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Prendergast-Miller, Miranda T. "The role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in denitrification." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=56282.
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Tajuddin, Rosnida Binti. "Nutrient transport in ectomycorrhiza." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210785.
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Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form mutualistic symbioses with trees in boreal and north temperate forests and have key roles in regulating biogeochemical cycles. The extensive mycelium produced by many ECM fungi enables resources to be transported over large distances. Some ECM fungi are considered to be specialists and have a restricted range of host plant species whilst others are considered generalists and can form mycorrhizas with a number of species. Little is currently known about the reasons why specialist and generalist mutualists have evolved and so this project aims to investigate the basis for these different strategies. The resource stoichiometry between plant and fungal partners was predicted to be a key factor: specialist fungi may be more efficient in obtaining nutrients from litter and transporting these rapidly to host plants and in return may receive larger amounts of plant photosynthate. Here, stable and radioisotopes were used to trace and quantify transfer of carbon and phosphorus, and fine-scale spatial-temporal analysis of amino acid transportation between host plants and fungi. The photon-counting scintillation imaging (PCSI) was used to show the amino acid was transported long-distance by ECM fungi intact and that the transportation was highly directional but the speed of transfer varies between species of ECM. The transportation of amino acid and phosphorus from generalist fungus to the host plant was rapid compared to the specialist fungus.
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Das, Arpita [Verfasser], Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Nehls, Uwe [Gutachter] Nehls, and Barbara [Gutachter] Reinhold-Hurek. "Ectomycorrhiza Development : Investigation of Selected Ectomycorrhiza Induced Poplar Genes / Arpita Das ; Gutachter: Uwe Nehls, Barbara Reinhold-Hurek ; Betreuer: Uwe Nehls." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1169299121/34.
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Poole, Elizabeth Jennifer. "Evaluation and localization of helper bacteria in ectomycorrhiza formation." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322938.
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Tarkka, Mika. "Developmentally regulated proteins in Pinus sylvestris roots and ectomycorrhiza." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2001. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/bioti/vk/tarkka/.
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Miller, Bradley W. "Long-term Effects of Fertilization on Phosphorus Biogeochemical Pools in Forest Soils." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37386.
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Southern pines are typically limited by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in the soil environment. While the absolute quantities of P in forests soils may be large, the concentration of inorganic P in the soil solution is typically very small (&60; 0.01 mg L&178;-1). A onetime application of just 56 kg P ha&178;-1 can substantially increase growth of pine stands over a 20 year rotation (Pritchett and Comerford, 1982&59; Allen et al., 1990). Phosphorus fertilization of Pinus radiata in New Zealand has also shown long-term effects on labile P pools in the soil which improved stand growth during the subsequent rotations (Ballard, 1978&59; Gentle et al., 1986). Identifying and quantifying the biologically available P pools in the soil environment will help foresters in making site-specific P fertilizer prescriptions.
I examined soil phosphorus pools using the Hedley sequential fractionation procedure and Mehlich-3 soil tests in a long-term loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) fertilization trial from four sites in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. After 22 years, fertilization effects were limited to the surface depths. Mehlich-3 extractable P was largest in the soil surface (0-10 cm) of the fertilized treatments plots. Hedley labile and moderately labile P pools were also largest in the soil surface and decreased with depth.
Results from the Hedley fractionation procedure suggested that the Virginia site has a large pool of organic P in the soil surface. Organic P pools can represent 20-90&37; of the total P present in most mineral soils increasing with the age of the soil (Condron et al., 2005). This increase in organic P pool suggests that biological cycling becomes more important as the stand develops (Wells and Jorgensen 1975). I used solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to characterize organic P extracted with NaOH-EDTA in the surface of a Paleaquults from coastal Virginia. Total NaOH-EDTA extractable P was significantly larger in the fertilized treatment. Concentrations ranged from 0.1 mg P L&178;-1 in the control plots to 5.1 mg P L&178;-1 in fertilized plots. The surface soils in both treatments were dominated by inorganic orthophosphate. Monoester P compounds were the only organic P compounds detected and were present in very low quantities.
The significant increase of NaOH/EDTA extractable P in the soil surface of the VA site suggested there has been a beneficial long-term effect of fertilization similar to the observations from the Mehlich-3 soil test. Results from oxalate loading experiments on ligand exchangeable versus dissolvable P pools in the bulk soil suggested that the long-term effect of P fertilization increased oxalate dissolvable P pools.
Plants and microbes have evolved a variety of mechanisms to increase P uptake in low P soil environments. These mechanisms include changes in root morphology and architecture, preferential root growth into high P microsites, the secretion of low-molecular-mass organic acids (LMMOA), and uptake via symbiotic relationships (Fox and Comerford, 1992b&59; Raghothama, 1999&59; Hinsinger, 2001&59; Raghothama, 2005). Results from soil samples taken from the ectomycorrhizal rhizosphere found that loblolly pine mycorrhizal roots modified the soil environment, possibly making recalcitrant P more available. In addition, the long-term effect of fertilization was a 396&37; increase in biologically available P.
Fertilization increased loblolly pine volume growth by 57 m&185;3 ha and increased the P content in the litter layer by 118&37;. After the stand was harvested and replanted, mineralization of the litter layer may also increase soil P pools. Results from this long-term fertilization experiment in the Coastal Plain province of Virginia have demonstrated that there has been a significant increase in soil (33.6 kg P ha&178;-1) and biologically available P pools (3.0 kg P ha&178;-1).Ph. D.
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Hitchin, Susan. "The involvement of fungal auxin in Pinus pinaster/ Hebeloma cylindrosporum ectomycorrhiza formation." Thesis, Coventry University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365251.
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Donges, Kathrin. "Influence of ectomycorrhiza (ECM) on the stability of forest ecosystems following windthrow events." Tönning Lübeck Marburg Der Andere Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992806712/04.
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Mishra-Knyrim, Manika. "Influence of ectomycorrhiza Paxillus involutus (Batsch. Ex. Fr.) inoculation and fungicide treatment on Populus sp. /." Göttingen : Optimus Mostafa, 2009. http://d-nb.info/997605294/04.
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MATSUDA, Yosuke, and 陽介 松田. "Seasonal occurrence and spatial distribution of fruitbodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the border of a man-made and a naturally regenerated forest." 名古屋大学農学部付属演習林, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8705.
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Dellai, Alex. "Pisolithus microcarpus e óleo essencial em três espécies nativas em solo contaminado com cobre." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4926.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoMining areas and constantly receiving addition of industrial waste are subject to increased levels of copper in the soil. Copper when in high amounts in the soil can adversely affect vegetation preventing the cultivation of contaminated areas. The aim of this study was to allow the formation of ectomycorrhiza and assess their influence on the development of native tree in soil contaminated with copper. Accordingly, an experiment was established to evaluate the behavior of mimosa, grapia and bracatinga seedlings in copper contaminated soil. Following, another experiment was conducted to evaluate in vitro the influence of eucalyptus essential oil in the establishment of ectomycorrhizal association in bracatinga and grapia seedlings. We evaluated also the influence of eucalyptus essential oil and Pisolithus microcarpus inoculation on growth of bracatinga seedlings in soil contaminated with copper. The results indicate that grápia was less affected by increasing doses of copper applied to the soil and angico that showed lower translocation to leaf area. The bracatinga ectomycorrhizal association formed without the addition of essential oil, however, the presence of oil increased the percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization, grápia required stimulus eucalyptus essential oil to form ectomycorrhizal association. No effect of inoculating Pisolithus microcarpus was observed in seedling growth bracatinga in soil contaminated with copper, however, we observed a higher altitude at a dose of 180 mg kg - 1 with the application of 40 l L- 1 essential oil eucalyptus . Copper doses from 180 mg kg - 1 inhibit the formation of ectomycorrhiza on seedlings bracatinga .
Áreas de mineração e as que recebem constantemente adição de resíduos industriais estão sujeitas ao aumento dos teores de cobre no solo. O cobre quando em quantidades elevadas no solo pode interferir negativamente na produção vegetal. O objetivo desse trabalho foi possibilitar a formação de ectomicorriza e avaliar a sua influência no desenvolvimento de arbóreas nativas em solo contaminado com cobre. Nesse sentido, foi estabelecido um experimento para avaliar o comportamento de mudas de angico, bracatinga e grápia em solo contaminado por cobre. Na sequência foi conduzido outro experimento IN VITRO avaliando a influência de óleo essencial de eucalipto no estabelecimento de associação ectomicorrízica em mudas de bracatinga e grápia. E avaliou-se a influência do óleo essencial de eucalipto e da inoculação de Pisolithus microcarpus no crescimento de mudas de bracatinga em solo contaminado com cobre. Os resultados indicam que a grápia foi menos influenciada pelas doses crescentes de cobre aplicadas ao solo e o angico foi a espécie que teve menor translocação de cobre para a parte aérea. A bracatinga apresentou manto fúngico ao redor das raízes sem a adição de óleo essencial, no entanto, na presença do óleo, aumentou o percentual de pelos colonizados. A grápia necessitou de estímulo do óleo essencial de eucalipto para formar associação ectomicorrízica. Não foi observado efeito da inoculação de Pisolithus microcarpus no crescimento das mudas de bracatinga em solo contaminado com cobre, no entanto, observou-se maior altura na dose de 180 mg kg-1 com a aplicação de 40 μL L-1 de óleo essencial de eucalipto. Doses de cobre a partir de 180 mg kg-1 inibem a formação de ectomicorriza nas mudas de bracatinga.
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Gomes, ?ngela La?s Fernandes. "Sele??o de fungos ectomicorr?zicos em viveiro comercial de mudas de eucalipto." UFVJM, 2016. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1484.
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Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Os benef?cios das associa??es ectomicorr?zicas s?o dependentes da planta hospedeira, do isolado f?ngico e do ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar isolados de Pisolithus sp. que colonizem mudas clonais de eucalipto propagados por miniestaquia e que promovam maior sobreviv?ncia, crescimento e nutri??o das mudas em viveiro comercial. Os clones PT3335 e PT3336 foram inoculados com 18 isolados de Pisolithus sp. e crescidos em substrato com aduba??o fosfatada reduzida, mais os controles n?o inoculados com (Controle) e sem (Comercial) redu??o da aduba??o fosfatada de substrato. A inocula??o dos fungos ectomicorr?zicos aumentou a sobreviv?ncia, enraizamento, coloniza??o, crescimento e teores de Fe em rela??o aos controles, por?m estes efeitos foram dependentes de isolados e clones. Para o PT3335, alguns isolados dobraram a sobreviv?ncia das mini-estacas em rela??o ao Controle e ao Comercial, sendo os melhores o D29, D62, D63, D118 e D216. Para o PT3336 os melhores isolados foram D5, D29 e D88, com aumento da sobreviv?ncia de at? 25 %. Os maiores aumentos de altura foram observados nas mudas do clone PT3335 inoculadas com D15, D16, D95, D184, D198, D206 e D216, sendo de 27 % a 32 % em rela??o ?s mudas do Comercial. Os isolados D63 e D216 aumentaram a massa seca (MS) da parte a?rea dos dois clones em rela??o ao Comercial, sendo os maiores aumentos de 140 % nas mudas inoculadas com o D216 e de 87,5 % naquelas inoculadas com o D63. As mudas do PT3336 inoculadas com o D216 apresentaram maiores MS total (31,6 %) e teores de clorofila (39,9 %) em rela??o ?s mudas do Comercial. Os isolados que mais colonizaram as ra?zes foram D5 (19,5 %), D10 (11,7 %), D216 (10,5 %) e D63 (8,8 %) para o PT3335 e D118 (15,6 %), D206 (11,7 %), D216 (11,1 %) e D63 (10,0 %) para o PT3336. Os teores de Fe nas mudas do PT3336 inoculadas com D5, D10, D58, D85, D106, D118, D170, D184 e D216 foram de 21 a 79,3 % maiores do que os das mudas do Comercial e de 38,6 % a 110 % maior que os das do Controle. A coloniza??o se correlacionou positivamente com a MS da parte a?rea, das ra?zes e total para o PT3335 e com a sobreviv?ncia e teores de P para o PT3336. A inocula??o com isolados de Pisolithus sp. aumenta a coloniza??o ectomicorr?zica e o crescimento de mudas eucalipto em viveiro comercial, mas isto ? dependente do clone e do isolado. Os isolados D63 e D216 s?o os mais promissores para utiliza??o em programas de inocula??o em viveiro comercial de mudas clonais de eucalipto.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016.
