Journal articles on the topic 'Ectomycorrhiza'
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1
Grebenc, Tine, Morten Christensen, Urša Vilhar, Matjaž Čater, María P. Martín, Primož Simončič, and Hojka Kraigher. "Response of ectomycorrhizal community structure to gap opening in natural and managed temperate beech-dominated forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 7 (July 2009): 1375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-072.
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Data on the impact of forest management practices on ectomycorrhizal community structure remains fragmentary and mainly originates from studies in northern coniferous forests. This study focuses on a comparison of ectomycorrhizal communities between canopy gaps and closed canopy areas within natural and managed beech-dominated forests at four locations in Europe. We used high resolution rDNA techniques to identify ectomycorrhiza-forming fungi and attempted to extract potential stand-, gap-, soil-, and selected environmentally derived variables by applying multivariate analysis and ordination for pooling of ecological groups of ectomycorrhiza. A significant reduction of diversity indices, ectomycorrhizal and fine root dynamics, in gaps in comparison with closed canopy stands indicates an effect of forest management practice and the high importance of maintaining and protecting natural forest areas for conservation of soil biodiversity and forest genetic resources. The ordination analysis revealed three groups of ectomycorrhiza correlated with changing environmental conditions. The litter and soil pH, number of beech seedlings, and presence of a gap had a pronounced effect on the ectomycorrhizal community. Combined analysis of ectomycorrhiza and environmental factors using correspondence analysis provided an insight into the ecological preferences of the analysed species and confirmed that environmental factors drive ectomycorrhizal community changes.
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Shafer, S. R., L. F. Grand, R. I. Bruck, and A. S. Heagle. "Formation of ectomycorrhizae on Pinustaeda seedlings exposed to simulated acidic rain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-012.
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Effects of simulated acidic rain on formation of ectomycorrhizae were studied with Pinustaeda seedlings grown in plastic trays in a greenhouse. Trays of ectomycorrhizal seedlings were exposed 37 times over 16 weeks to simulated rains adjusted to pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.2, or 2.4. After exposures, mean percentages of short roots that were mycorrhizal (%M) were greatest (62.2%) for seedlings exposed to rains of pH 2.4. Values of %M exhibited a quadratic relationship with rain acidity (%M = 146.49 − 48.96 (rain pH) + 5.68 (rain pH)2). Values of R/S (root/shoot ratio) were negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with %M. Responses of ecetomycorrhiza formation and associated shoot growth to acidity of simulated rains suggest that rains of intermediate acidity (pH 4.0 and 3.2) inhibited ectomycorrhiza formation, or that increased soil acidity or other factors induced by rains at pH 2.4 enhanced ectomycorrhiza formation.
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Burke, David J., Kendall J. Martin, Paul T. Rygiewicz, and Mary A. Topa. "Relative abundance of ectomycorrhizas in a managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) genetics plantation as determined through terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 6 (June 2006): 924–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-046.
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We examined the relationship between relative abundance of ectomycorrhizas in soil cores determined using morphotype tip counts and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis. Root tips were harvested from a total of 120 soil cores collected from six family plots in a loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) genetics plantation. Tips from each soil core were morphotyped based on physical characteristics, identified through TRFLP and sequence analysis, then pooled to reconstruct the ectomycorrhizal community within that core. The identity and relative abundance of specific ectomycorrhizas in each reconstructed community was then determined using TRFLP analysis of the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA gene. Using TRFLP, we were able to detect 34 ectomycorrhizal phylotypes colonizing roots of loblolly pine. TRFLP peak area was an accurate approximation of the relative number of tips of each ectomycorrhizal type within a soil core. Relative abundance of each ectomycorrhiza as determined by TRFLP was used to describe their distribution in the pine plantation. Although there were no differences found in ectomycorrhizal richness and evenness among the six family plots, the two fertilized plots had generally lower levels of ectomycorrhizal richness and evenness as indicated by rank abundance curves. Our results suggest that TRFLP is a useful tool for describing the occurrence and distribution of ectomycorrhizas in environmental samples.
4
Sagara, Naohiko. "Association of ectomycorrhizal fungi with decomposed animal wastes in forest habitats: a cleaning symbiosis?" Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-406.
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A new tripartite relationship among animals, fungi, and plants, based on formation of ectomycorrhiza and on removal of animal wastes, is described. In forest habitats where animal wastes such as urine or faeces or dead bodies, mainly of mammals, have been deposited, a particular group of fungi form reproductive structures successionally after the apparent decomposition of the wastes. This natural event can be simulated by application to the soil of urea, aqueous ammonia, or nitrogen compounds that release ammonia on decomposition. Both field observations and simulation experiments show that, when these events take place in forests of ectomycorrhizal trees, ectomycorrhizal fungi fruit during the late phase in the succession. Ectomycorrhizas are in fact observed in the soils colonized by these fungi. Among these fungi, Hebeloma spp., Laccaria spp., and a few others colonize commonly in various waste sites, while Hebeloma radicosum colonizes specifically in moles’ deserted middens (latrines) near their nests. The animals involved here as waste depositors or cadavers seem not to feed on the fungi and the plants but may depend on them for cleaning their own habitats, since mycorrhizas should readily remove products derived from wastes. The tripartite relationship described may be viewed as a cleaning symbiosis. Key words: animal waste, ammonia, postputrefaction fungi, Hebeloma, ectomycorrhiza, cleaning symbiosis.
5
Burgess, Treena, and Bernie Dell. "Changes in protein biosynthesis during the differentiation of Pisolithus – Eucalyptus grandis ectomycorrhiza." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-070.
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Protein biosynthesis in Pisolithus – Eucalyptus grandis ectomycorrhiza was related to the stage of ectomycorrhizal development using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins labelled by in vivo incorporation of 35S radiolabelled amino acids. Nineteen-day-old seedlings were radiolabelled and the primary root was divided into 1-cm segments. With increasing distance from the tip of the primary root, the lateral roots developed as follows: segment 1, no lateral tips; segment 2, three lateral tips, 1–4 days old; segment 3, five lateral tips, 3–8 days old; segment 4, five lateral tips, 7–12 days old. Six-day-old ectomycorrhizas were fully formed with a mantle and Hartig net. During ectomycorrhizal development, there was a decrease in all plant proteins and differential accumulation of fungal proteins. The apical segment of the primary root had a biosynthesis profile very similar to that of noninoculated roots. By contrast, the other segments of the primary root, with attached lateral roots, had biosynthesis profiles that were similar to those of the free-living hyphae. Thus, plant biosynthesis was shown to be predominantly associated with the primary root meristem. The domination of the fungal partner in the protein biosynthesis of developing ectomycorrhiza is probably a consequence of stimulated fungal growth and the corresponding decrease in plant meristematic activity. Ectomycorrhizal development was associated with a differential accumulation of fungal polypeptides and the appearance of a group of symbiosis-related acid fungal polypeptides between 27 and 37 kDa. As the polypeptides were present in a similar magnitude throughout ectomycorrhizal development (lateral tips 1–12 days old), it is suggested that they function as structural proteins associated with mantle formation. Keywords: ectomycorrhizal development, Eucalyptus, Pisolithus, protein biosynthesis, symbiosis-related polypeptides.
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Hung, Ling-Ling L., and Randy Molina. "Use of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccarialaccata in forestry. III. Effects of commercially produced inoculum on container-grown Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 4 (August 1, 1986): 802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-142.
