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Academic literature on the topic 'Ectomycorrhizas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Ectomycorrhizas"

1

Burke, David J., Kendall J. Martin, Paul T. Rygiewicz, and Mary A. Topa. "Relative abundance of ectomycorrhizas in a managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) genetics plantation as determined through terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 6 (June 2006): 924–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-046.

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We examined the relationship between relative abundance of ectomycorrhizas in soil cores determined using morphotype tip counts and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis. Root tips were harvested from a total of 120 soil cores collected from six family plots in a loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) genetics plantation. Tips from each soil core were morphotyped based on physical characteristics, identified through TRFLP and sequence analysis, then pooled to reconstruct the ectomycorrhizal community within that core. The identity and relative abundance of specific ectomycorrhizas in each reconstructed community was then determined using TRFLP analysis of the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA gene. Using TRFLP, we were able to detect 34 ectomycorrhizal phylotypes colonizing roots of loblolly pine. TRFLP peak area was an accurate approximation of the relative number of tips of each ectomycorrhizal type within a soil core. Relative abundance of each ectomycorrhiza as determined by TRFLP was used to describe their distribution in the pine plantation. Although there were no differences found in ectomycorrhizal richness and evenness among the six family plots, the two fertilized plots had generally lower levels of ectomycorrhizal richness and evenness as indicated by rank abundance curves. Our results suggest that TRFLP is a useful tool for describing the occurrence and distribution of ectomycorrhizas in environmental samples.

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Wurzburger, Nina, Martin I. Bidartondo, and Caroline S. Bledsoe. "Characterization of Pinus ectomycorrhizas from mixed conifer and pygmy forests using morphotyping and molecular methods." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-079.

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We used morphotyping and molecular methods to characterize ectomycorrhizas of bishop pine (Pinus muricata D. Don) and Bolander pine (Pinus contorta ssp. bolanderi (Parl.) Critchf.) from mixed conifer and hydric pygmy forests on the northern California coast. Sixteen ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were described, producing 15 internal transcribed spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism (ITS-RFLP) types, and 12 were identified via ITS sequencing. From a given site, all root tips of a specific morphotype produced identical ITS-RFLP patterns. However, sometimes two morphotypes produced the same ITS-RFLP type, and sometimes samples of the same morphotype from two different sites produced two different ITS-RFLP types. These results indicate that surveys of ectomycorrhizal fungi based on morphology alone are not sufficient, and that grouping morphotypes prior to molecular analysis can expedite the process. Ectomycorrhizas from mixed conifer included Russuloid sp., Tomentella sublilacina (Ellis & Holw.) Wakef., Tuber sp., and two Thelephoroid species. Ectomycorrhizas from hydric pygmy included two Dermocybe spp., a Cortinarius sp., two Thelephoroid spp., and Suillus tomentosus (Kauffman) Singer. Both plant communities contained Cenococcum geophilum Fr.:Fr. The hydric pygmy sites were more similar to each other than to the mixed conifer site (Jaccard similarity). The presence of ectomycorrhizal taxa in one plant community type may reflect biotic (host specificity) or abiotic (soil fertility or hydrology) adaptation.Key words: ectomycorrhiza, bishop pine, Pinus muricata, Bolander pine, Pinus contorta ssp. bolanderi, morphotyping, ITS-RFLP.

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Valentine, L. L., T. L. Fiedler, A. N. Hart, C. A. Petersen, H. K. Berninghausen, and D. Southworth. "Diversity of ectomycorrhizas associated with Quercus garryana in southern Oregon." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-117.

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We investigated diversity of ectomycorrhizas associated with Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. (Oregon white oak, or Garry oak) at Whetstone Savanna Preserve in southern Oregon. Based on morphotyping and DNA restriction fragments, we described 39 ectomycorrhizas. The most common five morphotypes were found in 5% or more of 160 soil cores. Cenococcum geophilum, the most abundant morphotype, occurred in 75% of soil cores. Another common morphotype yielded a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern similar to that of Tuber species. Uncommon morphotypes were responsible for the majority of ectomycorrhizal diversity on Q. garryana. Morphotype diversity of seedlings was more similar to that of their parent tree than to seedlings under other trees. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) RFLP patterns of ectomycorrhizas found beneath sporocarps did not match those of the sporocarps fruiting above ground. An understanding of the diversity of the ectomycorrhizal community on Q. garryana will enable us to compare ectomycorrhizas on other oak species and habitats; determine seasonality of ectomycorrhizal growth; evaluate treatments such as fire, grazing, invasion by exotic plants, and other anthropogenic disturbances; and aid restoration protocols.Key words: biocomplexity, biodiversity, ectomycorrhizas, hypogeous fungi, morphotypes, Peziza infossa, Tuber.

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Reddell, Paul, Victoria Gordon, and Michael S. Hopkins. "Ectomycorrhizas in Eucalyptus tetrodonta and E. miniata Forest Communities in Tropical Northern Australia and their Role in the Rehabilitation of these Forests Following Mining." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 6 (1999): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97126.