The benefits of ectomycorrhizal associations are dependent on the host plant, the fungal isolate and environment. The objective of this work was to select Pisolithus sp. isolates that colonize eucalypt cuttings propagated by minicutting and that promote higher survival, growth and nutrition of cuttings on commercial nursery. The PT3335 and PT3336 clones were inoculated with 18 isolates of Pisolithus sp. and grown in substrate with reduced phosphate fertilization, in addition to non inoculated controls with (Control) and without (Commercial) reduction of the substrate phosphate fertilization. The inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi increased the survival, rooting, colonization, growth and Fe contents in relation to controls, but these effects were dependent on isolates and clones. For PT3335, some isolates doubled the survival of minicuttings in relation to Control and Commercial, having D29, D62, D63, D118 and D216 as the best ones. For PT3336 the best isolates were D5, D29 and D88, with survival increased to 25 %. The greatest height increases were observed in the PT3335 cuttings inoculated with D15, D16, D95, D184, D198, D206 and D216, which were from 27 to 32 % in relation to the Commercial cuttings. The D63 and D216 isolates increased the dry mass (DM) of the aerial part of both clones in relation to Commercial, which the largest increases were 140 % times in the cuttings inoculated with D216 and 87.5 % in those inoculated with D63. The PT3336 cuttings inoculated with D216 presented higher total DM (31.6 %) and chlorophyll contents (39.9 %) in relation to the Commercial cuttings. The isolates that most colonized the roots were D5 (19.5 %), D10 (11.7 %), D216 (10.5 %) and D63 (8.8 %) for PT3335 and D118 (15.6 %), D206 (11.7 %), D216 (11.1 %) and D63 (10.0 %) for PT3336. The Fe contents in the PT3336 cuttings inoculated with D5, D10, D58, D85, D106, D118, D170, D184 and D216 were from 21 % to 79.3 % higher than those of Commercial cuttings and from 38.6 % to 110 % higher than those of the Control. The colonization was positively correlated with the DM of the aerial part, of the roots and total for the PT3335 and with the survival and P contents for the PT3336. The inoculation with Pisolithus sp. isolates increases ectomycorrhizal colonization and growth of eucalypt cuttings in commercial nursery, but this is dependent on the clone and isolate. The D63 and D216 isolates are the most promising for usage in inoculation programs in commercial nursery of eucalypt cuttings.
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Formann, Steffi G. E. [Verfasser], Erika [Gutachter] Kothe, Georg Gutachter] Büchel, and Katarzyna [Gutachter] [Turnau. "Sequestration of heavy metals and radionuclides in ectomycorrhiza / Steffi G. E. Formann ; Gutachter: Erika Kothe, Georg Büchel, Katarzyna Turnau." Jena : Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1177604116/34.
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au, B. Bradshaw@Timbercorp com, and Ben Philip Bradshaw. "Physiological aspects of Corylus avellana associated with the French black truffle fungus Tuber melanosporum and the consequence for commercial production of black truffles in Western Australia." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060327.92530.
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The black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.) industry in Australia is relatively new and has enormous potential but some truffières (truffle farms) fail to meet anticipated harvest projections. Inappropriate soil conditions and climate, and the management of such factors are suggested as the primary reasons for inadequate yield. In addition, requirements for ascocarp initiation and development and the role of the host plant in such processes are unknown. This study examines interactions between European hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) black truffle symbiont in a commercial truffière (Hazel Hill) in south-western Australia. Specific studies were initiated to examine the interactions of host physiology, mycorrhizal infection and the interaction with abiotic factors. The study related specific physiological processes of the host plant to the known life cycle of the black truffle to determine the role of the host plant in ascocarp production, if any. The work also examined the effect of silvicultural treatments intended to increase truffle production.
A review of existing literature was undertaken to determine the key soil and climatic factors required for successful truffle production. Climatic conditions appeared more important than soil chemistry and structure in Western Australia, with significant seasonal variation in air and soil temperatures required plus irrigation to supplement summer rainfall. This information was used to define areas with potential for truffle production in the south-west of Western Australia: the cooler, high rainfall regions (>1000 mm annual rainfall) where there is sufficient seasonal variation in soil temperature and availability of adequate quantities of quality water for irrigation. Subsurface soil acidification and salinity, as well as groundwater salinity, are constraining factors. Lime amendment is necessary to create sufficiently high pH and CaCO3 levels required by the truffle fungus.
A field trial was established to monitor the seasonal C dynamics of European hazel in the context of the life cycle of the black truffle. Maximum translocation of sucrose in the phloem sap coincided with the period of anticipated rapid growth of the truffle ascocarp implicating the use of current photosynthate in C nutrition of the ascocarp. Sampling of non-structural carbohydrates (NC) of above and belowground plant material indicated maximum storage of C in the host coincides with maturation of the ascocarp. These observations provide evidence of a synchronous growth habit of the plant host and the ascocarp.
The C allocation patterns of European hazel in response to liming a loamy soil, taken from near the Hazel Hill truffière, and inoculation with ECM fungi (T. melanosporum, Hebeloma sp. and Scleroderma sp.) were examined in a glasshouse pot trial. Liming increased biomass allocation to the shoot and induced deficiencies of phosphorus and manganese. Colonisation by ECM fungi significantly increased net photosynthesis, indicating the sink strength of these fungi, but there was no relationship between the level of mycorrhizal infection and fine root NC. The maximum rate (40 g lime kg-1 soil) reduced infection by Hebeloma and Scleroderma and had no impact on T. melanosporum. Further, infection rates of T. melanosporum did not increase in response to lime suggesting lime is not necessary for ECM development in this soil type.
Fertiliser is widely used in commercial truffières in Australia but the consequences for truffle production are unknown. In a field trial, the growth and physiological response of European hazel to forms of phosphorus (34 and 68 kg ha-1 apatite-P and 68 kg ha-1 triple super phosphate -P) and nitrogen (50 kg ha-1 of NO3- and NH4-N) were examined as well as the mycorrhizal response to fertiliser. Apatite-P increased phloem sap sucrose concentrations which was attributed to increased root biomass and associated sink capacity. Fertiliser application did not change fine root NC concentrations suggesting no increase in allocation of C to ECM structures. The highest rate of apatite-P decreased mycorrhizal infection rates of T. melanosporum and, most likely, was the result of increased infection rates of Hebeloma. In contrast to the literature relating to indigenous Australian ECM fungi, the highest rate of soluble-P did not decrease ECM infection rates in T. melanosporum. Nitrogen treatments increased foliar N content and improved gas exchange efficiency of plants, and had no adverse impact on the level of ECM infection. Fertilisation with N significantly increased soil respiration rates suggesting N limits mineralisation at this site.
Some truffières manage the canopies of the host tree to ensure maximum exposure of the soil surface in order to increase soil temperatures. As there are no published data on the effect of pruning on black truffle production, a field trial was established to document the impact of canopy pruning on host physiology and soil temperature. The removal of 65% of canopy leaf area reduced phloem sap sucrose concentrations, soil respiration rate and the soluble: insoluble NC ratio of fine roots in the short term (1-3 weeks). There was no compensatory response of leaf gas exchange parameters as a result of pruning. Generally, there was no long term impact on plant physiological parameters as a result of pruning. Long term effects on soil temperature were observed as a result of pruning. Mean annual temperature and amplitude increased significantly beneath pruned trees and spring, summer and autumn soil temperatures increased as did diurnal variation as a result of pruning. Pruning did not increase winter soil temperatures and therefore would probably not impact on ascocarp maturation during this period.
This research has provided insight into the C physiology of hazel associated with the black truffle and the consequences for truffle production. The results provide anecdotal evidence of direct C transfer between the host and the developing truffle, contrary to the existing paradigm that the ascocarp is saprotrophic for the majority of its growth and development. There is a need to validate this finding as there are consequences for management of commercial truffières. Liming of loam duplex soils can reduce the abundance of the most common competitor ECM fungi and should be encouraged in commercial truffières. Applying phosphorus and nitrogen to commercial truffières will improve growth rates of planted trees without adversely impacting on ECM infection by black truffle fungi, although the impact on truffle production remains unknown. It is anticipated truffle production will improve in the longer term as a result of pruning and prudent canopy management. Management options should include tree removal to reduce planting density and increase soil exposure in truffières. There is a need for longer term trials to be established to determine the C nutrition of the truffle ascocarp and to clearly define the key stages of the black truffle life cycle in Western Australia.
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Minchin, Rhys. "Effect of a Trichoderma bio-inoculant on ectomycorrhizal colonisation of Pinus radiata seedlings." Lincoln University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1751.
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Ectomycorrhizal colonisation potential of Pinus radiata seedlings inoculated with the commercially available Trichoderma species bio-inoculant, Arbor-Guard™, was investigated in a commercial containerised nursery setting and in a separate glasshouse experiment, which included the co-inoculation of specific ectomycorrhizal fungi. Application of Arbor-Guard™ to Pinus radiata seedlings in a containerised commercial nursery had no significant effect on the ability of the naturally occurring ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi to colonise the seedlings. Thelephora terrestris was the dominant ectomycorrhizal species colonising the P. radiata root tips and has been described as a species able to rapidly outcompete other ECM species colonisation, particularly in high organic matter media like that used at the containerised commercial nursery investigated. In a similar experiment run to augment the commercial experiment, specific ECM fungi identified as Rhizopogon roseolus, Suillus luteus, and Rhizopogon villosulus were co-inoculated with Arbor-Guard™ to investigate the effect on the colonisation potential of the respective ECM species in combination with Trichoderma. The treatment effect of the addition of Arbor-Guard™ did not negatively impinge on the ECM species found, or the abundance of ECM root tips colonising the P. radiata seedlings. Ectomycorrhizal species in the Thelephoraceae family were the dominant species found colonising the P. radiata root tips. Of the inoculated ECM, S. luteus was the only detected species colonising the P. radiata root tips but was only found in low abundance. Non-conducive abiotic factors for optimum ECM colonisation were considered the most likely reason for the low colonisation of the inoculated ECM species. Any effect of the unintentional co-inoculation of the wood decaying fungi Hypholoma fasciculare and Lentinula edodes, due to misidentification, with the inoculated ECM species was unable to be resolved in this study. However, it was speculated that H. fasciculare may have had a negative effect on the inoculated ECM species colonisation. In vitro dual culture assays were initiated to investigate the specific interactions between each of the candidate ECM fungi inoculated in the glasshouse experiment when challenged with each of the six Trichoderma isolates in Arbor-Guard™. Both competition for nutrients and/ or space were concluded to be the main antagonistic mechanisms potentially used by five of the Trichoderma isolates against all co-inoculated ECM species and L. edodes. Hypholoma fasciculare was not inhibited by the five Trichoderma isolates, however, one Trichoderma isolate (LU 663) competitively antagonised all inoculated ectomycorrhizal/ saprophytic species before the mycelial fronts converged. Agar diffusible secondary metabolites were speculated to be potential mechanism of antagonism expressed by LU 663 over volatile antibiotics such as 6-pentyl-α-pyrone. No direct correlation could be dervived from the in vitro dual culture assays and what was observed in the containerised in planta results. Overall the results indicated no negative impact of the Trichoderma bio-inoculant Arbor-Guard™ on ectomycorrhizal colonisation of Pinus radiata seedlings in a containerised nursery system.