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Inoculation of container-grown Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedlings with vegetative inoculum of Laccarialaccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br., prepared by Sylvan Spawn Laboratory, yielded ectomycorrhizae in a research greenhouse experiment; however, in two container nurseries, ectomycorrhizae were observed only on inoculated Douglas-fir seedlings. Successfully colonized seedlings had more short roots than did the controls. The percentage of L. laccata ectomycorrhizae increased with increasing inoculation rates. Inoculation rate for best seedling growth and ectomycorrhiza formation differed between nurseries. Inoculation at an "optimal" rate resulted in quality seedlings and abundant ectomycorrhiza formation at each nursery. Inoculation of Douglas-fir with L. laccata in a commercial nursery application is feasible.
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Febriani, Wiwin, Melya Riniarti, and Surnayanti Surnayanti. "Penggunaan Berbagai Media Tanam dan Inokulasi Spora Untuk Meningkatkan Kolonisasi Ektomikoriza dan Pertumbuhan Shorea javanica." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 5, no. 3 (July 31, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl3587-94.
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Media is a decisive factor to succed the ectomycorrhizal colonization and plant growth. This study aimed to get the best planting media to increase ectomycorrhizal colonization and growth of Shorea javanica. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for four months. The experimental designed by randomized complete design with four treatments upon the planting media: soil, sand, husk and cocopeat. Ectomycorrhiza given as spore suspension (Scleroderma columnare) of 20 ml each plant. Data were analyzed using the Bartlett test to determine homogeneity of variance followed by analysis of variance and LSD. The results shown that the sand provides the best results compared to another media to form ectomycorrhiza colonization; while sand and soil were the best media to support the growth of S. javanica with inoculation of S. Columnare. Keyword : colonization, ectomycorrhiza, Shorea javanica, planting media
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Laurent, Pascal, Catherine Voiblet, Denis Tagu, Dulcinéia de Carvalho, Uwe Nehls, Roberta De Bellis, Raffaella Balestrini, Guy Bauw, Paola Bonfante, and Francis Martin. "A Novel Class of Ectomycorrhiza-Regulated Cell Wall Polypeptides in Pisolithus tinctorius." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, no. 10 (October 1999): 862–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.10.862.
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Development of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis leads to the aggregation of fungal hyphae to form the mantle. To identify cell surface proteins involved in this developmental step, changes in the biosynthesis of fungal cell wall proteins were examined in Eucalyptus globulus-Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizas by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enhanced synthesis of several immunologically related fungal 31- and 32-kDa polypeptides, so-called symbiosis-regulated acidic polypeptides (SRAPs), was observed. Peptide sequences of SRAP32d were obtained after trypsin digestion. These peptides were found in the predicted sequence of six closely related fungal cDNAs coding for ectomycorrhiza up-regulated transcripts. The PtSRAP32 cDNAs represented about 10% of the differentially expressed cDNAs in ectomycorrhiza and are predicted to encode alanine-rich proteins of 28.2 kDa. There are no sequence homologies between SRAPs and previously identified proteins, but they contain the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif found in cell-adhesion proteins. SRAPs were observed on the hyphal surface by immunoelectron microscopy. They were also found in the host cell wall when P. tinctorius attached to the root surface. RNA blot analysis showed that the steady-state level of PtSRAP32 transcripts exhibited a drastic up-regulation when fungal hyphae form the mantle. These results suggest that SRAPs may form part of a cell-cell adhesion system needed for aggregation of hyphae in ectomycorrhizas.
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Shrestha, Sabitri, Tilak Prasad Gautam, Tej Narayan Mandal, and Hari Prasad Aryal. "Ecology and Diversity of Ectomycorrhiza in moist Tropical Forest of Sunsari District, Eastern Nepal." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 26, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v26i1.37815.
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An ectomycorrhiza plays a vital role in the maintenance and strengthening the forest ecosystems and diversity. This study attempts to assess the ecology and diversity of ectomycorrhiza in tropical Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) forest in Sunsari district, eastern Nepal. The collection of ectomycorrhiza was carried out from June to September (rainy season) for the year 2019-2020. A total of 18 species of ectomycorrhiza belonging to 12 genera and 7 families were collected. Russulaceae was found to be the dominant family representing 7 species. As per the diversity indices, the Shannon Weiner index and Simpson’s index were found to be 2.60 and 0.913, respectively indicating a higher value for the index of diversity. The results conclude that the moist tropical forest of Sunsari district is rich in ectomycorrhizal fungi, which consequently may provide a great opportunity for nutrient absorption
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Ronikier, Michał, and Piotr Mleczko. "Observations on the mycorrhizal status of Polygonum viviparum in the Polish Tatra Mts. (Western Carpathians)." Acta Mycologica 41, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2006.023.
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<em>Polygonum viviparum</em> is one of very few herbaceous plants known to form ectomycorrhiza; in the Tatra Mts. it is one of dominants in the alpine zone, but also descends down to the feet of the massif. Specimens of this plant were collected from 5 sites at the altitude range 900– 2150 m, from granite and limestone. It allowed an estimation of the ectomycorrhizal diversity as well as preliminary ecological observations. Roots were also stained in order to check potential presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. Ectomycorrhizae were present in all specimens (with 2–5 morphotypes observed on single plants). In total, 17 morphotypes were observed and briefly described. The most widespread were the mycorrhiza of <em>Cenococcum geophilum<em> and a brightly coloured morphotype resembling the ectomycorrhizae of <em>Russula</em> sp. No important differences in ectomycorrhizal colonization between low and high localities were found. Observed general differences in abundance and diversity of mycorrhiza in <em>P. viviparum</em> between sites could most probably be connected with plant community composition (presence/absence of ectomycorrhizal shrubs maintaining ectomycorrhizal fungi), although mycorrhizae were present also in sites devoid of other ectomycorrhizal plants. Structures associated to arbuscular colonization (vesicles, hyphal coils) were occassionally observed, but without formation of arbuscules.
11
van der Heijden, EW, and M. Vosatka. "Mycorrhizal associations of Salix repens L. communities in succession of dune ecosystems. II. Mycorrhizal dynamics and interactions of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 12 (February 20, 2000): 1833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-178.
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Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations of Salix repens were studied at 16 sites in different successional stages of dune ecosystems (calcareous-acidic, dry-wet) in the Netherlands. High EcM colonization, low AM colonization, and lack of differences between habitats indicate that ectomycorrhizas do not increase their importance in later successional stages. EcM and AM colonization and plant-nutrient status indicate that the relative importance of P and N does not change during succession, but during seasons. Salix repens showed low levels of AM colonization but, nevertheless, even these low levels contributed to covering the P demands of the plant. As a decrease in AM colonization in S. repens at the end of the season coincided with a decrease in AM inoculum potential, the seasonal decline of arbuscular mycorrhiza is caused by changes in plant demand or soil nutrient availability rather than by interference by ectomycorrhiza. Regardless of seasonal shifts and possible interaction between ectomycorrhiza and arbuscular mycorrhiza, both persist in the plant roots during seasons and throughout succession. Differences in the habitat preference of various EcM morphotypes and arbuscular mycorrhiza suggest that mycorrhizal diversity contributes to the broad ecological amplitude of S. repens.
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Hauer, Richard, and Jeffrey Dawson. "Growth and Iron Sequestering of Pin Oak (Quercus Palustris) Seedlings Inoculated with Soil Containing Ectomycorrhizal Fungi." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 22, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1996.019.
