartig net never developed beyond the epidermal cells. In general, the ability to form ectomycorrhizas was more common with the genus Allocasuarina than the genus Casuarina.Key words: Casuarina, Allocasuarina, Pisolithus, ectomycorrhizas.

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Zelmer, Carla D., and R. S. Currah. "Evidence for a fungal liaison between Corallorhiza trifida (Orchidaceae) and Pinus contorta (Pinaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-094.

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Corallorhiza trifida Châtelain, or pale coral root orchid, is a heterotrophic, leafless, rootless, terrestrial orchid with a circumboreal distribution. Because of its relative inability to photosynthesize, the orchid obtains energy through the digestion of fungal hyphae that grow within the cells of its contorted, yellowish, coralloid rhizomes. Recently, we isolated and cultured strains of a slow-growing basidiomycete with bright yellow, clamped hyphae that are typical of the fungal cells present in C. trifida endomycorrhizas from different treed habitats at widely distributed locations in the northern hemisphere. By inoculating the roots of Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon seedlings with this fungus we were able to demonstrate its ability to form distinctive ectomycorrhizas with an ectotrophic, woody plant. The formation of endomycorrhizas with C. trifida and ectomycorrhizas with P. contorta indicates that in nature a triple symbiosis, with a circumboreal distribution, exists among certain trees, the coral root orchid, and this yellow basidiomycete that links the two and functions as a mycorrhizal symbiont in both. Key words: Corallorhiza trifida, orchid mycorrhiza, triple symbiosis, ectomycorrhiza, Pinus contorta.

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Bradbury, S. M. "Ectomycorrhizas of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) seedlings originating from seed in southwestern Alberta cut blocks." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-171.

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Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) seedlings, originating from seed in three southwestern Alberta cut blocks, were sampled to identify their ectomycorrhizal associates. Fourteen ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified, 10 were common to all three cut blocks, and 12 to two cut blocks. Individual seedlings were colonized by two fungal associates on average and never had more than six fungal associates at one sampling time. Total percent colonization of seedling roots was greater than 50% one year after seed germination and greater than 90% two years after seed germination. Species richness increased throughout the course of the study; however, all but two ectomycorrhizal taxa were found in mature forests nearby. Typical late-stage ectomycorrhizal fungi colonized regenerating lodgepole pine seedlings in the absence of refuge host plants; therefore, either these fungi remained viable in situ between harvesting and regeneration or they migrated back into the cut block once revegetation was initiated.Key words: lodgepole pine seedlings, ectomycorrhiza, percent relative abundance, Alberta cut blocks.

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Hutchison, Leonard J., K. Ingleby, P. A. Mason, F. T. Last, and L. V. Fleming. "Identification of Ectomycorrhizas." Mycologia 84, no. 6 (November 1992): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760300.

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Garbaye, Jean. "The Role of Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis in the Resistance of Forests to Water Stress." Outlook on Agriculture 29, no. 1 (March 2000): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000000101293068.

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Forest trees live in enforced symbiosis with specialized fungi that form composite organs (ectomycorrhizas) with fine roots. This paper examines how this association contributes to the water status of trees and how it plays a major role in the protection mechanisms by which trees and forest stands resist drought-induced water stress. It shows how ectomycorrhizal symbiosis has both direct effects (at the uptake level) and indirect effects (at the regulation level) on the water status of trees. The facts presented are discussed in terms of forest adaptation to changing environmental conditions and the practical consequences for the sustainable management of forest ecosystems.

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Shimomura, Norihiro, Miyuki Matsuda, Kunio Ariyoshi, and Tadanori Aimi. "Development of mycelial slurries containing surfactant for cultivation of the edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom Rhizopogon roseolus (syn. Rhizopogon rubescens)." Botany 90, no. 9 (September 2012): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b2012-054.

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Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. M. Fr., known as shoro in Japanese, is an edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom. To successfully cultivate ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, inoculation and propagation methods must be developed, and isolates with superior traits must be selected. Pinus thunbergii Parl. seedlings were inoculated with several isolates of R. roseolus using the Petri dish technique and their mycorrhizal abilities were assessed. We selected a superior isolate that rapidly colonized and produced a lot of ectomycorrhizas in the roots of P. thunbergii. The selected strain was cultured in liquid medium, and the resultant mycelia were homogenized in saline solution to make a slurry. Adding surfactant to the mycelial slurry stimulated mycorrhizal formation in host roots. We investigated the effects of mycelial slurry containing surfactant on ectomycorrhizal formation of P. thunbergii and fruiting body formation in mother plant systems. Stimulatory effects of the slurry were observed not only on ectomycorrhizal formation of the seedlings but also on fruiting body formation. These results suggest that the mycelial slurries containing surfactant could serve as mycelial spawns for the cultivation of shoro under greenhouse conditions.