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Santana, Maiele Cintra. "Análise da comunidade de fungos em áreas de monoculturas e consórcio de Eucalyptus grandis e Acacia mangium." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-03052018-173930/.
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Os fungos representam cerca de 75% da biomassa microbiana em áreas florestais, desempenhando funções importantes, desde a mineralização dos resíduos orgânicos até a disponibilização de nutrientes para plantas por meio das associações micorrízicas, o que influencia a ciclagem de nutrientes e, consequentemente, o crescimento das árvores. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a comunidade de fungos do solo, da rizosfera e do sistema radicular de Eucalyptus grandis e Acacia mangium plantados em monocultivos e em consórcio, e encontrar respostas para os padrões observados por meio da correlação com os atributos físicos, químicos, biológicos e a profundidade do solo. A coleta das amostras foi realizada na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga, em 2016, quando as plantas estavam com 2 anos de idade. Foram coletadas amostras em quatro tratamentos: monoculturas de E. grandis e de A. mangium e consórcios de E. grandis e de A. mangium, nos quais foram construídas trincheiras para coleta das amostras nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20, 20-50 e 50-100 cm de profundidade. Foram caracterizados os atributos físicos e biológicos do solo e os atributos químicos do solo, da rizosfera e das raízes. Para a avaliação micorrízica, foi quantificado o número de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e as taxas de colonização radicular por FMA e por fungos ectomicorrízicos. Foi avaliada a morfologia das estruturas das micorrizas arbusculares e ectomicorriza (ECM). A estrutura da comunidade de fungos do solo e da rizosfera foi avaliada por meio da técnica de Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Para isso, o DNA foi amplificado utilizando os primers ITS1f-FAM e ITS4 e a restrição dos fragmentos foi realizada com a enzima HaeIII. A abundância de cópias do gene ITS do solo e da rizosfera foi quantificada por PCR quantitativo (qPCR), utilizando os primers ITS1f e 5.8s. Os atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos tiveram poucas variações entre os tratamentos avaliados, sendo as maiores diferenças encontradas entre as profundidades. O número de esporos (<29) e as taxas de colonização micorrízica (<48%) foram baixos em todos os tratamentos, e se reduziram com o aumento da profundidade. As plantas de A. mangium não formaram micorrizas arbusculares. Nas raízes de E. grandis, não houve a formação de arbúsculos, mas foi verificada a presença de hifas enroladas (hyphal coils), estrutura de micorriza do tipo Paris. A anatomia das ECM confirmou a colonização destes fungos nas raízes das plantas estudadas. O qPCR mostrou maior abundância de genes ITS na rizosfera em relação ao solo, assim como nas camadas superficiais (0-10 cm) em relação às mais profundas (10 cm abaixo). A Análise de Coordenadas Principais revelou diferenças na estrutura das comunidades de fungos nos tratamentos estudados, principalmente para a região da rizosfera, diferenciando o perfil de fungos do monocultivo de E. grandis dos demais tratamentos, assim como a influência da A. mangium na estruturação da comunidade. A análise de redundância mostrou a influência de alguns atributos químicos nas taxas de colonização e estruturação da comunidade. Dessa forma, conclui-se que em sistema de consórcio, uma espécie de planta parece ser mais influente do que a outra na estruturação da comunidade de fungos e essa influência é mais evidente na rizosfera. Além disso, os atributos químicos são fatores importantes na organização da comunidade fúngica.The fungi represent about 75% of the microbial biomass in forest areas, performing important functions, from the mineralization of the organic residues to the availability of nutrients to plants through mycorrhizal associations, which influences the nutrient cycling and, consequently, the growth of trees. The objective of this work was to evaluate the community of fungi of the soil, rhizosphere and root system of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium planted in monocultures and consortium, and to find explanations for the observed patterns through the correlation with physical and chemical soil attributes and soil depth. The samples were collected at the Experimental Station of Forest Sciences of Itatinga in 2016, when the plants were 2 years old. Samples were collected in four treatments: monocultures of E. grandis and A. mangium and consortia of E. grandis and A. mangium, in which trenches were constructed to collect samples in the 0-10, 10-20, 20 -50 and 50-100 cm deep. The physical and biological attributes of the soil and the chemical attributes of soil, rhizosphere and roots were characterized. For the mycorrhizal evaluation, the number of spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the rates of root colonization by AMF and ectomycorrhizal fungi were quantified. The morphology of arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) structures was evaluated. The structure of the soil and rhizosphere fungi community by was evaluated by the technique of Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). For this, the DNA was amplified using primers ITS1f-FAM and ITS4 and restriction of the fragments was performed with the enzyme HaeIII. The abundance of ITS gene copies of soil and rhizosphere was quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR), using primers ITS1f and 5.8s. The physical, chemical and biological attributes had few variations among the evaluated treatments, being the greatest differences found between the depths. The number of spores (<29) and mycorrhizal colonization rates (<48%) were low in all treatments, and reduced with increasing depth. A. mangium plants did not form FMA. In the roots of E. grandis, there was no formation of arbuscules, but we found the presence of hyphal coils, mycorrhizal structures of the Paris type. The anatomy of the ECM confirmed the colonization of these fungi in the roots of the studied plants. The qPCR showed higher abundance of ITS genes in the rhizosphere in relation to the soil, as well as in the superficial layers (0-10 cm) in relation to the deeper ones (10 cm below). The Principal Coordinates Analysis revealed differences in the structure of the fungal communities in the treatments studied, especially for the rhizosphere region, differentiating the fungal profile of the E. grandis monoculture from the other treatments, as well as the influence of A. mangium on the structure of the community. The redundancy analysis showed the influence of some chemical soil attributes on the rates of colonization and community structuring. Thus, it is concluded that in a consortium system, one plant species seems to be more influential than the other in structuring the fungal community, and this influence is more evident in the rhizosphere. In addition, chemical attributes are important factors in the organization of the fungal community.
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Perraud, Marie. "Étude du dialogue moléculaire entre les partenaires de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne : implication d'une subtilase sécrétée par le champignon Hebeloma cylindrosporum." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10321.
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L'établissement de toute symbiose repose sur un dialogue moléculaire hautement régulé entre les deux partenaires. Une approche par génétique inverse a été utilisée pour identifier des gènes fongiques jouant un rôle clé dans le dialogue moléculaire entre les partenaires de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne. La caractérisation phénotypique et moléculaire d'un mutant non-mycorhizien du champignon Hebeloma cylindrosporum a montré qu'il présente une insertion de l'ADN-T mutagène dans le promoteur de la subtilase HcSbt1. Le fait que ce mutant soit incapable de coloniser les racines de la plante hôte Pinus pinaster, indique que HcSbt1 joue un rôle crucial dans le dialogue moléculaire précoce entre les partenaires de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne. Lors de la formation des mycorhizes, HcSbt1 est réprimé dès le contact avec les racines, avant même la différenciation de toute structure symbiotique. La répression se maintient tant que dure la symbiose. Ceci suggère que HcSbt1 pourrait inhiber le processus symbiotique. Sa répression serait un prérequis à la formation des mycorhizes. L'analyse par Western Blot et séquençage du sécrétome du champignon a montré que HcSbt1 est exocellulaire. Elle pourrait inhiber l'établissement de la symbiose en dégradant/activant/inactivant des protéines exocellulaires de la plante ou/et du champignon. La comparaison des secrétomes de la souche sauvage et de la souche mutante a montré que HcSbt1 peut dégrader de petits peptides exocellulaires. Notre hypothèse est que cette subtilase inhibe l'établissement de la symbiose en dégradant des petits peptides exocellulaires qui seraient des effecteursThe establishment of any symbiosis relies on a tightly regulated molecular dialogue between symbiotes. A reverse genetic approach was used to identify fungal genes playing a key role in the molecular dialogue between the partners of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. A non-mycorrhizal mutant of the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum has a single insertion of mutagenic T-DNA in the promoter of the subtilase HcSbt1. This mutant was unable to colonize Pinus pinaster roots, indicating that HcSbt1 plays a crucial role in the early molecular cross-talk between partners of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. During symbiotic interaction, HcSbt1 was repressed upon contact with the roots, even before the differentiation of any symbiotic structure. This repression was stable throughout the whole symbiotic process, suggesting that HcSbt1 could inhibit symbiotic structure differentiation. Subsequently, HcSbt1 repression would be a prerequisite for mycorrhiza differentiation. Western Blot analysis together with fungal secretome sequencing showed that HcSbt1 is extracellular. It could inhibit the symbiosis establishment by degrading / activating / inactivating extracellular proteins from plant and/or fungal origin. The comparison of wild-type and mutant secretomes showed that HcSbt1 could degrade small extracellular peptides. Based on this, we hypothesized that this subtilase could inhibit symbiosis establishment by degrading small extracellular peptides that would be effectors
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Vespoli, Luciano de Souza. "Presença e características de RNAs mensageiros nos basidiósporos de Pisolithus microcarpus." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2010. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5326.
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The low germination percentages of P. microcarpus basidiospores represents a major drawback for obtaining monokaryotic strains for quantitative genetic studies on the mycorrhizal associations, the use of spores in mutagenesis experiments aiming at the identification of genes important to the symbiosis, and the use of these propagules as inoculants in forest nurseries. The characterization of the mRNA present within the fungal basidiospores may provide information on the level of preparedness of the spores to germinate and sustain initial hyphal growth. The aim of this work was to characterize the mRNA present in the basidiospores of the ectomycorrhizal fungus P. microcarpus after basidiosporogenesis. Total RNA was extracted from the mature basidiospores and mycelium and mRNA was used for cDNA synthesis. An analysis of the presence of 14 gene transcripts involved in lipid metabolism, glycogen mobilization, trehalose mobilization, nitrogen assimilation, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and glucan degradation using cDNA from the fungal basidiospores and dikaryotic mycelium was done. qPCR analysis was performed to compare the amount of transcripts of the genes d15fa, ntrh, and ag13 which code respectively, for Δ15 fatty acid desaturase, neutral α-trehalase, and α-1,3-glucosidase in the dikaryotic mycelium and basidiospores. The 14 transcripts studied were present both in the dikaryotic mycelium and in the basidiospores, indicating a preparedness of these propagules to initiate and sustain germination. qPCR analysis indicated a higher amount of transcripts of genes the d15fa, ntrh, and ag13 inside the basidiospores when compared to the dikaryotic mycelium. These results suggest a higher need for enzymes involved in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, trehalose mobilization, and glucan degradation during basidiospore germination. A cDNA library was constructed from basidiospore mRNAs and 288 clones were sequenced. One hundred and nineteen sequences were obtained, resulting in a total of 12 ESTs (expressed sequence tags). The amino acid sequence deduced from the EST corresponding to clone 277 showed significant similarity to a protein involved in respiratory metabolism and may be important during the germination process. Other ESTs showed significant identity to unknown ESTs deposited in the NCBI database. These ESTs may code for proteins that are specific of the basidiospores of P. microcarpus. However, to confirm this hypothesis, other clones must be sequenced to better characterize the cDNA library.