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Ectomycorrhiza formation, biomass production, and iron accumulation were determined for pin oak (Quercus palustris) seedlings grown for 2 years in acidic (5.5 pH) or alkaline (7.5 pH) media and inoculated with soil from 1 of 3 sites: 1) a native pin oak forest, 2) an urban site with chlorotic pin oak trees, or 3) an urban site with non-chlorotic pin oak trees. Ectomycorrhiza formation on pin oak roots was similar for soil inocula from all 3 sites, similar for both pH treatments, and lacking on non-ectomycorrhizal seedlings that had been inoculated with autoclaved soil. Seedling biomass was greater in the acidic medium than the alkaline medium. Inoculated seedlings in the alkaline treatment had greater biomass than uninfected control seedlings inoculated with autoclaved soil in the alkaline treatment. The mean iron concentration of seedlings grown in the acidic medium (54.3 ppm) was significantly greater than that of seedlings grown in the alkaline medium (48.7 ppm). Inoculated seedlings had similar mean leaf iron concentrations despite pH differences (49.3 ppm under acidic conditions and 52.7 ppm under alkaline conditions). Mean leaf iron concentration was lowest for the uninoculated seedlings in alkaline medium (44.8 ppm), suggesting that ectomycorrhizae contribute to iron accumulation in pin oak under alkaline soil conditions. Results indicate that ectomycorrhizae influence both growth and iron sequestering under iron-limiting conditions and that some urban soils harbor infective pin oak eetomycorrhizal fungi.
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Martin, F., P. Laurent, D. de Carvalho, T. Burgess, P. Murphy, U. Nehls, and D. Tagu. "Fungal gene expression during ectomycorrhiza formation." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-294.
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Ectomycorrhiza development involves the differentiation of structurally specialized fungal tissues (e.g., mantle and Hartig net) and an interface between symbionts. Polypeptides presenting a preferential, up-, or down-regulated synthesis have been characterized in several developing ectomycorrhizal associations. Their spatial and temporal expressions have been characterized by cell fractionation, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunochemical assays in the Eucalyptus spp. – Pisolithus tinctorius mycorrhizas. These studies have emphasized the importance of fungal cell wall polypeptides during the early stages of the ectomycorrhizal interaction. The increased synthesis of 30- to 32-kDa acidic polypeptides, together with the decreased accumulation of a prominent 95-kDa mannoprotein provided evidence for major alterations of Pisolithus tinctorius cell walls during mycorrhiza formation. Differential cDNA library screening and shotgun cDNA sequencing were used to clone symbiosis-regulated fungal genes. Several abundant transcripts showed a significant amino acid sequence similarity to a family of secreted morphogenetic fungal proteins, the so-called hydrophobic. In P. tinctorius, the content of hydrophobin transcripts is high in aerial hyphae and during the ectomycorrhizal sheath formation. Alteration of cell walls and the extracellular matrix is therefore a key event in the ectomycorrhiza development. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlies the temporal and spatial control of genes and proteins involved in the development of the symbiotic interface is now within reach, as more sophisticated techniques of molecular and genetic analysis are applied to the mycorrhizal interactions. Key words: cell walls, ectomycorrhiza, ectomycorrhizins, fungal development, hydrophobins, symbiosis-regulated polypeptides.
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Wurzburger, Nina, Martin I. Bidartondo, and Caroline S. Bledsoe. "Characterization of Pinus ectomycorrhizas from mixed conifer and pygmy forests using morphotyping and molecular methods." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-079.
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We used morphotyping and molecular methods to characterize ectomycorrhizas of bishop pine (Pinus muricata D. Don) and Bolander pine (Pinus contorta ssp. bolanderi (Parl.) Critchf.) from mixed conifer and hydric pygmy forests on the northern California coast. Sixteen ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were described, producing 15 internal transcribed spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism (ITS-RFLP) types, and 12 were identified via ITS sequencing. From a given site, all root tips of a specific morphotype produced identical ITS-RFLP patterns. However, sometimes two morphotypes produced the same ITS-RFLP type, and sometimes samples of the same morphotype from two different sites produced two different ITS-RFLP types. These results indicate that surveys of ectomycorrhizal fungi based on morphology alone are not sufficient, and that grouping morphotypes prior to molecular analysis can expedite the process. Ectomycorrhizas from mixed conifer included Russuloid sp., Tomentella sublilacina (Ellis & Holw.) Wakef., Tuber sp., and two Thelephoroid species. Ectomycorrhizas from hydric pygmy included two Dermocybe spp., a Cortinarius sp., two Thelephoroid spp., and Suillus tomentosus (Kauffman) Singer. Both plant communities contained Cenococcum geophilum Fr.:Fr. The hydric pygmy sites were more similar to each other than to the mixed conifer site (Jaccard similarity). The presence of ectomycorrhizal taxa in one plant community type may reflect biotic (host specificity) or abiotic (soil fertility or hydrology) adaptation.Key words: ectomycorrhiza, bishop pine, Pinus muricata, Bolander pine, Pinus contorta ssp. bolanderi, morphotyping, ITS-RFLP.
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Kranabetter, J. M. "The effect of refuge trees on a paper birch ectomycorrhiza community." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 10 (January 18, 2000): 1523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-132.
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Live trees within forest disturbances could support refugia populations of ectomycorrhizae fungi from which to reestablish ectomycorrhiza communities during forest succession. The effectiveness of refuge paper birch trees (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) in maintaining a forest ectomycorrhiza community on birch seedlings, both in clearcuts and forests, in northwest British Columbia was examined. Seedlings next to refuge birch trees in clearcuts had equal levels of average morphotype richness and eveness as seedlings next to mature birch trees in forests. Seedlings outside of the rooting zone of refuge trees had significantly less average morphotype richness in both clearcuts and forests, decreasing by 38 and 15%, respectively. The ectomycorrhiza communities were also more unique (lower community similarity) next to refuge trees than for seedlings away from refuge trees, especially in clearcuts. These treatment effects could be explained by differences in the ability to disperse and establish between early-stage, multi-stage, and late-stage ectomycorrhiza fungi. The results suggest refuge trees would be effective in forest management as sources of inocula for multi-stage and late-stage fungi.
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Berliner, Ruhama, and John G. Torrey. "Studies on mycorrhizal associations in Harvard Forest, Massachusetts." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 2245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-287.
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An estimate was made of the abundance of different types of mycorrhizal associations in two plant communities of conifers and hardwoods in the Harvard Forest. Lists of plant species, the coverage of their foliage in the canopy and understorey layers, and the types of mycorrhizal associations for 45 species common in these communities are presented. Of the species examined, 91 % were mycorrhizal, representing most of the known major types, viz. ectomycorrhiza, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM), ericoid, and monotropoid mycorrhiza. Of the 45 species studied, 22% of the species showed ectomycorrhizal, and 71 % VAM associations. A direct spore count was a more reliable method than the most probable number method for determining VAM occurrence in the soil. Spore numbers ranged from 4.4 to 11.8 spores/g oven-dried soil. In conifer stands, ectomycorrhizae were most common, although VAM were also observed in the conifer species. In hardwood stands, VAM were more frequent than in conifer stands, but mycorrhizae were heterogeneous and included a good proportion of the ericoid type. Ectomycorrhizae were more common in communities of low diversity; VAM occurred more frequently in communities of high plant species diversity.
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Miller, Steven L., Therese M. McClean, Nancy L. Stanton, and Stephen E. Williams. "Mycorrhization, physiognomy, and first-year survivability of conifer seedlings following natural fire in Grand Teton National Park." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x97-195.