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Nehls, Uwe, Joachim Wiese, Martin Guttenberger, and Rüdiger Hampp. "Carbon Allocation in Ectomycorrhizas: Identification and Expression Analysis of an Amanita muscaria Monosaccharide Transporter." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 3 (March 1998): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.3.167.

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Ectomycorrhizas are formed between certain soil fungi and fine roots of predominantly woody plants. An important feature of this symbiosis is the supply of plant-derived carbohydrates to the fungus. As a first step toward a better understanding of the molecular basis of this process, we cloned a monosaccharide transporter from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed to match conserved regions from known fungal sugar transporters. A cDNA fragment of the transporter was obtained from mycorrhizal mRNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. This fragment was used to identify a clone (AmMst1) encoding the entire monosaccharide transporter in a Picea abies/A. muscaria mycorrhizal cDNA library. The cDNA codes for an open reading frame of 520 amino acids, showing best homology to a Neurospora crassa monosaccharide transporter. The function of AmMST1 as monosaccharide transporter was confirmed by heterologous expression of the cDNA in a Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutant lacking a monosaccharide uptake system. AmMst1 was constitutively expressed in fungal hyphae under all growth conditions. Nevertheless, in mycorrhizas as well as in hyphae grown at monosaccharide concentrations above 5 mM, the amount of AmMst1 transcript increased fourfold. We therefore suggest that AmMst1 is upregulated in ectomycorrhizas by a monosaccharide-controlled mechanism.

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Adams, Felicity, Paul Reddell, Michael J. Webb, and Warren A. Shipton. "Arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas on Eucalyptus grandis (Myrtaceae) trees and seedlings in native forests of tropical north-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 3 (2006): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05028.

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Eucalypts have been shown to form both arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) and ectomycorrhizas (ECM) in glasshouse experiments. Little is known, however, about the relative dominance of these two mycorrhiza types on individual eucalypt species across their natural range. This study examined mycorrhizal colonisation levels of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden roots at 29 sites representing a broad range of wet sclerophyll forest types in the wet tropics of north-eastern Australia. Adult E. grandis trees sampled in situ were invariably heavily ectomycorrhizal, with 76–100% fine root length colonised (% RLC). There were comparatively low levels of AM, with typically less than 10% RLC. Seedling E. grandis grown in intact soil cores from the field sites under glasshouse conditions had lower total levels of mycorrhiza formation compared with adult trees, with more variable ECM formation (10–95% RLC) and more extensive AM formation (10–40% RLC). There were no apparent trends in mycorrhiza formation across different soil parent material, rainfall or vegetation categories used. The current research suggests that arbuscular mycorrhizas are more prominent on seedlings, whereas ectomycorrhizas predominate in adult trees of E. grandis. Possible reasons for these differences and a comparison with other studies of eucalypt mycorrhizas under natural conditions are presented.

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Badar-Uugan, Khasbaatar, and Otgonsuuren Burenjargal. "Study on ectomycorrhizea of Siberian Pine (Pinus sibirica)." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 15, no. 2 (September 30, 2015): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v15i2.558.

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The ectomycorrhizal fungal community associated with Pinus Sibirica (Siberian Pine) in a Mongolian forest was investigated in this study. The ectomycorrhizaes were isolated from roots of Siberian pine and identified as Russulia Sardonia, Rhodocollybia butyracea, Tuber borchii, Tricholloma auratum and Lactarius deliciosus. Hartig net, external hyphae and mantle structures of ectomycorrhizae were observed in Siberian pine roots.Journal of agricultural sciences №15 (02): 123-129, 2015

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Javelle, Arnaud, Michel Chalot, Bengt SÃ¶derstrÃ¶m, and Bernard Botton. "Ammonium and methylamine transport by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus and ectomycorrhizas." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 30, no. 4 (December 1999): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00663.x.

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KARLINSKI, L., S. RAVNSKOV, B. KIELISZEWSKAROKICKA, and J. LARSEN. "Fatty acid composition of various ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas of Norway spruce." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39, no. 4 (April 2007): 854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.10.003.

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Wingler, Astrid, Martin Guttenberger, and Rüdiger Hampp. "Determination of mannitol in ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas by enzymatic micro-assays." Mycorrhiza 3, no. 2 (June 1993): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00210695.

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Gladish, Sandra, Jonathan Frank, and Darlene Southworth. "The serpentine syndrome below ground: ectomycorrhizas and hypogeous fungi associated with conifers." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 8 (August 2010): 1671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-092.