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The importance of ectomycorrhizas in Eucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. and E. miniata Cunn. ex Schauer dominated forests and woodland communities in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia was assessed. Ectomycorrhizas colonised between 24 and 54% of final order lateral roots in soil cores collected at 16 native forest sites. Only a minority of the plant species present formed ectomycorrhizas (mainly eucalypts and acacias) but these species contributed more than 75% of the basal area. More than 70 species of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi were collected, with three hypogeous taxa (Nothocastoreum, Hysterangium and an undescribed Boletaceae) most frequently encountered. Glasshouse inoculation experiments confirmed that a diverse range of fungi was capable of forming ectomycorrhizas with E. tetrodonta and E. miniata seedlings, and that the growth of both species could be substantially increased by inoculation with specific fungi. The fungi most effective in increasing seedling growth were generally those which most extensively colonised the seedling roots. A second component of this study investigated the requirements for ectomycorrhizal fungi in native forest rehabilitation following mining. Ectomycorrhizal infectivity was low in disturbed soils and mine spoil materials, with the intensity of disturbance and the presence of regrowth vegetation key determinants of the level of infectivity. Inoculation of seedlings of E. miniata with spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi increased both growth and leaf phosphorus concentrations by between two- and three-fold at 7 months after planting out on a waste rock dump devoid of native ectomycorrhizal propagules. The application of these findings to minesite rehabilitation in the region, and the feasibility of using spores for broad-scale inoculation, are discussed.

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Laurent, Pascal, Catherine Voiblet, Denis Tagu, Dulcinéia de Carvalho, Uwe Nehls, Roberta De Bellis, Raffaella Balestrini, Guy Bauw, Paola Bonfante, and Francis Martin. "A Novel Class of Ectomycorrhiza-Regulated Cell Wall Polypeptides in Pisolithus tinctorius." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, no. 10 (October 1999): 862–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.10.862.

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Development of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis leads to the aggregation of fungal hyphae to form the mantle. To identify cell surface proteins involved in this developmental step, changes in the biosynthesis of fungal cell wall proteins were examined in Eucalyptus globulus-Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizas by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enhanced synthesis of several immunologically related fungal 31- and 32-kDa polypeptides, so-called symbiosis-regulated acidic polypeptides (SRAPs), was observed. Peptide sequences of SRAP32d were obtained after trypsin digestion. These peptides were found in the predicted sequence of six closely related fungal cDNAs coding for ectomycorrhiza up-regulated transcripts. The PtSRAP32 cDNAs represented about 10% of the differentially expressed cDNAs in ectomycorrhiza and are predicted to encode alanine-rich proteins of 28.2 kDa. There are no sequence homologies between SRAPs and previously identified proteins, but they contain the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif found in cell-adhesion proteins. SRAPs were observed on the hyphal surface by immunoelectron microscopy. They were also found in the host cell wall when P. tinctorius attached to the root surface. RNA blot analysis showed that the steady-state level of PtSRAP32 transcripts exhibited a drastic up-regulation when fungal hyphae form the mantle. These results suggest that SRAPs may form part of a cell-cell adhesion system needed for aggregation of hyphae in ectomycorrhizas.

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Heinrich, PA, and JW Patrick. "Phosphorus Acquisition in the Soil-Root System of Eucalyptus pilularis Smith Seedlings. II the Effect of Ectomycorrhizas on Seedling Phosphorus and Dry Weight Acquisition." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 4 (1986): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860445.

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Ectomycorrhizas were visible on Eucalyptus pilularis Smith seedling root systems 30 days after sowing when seedlings were grown under glasshouse conditions in a severely phosphorus-deficient A1 horizon soil collected from a study area in the Myall Lakes National Park, N.S.W. The types of ectomycorrhizas were similar to those observed on seedlings collected from the study area. Black ectomycorrhizas were the initial and dominant symbiont on seedlings until at least 6 months after sowing. The ectomycorrhizal component of the A1 horizon soil could not be eliminated by partial sterilisation of the soil without a significant change in the available phosphorus supply. However, a comparison of seedlings grown in autoclaved soil with or without black ectomycorrhizas showed that this symbiont had the capacity to increase the phosphorus acquisition of seedlings. A correlative approach, quantifying the relationship between black ectomycorrhizal infection intensity and seedling growth, was utilised to indicate whether the black ectomycorrhizas improved phosphorus and dry weight acquisition of seedlings grown in A1 horizon soil. The pattern of phosphorus acquisition and the dry weight increment of seedlings grown in the A1 horizon soil under glasshouse conditions were characterised by two phases, the second indicated by a three-fold increase in both seedling parameters 116 days after sowing. At a harvest in the first phase of growth (96 days after sowing) seedlings with larger numbers of black ectomycorrhizas per unit root length had significantly higher phosphorus contents (P< 0.05) but not dry weights. In comparison, a harvest selected in the second phase of growth (176 days after sowing) showed that both seedling phosphorus content and dry weight were highly correlated with the numbers of black ectomycorrhizas per unit root length (r² = 0.81 and r² = 0.88 respectively). These results, when considered in combination with the inoculation study, indicate that black ectomycorrhizas do improve the phosphorus acquisition of seedlings grown in A1 horizon soil. The black ectomycorrhizas increased the inflow of phosphorus by 2.2 x 10-6μg P cm infected root length-1 s-1. We propose that dry weight was promoted by this increase only when substantial amounts of phosphorus were transferred to the shoot. This has been shown to occur primarily in the second phase of seedling growth.