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Ectomycorrhiza formation, survivability, and physiognomic characteristics were assessed for conifer seedlings encountered 1 and 2 years postfire in the Huck burn site near Grand Teton National Park. Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. germinated and was abundant throughout the first growing season. Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. germinated during May and June but was rarely encountered by September. First-year survivorship of P. contorta seedlings was about 50% for east-facing burn and edge and west-facing burn treatments. Mortality was higher in the west-facing edge treatment at about 64%. Pinus contorta seedlings collected in July and August had allocated approximately 75% more biomass to epicotyl production than to hypocotyl production, whereas by September seedlings had allocated 30-50% of their biomass to hypocotyls, regardless of site or treatment. Few or no ectomycorrhizae were formed until September. By September 100% of surviving seedlings were ectomycorrhizal. The number of ectomycorrhizae was positively correlated with the number of primary needles and the root/shoot ratio. These results highlight the importance of mycorrhizae to conifer seedling survival during the initial growing season and point to alteration of carbon allocation as a primary mechanism affecting seedling survival.
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Massicotte, H. B., R. L. Peterson, and A. E. Ashford. "Ontogeny of Eucalyptus pilularis – Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae. I. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1927–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-264.
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Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. seedlings were grown in growth pouches and inoculated with the broad host range ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch. External morphology and internal structure of all stages of ectomycorrhiza formation on first-order and second-order laterals were studied. The morphology of the ectomycorrhiza is dependent on the stage of lateral root development at the time of colonization by fungal hyphae. Emerging lateral roots are colonized by hyphae originating from the inner mantle of the parent root. The Hartig net does not spread internally from the parent root to the lateral root. All primary tissues of mycorrhizal lateral roots are differentiated close to the apical meristem. The epidermal cells undergo a marked increased in radial growth instead of the usual elongation in the axial plane. The hypodermis is a barrier to the penetration of hyphae so that Hartig net formation is paradermal only. Older portions of ectomycorrhizal roots show a degeneration of the epidermis, hypodermis, and cortex excluding the endodermis, and a proliferation of hyphae in these senescing tissues.
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Gorfer, Markus, Mika T. Tarkka, Mubashir Hanif, Alejandro G. Pardo, Erja Laitiainen, and Marjatta Raudaskoski. "Characterization of Small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac and the Relationship Between Cdc42 and Actin Cytoskeleton in Vegetative and Ectomycorrhizal Hyphae of Suillus bovinus." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 2 (February 2001): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.2.135.
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This work reports the isolation and molecular characterization of CDC42 and RAC1 cDNAs from the ectomycorrhiza forming filamentous homobasidiomycete Suillus bovinus. Previously, no RAC gene was described from filamentous fungi and no CDC42 gene was described from homobasidiomycetes. Southern hybridization with SbCDC42 and SbRAC1 cDNAs indicated that the S. bovinus genome contains only one CDC42 and one RAC1 gene. The predicted amino acid sequence of SbRac1p is 77% identical with the Rac1B protein of chick, whereas SbCdc42p is most identical with Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cdc42p, showing 88% identity. In the predicted amino acid sequences of SbRac1p and SbCdc42p, the five guanine nucleotide binding regions, switch I and II, and the effector domain are highly identical to those known in other small GTPases. These domain structures suggest that in S. bovinus, SbRac1p and SbCdc42p function as molecular switches regulating the organization of actin cytoskeleton, similar to yeasts and mammals. SbRAC1 and SbCDC42 were expressed in vegetative and ectomycorrhizal hyphae, and SbCdc42p was detected in ectomycorrhiza-forming hyphae if growth and differentiation of the symbiotic hyphae took place. Cdc42p and actin were localized at the tips of S. bovinus vegetative hyphae. Similar to yeast, in filamentous fungi Cdc42p may be necessary to maintain the actin cytoskeleton at hyphal tips, making the polarized growth of the hyphae possible. In developing ectomycorrhiza, Cdc42p and actin were visualized in association with plasma membrane in swollen cells typical to the symbiotic hyphae. The role of Cdc42p and actin in regulation of the growth pattern and morphogenesis of ectomycorrhizal hyphae is discussed.
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Kusuma, Andreas, Melya Riniarti, and Surnayanti Surnayanti. "The Additional of Soil Conditioner Substances to Accelerate Ectomycorrhiza Colonization and Growth of Shorea javanica." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 6, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1617-24.
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Shorea javanica is family of Dipterocarpacae that could associate with ectomycorrhiza. Ectomycorrhiza colonization were influenced by many factors, such as the soil condition. The purpose of this research were to know the proper concentration of soil conditioner substances to increase growth and accelerate ectomycorrhiza colonization process. This research was done in May to August 2016 by using Randomized Complete Design. Ectomycorrhiza used was suspension spore of Scleroderma columnare 20 ml/polybag. With different treatment of the concentration of Bio-Nature 50 (BN50) addition and given as much as 20 ml / polybag which were a) no added ectomycorrhiza and BN50, b) added ectomycorrhiza inoculum, c) added ectomycorrhiza inoculum and 0,1 % BN50, d) added ectomycorrhiza inoculum and 0,2 % BN50, and e) added ectomycorrhiza inoculum with 0,3.% BN50. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Least Significant Difference test. The experimantal results showed that additional 0,1 % concentration of BN50 could increase growth of S. javanica. The additional of BN50 0,1 %, 0,2 % and 0,3 % in the media that have been inoculated give equally good results in accelerated ectomycorrhiza colonization on root system of S. javanica. Key words : Bio-Nature 50, ectomycorrhiza, Scleroderma columnare, Shorea javanica, soil conditioner.
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Kranabetter, J. M., S. Hayden, and E. F. Wright. "A comparison of ectomycorrhiza communities from three conifer species planted on forest gap edges." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 8 (November 21, 1999): 1193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-109.
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We examined the ectomycorrhiza communities on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt) seedlings planted together on mature-forest edges in northwestern British Columbia. We examined 32 seedlings of each tree species, grouped by pairs along the north and south edges of eight gaps. We found 74 morphotypes in total, with an average of 52 morphotypes per tree species. Morphotypes with emanating hyphae or strands made up 60% of the overall ectomycorrhiza community. Multihost fungi averaged almost 60% of total morphotypes in species comparisons, although some of the multihost fungi appeared to have tree host preferences. The average community similarity, based on morphotype abundance, was 52% between conifer species, and 37% for morphotypes with emanating hyphae or strands. Within planted groups, between seedlings 1-2 m apart, community similarity ranged from 2 to 40% for morphotypes with emanating hyphae or strands. In mature, mixed forests, the infrequent occurrence of many multihost ectomycorrhizae created a wide range in the probability of hyphal linkages between neighboring seedlings.Key words: ectomycorrhizae, community similarity, multiple host, host specificity, Pinus contorta, Picea glauca, Abies lasiocarpa
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Rao, C. S., G. D. Sharma, and A. K. Shukla. "Distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure stands of different age groups of Pinus kesiya." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-012.
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A study on ectomycorrhizae and mycorrhizal fungi of Pinus kesiya (Royle ex Gordon) in 2-, 4-, 11-, and 17-year-old pine plantations was carried out. Thirteen mycorrhizal fungi forming ectomycorrhiza with khasi pine were observed. Diversity index of mycorrhizal fungi was directly proportional to the age of the pine stand. The maximum number of fungal species was observed in the oldest stand. Evenness of the sheathing mycorrhizal fungi was also increased with the increase in age of pine. The sporocarps of Boletus luteus, Scleroderma aurantium, Tricholoma saponaceum, and Hygrophorus limacinus were observed as an early colonizing fungi with Pinus kesiya. However, in older plantations Russula lepida and Amanita phalloides were observed as late stage fungi. Boletus luteus and Scleroderma aurantium were dominant species in all the pine stands. Sporocarps of mycorrhizal fungi were maximum during the rainy season and minimum during the winter months. A positive correlation was observed between the number of ectomycorrhizae and mycorrhizal infection with soil moisture, soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, and organic matter of the soil. The number of sporocarps exhibited a positive significant correlation with soil moisture content in all the plantations.Key words: ectomycorrhiza, fungi, physicochemical characters, Pinus kesiya.