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Serpentine soils select for unique plant communities, often with sparse vegetation. Mycorrhizal fungi mediate the interaction between plants and soils, yet little is known about the mycorrhizal fungi of serpentine-tolerant plants. Ectomycorrhizas and hypogeous fungal sporocarps were sampled on paired serpentine and nonserpentine soils in southwestern Oregon. We hypothesized that conifers on serpentine soils would have fewer species of mycorrhizal fungi, a distinct assemblage of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and fewer hypogeous sporocarps with less species richness. Sporocarps were sampled and soil cores collected around pines on serpentine and nonserpentine soils. Conifers on serpentine and nonserpentine soils hosted overlapping communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi, as characterized by nonmetric multidimensional scaling. From soil cores, we categorized 27 species by morphotype, of which 18 were identified by DNA. Fewer hypogeous sporocarps with less taxonomic richness were collected on serpentine soils. The lack of indicator species of mycorrhizal fungi and the greater variability among samples on serpentine soils suggest that soil composition does not determine the mycorrhizal community. The sparseness of host vegetation may limit the ability of fungi to grow from tree to tree and may increase the reliance on spore dispersal, thus creating a more varied pattern of mycorrhizal communities.

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Klaviņa, Dārta, Indriķis Muižnieks, Imants Baumanis, Jurģis Jansons, Tālis Gaitnieks, and Audrius Menkis. "Survival, Growth and Mycorrhization of Containerised Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies Seedlings of Different Provenances Outplanted in a Forest Clear-Cut." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 71, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2017-0049.

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Abstract We studied field performance of containerised Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings of different provenances. Shoot height, needle chemical composition, root collar diameter, root mycorrhization and mycorrhizal species composition were evaluated after four growing seasons following outplanting. The results showed that in general spruce had better survival than pine. Ectomycorrhizas on spruce were dominated by Wilcoxina, Amphinema and Tylospora, while on pine — by Suillus and Thelephora species. Spruce and pine showing best growth rates were colonised by ectomycorrhizal fungus Amphinema sp. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that forest nursery practices as well as provenance can significantly impact survival, growth and mycorrhization of the containerised pine and spruce seedlings.

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Bradbury, S. M., R. M. Danielson, and S. Visser. "Ectomycorrhizas of regenerating stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-172.

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The ectomycorrhizal community associated with regenerating lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loud.) after clear-cutting in southwestern Alberta was investigated in 6-, 10-, and 19-year-old cut blocks and their adjacent 90-year-old undisturbed control stands. Twenty different mycorrhizal taxa were found in the 90-year-old undisturbed stands. Of these 20, 13 mycorrhizal taxa were found in the 6-year-old cut blocks, and 15 mycorrhizal taxa were found in both the 10- and 19-year-old cut blocks. The most common associate of all stand ages was Mycelium radicis atrovirens Melin (MRA), which overall colonized 29% (weighted average) of the root tips. Species or groups accounting for greater than 10% of the mycorrhizas in one or more age classes included Piloderma fallax (Karst.) Jül. (15% overall), Piloderma byssinum (Karst.) Jül. (11%), Cenococcum geophilum L. (8%), Russula-like (8%), Suillus brevipes (Pk.) Kuntze (5%), Suillus tomentosus (Kauff.) Sing., Snell & Dick (5%), and Lactarius deliciosus (L.:Fr.) S.F. Gray (2%). Although several mycorrhizal fungi exhibited significant differences in percent relative abundance of root tips colonized, when comparing cut blocks to their controls, there was no evidence to suggest that the suite of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots of young lodgepole pine trees was replaced by a different suite of mycorrhizal fungi in mature stands. Extensive fruit body collections, totalling 43 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, throughout the study sites support this contention.Key words: Pinus contorta ectomycorrhizas, clear-cutting, second-rotation forests, succession.

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MOYERSOEN, BERNARD, IAN J. ALEXANDER, and ALASTAIR H. FITTER. "Phosphorus nutrition of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal tree seedlings from a lowland tropical rain forest in Korup National Park, Cameroon." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 1 (January 1998): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000054.

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The relationship between mycorrhizal colonisation and phosphorus acquired by seedlings of the arbuscular mycorrhizal tree Oubanguia alata Bak f. (Scytopetalaceae) and the ectomycorrhizal tree Tetraberlinia moreliana Aubr. (Caesalpiniodeae) was evaluated at low and high inorganic phosphorus availability. AM colonisation was positively correlated with phosphorus uptake by O. alata at low, but not at high phosphorus availability. Seedlings growth was positively related to arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation at both low and high phosphorus availability, suggesting that growth promotion by arbuscular mycorrhizas is not simply related to an increase of phosphorus uptake. In contrast, phosphorus uptake by T. moreliana was correlated with EM colonisation at both low and high phosphorus availability, but there was no relationship between growth and ectomycorrhizal colonisation. Promotion of phosphorus uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas at low phosphorus availability is consistent with the co-occurrence of the two types of mycorrhiza in tropical rain forests where available soil phosphorus is low. However, ectomycorrhizal colonisation may also be of advantage where inputs of phosphorus rich litter raise the phosphorus status of the soil, as seen in the groves of ectomycorrhizal trees in Korup National Park, and may be one of the factors reinforcing local dominance by these trees.