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Mcgee, P. "Mycorrhizal Associations of Plant-Species in a Semiarid Community." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 5 (1986): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860585.

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Of 93 species in 37 families occurring in a semiarid open mallee community near Murray Bridge, South Australia, 85 species were mycorrhizal. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) were more common than other types of mycorrhizas observed. Genera not previously known to form ectomycorrhizas include Astroloma (Epacridaceae), Comesperma (Polygalaceae), Thysanotus (Asphodelaceae: Liliflorae), Baeckea and Calytrix (Myrtaceae), Dampiera (Goodeniaceae), Podotheca and Toxanthes (Inulae: Asteraceae). Many species were found with both ectomycorrhizas and VAM, with annuals having both VAM and ectomycorrhizas for the whole growing season and perennials usually exhibiting either a predominantly VAM or ectomycorrhizal association. Vesicles were present in plant species not commonly thought of as mycorrhizal hosts.

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Costa, Maurício Dutra, André Narvaes da Rocha Campos, Matheus Loureiro Santos, and Arnaldo Chaer Borges. "In vitro ectomycorrhiza formation by monokaryotic and dikaryotic isolates of Pisolithus microcarpus in Eucalyptus grandis." Revista Árvore 34, no. 3 (June 2010): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622010000300001.

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The formation of ectomycorrhizas by monokaryotic and dikaryotic isolates of Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) G. Cunn. in Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid. was studied by in vitro synthesis in Petri dishes. The formation of ectomycorrhizas was observed for all strains tested. Ectomycorrhizas formed by the monokaryotic strains presented a sheath of hyphae around the roots and a Hartig net limited to the epidermis layer, typical of the angiosperm ectomycorrhizas. Colonization rates, a measure of the number of ectomycorrhizas in relation to the total number of lateral root tips, varied from 23 to 62%. Some monokaryotic strains stimulated the formation of lateral roots, promoting increases of up to 109% above the control. The presence of some of the isolates in the in vitro synthesis medium stimulated the production of thicker lateral root tips. The dimensions of the lateral roots tips and ectomycorrhizas varied from one isolate to the next, indicating a variation in their capacity to provoke morphological changes in the host plant roots. The dikaryotic strain M5M11 presented higher values for lateral root yield, number of ectomycorrhizas, and colonization percentage than the corresponding monokaryotic strains, M5 and M11. This indicated the possibility of selecting compatible performing monokaryotic isolates for the yield of superior dikaryotic strains. The set of monokaryotic strains tested varied greatly in their ability to colonize E. grandis roots and cause secondary metabolism-related morphological changes in roots, providing a wealth of model systems for the study of genetic, physiological, and morphogenetic processes involved in Pisolithus-Eucalyptus ectomycorrhiza formation.

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Pera, J., J. Parlade, and I. F. Alvarez. "Efficacy of inoculum type of Pisolithus tinctorius on mycorrhizae formation in Pinus pinaster and Pseudotsuga menziesii." Forest Systems 3, no. 1 (June 1, 1994): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/517.

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Three types of Pisolithus tinctorius inoculum: a) vegetative inoculum produced in peat-vermiculture substrate, b) mycelium entrapped in alginate gel, and c) spores, have been tested to determine their effectiveness to form ectomycorrhizas on container-grown Pinus pinaster and Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings. Vegetative inoculum, applied at 1:8 (inoculum: substrate, v:v) rate, produced a high root infection level (82 p. 100 of short roots) on 80 p. 100 of P. pinaster inoculated seedlings. The same inoculum was ineffective on P. menziesii. Mycelium entrapped in alginate gel resulted an ineffective inoculum for the development of P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizas on both tree species. Spore inoculations produced a high number of ectomycorrhizal P. pinaster seedlings (96-100 p. 100), but the level of root infection obtained (65 p. 100) was lower than the root colonization achieved when the vegetative inocolum of the strain A-93 was used. Spore application was the only inoculation technique successful in the formation of P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizas on containerized P. menziesii seedlings. Nevertheless, the percentage of ectomycorrhizal seedlings (< 40 p. 100) and the level of root infection (5-12 p. 100) were too low to expect a positive effect on survival and growth of outplanting seedlings.

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Béreau, M., M. Gazel, and J. Garbaye. "Les symbioses mycorhiziennes des arbres de la forêt tropicale humide de Guyane française." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-080.