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Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Maurício Dutra Costa, Arnaldo Chaer Borges, Elza Fernandes Araújo, and Maria Catarina Megumi Kasuya. "Compatibility and ectomycorrhiza formation among Pisolithus Isolates and Eucalyptus spp." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 29, no. 3 (June 2005): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832005000300003.
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Twenty-nine isolates of the ectomycorrhiza fungus Pisolithus sp. from different geographical and host origins were tested for their ability to form ectomycorrhizae on Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla seedlings under greenhouse conditions. The ectomycorrhiza-forming capacity of isolates varied greatly from one eucalypt species to the other. All isolates from Eucalyptus, nine from Pinus spp. and two isolates from unknown hosts formed mycorrhizae with E. grandis and E. urophylla. Root colonization rates varied from 0 to 5.2 % for all Pinus isolates and those from unknown hosts. Colonization rates for these isolates were lower than those observed for Eucalyptus isolates (0.8 to 89.4 %). Three isolates from unknown hosts formed mycorrhizae with neither Eucalyptus species. The main characteristic for distinguishing Pinus from Eucalyptus isolates was mantle color. These data corroborate previous results obtained in our laboratory indicating that the isolates tested represent at least two distinct different species within the genus Pisolithus.
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Wulandari, Arum Sekar, and Siti Jaenab. "Combination Between Root Pruning and Inoculation Time of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi on Improving Growth of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L) Seedling PENGARUH KOMBINASI PEMANGKASAN AKAR DAN WAKTU INOKULASI FUNGI EKTOMIKORIZA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT MELINJO." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 7, no. 3 (January 11, 2017): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.7.3.217-222.
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The inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi that conducted after root pruning could increase the colonization of ectomycorrhizal fungi and growth of melinjo seedling. This research aimed to study the effect of root pruning and inoculation time of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of melinjo seedlings (Gnetum gnemon L). The research were tested in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with 2 factors for 33 weeks. The first factor is the root pruning (no root pruning as a control, and root pruning 30%). The second factor is the time fungi inoculation (inoculation in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th week after root pruning). The combination of root pruning and inoculation time of ectomycorrhizal fungi effected to the growth of melinjo seedlings. The best growth obtained from combination (1) no root pruning and inoculated by ectomycorrhizal fungi in the 1st week, and (2) root pruning 30% and inoculated by ectomycorrhizal fungi in the 3rd week.Key words: ectomycorrhiza, Gnetum gnemon, inoculation time, root pruning, Scleroderma
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Herrera, Mariana, Fu-Qiang Yu, David Ramos-Rendón, Magdalena Martínez-Reyes, Faustino Hernández-Santiago, Caspar C. C. Chater, and Jesus Perez-Moreno. "Morphoanatomical and phylogenetic characterization of the ectomycorrhiza between <em>Laccaria squarrosa</em> with <em>Pinus pseudostrobus</em> and its relevance for reforestation programs." Botanical Sciences 100, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2830.
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Background: Pinus (Coniferophyta) and Laccaria (Basidiomycota) establish ectomycorrhizal symbioses in natural forests. However, their detailed morphoanatomical and phylogenetic characterization have received little attention. Accurate identification of native host symbionts is of paramount relevance to the production of mycorrhized seedlings for successful reforestation programs.
Questions/Objective: We aimed to determine if L. squarrosa is able to establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with gymnosperms, thereby widening its host range and highlighting its relevance as a potential inoculant for pine seedlings. Currently, L. squarrosa is only known from its type collection associated with the angiosperm Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana.
Studied species: The fungus L. squarrosa and Pinus pseudostrobus, a tree endemic to Mexico.
Study site and dates: A Pinus-Quercus forest in Piedra Canteada, Nanacamilpa, Tlaxcala; 2018-2020.
Methods: L. squarrosa basidiomata were identified and ectomycorrhizal roots were collected and morphoanatomically characterized. For molecular identification, DNA was extracted, PCR was performed targeting the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (nucrDNA ITS) for the mycobiont identification and the chloroplastic single-locus trnL region for the phytobiont.
Results: In the phylogenetic analyses, our sequences from basidiomata and ectomycorrhizae clustered together with L.squarrosa with high values of supporting identity. Meanwhile, P. pseudostrobus was molecularly identified as the phytobiont.
Conclusions: This is one of the few worldwide characterizations of Laccaria ectomycorrhiza under field conditions and contributes to the understanding of the ecology, distribution, and economic relevance of the symbiotic association. Our data suggest that L. squarrosa has potential for use as a native inoculant for P. pseudostrobus tree production.
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Kammerbauer, H., R. Agerer, and H. Sandermann. "Studies on ectomycorrhiza." Trees 3, no. 2 (August 1989): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00191537.
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Szuba, Agnieszka. "Ectomycorrhiza of Populus." Forest Ecology and Management 347 (July 2015): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.012.
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Kammerbauer, H., R. Agerer, and H. Sandermann. "Studies on ectomycorrhiza." Trees 3, no. 2 (June 1989): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01021070.
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Bradbury, S. M. "Ectomycorrhizas of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) seedlings originating from seed in southwestern Alberta cut blocks." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-171.
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Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) seedlings, originating from seed in three southwestern Alberta cut blocks, were sampled to identify their ectomycorrhizal associates. Fourteen ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified, 10 were common to all three cut blocks, and 12 to two cut blocks. Individual seedlings were colonized by two fungal associates on average and never had more than six fungal associates at one sampling time. Total percent colonization of seedling roots was greater than 50% one year after seed germination and greater than 90% two years after seed germination. Species richness increased throughout the course of the study; however, all but two ectomycorrhizal taxa were found in mature forests nearby. Typical late-stage ectomycorrhizal fungi colonized regenerating lodgepole pine seedlings in the absence of refuge host plants; therefore, either these fungi remained viable in situ between harvesting and regeneration or they migrated back into the cut block once revegetation was initiated.Key words: lodgepole pine seedlings, ectomycorrhiza, percent relative abundance, Alberta cut blocks.
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Cairney, John WG, and Andrew A. Meharg. "Interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil saprotrophs: implications for decomposition of organic matter in soils and degradation of organic pollutants in the rhizosphere." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-072.
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophic microorganisms coexist and interact in the mycorrhizosphere. We review what is known regarding these interactions and how they may influence processes such as ectomycorrhiza formation, mycelial growth, and the dynamics of carbon movement to and within the rhizosphere. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential importance of interactions in decomposition of soil organic matter and degradation of persistant organic pollutants in soil. While our knowledge is currently fairly limited, it seems likely that interactions have profound effects on mycorrhizosphere processes. More extensive research is warranted to provide novel insights into mycorrhizosphere ecology and to explore the potential for manipulating the ectomycorrhizosphere environment for biotechnological purposes.Key words: ectomycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizosphere, rhizosphere, rhizosphere carbon flow, decomposition, rhizosphere remediation.