As baixas percentagens de germinação dos basidiósporos do fungo ectomicorrízico Pisolithus microcarpus dificultam a obtenção de estirpes monocarióticas, material para estudos de genética quantitativa da associação micorrízica, inviabilizam a utilização de esporos em experimentos de mutagênese visando à identificação de genes importantes para a simbiose, além de dificultar a utilização desses propágulos como inoculantes em viveiros florestais. A caracterização do mRNA presente no interior desses basidiósporos poderá fornecer informações sobre o nível de preparação que têm para iniciar o processo de germinação e sustentar o crescimento inicial das hifas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de caracterizar os mRNA presentes nos basidiósporos do fungo ectomicorrízico P. microcarpus após a basidiosporogênese. O RNA total foi extraído de basidiósporos maduros e micélio, procedendo posteriormente a obtenção mRNA para a síntese de cDNA. Determinou-se a presença de transcritos de 14 genes envolvidos no metabolismo de lipídeos, na mobilização de glicogênio, na mobilização de trealose, na assimilação de nitrogênio, na via glicolítica, na via das pentoses fosfato e na degradação de glicanas. A análise por qPCR foi realizada visando comparar a quantidade de transcritos dos genes d15fa, ntrh e ag13 que codificam respectivamente as enzimas ácido graxo-Δ15 desaturase, α- trealase neutra e 1,3-α-glicosidase, nos basidiósporos e no micélio dicariótico. Os 14 x transcritos avaliados foram encontrados tanto no micélio dicariótico quanto nos basidiósporos, sugerindo a preparação desses propágulos para iniciar e sustentar o processo de germinação. A análise por qPCR indicou maior quantidade de transcritos dos genes d15fa, ntrh e ag13 no interior dos basidiósporos quando comparado ao micélio dicariótico. Esse resultado sugere a participação de enzimas responsáveis pela síntese de ácidos graxos insaturados, mobilização de trealose e degradação de glicanas durante o processo de germinação. Uma biblioteca de cDNA foi construída a partir dos fragmentos de cDNA dos basidiósporos, sendo caracterizada por meio do sequenciamento de 288 clones. Foram obtidas 119 sequências que, ao serem agrupadas, resultaram em 12 ESTs (expressed sequence tags). A sequência de aminoácidos deduzida da EST referente ao clone 277 apresentou similaridade significativa com proteína envolvida no metabolismo respiratório, podendo ser importante durante o processo de germinação. Outras ESTs apresentaram identidade significativa com ESTs depositadas no banco de dados do NCBI ainda não identificadas. Alternativamente, sugere-se que essas ESTs possam ser codificadoras de proteínas específicas dos basidiósporos de P. microcarpus, importantes para a etapa de germinação desses propágulos.
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Perrin, Aurélie. "Rôle des alpha-tubulines fongiques dans la symbiose ectomycorhizienne et dans les interactions champignons plantes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10019.
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Les champignons ont développé diverses interactions avec les végétaux. Ces interactions peuvent être bénéfiques pour la plante dans le cas des champignons établissant des symbioses mutualistes ou néfastes si le champignon est pathogène. Elles reposent sur des mécanismes moléculaires mal élucidés. Des études réalisées sur le champignon mutualiste Hebeloma cylindrosporum associé au pin Pinus pinaster ont permis de créer une collection de mutants affectés dans leur capacité à interagir avec les plantes et à former l’organe mixte de la symbiose, l’ectomycorhize. L’objectif de ma thèse a été d’étudier un mutant affecté dans le gène codant une alpha-tubuline Hctubα2. Les tubulines sont des protéines présentes chez tous les Eucaryotes et permettent la formation des microtubules, des éléments clés du cytosquelette. Chez les champignons, on trouve une ou deux alpha tubuline(s). H. cylindrosporum en possède deux. J’ai étudié l’expression de ces deux tubulines lors l’établissement de l’interaction avec les racines de l’hôte. Les résultats indiquent que ces deux gènes sont différentiellement exprimés lors de l’interaction. J’ai étudié au niveau protéomique l’impact de la mutation en comparant les protéomes intracellulaires des deux souches. On retrouve deux alpha-tubulines chez certains champignons phytopathogènes comme Botrytis cinerea. L’hypothèse de l’implication de l’alpha-tubuline 2 dans l’établissement de la pathogénie a été émise. J’ai donc construit des mutants de Botrytis cinerea dans lesquels ce gène a été inactivé. J’ai également tenté de localiser à l’aide de fusions traductionnelles chacune des alpha-tubulines chez le champignon mycorhizien et chez le pathogèneIn all terrestrial ecosystems, plants live in close interaction with numerous fungi. The interaction has a negative or positive effect on host plant depending upon the pathogenic or symbiotic status of the fungus. The establishment of these interactions is based on a tightly regulated molecular dialog between symbiotic partners. Previous studies on the ectomycorrhizal fungi, Hebeloma cylindrosporum associated with maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), created a collection of mutants affected in their mycorrhizal abilitiy. The aim of my thesis was to characterize one of these mutants affected in a gene, Hctubα2, encoding an alpha tubulin. Tubulins are eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins involved in microtubules formation. Fungi have one or two alpha-tubulin. For example, H.cylindrosporum has two alpha-tubulin. The site of mutagenic DNA insertion in fungal genome was characterized. I studied the expression of both alpha-tubulins during the establishement of mycorrhizal interaction. Results showed that the two genes are differentially expressed during the interaction with host plant. At proteomic level, I studied the impact of the mutation comparing the two strains using 2D gel electrophoresis and sequencing differentially accumulated spots. Pathogenic fungi also bear two alpha-tubulins, as Botrytis cinerea. The hypothesis of the involvement of the alpha-tubulin 2 in pathogenesis was investigated. I created Botrytis cinerea mutants deleted for this gene. I also created translational fusions in order to visualize both alpha-tubulins in Hebeloma cylindrosporum and in Botrytis cinerea
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Sulzbacher, Marcelo Aloisio. "Fungos ectomicorrízicos do sul do Brasil, com ênfase no hábito hipógeo." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5523.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorFungi represent an extremely important group of organisms in terrestrial ecosystems. Among their several important ecological roles, is the mutualistic association with plant roots, forming different types of mycorrhiza. Most studies carried out so far focused on epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungi, which occur above ground. On the other hand, below ground, hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungi, are still poorly studied. This research aimed to study the diversity of hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungi (Basidiomycetes) collected in Eucalyptus spp. plantations in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on morphological and molecular characters. Samples were taken between May 2009 and July 2010. A total of five species belonging to three families were identified. The material was analyzed to determine the morphological and molecular characters. Among the species identified are: Chondrogaster pachysporus Maire, Descomyces albus (Berk.) Bougher & Castellano, Hysterangium affine Massee & Rodway in Massee, Hysterangium inflatum Rodway and Setchelliogaster tenuipes (Setch.) Pouzar. Additionally a second species of Chondrogaster sp. was collected. However, no identity was determined for this species. Furthermore, it is believed it represents a new undescribed species to science. Among the species studied, Descomyces albus is reported for the first time in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Hysterangium affine and H. inflatum are newly recorded species from Brazil while Chondrogaster pachysporus is recorded for the first in South America.
Os fungos representam um grupo de organismos extremamente importante nos ecossistemas terrestres. Entre as muitas funções por eles desempenhadas está a associação mutualística com as raízes dos vegetais, formando diferentes tipos de micorrizas. A maioria dos estudos realizados até o momento está principalmente focada nos fungos ectomicorrízicos epígeos, os quais ocorrem acima do solo. Por outro lado, os fungos ectomicorrízicos hipógeos, que vivem abaixo da superfície do solo, são ainda pouco estudados. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar a diversidade de fungos ectomicorrízicos hipógeos (Basidiomycetes) coletados em plantações de Eucalyptus spp. na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com base em características morfológicas e moleculares. O período de coleta dos fungos foi de maio de 2009 a julho de 2010. Um total de cinco espécies pertencentes a três famílias foram identificadas. Este material foi analisado para verificar suas características morfológicas e moleculares. Dentre as espécies identificadas estão: Chondrogaster pachysporus Maire, Descomyces albus (Berk.) Bougher & Castellano, Hysterangium affine Massee & Rodway in Massee, Hysterangium inflatum Rodway e Setchelliogaster tenuipes (Setch.) Pouzar. Adicionalmente identificou-se uma segunda espécie de Chondrogaster sp. porém não se chegou a uma espécie conhecida, acreditando tratar-se de uma espécie ainda desconhecida para a ciência. Dentre as espécies estudadas, destacam-se a Descomyces albus que é citada pela primeira vez para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Hysterangium affine e H. inflatum que têm sua ocorrência registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil, além de Chondrogaster packysporus citado pela primeira vez para a América do Sul.
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Foltran, Estela Covre. "Dinâmica do fósforo no sistema solo-planta em função da solubilidade de fertilizantes fosfatados, em plantios de Eucalyptus grandis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-25072017-171626/.