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Roots of 75 tree species, belonging to 28 families, were sampled on different types of soil in the forest of French Guiana. Both seedlings and mature trees of each species were studied. The roots were first observed for ectomycorrhizas, then thinned and stained to observe and quantify endomycorrhizal associations. Ectomycorrhizas were found only on two genera: Coccoloba (Polygonaceae) and Neea (Nyctaginaceae). All the species studied had zygomycetous endomycorrhizas with hyphal coils and vesicles. It is remarkable that some families (Caesalpiniaceae, Myrtaceae, Tiliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae), considered as frequently ectomycorrhizal in other regions of the world, were not so in our sample. In addition, the results contradict the theory that ectomycorrhizal species are dominant in the poorest soils in tropical rainforests (tropical podzols). Key words: tropical rainforest, symbioses, mycorrhizas, French Guiana.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ectomycorrhizas"

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Prendergast-Miller, Miranda T. "The role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in denitrification." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=56282.

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Tajuddin, Rosnida Binti. "Nutrient transport in ectomycorrhiza." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210785.

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Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form mutualistic symbioses with trees in boreal and north temperate forests and have key roles in regulating biogeochemical cycles. The extensive mycelium produced by many ECM fungi enables resources to be transported over large distances. Some ECM fungi are considered to be specialists and have a restricted range of host plant species whilst others are considered generalists and can form mycorrhizas with a number of species. Little is currently known about the reasons why specialist and generalist mutualists have evolved and so this project aims to investigate the basis for these different strategies. The resource stoichiometry between plant and fungal partners was predicted to be a key factor: specialist fungi may be more efficient in obtaining nutrients from litter and transporting these rapidly to host plants and in return may receive larger amounts of plant photosynthate. Here, stable and radioisotopes were used to trace and quantify transfer of carbon and phosphorus, and fine-scale spatial-temporal analysis of amino acid transportation between host plants and fungi. The photon-counting scintillation imaging (PCSI) was used to show the amino acid was transported long-distance by ECM fungi intact and that the transportation was highly directional but the speed of transfer varies between species of ECM. The transportation of amino acid and phosphorus from generalist fungus to the host plant was rapid compared to the specialist fungus.

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Brearley, Francis Q. "The role of ectomycorrhizas in the regeneration of dipterocarp seedlings." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422176.

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Izumi, Hironari. "The diversity of bacteria in ectomycorrhizas and other tissues of trees." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424936.

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Diversity of bacteria inside the some ectomycorrhizas have been studied. To this end, isolation method using surface-sterilisation with chemical reagents was developed. The isolated bacteria from ectomycorrhizas of Suillus and Russula include Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Paenibacillus with other genera that have not been isolated from ectomycorrhizas. The isolated bacteria through cultivation include the genera of Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Acinetobacter while cultivation-independent methods detect significant amount of plant plastid-originated sequences. Cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods including DNA and RNA based molecular methods were applied to investigate to study bacteria inside ectomycorrhizas colonised Corsican pine growing different nutrient status. These two methods gave rise to different bacterial species associated with ectomycorrhizas and, in particular, genus Pseudomonas was identified as metabolically active populations by RNA-based molecular methods. Possible functional roles of the bacteria associated with ectomycorrhizas were examined by detecting nitrogenase gene (nifH). While nif H DNA was detected in all the samples its expression was confirmed in only three samples collected from the nutrient deficient stand. NifH occurrence and their activity show that contribution of biological nitrogen fixation may not be significant in the field conditions studied here. The bacteria associated with ectomycorrhizas were studied in exotic environment by looking at pine plantations in south east Queensland, Australia. The study shows that there may be similar kind of bacteria in exotic pine plantations compared to pine forest in Scotland. Therefore it is possible that the bacteria may move around the globe by accompanying with the host plants although this is not fully appreciated yet.

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Saunders, Eleanor Margaret. "The effect of mineral nitrogen on ectomycorrhizas with special reference to nitrogen deposition." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299547.

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Moyersoen, Bernard. "Co-occurence of ectomycorrhizas and arbuscular mycorrhizas in tropical rainforests : extent and significance." Thesis, University of York, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387578.

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Burgess, Treena. "Changes in protein biosynthesis associated with the development of Pisolithus-Eucalyptus grandis ectomycorrhizas." Thesis, Burgess, Treena ORCID: 0000-0002-7962-219X (1995) Changes in protein biosynthesis associated with the development of Pisolithus-Eucalyptus grandis ectomycorrhizas. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1995. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/25142/.