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Costa, Maurício Dutra, André Narvaes da Rocha Campos, Matheus Loureiro Santos, and Arnaldo Chaer Borges. "In vitro ectomycorrhiza formation by monokaryotic and dikaryotic isolates of Pisolithus microcarpus in Eucalyptus grandis." Revista Árvore 34, no. 3 (June 2010): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622010000300001.
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The formation of ectomycorrhizas by monokaryotic and dikaryotic isolates of Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) G. Cunn. in Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid. was studied by in vitro synthesis in Petri dishes. The formation of ectomycorrhizas was observed for all strains tested. Ectomycorrhizas formed by the monokaryotic strains presented a sheath of hyphae around the roots and a Hartig net limited to the epidermis layer, typical of the angiosperm ectomycorrhizas. Colonization rates, a measure of the number of ectomycorrhizas in relation to the total number of lateral root tips, varied from 23 to 62%. Some monokaryotic strains stimulated the formation of lateral roots, promoting increases of up to 109% above the control. The presence of some of the isolates in the in vitro synthesis medium stimulated the production of thicker lateral root tips. The dimensions of the lateral roots tips and ectomycorrhizas varied from one isolate to the next, indicating a variation in their capacity to provoke morphological changes in the host plant roots. The dikaryotic strain M5M11 presented higher values for lateral root yield, number of ectomycorrhizas, and colonization percentage than the corresponding monokaryotic strains, M5 and M11. This indicated the possibility of selecting compatible performing monokaryotic isolates for the yield of superior dikaryotic strains. The set of monokaryotic strains tested varied greatly in their ability to colonize E. grandis roots and cause secondary metabolism-related morphological changes in roots, providing a wealth of model systems for the study of genetic, physiological, and morphogenetic processes involved in Pisolithus-Eucalyptus ectomycorrhiza formation.
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Aprillia, Devi, Melya Riniarti, and Afif Bintoro. "The Application of Ectomycoriza In Ex-Limestone Mining Growth Media to Assist the Growth of Mangium (Acacia mangium)." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 7, no. 3 (September 29, 2019): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl37332-341.
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Ex-limestone mining quarry has poor soil fertility, both biological, chemical, and physical condition due to the mining process. Marginal land conditions such as ex-limestone mining quarry require high survival seedlings. Application of ectomycorrhizal fungi is an alternative that can be done to improve the success of restoration. Acacia mangium is one of the plants that could be colonized by many types of mycorrhizal such as ectomycorrhiza. This research aimed to determine the growth of A. mangium seedlings in ex-limestone mining growth media and the effect of ectomycorrhiza application on the growth of A. mangium. The research used a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replications. Treatment consisted of 100% soil with mycorrhiza, 100% soil without mycorrhiza, 50% soil + 50% limestone tailings + mycorrhiza, 50% soil + 50% limestones tailings without mycorrhiza, 100% tailing with mycorrhiza and 100% tailing without mycorrhiza. The seedlings used in the study germinated from seeds taken from Lampung Timur Regency. The seeds germinated in sand for one month, then used as the research material. The measurement taken were height, diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, measured were root length, canopy dry weight, and total dry weight. The colonization of ectomycorrhiza is measured by counting the percentage of colonization. The symbiosis with rhizobium measured by number of root nodules. Data were tested for variance analysis, followed by Least Significance Different Test at significant level of 1% and 5%. The results showed that the percentage of A. mangium life was high, reaching 100%. All growth parameters showed that plant colonized by mycorrhiza has remarkably better values compared to non-mycorrhiza plants.Keywords: limestone, ectomycoriza, mangium, phytoremediation
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Baxter, James W., Stewart TA Pickett, Margaret M. Carreiro, and John Dighton. "Ectomycorrhizal diversity and community structure in oak forest stands exposed to contrasting anthropogenic impacts." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 6 (October 30, 1999): 771–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-039.
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We compared the ectomycorrhizal community structure of oak forest stands located in either an urban or a rural area. Urban stands had higher N deposition rates, soil heavy metal levels, and earthworm counts than rural stands. Ectomycorrhizal types were quantified on roots of mature oak (Quercus) in soil cores and on Quercus rubra L. seedlings grown in soil cores in the glasshouse. Twenty-six ectomycorrhizal types were distinguished on mature oak in rural soils versus 16 in urban soils. Nine ectomycorrhizal types were distinguished on Q. rubra seedlings grown in rural soils versus seven in urban soils. Despite fewer ectomycorrhizal types in urban soils, richness of ectomycorrhizal types per centimetre fine root of mature oak or Q. rubra seedlings did not differ between urban and rural soils. Ectomycorrhizal colonization (ectomycorrhizal tips/m fine root) was lower in urban than rural soil cores but higher on Q. rubra seedlings grown in urban versus rural soils. Fine root length per unit soil volume was higher in urban than rural stands. No difference in fine root length was observed between Q. rubra seedlings grown in urban and rural soils. These differences in ectomycorrhizal community structure between the urban and rural stands are likely due to anthropogenic impacts.Key words: air pollution, anthropogenic impacts, community structure, diversity, ectomycorrhiza, Quercus rubra.
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Kropp, Bradley R., and J. A. Fortin. "The incompatibility system and relative ectomycorrhizal performance of monokaryons and reconstituted dikaryons of Laccaria bicolor." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-047.
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The incompatibility system of four Laccaria bicolor collections was studied and found to be bifactorial with multiallelic mating type factors. One of the collections studied was a biological species of L. bicolor that was intersterile, but morphologically identical, with the others. Seedling growth parameters and ectomycorrhiza formation were measured after inoculation with (i) four sibling mating type monokaryons of a collection from Canada and from Sweden; (ii) four dikaryons formed by crossing the two compatible mating type pairs within each of these collections; and (iii) 16 dikaryons formed by crossing each mating type monokaryon from Canada and Sweden in all possible combinations. Each seedling growth parameter showed significant differences resulting from inoculation with different cultures. Ectomycorrhizal formation was also different depending on the culture used as inoculum. Possibilities for using the differences among cultures in studies of the genetics, physiology, and morphogenesis of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis are discussed. The possibility of creating improved strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi for use in forest management is also discussed.
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Gagnon, J., C. G. Langlois, and J. A. Fortin. "Growth and ectomycorrhiza formation of containerized black spruce seedlings as affected by nitrogen fertilization, Inoculum type, and symbiont." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-140.
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Piceamariana (Mill.)B.S.P. seedlings were grown in containers under three levels of nitrogen fertilization (6, 8.5, and 15 mg/seedling per season). Seedlings were inoculated at sowing with Laccariabicolor and Hebelomacylindrosporum, using two methods: mycelial suspension liquid inoculum and peat–vermiculite solid inoculum. Results show that liquid inoculum was as effective as solid inoculum for development of Laccariabicolor ectomycorrhizae on black spruce seedlings. After 20 weeks in the greenhouse, seedlings fertilized with 8.5 mg N and inoculated with L. bicolor had the highest percentage of ectomycorrhizal short roots for both inoculum types, with 59 and 53% for liquid and solid inocula, respectively. These L. bicolor seedlings had significantly more ectomycorrhizae with 8.5 mg N than with 15 mg N. Very few ectomycorrhizae were obtained with Hebelomacylindrosporum for any of the nitrogen levels or either of the inoculum types. There were no significant differences for any growth parameters except shoot/root ratio between L. bicolor seedlings and the controls, regardless of the N level and inoculum type. For both inoculum types, only shoot height of seedlings differed significantly among the three N levels. Seedlings fertilized with 8.5 mg N had root-collar diameter and dry weights that were not significantly less than those that received 15 mg N for both inoculum types. It is only at the lower level of 6 mg N that seedlings inoculated with liquid L. bicolor inoculum absorbed significantly more N than the controls. Analysis of percent N and P concentration in seedlings with the greatest ectomycorrhizal development and analysis of available N and P in their substrate indicated that tissue concentrations of 1.9% N and 0.2% P and substrate fertility of 40 ppm N and 50 ppm P would be appropriate to maintain the ectomycorrhizal association Piceamariana–Laccariabicolor. Salinity in the substrate of control seedlings was generally significantly different between the three N levels during the growing period.