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A fertilização promove incrementos de 30 a 50 % na produtividade de eucaliptos, com especial resposta ao P. O manejo adequado da fertilização fosfatada contribui para a otimização dos custos no primeiro ano. Existem no mercado diversas opções de fornecimento de P às plantas. Em geral, as fontes fosfatadas distinguem-se pela concentração, forma e solubilidade do P. O alto teor de oxihidróxidos de Fe e Al nos solos tropicais diminuem a eficiência desse nutriente devido ao processo de adsorção. Novas tecnologias de fertilizantes fosfatados estão sendo desenvolvidas visando aumentar esta eficiência de utilização, as quais necessitam de validação e comprovação dos seus efeitos em condições reais de crescimento do povoamento. Uma alternativa para aumentar a eficiência do P é a complexação deste com substâncias húmicas (complexo P-metal- SH), pois podem diminuir os processos de adsorção e possibilitar o maior aproveitamento do nutriente. O uso de técnicas de fracionamento do P no solo são amplamente utilizadas para identificar os reservatórios de P no solo e, consequentemente, sua disponibilidade à planta. A dinâmica das frações de P no solo é influenciada diretamente pela planta e pela microbiota do solo por meio de adaptações físicas e químicas do sistema radicular e ou remobilização interna de ácidos orgânicos. Objetivando compreender a dinâmica do P na interface planta- solo em um plantio de Eucalyptus grandis, foram propostos dois estudos: i) caracterização dos reservatórios de P a longo prazo e as adaptações desenvolvidas pelas plantas para aumentar a absorção de P, ii) identificação dos reservatórios de P inorgânico (Pi) lábil e a remobilização dos ácidos orgânicos nos tecidos vegetais ao longo de um ano. Constatou-se que o uso de fontes minerais de P alteram as frações lábeis e moderadamente lábeis do P no solo, não influenciando a fração não-lábil. As frações orgânicas lábeis e moderadamente lábeis contribuem consideravelmente para a nutrição da planta, em especial quando não há fertilização com P. O uso do complexo P-metal-SH incrementou a fração orgânica moderadamente lábil nos primeiros 12 meses com posterior redução. Houve equilíbrio entre as frações de P no solo e após o esgotamento das frações lábeis, as frações não lábeis foram reduzidas. O P-residual diminuiu em todos os tratamentos, em especial, no tratamento Controle. A produção de raízes finas na camada de 0-100 cm ultrapassou 6 Mg ha-1, sem diferenças entre os tratamentos. Todavia, notou-se claramente o efeito da aplicação localizada do fertilizante na densidade do sistema radicular, que apresentou maiores concentrações na linha de plantio. O comprimento específico das raízes finas na camada superficial apresentou distribuição oposta à atividade da fosfatase ácida e da ectomicorrização nos tratamentos Controle e fosfato reativo (FNR), exceto para o P solúvel convencional (PSC) que apresentou distribuição homogênea ao redor da árvore. O uso do P solúvel convencional estimulou a simbiose com micorrizas, e estas contribuíram para os processos de mineralização das frações orgânicas de P no solo por meio da exsudação de fosfatase ácida. Analisando a dinâmica das frações inorgânicas lábeis em curto período, nos primeiros 120 dias pós-plantio foi observado equilíbrio dinâmico entre as frações de Pi lábil no solo, exceto para o Controle que apresentou reduções constantes em todas as frações. Em períodos de excedente hídrico, as plantas absorveram altas quantidades de P, acumulando altos teores de ácidos orgânicos no tronco e, em períodos de estresse hídrico, houve remobilização dos ácidos orgânicos do tronco para as folhas, a fim de manter os processos metabólicos.Fertilization promotes 30 to 50% increments in forest productivity, with a special response to P input. The adequate management of phosphate fertilization contributes to cost optimization in the first year. There are several options on the market for supplying P to plants. In general, phosphate sources are distinguished by the concentration, form and solubility of P. The high content of Fe and Al oxyhydroxides in tropical soils reduces the efficiency of this nutrient due to adsorption processes. New phosphate fertilizer technologies are being developed aiming to increase this efficiency of use, which need validation and proof of their effects under real conditions of population growth. An alternative to increase the efficiency of the P is the complexation of this with humics substances (AH- CA-P complex), since they can decrease the adsorption processes and allow the greater use of the nutrient. The use of P fractionation techniques in soil are widely used to identify P reservoirs in the soil and consequently their availability to the plant. The dynamics of P fractions in soil are directly influenced by the plant and soil microbiota through physical and chemical adaptations of the root system and / or internal remobilization of organic acids. Two experiments were carried out: i) long-term characterization of P reservoirs and adaptations developed by plants to increase P uptake; and ii) identification of labile Pi reservoirs and remobilization of organic acids in plant tissues over a year. It was found that the mineral source use of P changes the labile and moderately labile fractions of P in the soil, not influencing the non-labile fraction. The labile and moderately labile organic fractions contribute considerably to plant nutrition, especially when not fertilized with P. The use of the P- metal-SH complex increased the moderately labile organic fraction in the first 12 months with subsequent reduction. We observed the equilibrium between the fractions of P in the soil and after the exhaustion of the labile fractions, the non-labile fractions were reduced. The P-residual decreased for all treatments, especially for the control treatment. The yield of fine roots in the 0- 100 cm layer exceeded 6 Mg ha-1, with no differences between treatments. However, the effect of the localized application of the fertilizer on the density of the root system, which presented higher concentrations in the planting line, was clearly noticed. The specific length of the roots in the superficial deep presented opposite distribution to the activity of the acid phosphatase and ectomycorrhizal colonization for all the treatments, except for the PSC that presented homogenous distribution around the tree. The use of conventional soluble phosphorus stimulated the symbiosis with mycorrhizae, and this contributed to the processes of mineralization of the organic fractions of P in the soil through the exudation of acid phosphatase. Analyzing the dynamics ofthe inorganic fractions in a short period, in the first 120 days post-planting, equilibrium was observed between the fractions of labile Pi in the soil, except for the control treatment that showed constant reductions in all fractions. In periods of water supply, the plants absorbed high amounts of P, accumulating high levels of organic acids in the stem and during periods of water stress, it was observed the remobilization of the AOs from the stem to the leaves, to maintain the metabolic processes.
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Betancourth, Blanca Mercedes Leguízamo. "Morfologia da ectomicorriza Scleroderma laeve - Eucalyptus grandis e análise da expressão do gene que codifica a subunidade seis de ATP sintase." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4756.
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Previous issue date: 2011-07-19Scleroderma laeve is a basidiomycete fungus capable of forming ectomycorrhizas with Eucalyptus grandis. Significant increases in lateral root production were observed in E. grandis plants inoculated with S. leave during the presymbiotic phase. This was also observed during the colonization, differentiation, and functioning stages of the symbiosis. On the third day of contact of the fungus with the host, the partial elongation of epidermal cells and mantle formation were observed, and, on the fifteenth day, the beginning of Hartig net formation was evident. On the 30th day, lateral root numbers in the plants in contact with the fungus was higher than in the control plants. The elongation of the epidermal cell and the thickening of the mantle could also be observed. The emerging lateral roots colonized by the fungus did not present root hairs, were completely enveloped by the fungal mantle, and had a fully developed Hartig net between the epidermal cells. The periodical sampling of lateral roots and ectomycorrhizas at different developmental stages in the in vitro system allowed following the morphological development of ectomycorrhizas and the corresponding changes in the expression of the gene coding for ATP synthase subunit VI in S. leave. The partial sequence of the ATP synthase subunit VI gene obtained possesses 503 bp and no intron. This sequences showed an identity to the sequences of the genes that code for e ATP synthase subunit VI in Scleroderma hypogaeum, Pisolithus arhizus, and Gyroporus cyanescens, among others, confirming the close relationship among these organisms. The expression analysis of the ATP synthase subunit VI gene in S. laeve by RT-PCR, at the different developmental stages of the symbiotic association, showed that the gene is expressed in all the phases of mycorrhization.
Scleroderma laeve é um fungo Basidiomiceto capaz de formar ectomicorrizas com Eucalyptus grandis. Foi observado aumento significativo do número de raízes laterais em plântulas de E. grandis em contato com S. laeve durante a fase de préinfecção em relação às plântulas não inoculadas. A inoculação com S. laeve também aumentou o número de raízes laterais em plântulas de E. grandis durante as etapas de colonização, diferenciação e funcionamento em relação às plântulas não inoculadas. No terceiro dia de contato entre o fungo e a planta, foi observado alongamento parcial das células da epiderme e formação do manto fúngico e no 15º dia foi observada a iniciação da formação da rede de Hartig. No trigésimo dia, o número de raízes laterais nas plântulas em contato com o fungo foi quatro vezes maior do que nas plântulas controle. Ocorreu, ainda, alongamento das células da epiderme e engrossamento do manto. As raízes laterais emergentes que formavam as ectomicorrizas não apresentavam pêlos radiculares, estavam totalmente envolvidas pelo manto fúngico e possuíam a rede de Hartig completamente formada entre as células alongadas da epiderme. Utilizando o sistema in vitro foi possível acompanhar, retirando-se raízes laterais e ectomicorrizas em diferentes estádios, as mudanças morfológicas da simbiose e de expressão do gene que codifica a subunidade seis de ATP sintase em S. laeve. A seqüência parcial do gene obtida possui 503 pb, na qual não foi observada a presença de introns. Essa sequência apresentou identidade com as sequências dos genes que codificam a subunidade seis de ATP sintase em S. hypogaeum, Pisolithus arhizus, Gyroporus cyanescens, entre outros, confirmando o parentesco entre esses organismos. A análise da expressão do gene que codifica a subunidade seis de ATP sintase em S. laeve por RT-PCR, nas diferentes etapas da associação, mostrou que esse gene é expresso em todas as etapas da micorrização.
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Basso, Veronica. "Les voies de signalisation des phytohormones dans l’établissement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne entre racines de Populus et Laccaria bicolor : un nouveau regard sur la modulation de la perception de l’acide jasmonique au cours de la colonisation fongique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0242.
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Les ectomycorhizes (ECM) sont des interactions mutualistes essentielles dans les écosystèmes forestiers, car elles promeuvent la croissance des arbres et participent aux cycles des éléments nutritifs. Cependant, les signaux et les mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent leur développement sont encore mal connus. En utilisant le modèle d’étude entre peuplier et le champignon Laccaria bicolor, il a été montré que la protéine fongique MiSSP7 (Mycorrhiza-induced Small Secreted Protein 7 kDa) est sécrétée, pénètre les noyaux des cellules racinaires corticales de son arbre hôte où elle stabilise PtJAZ6, le répresseur de la voie de signalisation de l’acide jasmonique (AJ). Cette stabilisation inhibe les réponses médiées par l’AJ et permettent l’établissement de la symbiose. La signalisation de l’AJ est impliquée dans la défense et le développement des plantes, mais on ignore actuellement quelles sont les réponses dépendantes de l’AJ qui doivent être supprimées pour autoriser le développement de la symbiose ECM. C'est pourquoi, dans cette thèse, nous tentons de répondre aux questions suivantes : (i) Comment la protéine effectrice MiSSP7 influence-t-elle la structure du complexe de perception de l’AJ dans les racines de peuplier ? (ii) Des branches distinctes de la signalisation de l’AJ jouent-elles des rôles spécifiques lors de l'établissement de l'ECM ? (iii) L'interaction entre la voie de signalisation de l’AJ et d'autres voies de signalisation hormonale influence-t-elle le développement symbiotique ? Nous avons identifié le complexe protéique associé à PtJAZ6 dans les racines de peuplier et avons montré que MiSSP7 module la force des interactions entre PtJAZ6 et ses facteurs de transcription associés (FT). La modification de l'expression des gènes codant pour ces FT dans les racines de peuplier, par transformation génétique, influence la maturation des ECM, indiquant que les FT associés à PtJAZ6 régulent cette interaction mutualiste. De plus, en couplant une analyse hormonomique à une analyse physiologique et transcriptomique de racines de peuplier et de mycélium de L. bicolor traités aux hormones, nous avons démontré que des modifications de la biosynthèse et de la perception des phytohormones ont lieu au cours du développement de l’ECM. Pris ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent un double rôle de la signalisation de l’AJ dans le développement de l'ECM avec une branche fonctionnant pour réguler la pénétration apoplastique des hyphes fongiques et une autre étant responsable de l’exclusion du champignon dans des conditions de stress. Nous proposons que la régulation fine de la signalisation des phytohormones, et en particulier de l’AJ, est cruciale pour l'intégration des signaux fongiques et végétaux, afin de reprogrammer à la fois la physiologie des cellules racinaire et des hyphes pour le développement de l’ECMPromoting nutrient cycling and tree fitness, ectomycorrhizae (ECM) are mutualistic interactions pivotal in forest ecosystems. However not much is known about the signals and molecular mechanisms underpinning their establishment. Using Populus and Laccaria bicolor as a model system, it was shown that the fungal Mycorrhiza-Induced Small Secreted Protein of 7 kDa (MiSSP7) is secreted upon ECM establishment, penetrates the nuclei of cortical root cells of its host and stabilizes the repressor of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling PtJAZ6, dampening plant responses to JA and promoting mutualism. JA signaling is implied in plant defense and development, but it is currently unknown which part of JA-dependent responses in host roots need to be suppressed for ECM formation. Therefore, the thesis aims to answer the following questions: (i) how does the effector protein MiSSP7 impact the structure of the JA perception complex in poplar roots? (ii) do distinct branches of JA signaling play specific roles during ECM establishment? (iii) does the interplay between JA signaling and other hormone signaling pathways influence symbiotic development? Through protein-protein interaction studies, we deciphered the composition of the PtJAZ6-associated protein complex in poplar roots and showed that MiSSP7 modulates the strength of interactions between PtJAZ6 and its associated transcription factors (TFs). Altered expression of the genes coding for such TFs in poplar roots, through genetic engineering, influences ECM maturation, indicating that PtJAZ6-binding TFs regulate the extent of this mutualistic interaction. In addition, by means of hormonomics coupled with physiologic and transcriptomic analysis of hormone-treated poplar roots and L. bicolor mycelium, we demonstrate that a complex rearrangement of phytohormone biosynthesis and perception takes place in host roots during symbiotic development. In particular, we found that fungus-colonized roots are less sensitive to JA. Altogether, our results suggest a dual role of JA signaling in developing ECM, with one branch functioning to regulate fungal apoplastic penetration to an optimal extent, and another being responsible of fungal exclusion under stress conditions. We propose that finely tuned phytohormone signaling, and in particular JA signaling, is crucial for the integration of fungal and plant-derived signals, in order to reprogram root and mycelial physiology for a successful mutualistic interaction
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Saravesi, K. (Karita). "Mycorrhizal responses to defoliation of woody hosts." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514288265.