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Ectomycorrhizas are formed as the outcome of a symbiotic association between the fine roots of the majority of temperate forest tree species and numerous species of higher order fungi. The development of an ectomycorrhizal structure involves the attraction of the fungal symbiont to the root surface, its recognition and attachment, the subsequent proliferation of the hyphre on the root surface and the formation of the Hartig net between root cells. Ectomycorrhizal formation is a complex and dynamic process during which the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of the individual symbionts alter, culminating in the formation of the symbiotic structure. These phenotypic changes are pre-empted by an alteration in gene expression and protein biosynthesis of both symbionts. However, whilst this is a recognised principle, the critical stages of control, at which compatibility, aggressiveness and specificity are determined, are unknown. These issue scan be approached by exploiting the natural variation that exists within a fungal population. This thesis focuses on Pisolithus-Eucalyptus ectomycorrhizas as a model system and exploits intraspecific variation in Pisolithus to investigate changes in protein biosynthesis during ectomycorrhizal formation. The Pisolithus-Eucalyptus symbiosis is well suited to such a study as both symbionts grow rapidly in vitro and ectomycorrhizas are produced within days. The taxonomy of the genus Pisolithus is currently unclear. Thus, before selecting isolates for developmental studies it was necessary to classify available isolates. One hundred isolates of Pisolithus, predominantly collected within Australia, were assessed and found to vary greatly in basidiocarp and basidiospore morphology and culture characteristics. These isolates were also classified according to separation of soluble polypeptides using one dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (lD-SDS-PAGE). This technique resulted in groups that corresponded to host species and geographic location. Subsequently, 20 Pisolithus isolates, covering a range of hosts, basidiocarp types and geographic locations were compared on their ability to form mycorrhiza in vitro with Eucalyptus grandis and to stimulate seedling growth in vivo. There was a large variation between isolates in the rate of mycorrhizal development ranging from incompatible to very aggressive. In vivo observations of growth stimulation of E. grandis, under conditions of limiting phosphorus, were positively correlated to the extent of mycorrhizal development in vitro. Isolates of differing aggressiveness were then selected to examine early changes in protein biosynthesis during ectomycorrhizal development. This study was facilitated by the development of a simple and reproducible in vitro system to rapidly produce eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. The seedlings germinated and grew in the presence of fungal exudates resulting in a two fold increase in the emergence of lateral root tips compared to seedlings germinated separately and challenged later. In addition, the lateral root tips of inoculated seedlings emerged closer to the primary root apex. The differentiation of ectomycorrhizas was followed by examining lateral tips basipetally along a single primary root. Protein biosynthesis was examined over a time sequence (pre-contact to 8 days after contact) using 2D-PAGE of proteins labelled by in vivo incorporation of [35S] radiolabelled amino acids. For compatible isolates, ectomycorrhizal development was accompanied by an apparent loss of plant polypeptides, differential accumulation of some fungal polypeptides and the emergence of symbiosis-specific polypeptides. The accumulation of fungal polypeptides was more rapid than expected from the fungal biomass. Protein biosynthesis with the incompatible isolate was unaltered and roots sampled at 8 days had the same 2D-PAGE profile as an artificial mix of protein from non-inoculated seedlings and fungal hyphre. The rate of accumulation of fungal proteins was dependent upon the aggressiveness of the isolate. In order to relate the changes in protein biosynthesis more closely to the developmental stage of the ectomycorrhizas, protein biosynthesis was related to primary root age by dividing the primary root into 10 mm segments. As the age of the primary root segment increased, so did the age of ectomycorrhizallateral tips which had emerged on that segment. The youngest segment of the primary root, which included the primary root apex, produced a biosynthesis profile very similar to that of non-inoculated roots. By contrast, the older segments of the primary root, produced a biosynthesis profile very similar to that of the free-living hyphre. Thus, the changes in protein biosynthesis along the primary root were similar to those observed during the time sequence except that abundant plant polypeptides were restricted to the youngest segment. It was concluded that, the domination of the fungal partner in the biosynthesis of developing ectomycorrhizas is probably a consequence of stimulated fungal growth and a corresponding decrease in plant meristematic activity. In both experiments, the major changes in protein biosynthesis were observed in a group of acid polypeptides, of fungal origin, found between 29 and 37 kDa which constituted about 50% of protein biosynthesis in fully developed ectornycorrhizas. These polypeptides f1rst appeared at contact and increased during ectomycorrhizal formation. Fractionation of total soluble protein into cell wall, membrane, soluble cytoplasmic and secreted fractions, revealed that some of these acid polypeptides were bound to the cell membrane whilst others are associated with the cell wall or secreted into the external medium of free-living cultures. Some isomers which were stimulated in ectomycorrhizas were also present in free-living hyphre grown at high glucose levels, suggesting that the expression of these polypeptides could be constitutive in response to increased carbohydrate activity at the root surface. However, other isomers were more highly expressed in the ectomycorrhizas. These polypeptides are potentially involved in recognition, attachment and the formation of the extracellular matrix of the mantle. The role of this polypeptide group was less significant in mature ectomycorrhizas, further supporting their role in the formation of the symbiosis rather than in its functioning. In conclusion, fungal protein biosynthesis is dominant during the early stages of ectomycorrhizal development. Secreted proteins, either bound to the cell wall or free, play an important role in determining success of symbiosis, and the rapid stimulation of these fungal proteins is indicative of a compatible association. To pinpoint the exact stage of induction of these proteins, individual inoculated tips ranging in development from pre-contact to maturity must be examined. This can be facilitated by the purification of specific proteins and the raising of antibodies to be used in immunolocalization or to probe for corresponding eDNA's.

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Mursidawati, Sofi. "Mycorrhizal association, propagation and conservation of the myco-heterotrophic orchid Rhizanthella gardneri." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0014.