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Handayani, Inafa, Melya Riniarti, and Afif Bintoro. "The Effect of Scleroderma columnare Inoculum Doses to Enhance Ectomycorrhizal Colonization and Growth of Shorea javanica Seedling." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 6, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl169-16.
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Ectomycorrhiza helped plants to absorb nutrients and water. Shorea javanica belong to Dipterocarpaceae family and highly dependent on ectomycorrhiza to growth. Spore inoculation was one way to inoculate ectomycorrhiza fungi. This study aimed to get the best doses of spore Scleroderma columnare on colonization and enhancing growth of Shorea javanica seedling. This experiment used randomized complete design with 5 treatments and 3 replicates. The treatments were 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ml/polybag spore inoculum of S. columnare. Data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance (anova) and continued with Least Significant Different (LSD). The results showed that added of 10 ml (6,5 x 107) gained higher root colonizatition (%). Dosis of 10 ml (6,5 x 107) and 20 ml (1,3 x 108) spore inoculum were able to improve plant growth on the parameters such as plant height, shoot dry weight, total dry weight, and total leaf area. Keywords: Dose of Inoculum, ectomycorrhiza, Scleroderma columnare, Shorea javanica.
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Ågren, Göran I., Riitta Hyvönen, and Preetisri Baskaran. "Ectomycorrhiza, Friend or Foe?" Ecosystems 22, no. 7 (March 18, 2019): 1561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00356-y.
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He, Hongxing, Astrid Meyer, Per-Erik Jansson, Magnus Svensson, Tobias Rütting, and Leif Klemedtsson. "Simulating ectomycorrhiza in boreal forests: implementing ectomycorrhizal fungi model MYCOFON in CoupModel (v5)." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 725–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-725-2018.
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Abstract. The symbiosis between plants and Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) is shown to considerably influence the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes between the soil, rhizosphere, and plants in boreal forest ecosystems. However, ECM are either neglected or presented as an implicit, undynamic term in most ecosystem models, which can potentially reduce the predictive power of models.In order to investigate the necessity of an explicit consideration of ECM in ecosystem models, we implement the previously developed MYCOFON model into a detailed process-based, soil–plant–atmosphere model, Coup-MYCOFON, which explicitly describes the C and N fluxes between ECM and roots. This new Coup-MYCOFON model approach (ECM explicit) is compared with two simpler model approaches: one containing ECM implicitly as a dynamic uptake of organic N considering the plant roots to represent the ECM (ECM implicit), and the other a static N approach in which plant growth is limited to a fixed N level (nonlim). Parameter uncertainties are quantified using Bayesian calibration in which the model outputs are constrained to current forest growth and soil C ∕ N ratio for four forest sites along a climate and N deposition gradient in Sweden and simulated over a 100-year period.The nonlim approach could not describe the soil C ∕ N ratio due to large overestimation of soil N sequestration but simulate the forest growth reasonably well. The ECM implicit and explicit approaches both describe the soil C ∕ N ratio well but slightly underestimate the forest growth. The implicit approach simulated lower litter production and soil respiration than the explicit approach. The ECM explicit Coup–MYCOFON model provides a more detailed description of internal ecosystem fluxes and feedbacks of C and N between plants, soil, and ECM. Our modeling highlights the need to incorporate ECM and organic N uptake into ecosystem models, and the nonlim approach is not recommended for future long-term soil C and N predictions. We also provide a key set of posterior fungal parameters that can be further investigated and evaluated in future ECM studies.
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MALAJCZUK, N., B. DELL, and N. L. BOUGHER. "ECTOMYCORRHIZA FORMATION IN EUCALYPTUS. III. SUPERFICIAL ECTOMYCORRHIZAS INITIATED BY HYSTERANGIUM AND CORTINARIUS SPECIES." New Phytologist 105, no. 3 (March 1987): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00879.x.
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Duchesne, Luc C. "Protein synthesis inPinus resinosa and the ectomycorrhizal fungusPaxillus involutus prior to ectomycorrhiza formation." Trees 3, no. 2 (1989): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01021069.
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Badar-Uugan, Khasbaatar, and Otgonsuuren Burenjargal. "Study on ectomycorrhizea of Siberian Pine (Pinus sibirica)." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 15, no. 2 (September 30, 2015): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v15i2.558.
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The ectomycorrhizal fungal community associated with Pinus Sibirica (Siberian Pine) in a Mongolian forest was investigated in this study. The ectomycorrhizaes were isolated from roots of Siberian pine and identified as Russulia Sardonia, Rhodocollybia butyracea, Tuber borchii, Tricholloma auratum and Lactarius deliciosus. Hartig net, external hyphae and mantle structures of ectomycorrhizae were observed in Siberian pine roots.Journal of agricultural sciences №15 (02): 123-129, 2015
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Unuk Nahberger, Tina, Rok Damjanič, Hojka Kraigher, and Tine Grebenc. "Potential Link between Ectomycorrhizal Community Composition and Host Tree Phenology." Forests 12, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121719.
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The timing of leaf phenology tends to be crucial in controlling ecosystem processes such as the acquisition of carbon and water loss as well as in controlling tree nutrient cycling. To date, tree phenology has mostly been associated with environmental control (e.g., temperature and photoperiod) in a relationship with inheritance, while it has rarely been linked with ectomycorrhizal community compositional changes through the host tree’s phenological stages. Seasonal variations of fungal communities have been widely studied, but little is known about mycorrhiza community composition changes along phenological stages. Therefore, we analyzed ectomycorrhizal communities associated with silver fir and their compositional changes during the transition between phenological stages. The phenological stages of each individual tree and time of bud break were monitored weekly for two years and, at the same time, ectomycorrhiza was harvested from selected silver fir trees. In total, 60 soil cores were analyzed for differences in the ectomycorrhizal community between phenological stages using Sanger sequencing of individual ectomycorrhizal morphotypes. A significant difference in beta diversity for an overall ectomycorrhizal community was confirmed between analyzed time periods for both sampled years. Species-specific reactions to transitions between phenological stages were confirmed for 18 different ectomycorrhizal taxa, where a positive correlation of Russula ochroleuca, Russula illota, Tomentella sublilacina, and Tylospora fibrillosa was observed with the phenological stage of bud burst.
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Morel, M�lanie, Christophe Jacob, Annegret Kohler, Tomas Johansson, Francis Martin, Michel Chalot, and Annick Brun. "Identification of Genes Differentially Expressed in Extraradical Mycelium and Ectomycorrhizal Roots during Paxillus involutus-Betula pendula Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 1 (January 2005): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.1.382-391.2005.