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Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi are important contributors to the functioning of boreal forests, since they act in the bilateral carbon and nutrient transport between above- and belowground parts of the ecosystem. In ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis of woody host plants, both fungal and plant partners depend on resources provided by the other. A single tree may simultaneously host several ECM fungal partners, which greatly enhance the host's nutrient uptake. At the same time nearly 20% of host primary production is allocated to mycorrhizal fungi.
Although fungi depend on host-derived carbon, it is poorly understood how reduced carbon availability, e.g., due to herbivory, affects the ECM fungal symbionts. In this thesis I studied the impact of simulated insect defoliation or mammal browsing on mycorrhizal fungi of boreal woody hosts. Quantitative and qualitative changes in biomass partitioning in different fungal compartments were detected. None of the experiments showed that defoliation or shoot clipping treatments reduced the intensity of ECM colonisation, while treatments often shifted fungal composition towards less biomass producing ECM morphotypes. Above- and belowground diversity in ECM symbionts tended to decrease due to shoot or foliar damage. In addition, in some cases defoliation also reduced fungal biomass in fine roots and decreased ECM sexual reproduction by reducing the number of sporocarps produced.
Defoliation induced a similar response pattern in the host and in ECM fungi with a stronger response to increasing severity of treatment (e.g. degree of removed foliage or repeated years of defoliation). This was also confirmed when relating the effects of host and ECM fungal symbionts to defoliation using present and previously published data. The present results suggest that belowground adaptation of boreal trees to the changing environment is mediated by changes in fungal community or biomass partitioning. The lack of response in the intensity of ECM colonisation further emphasises the importance of the symbiosis to boreal trees.
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Walbert, Katrin. "Ectomycorrhizal communities associated with a Pinus radiata plantation in the North Island, New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/658.
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Aboveground and belowground ectomycorrhizal (ECM) communities associated with different age classes of the exotic plantation species Pinus radiata were investigated over the course of two years in the North Island of New Zealand. ECM species were identified with a combined approach of morphological and molecular (restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing) analysis. ECM species richness and diversity of a nursery in Rotorua, and stands of different ages (1, 2, 8, 15 and 26 yrs of age at time of final assessment) in Kaingaroa Forest, were assessed above- and belowground; furthermore, the correlation between the above- and belowground ECM communities was assessed. It was found that the overall and stand specific species richness and diversity of ECM fungi associated with the exotic host tree in New Zealand were low compared to similar forests in the Northern Hemisphere but similar to other exotic plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. Over the course of this study, 18 ECM species were observed aboveground and 19 ECM species belowground. With the aid of molecular analysis the identities of Laccaria proxima and Inocybe sindonia were clarified. In the aboveground study, five species were found associated with P. radiata that were previously not reported with this host in New Zealand (Inocybe sindonia, Lactarius rufus, Lycoperdon gunii, Rhizopogon pseudoroseolus and Wilcoxina mikolae). Belowground, the species Psudotomentella sp., P. tristis, R. luteorubescens, Tomentella sp., Wilcoxina mikolae were found as new associates of P. radiata in New Zealand, additionally nine ECM types were found that could not be identified with molecular analysis. There was little correlation between the species fruiting and the species colonising root tips. Only seven species were found in common between the above- and belowground communities, furthermore the dominant species aboveground were not observed in the belowground ECM communities. The influence of host age on the above- and belowground ECM communities of different age classes of P. radiata plantations was investigated. The aboveground species richness increased from the nursery to the oldest age group investigated (26 yrs), while diversity increased to the 15 yr old age group and decreased slightly to the oldest stand. A clear sequence of ECM species changes was observed to be related to stand age with a growing complexity over the chronosequence. The belowground ECM communities showed a different picture and richness and diversity initially decreased from the nursery to the outplanting but increased thereafter. Belowground no change in ECM composition that was directly related to the age of the host was observed, but two distinct groups of ECM species were found – a 'young' and a 'plantation forest' group, with the respective discriminating species being Rhizopogon rubescens and Type unknown Basidiomycete/Amanita muscaria. Another aspect of the study was the fate of the nursery ECM species in the outplanting and the arrival of non-nursery species. The ECM communities of seedlings in the nursery were investigated in 2006 and these seedlings were followed up over eight assessments in the field for one year, furthermore data from the 1-, 2 and 8 yr old plantation stands was analysed. It was found that the nursery species do survive the first year of outplanting and are dominant in the first year. The first non-nursery species occurred six months after outplanting but was only in minor abundance. Nursery ECM were dominant for two years after the seedlings were planted, and were completely replaced after seven years. Rhizopogon rubescens was found to be the most persistent and dominant species in the outplanting, facilitating the successful establishment of the seedlings in the plantation forest.
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Johansson, Veronika A. "Recruitment ecology and fungal interactions in mycoheterotrophic Ericaceae." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-109160.
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There are generally two contrasting alternatives to what limits recruitment in plants, namely the availability of seeds (seed limitation) or the quality or quantity of suitable sites (microsite limitation). Dust seeds, the smallest existing seeds, lack or have minimal nutrient reserves. During germination and initial development they consequently parasitize on mycorrhizal fungi. This is called mycoheterotrophy, and can vary in degree of fungal dependency in adult plants from full, partial or initial mycoheterotrophy. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the recruitment ecology of mycoheterotrophic Ericaceae (tribe Pyroleae) species with dust seeds, and to determine what limits their recruitment. The investigated species were: Chimaphila umbellata, Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda, Pyrola chlorantha, P. minor and P. rotundifolia. This aim was achieved by combining field experiments (seed sowing) with isotope analysis and fungal host pyrosequencing. Results provide evidence that the species in Pyroleae are heterogeneous, not only with regard to their degree of mycoheterotrophy, but also concerning germination and early seedling development. A combination of microsite and seed limitation is thus likely to be of importance for all studied species, but the relative importance of these limitations varies among species. Despite having adaptations for wind dispersal the majority of the seeds were deposited in close vicinity of the seed source. But with high seed production at least some seeds should be able to disperse long-distance. Seedlings of all studied species were found to associate with a wide range of ectomycorrhizal fungi, at least during their initial developmental stages. There seems to be a tendency for host narrowing in some Pyroleae species, but not as strict as the host specialization seen in fully mycoheterotrophic Monotropa hypopitys, supporting the hypothesis of geographical and developmental host shifts.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: In press. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Silvério, Merielle Angélica Martines. "Permeabilização e ultraestrutura da parede celular de basidiósporos de Pisolithus microcarpus." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5362.
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Previous issue date: 2013-10-29Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Basidiospores of the ectomycorrhizal fungus P. microcarpus are characterized by impermeable, hydrophobic cell walls. These features are possibly related to the low germination percentages of these propagules and make it difficult the isolation of monokaryons and the use of these spores as inoculants. Sodium hypochlorite can be used as a permeabilizing agent of the cell wall of fungal spores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of permeabilization treatments with commercial bleach on the cell wall ultrastructure and hydrophobicity, and on the viability and germination of P. microcarpus basidiospores. For this, fungal basidiospores, from fruiting bodies associated with Eucalyptus spp., were collected and permeabilized using different concentrations of bleach and times of exposure. After permeabilization, the basidiospores were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Surface hydrophobicity, viability, and germination of these propagules were also analyzed. The percentage of permeabilized basidiospores of P. microcarpus was proportional to the increases in bleach concentration and the exposure time. Basidiospores from different fruiting bodies differed significantly in their susceptibility to the permeabilization treatments with bleach and in the decrease of cell surface hydrophobicity after permeabilization. Changes in the ultrastructure of permeabilized basidiospores were observed at bleach concentrations of 15 and 50 %, with an exposure time of 40 s. For one basidiocarp, after permeabilization with bleach at 5 % for 40 s, 80% of the permeabilized basidiospores were viable. The plating of basidiospores permeabilized with 10% bleach for 40 s resulted in the production of colonies of P. microcarpus. The colonies appeared after 15 days of incubation of the permeabilized basidiospores in the presence of the host plant, E. citriodora. The germination percentage obtained, 0,001 %, was similar to those reported for non-permeabilized basidiospores. This work is the first report on the ultrastructure of the cell wall of basidiospores of P. microcarpus and contributes to the understanding of the recalcitrance of these propagules to germination.
Basidiósporos do fungo ectomicorrízico P. microcarpus apresentam parede celular impermeável e hidrofóbica. Essas características estão possivelmente relacionadas às baixas porcentagens de germinação desses propágulos, dificultando a obtenção de monocários e a utilização desses esporos em inoculantes. O hipoclorito de sódio pode ser usado como agente permeabilizador da parede celular de esporos fúngicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tratamento de permeabilização com água sanitária sobre a ultraestrutura e hidrofobicidade da parede celular, a viabilidade e a capacidade de germinação de basidiósporos de P. microcarpus. Para isso, basidiósporos fúngicos, oriundos de corpos de frutificações associados a plantas de Eucalyptus spp., foram coletados e permeabilizados utilizando-se diferentes concentrações de água sanitária e tempos de exposição ao composto. Após a permeabilização, os basidiósporos foram analisados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. A hidrofobicidade superficial, a viabilidade e a germinação desses propágulos também foram analisadas. A porcentagem de basidiósporos de P. microcarpus permeabilizados foi proporcional ao aumento na concentração de água sanitária e ao tempo de exposição. Basidiósporos oriundos de diferentes basidiocarpos diferiram de forma significativa na susceptibilidade ao tratamento de permeabilização com água sanitária e na redução da hidrofobicidade da superfície celular após esse tratamento. Alterações da ultraestrutura dos basidiósporos permeabilizados foram observadas nas concentrações de 15 e 50 % de água sanitária pelo tempo de exposição de 40 s. Para um dos basidiocarpos avaliados e após a permeabilização com água sanitária a 5 % por 40 s, 80 % dos esporos permeabilizados encontravam-se viáveis. O inóculo dos basidiósporos permeabilizados com água sanitária a 10 % por 40 s resultou na produção de algumas colônias de P. microcarpus. As colônias apareceram após 15 dias de incubação dos basidiósporos permeabilizados na presença da planta hospedeira, Eucalyptus citriodora. A porcentagem de germinação obtida, 0,001%, foi semelhante àquelas relatadas na literatura para basidiósporos não-permeabilizados. Este trabalho é o primeiro relato sobre a ultraestrutura da parede celular dos basidiósporos de P. microcarpus e contribui para a compreensão da recalcitrância desses propágulos à germinação.