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Many orchids require mycorrhizal symbioses with fungi for their development and survival. Rhizanthella gardneri the Western Australian underground orchid is associated with the companion plant Melaleuca uncinata and its ectomycorrhizal fungus symbiont. Much less is known about the habitat requirements of its sister species, R. slateri, which occurs in Eastern Australia. The absence of chlorophyll from Rhizanthella gardneri and R. slateri results in total dependency on associations with fungal symbionts. Many ecological and biological aspects of these fascinating orchids remained poorly known, including the identity of the fungal associates and the nature of their tripartite associations with Rhizanthella and Melaleuca. Extremely high specificity of these mycorrhizal relationships is likely to be the most important factor explaining the highly specific habitat requirements of underground orchids. The purpose of this study was to conduct further investigations of the role of the mycorrhizal associations of Australian underground orchids by identifying the fungi involved in these associations, optimising their growth in sterile culture and devising efficient means for synthesising their tripartite associations with R. gardneri and M. uncinata. In total, 16 isolates of fungi were successfully obtained from the two underground orchids and used in a series of experiments to understand both the nature of the fungi and their relationship with orchids. The identity of these fungi was established by using conventional morphological and molecular methods. Cultural and morphological studies revealed that all isolates from R. gardneri and R. slateri were binucleate rhizoctonias with affinities to members of the genus Ceratobasidium. However, the teleomorph state that was observed from the R. slateri symbiont during this study more closely resembled a Thanatephorus species. Further identification using ITS sequence comparisons confirmed that mycorrhizal fungi of Rhizanthella belonged to the Rhizoctonia alliance with relatives that include Thanatephorus, Ceratobasidium, or Rhizoctonia from other continents with over 90% similarity. Most of these related fungi are known as plant pathogens, but some were orchid mycorrhizal fungi. However, the isolates from the two underground orchids were most closely related to each other and formed a discrete group relative to other known members of the Rhizoctonia alliance. Sterile culture experiments determined culture media preferences for mycorrhizal fungi from Rhizanthella and other orchids. A fully defined sterile culture medium designed to more closely resemble Australian soil conditions was formulated. This new medium was compared to undefined media containing oats or yeast extract and recommendations for growth of these fungi are provided. The undefined media based on oats provided the best growth of most fungi, but the new Australian soil media was also effective at growing most orchid mycorrhizal fungi and this fully defined media was less prone to contamination and should provide more reproducible results. A comparison of three methods for inoculating M. uncinata with the underground orchid fungi resulted in the production and characterisation of ectomycorrhizal roots and hyphae formed by fungi isolated from R. gardneri and R. slateri. These underground orchid fungi could easily be distinguished from other mycorrhizal fungi (caused by airborne contamination) by the characteristic appearance of these roots and hyphae. A new system for growing and observing tripartite mycorrhizal associations was devised using pots with side viewing windows and the use of transparent seed packets to contain Rhizanthella seeds. This method allowed all the stages of seed germination to be observed in the glasshouse, culminating in the production of underground orchid rhizomes. Seed germination was only successful when seed was placed directly over active M. uncinata ectomycorrhizas confirmed to belong to the correct fungus by microscopic observations through the side of window pots. The importance of these new scientific discoveries concerning the biology and ecology of the underground orchids and their associated fungi for the recovery of these critically endangered orchids are discussed.

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Chuyong, George Bindeh. "Nutrient cycling in ectomycorrhizal legume-dominated forest in Korup National Park, Cameroon." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2640.

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Patterns and rates of nutrient input to the forest floor in litterfall, throughfall and stemflow were investigated in plots of low and high abundance of ectomycorrhizal species. The aim of the study was to examine the comparative advantage of the ectomycorrhizal species in nutrient acquisition and cycling on nutrient-poor soils in Korup. Litterfall was similar in both forests with annual estimates of 9.00 and 8.33 t ha-1 yr-1 for LEM and HEM forests respectively. Litterfall distribution followed a mono-modal pattern, with peaks in the dry season in both forests and the HEM forest showing stronger seasonality. The concentrations N, K and Ca in total litterfall were higher in the LEM forest while those of P and Mg were higher in the HEM forest. The bulk of nutrients in total litterfall was in leaf litter with the reproductive fractions having the highest concentrations of nutrients. Ectomycorrhizal species showed lesser internal redistribution of nutrients than non-ectomycorrhizal species which resulted in their higher leaf litter concentrations of nutrients. Breakdown of litter was relatively faster in the LEM forest with an annual decomposition constant (KL) of 3.21 compared to 2.43 for the HEM forest. The reproductive fractions had relatively higher annual decomposition constants of 8.20 and 4.27 in the LEM and HEM forests respectively compared to the other fractions. The overall element mobility in decomposing leaf litter was similar in both forests and in the following order: Mg>K>Ca>P>N. Mineralization of N, P and K in the decomposing leaf litter was similar in both forests and higher in the HEM forest for Mg and Ca. Throughfall was 96.6% and 92.4%, and stemflow 1.5% and 2.2%, of gross rainfall in LEM and HEM forests respectively. Considerable amounts of Ca, Mg and P were brought to the forest canopy in gross rainfall (24-45% of total input through this route) with higher amounts of K and Ca leached from plant parts by the rainwater. The amounts of P, K and Ca in stemflow and throughfall were of the same magnitude in both forests with the enhancement of N slightly higher in the LEM forest and Mg in the HEM forest.