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ABSTRACT The development of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis leads to drastic changes in gene expression in both partners. However, little is known about the spatial regulation of symbiosis-regulated genes. Using cDNA array profiling, we compared the levels of expression of fungal genes corresponding to approximately 1,200 expressed sequenced tags in the ectomycorrhizal root tips (ECM) and the connected extraradical mycelium (EM) for the Paxillus involutus-Betula pendula ectomycorrhizal association grown on peat in a microcosm system. Sixty-five unique genes were found to be differentially expressed in these two fungal compartments. In ECM, a gene coding for a putative phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (Psd) was up-regulated by 24-fold, while genes coding for urea (Dur3) and spermine (Tpo3) transporters were up-regulated 4.1- and 6.2-fold in EM. Moreover, urea was the major nitrogen compound found in EM by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. These results suggest that (i) there is a spatial difference in the patterns of fungal gene expression between ECM and EM, (ii) urea and polyamine transporters could facilitate the translocation of nitrogen compounds within the EM network, and (iii) fungal Psd may contribute to membrane remodeling during ectomycorrhiza formation.
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Hiremath, Shiv T., Sujata Balasubramanian, Jun Zheng, and Gopi K. Podila. "Symbiosis-regulated expression of an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase gene in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 9 (September 2006): 1405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-104.
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The ectomycorrhiza is a symbiotic organ generated from the intricate association of fungal hyphae and plant root. The establishment of the ectomycorrhiza is a coordinated process of cross-talk between plant and fungus, followed by metabolic, developmental, and structural changes in the fungus, resulting in its growth toward the root. The initial stages of the symbiotic association are significant, since the direction of the association is determined by the gene expression level shifts that occur at this time. We have isolated a Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton cDNA clone corresponding to acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (Lb-AAT), which is expressed during interaction with red pine roots and is symbiosis regulated. Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9) is an enzyme of the β-oxidation pathway that degrades long-chain fatty acids to acetyl-CoA. Expression of Lb-AAT is regulated by plant presence, by glucose, and by the presence of acetate or oleate in the medium. It is proposed that the role of Lb-AAT in the symbiosis is generation of two carbon compounds from stored lipids and generation of acetoacetyl-CoA in early interaction facilitating net growth from existing cell material. These results coupled with recent microarray analysis that revealed coordinated expression of malate synthase and other lipid metabolism genes along with Lb-AAT, suggest that this role for Lb-AAT could be an important part of preinfection process in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis and in the transfer and utilization of the carbon in the fungus.
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Villalobos Solis, Manuel I., Suresh Poudel, Clemence Bonnot, Him K. Shrestha, Robert L. Hettich, Claire Veneault-Fourrey, Francis Martin, and Paul E. Abraham. "A Viable New Strategy for the Discovery of Peptide Proteolytic Cleavage Products in Plant-Microbe Interactions." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 10 (October 2020): 1177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-04-20-0082-ta.
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Small peptides that are proteolytic cleavage products (PCPs) of less than 100 amino acids are emerging as key signaling molecules that mediate cell-to-cell communication and biological processes that occur between and within plants, fungi, and bacteria. Yet, the discovery and characterization of these molecules is largely overlooked. Today, selective enrichment and subsequent characterization by mass spectrometry–based sequencing offers the greatest potential for their comprehensive characterization, however qualitative and quantitative performance metrics are rarely captured. Herein, we addressed this need by benchmarking the performance of an enrichment strategy, optimized specifically for small PCPs, using state-of-the-art de novo–assisted peptide sequencing. As a case study, we implemented this approach to identify PCPs from different root and foliar tissues of the hybrid poplar Populus × canescens 717-1B4 in interaction with the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor. In total, we identified 1,660 and 2,870 Populus and L. bicolor unique PCPs, respectively. Qualitative results supported the identification of well-known PCPs, like the mature form of the photosystem II complex 5-kDa protein (approximately 3 kDa). A total of 157 PCPs were determined to be significantly more abundant in root tips with established ectomycorrhiza when compared with root tips without established ectomycorrhiza and extramatrical mycelium of L. bicolor. These PCPs mapped to 64 Populus proteins and 69 L. bicolor proteins in our database, with several of them previously implicated in biologically relevant associations between plant and fungus.
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Godbout, Christian, and J. André Fortin. "Effects of nitrogen fertilization and photoperiod on basidiome formation of Laccaria bicolor associated with container-grown jack pine seedlings." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-024.
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Container-grown jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings were inoculated with a wild strain of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. Seedlings were raised for 24 weeks and were given various nitrogen fertilization levels as well as long and short day regimes. Basidiomes occurred from week 16 up to the end of the experiment (24 weeks) depending on the culture conditions. Frequency of fruiting reached a maximum with the addition of 5 – 6 mg of nitrogen per seedling. The response of fruiting to nitrogen was enhanced with a short photoperiod. The biomass of the basidiomes was positively correlated with the biomass of their respective host plants with proportions ranging from 10 to 35% and with a mean of 20%. Key words: basidiome, Laccaria bicolor, fertilization, photoperiod, ectomycorrhiza.
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Massicotte, H. B., R. L. Peterson, C. A. Ackerley, and L. H. Melville. "Structure and ontogeny of Betula alleghaniensis – Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-077.
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The ontogeny and ultrastructure of ectomycorrhizae synthesized between Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch) and Pisolithus tinctorius, a broad host range fungus, were studied to determine the structural modifications in both symbionts during ectomycorrhiza establishment. A number of stages, including initial contact of hyphae with the root surface, early mantle formation, and mature mantle formation, were distinguished. Interactions between hyphae and root hairs were frequent. As a paraepidermal Hartig net developed, root epidermal cells elongated in a radial direction, but wall ingrowths were not formed. Repeated branching of Hartig net hyphae resulted in extensive fine branches and the compartmentalization of hyphal cytoplasm. Nuclei and elongated mitochondria were frequently located in the narrow cytoplasmic compartments, and [Formula: see text] thickenings developed along walls of cortical cells in primary roots.
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WARCUP, J. H. "ECTOMYCORRHIZA FORMATION BY GLOMUS TUBIFORME." New Phytologist 99, no. 2 (February 1985): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb03655.x.
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Kumar, Jitender, and N. S. Atri. "Studies on Ectomycorrhiza: An Appraisal." Botanical Review 84, no. 2 (October 25, 2017): 108–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12229-017-9196-z.
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Peter, Martina, François Ayer, Simon Egli, and Rosmarie Honegger. "Above- and below-ground community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in three Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in Switzerland." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 1134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-092.
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The structure of ectomycorrhizal communities was assessed above- and below-ground at three different sites in Switzerland that are dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). We applied three different approaches to record the ectomycorrhizal species compositions and their spatial structures and compared them among each other. Sporocarp inventories were carried out weekly for 3 years. Belowground, molecular, and morphological analyses of ectomycorrhizal roots were performed. In the 3 years of sporocarp survey, a total of 128 ectomycorrhizal species was observed. Most abundant in number of species were the genera Cortinarius and Russula in all three sites. Using polymerase chain reaction, only 22% of the ectomycorrhizal species observed in sporocarp surveys were detected in mycorrhizas. Species that produce no or inconspicuous sporocarps were most abundant on the root system in all three study sites. The resolution was clearly inferior in morphotype compared with molecular analyses. Spatial analyses of the ectomycorrhizal species composition among subplots revealed high variability within sites. Within sites, spatial structure with positive autocorrelation was observed based on sporocarp data as well as molecular analyses of root tips at the site where the number of analysed mycorrhizas was sufficiently high. No spatial structure could be detected on this scale by morphotype analyses because of the high variability among soil cores. All three methods showed the same site to be separated from the other two based on ectomycorrhizal species compositions. Stand ages and their histories are discussed as possible explanations for these findings.Key words: community structure, ectomycorrhiza, macrofungi, morphotype, ITS RFLP, Picea abies.