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Hodge, Angela. "Chitinolytic activity of ectomycorrhizal symbionts." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1994. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU068305.
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Chitinolytic activities from Pinus sylvestris L., Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. and a number of basidiomycete, ascomycete and oomycete fungi were characterised using a fluorogenic assay based on 4-methylumbelliferyl glycosides of N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides. Fungal extracellular chitinolytic activities were induced in the presence of chitin, and subject to catabolite repression by glucose, except those from Armillaria ostoyae Romagn. Activities were not repressed by ammonium phosphate. Addition of chitin to medium containing glucose and ammonium phosphate enhanced the growth of several fungi (e.g. Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Karst, Boletinus cavipes (Opat.) Kalch br., Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai) but repressed growth of the non-chitinous fungus, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. 14C dilution indicated that a change in carbon allocation within fungal mycelium occurred in the presence of chitin. Constitutive endochitinase activities from both plants and fungi were inhibited by the specific chitinase inhibitor allosamidin, but this was generally ineffective against exochitinase. Only exochitinase from P. involutus was inhibited sufficiently to allow determination of an IC50 value of 270 nM. A synthetic analogue of N-acetylglucosamine, (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene) amino phenylcarbamate (PUGNAC), inhibited chitinolytic activities. The effect varied with species and substrate used, but was generally most marked against exochitinase. PUGNAC was used in challenge studies to distinguish between host and fungal endochitinase activities in sterile microcosms containing tree seedlings. Unchallenged P. sylvestris roots produced little N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. When challenged by the pathogen, H.annosum, root N-acetylglucosaminidase activity increased significantly. There was no response by either P. sylvestris or E. pilularis roots to challenge by the pathogen, P. cinnamomi, or the ectomycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch.
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Houlès, Anne. "Principe de facilitation appliqué à la restauration écologique de sites miniers dégradés : suivi des communautés ectomycorhiziennes au cours de successions végétales assistée par Acacia spirorbis." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT158/document.
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Acacia spirorbis est une espèce endémique de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, capable de former des symbioses avec des microorganismes du sol, notamment des ectomycorhizes et de se développer sur une très large variété de sols. Afin de tester les capacités de cette espèce à permettre d’initier un processus de restauration écologique des écosystèmes dégradés par l’exploitation minière, un essai en pépinière et trois essais sur le terrain ont été mis en place. Ces essais ont permis de mettre en évidence la capacité d’A. spirorbis à jouer, grâce à la facilitation, un rôle de plante nurse pour des espèces cibles de la restauration écologique comme des espèces du genre Tristaniopsis. Ainsi, nous avons tout d’abord décrit la diversité des champignons ectomycorhiziens associés avec A. spirorbis puis, nous avons constatés leur capacité à s’associer sur le terrain aux Tristaniopsis grâce à la présence initiale d’A. spirorbis. Les capacités d’A. spirorbis à faciliter l’implantation d’autres espèces en améliorant leur survie, leur croissance et en leur permettant de disposer de partenaires fongiques ectomycorhiziens diversifiés sont décrites. Ces résultats on conduit à proposer un itinéraire technique de restauration écologique des maquis miniers dégradés, itinéraire fondés sur la facilitation entre espèce utilisant A. spirorbis comme plante nurseAcacia spirorbis is an endemic species of New Caledonia, capable of forming symbiosis with soil micro-organisms, including ectomycorrhizae and developing on a very wide variety of soils. In order to test the capacities of this species to initiate a process of ecological restoration of ecosystems degraded by mining activities, a nursery trial and three field trials were setted up. These trials highlight the ability of A. spirorbis to play, through facilitation, a nurse plant role for target species of the genus Tristaniopsis in the frame of ecological restoration processes. Thus, we first described the diversity of the ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with A. spirorbis and then we described their ability to associate in the field with Tristaniopsis thanks to the initial presence of A. spirorbis. The capacities of A. spirorbis to facilitate the implantation of other target species by improving their survival, growth and allowing them to access to a diversified range of ectomycorrhizal fungal partners are described. These results led to propose a technical itinerary for ecological restoration of degraded mining maquis, an itinerary based on facilitation between species using A. spirorbis as a nurse plant
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Varga, Pastor Herminia de la. "Traceability of the mycorrhizal symbiosis in the controlled production of edible mushrooms = Traçabilitat de la simbiosi micorízica en la producció controlada de fongs comestibles." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129170.
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The availability of most edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms depends on their natural fructification. Therefore, mycorrhizal plant production could be an alternative for obtaining ectomycorrhizal edible fungi. The first step to establish a plantation for a certain species of mushrooms is the production of plants, inoculated with the fungus, in order to be outplanted to field. The mycorrhization of plants with species of the Boletus edulis complex has been achieved under pure culture synthesis conditions. The production of B. edulis mycorrhizal plants under nursery conditions could be achieved by acclimation of in vitro-produced mycorrhizal plants, but needs still more research to determine an appropriate procedure.
Sporocarp formation of these fungi is linked to habitat characteristics and climate conditions, but these data alone do not explain all the trends of fungal fruiting and dynamics. It could be hypothesized that the amount of soil mycelia could also be related to the production of carpophores. Progress of new technologies in molecular biology and the availability of fungal genomes have led to the development, implementation and use of techniques for the traceability of edible ectomycorrhizal fungi. Through the thesis it has been demonstrated that the real- time PCR technique, with the design of specific oligonucleotides for the detection and quantification of extraradical mycelium in soil, allows us to determine the concentration of soil mycelium in forests and plantations, increasing detection limits over conventional PCR. Specific primers and probes have been designed for B. edulis and Tuber melanosporum for real-time PCR amplification, allowing the traceability of these fungal species in the controlled production of edible mycorrhizal mushrooms. The annual belowground dynamics of extraradical soil mycelium, ectomycorrhizal root tips and sporocarp production of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, B. edulis and Lactarius deliciosus, have been studied in two different pine forests (Pinar Grande and Pinares Llanos, respectively) in Soria in permanent plots. Quantification of extraradical mycelium of Rhizopogon roseolus x Pinus pinea plantations (two in Cabils) and of T. melanosporum x Quercus ilex plantation (one in Cerc), in Catalunya has been carried out from its establishment until 24 or 48 months. T. melanosporum extraradical mycelium has also been quantified by real-time PCR in a natural truffle ground and in seven truffle orchards (around 20 years old) established in Tierra Estella and Valdorba sites (Navarra). Finally, the spatial genetic structure of T. melanosporum population was analyzed in a productive orchard (France). The distribution of the two T. melanosporum mating types was monitored in the soil. Ectomycorrhizas and ascocarps were mapped and genotyped using simple sequence repeat markers and the mating type locus and their genetic profiles were compared.
No direct relationships were found between soil mycelium amounts and sporocarp production for any of the studied fungal species, but it was possible to obtain positive correlations between vegetative structures (ectomycorrhiza and extraradical mycelium) for B. edulis, R. roseolus and T. melanosporum. The results obtained open the possibility of using quantification of soil mycelium by real-time PCR as a good indicator for root colonization in field conditions (in natural areas or in manmade orchards), especially when a nondestructive sampling or less time consuming analysis were required. The extraradical mycelial amounts of B. edulis, L. deliciosus and R. roseolus and T. melanosporum mycorrhizas were correlated with climate parameters as temperature, rainfall, solar radiation, relative humidity and evapotranspiration. Moreover, it has been possible to map the distribution of different T. melanosporum genotypes trough the traceability of ascocarps, ectomycorrhizas and soil samples. A pronounced spatial genetic structure was found. A nonrandom distribution pattern of the T. melanosporum was observed, resulting in field patches colonized by genets that shared the same mating types.La disponibilitat de la majoria dels fongs micorízics comestibles depèn de la seva fructificació natural. La formació de bolets està relacionada amb les característiques de l'hàbitat i les condicions climàtiques, però aquestes dades no expliquen ni la dinàmica de la fructificació ni del miceli d’aquests fongs. L’establiment de plantacions a partir de plantes micorizades pot ser una alternativa per a l'obtenció de fongs comestibles ectomicorízics. El progrés de les noves tecnologies en la biologia molecular han permès el desenvolupament, implementació i ús de tècniques per a la traçabilitat dels fongs ectomicorízics comestibles. A la tesi s'ha demostrat que la PCR en temps real, amb el disseny d'oligonucleòtids específics per a la detecció i quantificació de miceli extraradical, ens permet determinar la concentració de miceli present al sòl tant a boscos com a plantacions. La micorizació de plantes amb espècies del complex Boletus edulis s'ha aconseguit en condicions de cultiu pur. S’han dissenyat encebadors i sondes específics per l’amplificació de B. edulis i Tuber melanosporum per PCR en temps real. S’ha estudiat la dinàmica estacional del miceli extraradical, les ectomicorizes i la producció de B. edulis i Lactarius deliciosus, a dos boscos de Sòria. També s’ha quantificat el miceli extraradical de Rhizopogon roseolus (a dues plantacions) i de T. melanosporum (a una plantació), des del seu establiment. Per altra banda s’ha quantificat el miceli extraradical de T. melanosporum en una tofonera natural i en set plantacions (d’uns 20 anys). Finalment, s’ha analitzat l'estructura genètica d’una població de T. melanosporum a una plantació productiva, determinat la distribució dels tipus de compatibilitat al sòl, i els genotips de micorizes i ascocarps fent us de marcadors microsatèl•lits. No s'ha trobat relació directa entre les quantitats de miceli del sòl i la producció per cap de les espècies estudiades, però s’ha correlacionat positivament les estructures vegetatives de B. edulis, R. roseolus i T. melanosporum. Els resultats obren la possibilitat d'utilitzar la quantificació de miceli del sòl per PCR en temps real com un bon indicador de la colonització de les arrels en condicions de camp. Les quantitats de miceli extraradical de B. edulis, L. deliciosus i R. roseolus i les micorizes de T. melanosporum s’han correlacionat amb diferents paràmetres climàtics. Finalment, ha estat possible determinar la distribució dels diferents genotips de T. melanosporum a una plantació, on es va trobar una estructura genètica espacial amb un patró de distribució no aleatori, resultant en zones de camp colonitzat per genets que compartien els mateixos tipus de compatibilitat.
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Henrion, Bénédicte. "Caractérisation et identification de champignons ectomycorhiziens par amplification enzymatique (PCR) de l'ADN ribosomal : application au suivi du basidiomycète laccaria bicolor en pépinière forestière." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10329.
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Afin d'identifier des champignons mycorhiziens dans les écosystèmes forestiers, à différents niveaux taxonomiques, un diagnostic moléculaire basé sur le polymorphisme de l'ADNr a été mis au point. Le polymorphisme de l'ADN ribosomal, étudie par PCR couplée à la RFLP, des régions codantes et non codantes, permet la caractérisation au niveau du genre, de l'espèce ou de l'isolat d'un grand nombre de champignons ectomycorhiziens. Cette identification est réalisée à partir de mycélium, de carpophores et de mycorhizes. Ce diagnostic moléculaire est utilisé en épidémiologie afin d'étudier la structure et la dynamique des communautés mycorhiziennes. Il a permis d'apprécier la survie et la compétitivité du champignon ectomycorhizien, laccaria bicolor s238, par l'identification de ces ectomycorhizes, dans une expérimentation en pépinière forestière
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Castellano, Steven Michael. "Effect of Alliaria petiolata invasion on ectomycorrhizal colonization of Quercus rubra." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1217280009.