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Antunes, L?dia Alves. "Toler?ncia de isolados de Pisolithus sp. a cupinicidas." UFVJM, 2016. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1321.

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?rea de concentra??o: Produ??o vegetal.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
A imers?o de mudas de eucalipto em solu??es de cupinicidas antes do plantio pode influenciar o desempenho de programas de inocula??o com fungos ectomicorr?zicos (FEM) em viveiros comerciais, pois estes inseticidas podem interferir na simbiose. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toler?ncia de isolados de Pisolithus sp. aos cupinicidas thiamethoxam, imidacloprid e fipronil. Discos de 5 mm de meio de cultura com mic?lio dos isolados D5, D17, D95, D216, D29, D10, D15, C9C, C16 e C13 de Pisolithus sp. foram pr?-imersos em solu??es com 3 g L-1 de thiamethoxam, 7,5 g L-1 imidacloprid e 7,5 g L-1 de fipronil. Ap?s este procedimento foram colocados para crescer por 10 dias em meio de cultura Melin-Norkrans modificado (MNM). Os cupinicidas foram avaliados em experimentos independentes. Em outra s?rie de experimentos, discos 5 mm dos isolados D5, D10 e D216 foram colocados para crescer por 20 dias em meio de cultura contendo 0 (controle), 0,4; 0,8 e 1,6 g L-1 de thiamethoxam, 3; 6 e 12 g L-1 de imidacloprid e 0 (controle); 3; 6 e 12 g L-1 de fipronil. O efeito dos cupinicidas sobre fungos ectomicorr?zicos foi dependente do isolado, do princ?pio ativo, do tempo de exposi??o e da concentra??o do cupinicida. Os isolados mais tolerantes a pr?-imers?o do mic?lio nos cupinicidas foram o C9C para o thiamethoxam, o D15 para o imidacloprid e o D10 para o fipronil. Os tr?s cupinicidas foram t?xicos aos isolados de Pisolithus sp. quando estes foram adicionados ao meio de cultura. Em geral, thiamethoxam foi o menos t?xico para os isolados de Pisolithus sp..
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016.
The immersion eucalyptus seedlings in termiticides solutions before planting can influence the performance of inoculation programs with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in commercial nurseries, as these insecticides can interfere with symbiosis. Study aimed at assessing the tolerance of Pisolithus sp. isolates to the termiticides thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and fipronil. 5-mm-diameter circular sections of culture medium with the mycelial isolates D5, D17, D95, D216, D29, D10, D15, C9C, C16 and C13 Pisolithus sp. were pre-dipped in solutions with 3 g L-1 of thiamethoxam, 7.5 g L-1, 7.5 g L-1 imidacloprid and fipronil. Next were placed let grow for 10 days through the cultured on modified Melin-Norkrans (MNM) solid medium. The termiticides were through independent testing. In another series of experiments, 5-mm-diameter circular sections of culture medium with the mycelial isolates D5, D10 and D216 were placed let grow for 20 days in solid medium containing 0 (control) 0.4; 0.8 and 1.6 g L-1 thiamethoxam 3; 6; 12 g L-1 of imidacloprid and 0 (control); 3; 6; 12 g L-1 fipronil. The effect of termiticides on ectomycorrhizal fungi was dependent of isolated, of active ingredient, of exposure time and concentration of termiticide. The most tolerant isolates the pre-soaking the mycelium in termiticides were C9C for thiamethoxam, the D15 for imidacloprid and D10 for fipronil. The three termiticides were toxic to isolates Pisolithus sp. when they were added to the culture medium. In general, thiamethoxam was less toxic to isolates Pisolithus sp.

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Books on the topic "Ectomycorrhizas"

1

K, Ingleby, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, and Natural Environment Research Council (Great Britain), eds. Identification of ectomycorrhizas. London: HMSO, 1990.

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Palfner, Götz. Taxonomische Studien an Ektomykorrhizen aus den Nothofagus-Wäldern Mittelsüdchiles. Berlin: J. Cramer, 2001.

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Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), ed. The importance and conservation of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in forest ecosystems: Lessons from Europe and the Pacific northwest. [Portland, Or.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1998.

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O'Neill, Cathy. An evaluation of in vitro methods for the production of ectomycorrhizal fungus inoculum. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1995.

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Dennis, J. J. Effect of pH and temperature on in vitro growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Victoria, B.C: Pacific Forestry Centre, 1985.

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6

Ramstedt, Mauritz. Physiology of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Piloderma croceum, with special emphasis on mannitol metabolism. Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1985.

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Marx, Donald H. Development of pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae on loblolly pine seedlings from spores sprayed at different times and rates. Asheville, N.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1990.