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Kosola, K. R., D. M. Durall, G. P. Robertson, D. I. Dickmann, D. Parry, C. A. Russell, and E. A. Paul. "Resilience of mycorrhizal fungi on defoliated and fertilized hybrid poplars." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-038.

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We examined the effects of fertilization and gypsy moth defoliation of hybrid poplar (Populus ×canadensis Moench 'Eugenei') on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization, ECM richness, and ECM composition in the summers of 1997 and 1998. The factorial experiment included two levels of defoliation (defoliated and control) and fertilization (100 kg N·ha1 and control). Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) populations were manipulated to obtain defoliation in the summer of 1996, 1997, and 1998; fertilization subplots were fertilized with NH4NO3 (100 kg N·ha1) in the spring of these years. There were no significant effects of defoliation on ECM or AM colonization in either year; there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decline in AM colonization in fertilized plots in 1997 and a significant interaction between defoliation and fertilization effects on ECM colonization in 1997. In the nondefoliated plots, ECM fungal colonization increased, whereas AM colonization decreased because of fertilization. In the defoliated plots, neither ECM nor AM colonization was affected by fertilization. ECM community composition and richness were unchanged by any treatment. The small and transient effects of defoliation and fertilization on poplar AMs and ECMs demonstrate the tolerance of these early-successional trees to defoliation and their ability to rapidly use high levels of available nitrogen.Key words: Populus, nitrogen, ectomycorrhizas, arbuscular mycorrhizas, ectomycorrhizas, Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth), defoliation.

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Dar, Z., M. Khan, M. Zargar, and T. Masoodi. "Effect of Ectomycorrhizae and various levels of phosphorus on growth and biomass of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. Ex Lamb.) under nursery conditions." Indian Journal of Forestry 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-ancx57.

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Pot experiments were carried out under nursery conditions during 2005-2006 to study the response of Deodar seedlings to inoculations with ectomycorrhizae (Pisolithus tinctorius, Laccaria laccata and Suillus granulatus), forest litter and different levels of phosphorus. Various plant growth characteristics (plant height, root length, collar diameter and plant biomass) and ectomycorrhizal root colonization responded significantly to ectomycorrhizal inoculation, forest litter and phosphorus. Among the ectomycorrhiae, inoculation of Pisolithus tinctorius proved most beneficial for all plant growth parameters and ectomycorrhizal root colonization followed by Laccaria laccata and Suillus granulatus. The treatment combination of Pisolithus tinctorius along with phosphorus dose of 75 mg plant-1 proved to be the best treatment for all the studied characteristics.

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Alexander, Ian J. "Ectomycorrhizas ? out of Africa?" New Phytologist 172, no. 4 (December 2006): 589–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01930.x.

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WALLENDA, THOMAS, and INGRID KOTTKE. "Nitrogen deposition and ectomycorrhizas." New Phytologist 139, no. 1 (May 1998): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00176.x.

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44

Urban, Alexander, Michael Weib, and Robert Bauer. "Ectomycorrhizas involving sebacinoid mycobionts." Mycological Research 107, no. 1 (January 2003): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756202007116.

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Meharg, Andy A. "Ectomycorrhizas and Copper Toxicity." Mycological Research 109, no. 1 (January 2005): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095375620423204x.

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46

Mejstřík, V. "Ectomycorrhizas and forest decline." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 28, no. 1-4 (February 1990): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(90)90059-m.

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Jentschke, G., and D. L. Godbold. "Metal toxicity and ectomycorrhizas." Physiologia Plantarum 109, no. 2 (June 2000): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.100201.x.

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Mohan, V., K. Natarajan, and K. Ingleby. "Anatomical studies on ectomycorrhizas." Mycorrhiza 3, no. 2 (June 1993): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00210692.

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Pickles, Brian J., Keith N. Egger, Hugues B. Massicotte, and D. Scott Green. "Ectomycorrhizas and climate change." Fungal Ecology 5, no. 1 (February 2012): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2011.08.009.

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Mohan, V., K. Natarajan, and K. Ingleby. "Anatomical studies on ectomycorrhizas." Mycorrhiza 3, no. 1 (May 1993): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00213466.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ectomycorrhizas'

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