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Rosling, Anna. "Responses of ectomycorrhizal fungi to mineral substrates /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s296.pdf.
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Wilkinson, Anna. "The significance of genetic diversity for ectomycorrhizal fungal productivity and CO₂ efflux." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.600050.
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Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi play key functional roles in forest ecosystems; they are fundamental to the health and nutrition of their plant partners and they cycle vast amounts of photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) through the soil. They also form diverse belowground communities, yet to date only a few studies have tested the effects of EM diversity on host plant responses, with belowground C flux effects remaining ignored. This thesis investigated how increasing species and genotypic richness affected the productivity and CO2 efflux of EM fungal mycelium grown in pure culture, and examined whether similar patterns between diversity and respiration were found in the field. Furthermore, the response of soil respiration to additions of increasingly diverse EM necromass was tested. Results from in vitro studies revealed that not only did productivity and respiration change significantly, but genotype richness also had strong effects on these processes. Biodiversity effects were driven by a combination of selection effects (dominance by a species) and complementarity effects (niche partitioning/complementary resource use). Furthermore, variation in productivity and CO2 efflux between individuals was large, and in some cases differences between genotypes was as great, if not greater, than between species. Strikingly, not only did the addition of EM fungal necromass to soil rapidly enhance respiration above that produced by unamended controls, but CO2 efflux also increased dramatically with increasing necromass richness. The relationship between species richness and soil CO2 efflux in the field was not as pronounced, although further work is needed to distinguish between sources of soil CO2 efflux variation in the field and to address confounding factors. This PhD thesis stresses the importance of diversity for soil C cycling in both living and decomposing EM fungi, and it supports calls to consider fine scale phylogenetic information about microbial communities when testing the effects of diversity on ecosystem processes.
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Walter, Juline Marta. "Ectomicorriza in vitro entre Hydnangium sp. e Eucalyptus grandis e análises de seqüências de genes de Hydnangium sp." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5302.
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Hydnangium sp. is a basidiomycetous fungus that is capable of forming ectomycorrhiza with Eucalyptus species. The in vitro mycorrhization system is widely used for mycorrhizal interactions studies, becoming a simple and reproducible system for the symbiosis-regulated genes expression analysis. In this work, the in vitro mycorrhization system for the Hydnangium sp. and Eucalyptus grandis interaction was performed for the colonization, differentiation and functioning phases for the ectomicorriza formation. The colonization phase were verified after five days of inoculation with the Hydnangium sp., the differentiation phase after ten days and the functioning phase after 20 days of inoculation. The extern morphology was analyzed by stereomicroscopy and the section microscopy was performed for the mantle and Hartig net detection. The total RNA extraction was performed for each phase, with the objective of to analyze genes expression. However, the material quantity from roots of 130 seedlings for each phase was insufficient for the transcripts detection through RTPCR. The intron analysis of the partial sequences of the genes that encode ATP sintase (atp) and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (aat) of Hydnangium sp. enabled two introns identification in partial sequence of atp gene (53 and 65 bp), while in partial sequence of aat gene were identified three introns (52, 52 e 46 bp). All introns analyzed have the canonical sequence 5 GT 3 AG on splicing sites, ranging the adjacent nucleotides. The phylogenetic analysis, using the partial sequences of amino acids of atp and aat genes, enabled the correct group separation, corroborating the Hydnangium sp. classification as belonging the same family of Laccaria bicolor.
Hydnangium sp. é um fungo basidiomiceto capaz de formar ectomicorriza com espécies de Eucalyptus. Os sistemas de micorrização in vitro vêm sendo largamente utilizados para estudar interações micorrízicas, tornando-se um sistema simples e reproduzível para as análises de expressão de genes envolvidos na interação. Neste trabalho, a técnica de micorrização in vitro para a interação do fungo Hydnangium sp. com E. grandis foi realizada para as fases de colonização, diferenciação e funcionamento da ectomicorriza. A fase de colonização foi verificada após cinco dias de inoculação com Hydnangium sp., a fase de diferenciação após 10 dias e a fase de funcionamento após 20 dias de inoculação. A morfologia externa foi analisada por lupa e foram avaliados cortes microscópicos para a detecção do manto e da rede de Hartig. A extração de RNA total foi realizada para cada uma das fases, com o objetivo de analisar a expressão gênica. Entretanto, a quantidade de material proveniente de raízes de 130 plântulas para cada fase, foi insuficiente para a detecção de transcritos por meio de RTPCR. A análise dos íntrons das seqüências parciais dos genes que codificam ATP sintase (atp) e acetil-CoA acetiltransferase (aat) de Hydnangium sp. permitiu a identificação de dois íntrons na seqüência parcial do gene atp (53 e 65 pb), enquanto que na seqüência parcial do gene aat foram identificados três íntrons (52, 52 e 46 pb). Todos os íntrons analisados possuem a seqüência padrão 5 GT 3 AG no sítio de processamento, variando os nucleotídeos adjacentes. A análise filogenética, utilizando as seqüências parciais de aminoácidos deduzidas dos genes atp e aat, permitiu a separação correta dos grupos, corroborando a classificação do fungo Hydnangium sp. como pertencente à mesma família de Laccaria bicolor.
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Heller, Gregory. "Transcription analysis of Pinus sylvestris during ectomycorrhizal development /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200821.pdf.
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Nygren, Cajsa. "Functional diversity in nutrient acquisition by ectomycorrhizal fungi /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200854.pdf.
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Husted, Lynn. "Low soil temperature and efficacy of ectomycorrhizal fungi." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30930.
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The influence of root-zone temperature on the efficacy of various ectomycorrhizal fungi, i.e., their ability: (1) to colonize roots in a nursery environment, (2) to persist and colonize new roots in the field and (3) to improve the growth, nutrition, and physiology of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings, was examined in controlled environment experiments using water baths to regulate root-zone temperature.
Eight-week-old non-mycorrhizal seedlings were inoculated with 13 different inocula (1 forest floor inoculum, 12 specific fungi), then transplanted into 6, 16, or 26°C peat:vermiculite mixes for 8 weeks. Maximum root colonization occurred at 16°C for most inocula. The 6°C mix strongly reduced mycorrhiza formation with only 8 of the 13 inocula forming any mycorrhizae during the 8-week test period. Primary infection from ectomycorrhizal propagules (spores and hyphal fragments) was reduced more than was secondary infection from established mycorrhizae; once established, all inocula colonized new roots in 6°C forest soil.
Fall-lifted cold-stored seedlings infected with 8 inocula (forest floor, 7 specific fungi) were planted into 6 and 12°C forest soil mixtures with or without indigenous ectomycorrhiza inoculum. Survival and colonization of new roots by inoculant fungi was good (> 50%) for the 12-week test duration despite the significant potential for infection by indigenous inoculum. High persistence appeared to be due to successful (>75%) root colonization by the inoculant fungi in the nursery production phase, to the relative weakness of ectomycorrhizal propagules (spores and hyphal fragments) compared with live ectomycorrhizal attachments, and to the favorable pattern of lateral root egress from the container plug after planting.
Colonization of new roots by established mycorrhizae showed an effect of soil temperature in the presence, but not the absence, of indigenous inoculum. Percent new root colonization by inoculant fungi was lower in the 12°C forest soil. Rapid extension of lateral roots in the 12°C soil increased the likelihood that short roots initiated near the tips of elongating roots would be infected by indigenous fungi. There was no evidence of active or passive interactive replacement between inoculant and indigenous fungi. However, Hebeloma crustuliniforme appeared to inhibit mycorrhizal formation by indigenous fungi; roots not infected by this fungus remained non-mycorrhizal. Application of slow-release fertilizer reduced new root colonization by E-strain but had no effect on colonization by H. crustuliniforme or indigenous forest floor fungi.
Non-inoculated seedlings (controls) and seedlings inoculated with 5 different inocula (forest floor, 4 specific fungi) were planted in 6 and 12°C forest soil for 3 weeks. Inoculation influenced the rate at which seedlings acclimated to the 6°C soil with respect to resistance to water flow and net photosynthetic rate, but had no effect on pre-dawn stomatal conductance. Differences among inoculation treatments were related to the size and nutritional status of seedlings at the time of transplanting. Seedlings infected with Laccaria bicolor or E-strain exhibited the least decrease in resistance to water flow due to the relatively small size (dry weight, short root number) of their root systems at the time of transplanting. Net photosynthetic rate and new foliage production correlated positively with shoot N and P (% dry weight) and the proportion of total seedling N and P contained in shoot tissues at the time of planting.
Non-inoculated seedlings (controls) and seedlings inoculated with forest floor or 5 specific fungi were planted in 6 and 12°C forest soil for 12 weeks. The presence of "any" mycorrhiza at the time of transplanting did not improve seedling growth under the experimental conditions (i.e., cool, acidic soils with an indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungal population). On average, mycorrhizal infection increased N and P uptake at 12°C but not at 6°C. Growth response to specific fungi was very variable with some fungi depressing seedlings growth (e.g., E-strain and H. crustuliniforme) and others strongly promoting it (forest floor inoculum, L. bicolour, Thelephora terrestris). Seedling response to the various inocula was not related to the degree of mycorrhizal infection at the time of planting nor to the source of inocula; but was associated with differences in the content and distribution of nutrients at the time of transplanting and differences in total nutrient uptake, root efficiency, nutrient-use efficiency and net photosynthetic rate after transplanting. Root efficiency was not proportional to the number of short roots per unit root or to the amount of external mycelium attached to the various mycorrhizae. Implications for applied forestry and research are discussed in the final chapter.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Franco, Albina Cristina Ribeiro. "Ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition of Betula colonising Calluna moorland." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25222.
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Jonsson, Lena. "Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Swedish boreal forests /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1998. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1998/91-576-5609-6.gif.
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Rasanayagam, Maretta Sharima. "Inhibitory effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on other soil fungi." Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332661.
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Valentine, Lori Lisa. "The biodiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Quercus garryana /." View full-text version online through Southern Oregon Digital Archives, 2002. http://soda.sou.edu/awdata/040226b1.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Southern Oregon University, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-43). Also available via Internet as PDF file through Southern Oregon Digital Archives: http://soda.sou.edu. Search Bioregion Collection.
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McLane, Kevin John. "Symbiosis of Ectomycorrhizae and Trees, an Agent-Based Model." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1620380794126532.
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Trudell, Steven A. "Patterns of nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios in macrofungi, plants, and soils from two old-growth conifer forests, Olympic National Park, Washington, USA /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5572.
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Wei, Jie. "Ectomycorrhizal diversity of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) in North China." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-115926.
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Di, Marino Erika. "The ectomycorrhizal community structure in beech coppices of different age." Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-97717.
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Vishwanathan, Kishore [Verfasser]. "Defense remodelling by ectomycorrhizal fungi in non-hosts / Kishore Vishwanathan." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1215338651/34.
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Phosri, Cherdchai. "Characterization and development of tropical gasteromycete fungi in ectomycorrhizal associations." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402861.
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Shaw, Timothy M. "Modelling competition between ectomycorrhizal fungi for roots of pine seedlings." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303411.
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Brearley, Francis Q. "The role of ectomycorrhizas in the regeneration of dipterocarp seedlings." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422176.
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