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Marx, Donald H. Development of pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae on loblolly pine seedlings from spores sprayed at different times and rates. Asheville, N.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1990.

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Smith, Matthew E. Tuberculate ectomycorrhizae of angiosperms: The interaction between Boletus rubropunctus (Boletaceae) and Quercus species (Fagaceae) in the United States and Mexico. [Saint Louis, Mo.]: [Botanical Society of America], 2009.

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E, Harvey A., and Intermountain Research Station (Ogden, Utah), eds. Distribution of active ectomycorrhizal short roots in forest soils of the inland Northwest: Effects of site and disturbance. [Ogden, Utah]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ectomycorrhizas"

1

Natarajan, K., and V. Mohan. "Identification of Ectomycorrhizas." In Techniques in Mycorrhizal Studies, 167–200. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3209-3_9.

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Read, D. J. "Ectomycorrhizas in the Ecosystem." In Biotechnology of Ectomycorrhizae, 1–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1889-1_1.

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Dahlberg, A. "Somatic Incompatibility in Ectomycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza, 115–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_6.

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Dahlberg, A. "Somatic Incompatibility in Ectomycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza, 111–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03779-9_5.

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Botton, B., and M. Chalot. "Nitrogen Assimilation: Enzymology in Ectomycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza, 325–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_15.

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Guttenberger, M. "The Protein Complement of Ectomycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza, 59–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_4.

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Botton, B., and M. Chalot. "Nitrogen Assimilation: Enzymology in Ectomycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza, 333–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03779-9_14.

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Okabe, Hiroaki. "Dynamics of Ectomycorrhizas and Actinorhizal Associations." In Diversity and Interaction in a Temperate Forest Community, 273–84. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-67879-3_21.

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Pickles, B. J., D. Genney, I. J. Alexander, and I. C. Anderson. "Spatial Ecology of Ectomycorrhizas: Analytical Strategies." In Mycorrhizas - Functional Processes and Ecological Impact, 155–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87978-7_11.

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Nehls, U., and I. Bodendiek. "7 Carbohydrates Exchange Between Symbionts in Ectomycorrhizas." In Fungal Associations, 119–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30826-0_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ectomycorrhizas"

1

Wang, Meiyuan, Baoshan Yang, Hui Wang, Yidan Zhu, Xinlei Cao, and Yingrui Yuan. "Functioning Mechanisms of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Ectomycorrhiza Associated with Plant in the Tolerance to Heavy Metal Toxicity." In IEEA 2020: 2020 The 9th International Conference on Informatics, Environment, Energy and Applications. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3386762.3386776.

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Balogh-Brunstad, Zsuzsanna. "PLANT-DRIVEN ECTOMYCORRHIZAL WEATHERING OF SILICATE MINERALS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-322506.

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Yao, Xinni. "Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal on plant stress resistance." In International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science (ICBIOMed2022), edited by Gary Royle and Steven M. Lipkin. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2669029.

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Fan, Yong-jun, Fa-hu Li, Yan-lin Zhao, and Wei Yan. "The preliminary design and implement of ectomycorrhizae digital information retrieval system." In 2012 International Symposium on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itime.2012.6291350.

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Balogh-Brunstad, Zsuzsanna. "MINERAL ALTERATIONS BY ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN RESPONSE TO WATER AND NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-381136.

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Reports on the topic "Ectomycorrhizas"

1

Garrett, H., G. Begonia, and M. Sword. Explorations of mechanisms regulating ectomycorrhizal colonization of boron-fertilized pine. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5624187.

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Garrett, H., and M. Sword. Explorations of mechanisms regulating ectomycorrhizal colonization of boron-fertilized pine. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6960795.

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Garrett, H. E., and M. A. Sword. Explorations of mechanisms regulating ectomycorrhizal colonization of boron-fertilized pine. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6617067.

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Garrett, H., and M. Sword. Explorations of mechanisms regulating ectomycorrhizal colonization of boron-fertilized pine. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6868713.

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Amaranthus, Michael P., Debbie Page-Dumroese, Al Harvey, Efren Cazares, and Larry F. Bednar. Soil compaction and organic matter affect conifer seedling nonmycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal root tip abundance and diversity. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-494.

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Garrett, H. E., G. Begonia, and M. A. Sword. Explorations of mechanisms regulating ectomycorrhizal colonization of boron-fertilized pine: Quarterly report, April 1,1989--June 30, 1989. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6111227.

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Garrett, H. E., G. Begonia, and M. A. Sword. Explorations of mechanisms regulating ectomycorrhizal colonization of boron-fertilized pine: Quarterly report, January 1, 1989--March 31, 1989. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6300861.

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Hiremath, Shiv, Kirsten Lehtoma, and Gopi K. Podila. Identification of a small heat-shock protein associated with a ras-mediated signaling pathway in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-rp-7.

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R.F. Walker, D.W. Johnson, D.R. Geisinger, and J.T. Ball. Growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of ponderosa pine seedlings supplied different levels of atmospheric CO{sub 2} and soil N and P. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/762871.

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