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Journal articles on the topic 'Ecstacy'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Holt, Lynda. "Review of deaths from ecstacy." Emergency Nurse 10, no. 9 (February 2003): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en.10.9.7.s11.

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2

Zahn, Karen A., Raymond L. Li, and Roy A. Purssell. "Cardiovascular toxicity after ingestion of “herbal ecstacy”." Journal of Emergency Medicine 17, no. 2 (March 1999): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-4679(98)00194-2.

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3

Green, Arthur. "Hasidism: Between Ecstacy and Magic. Moshe Idel." Journal of Religion 77, no. 1 (January 1997): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/489967.

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4

Arehart-Treichel, Joan. "Agony of Ecstacy Includes Extensive Neural Damage." Psychiatric News 37, no. 21 (November 2002): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.37.21.0028.

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5

Climko, Robert P., Herbert Roehrich, Donald R. Sweeney, and Jamil Al-Razi. "ECSTACY: A Review of MDMA and MDA." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 16, no. 4 (December 1987): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dcrp-u22m-aumd-d84h.

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The Drug Enforcement Administration classified the drug methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine, MDMA, also known as Ecstacy, as a Schedule I controlled substance on July 1, 1985. The controversy surrounding the classification of MDMA is related to the question of its efficacy as an adjunct to psychotherapy and the larger issue of how to regulate the production and use of designer drugs. The authors review the literature on MDMA and its predecessor, MDA, a substance that differs from MDMA by one methyl group.
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6

Moritz, M. L., K. Kalantar-Zadeh, and J. C. Ayus. "Ecstacy-associated hyponatremia: why are women at risk?" Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 28, no. 9 (June 26, 2013): 2206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gft192.

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7

Houghton, Sarah. "‘Enkindling ecstacy’: The Sublime Vision of John Clare." Romanticism 9, no. 2 (July 2003): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/rom.2003.9.2.176.

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8

Elk, Carrie. "MDMA (Ecstacy): Useful Information for Health Professionals Involved in Drug Education Programs." Journal of Drug Education 26, no. 4 (December 1996): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/k2pl-q2yf-wng0-54qd.

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3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “Ecstacy”) is an amphetamine derivative that is related chemically to both amphetamines and hallucinogens. Despite reports of an increase in MDMA usage among adolescents and young adults in the past decade, systematic scientific information concerning MDMA and its effects remains insufficient, thus limiting or eliminating MDMA from inclusion in the drug education curriculum.
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9

Skopp, G., R. Aderjan, and J. Koster. "Haaranalyse zur Diagnose toxischer Hepatitiden nach Mißbrauch von »Ecstacy«." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 120, no. 34/35 (March 25, 2008): 1165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1055461.

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10

Bassi, Sukh, and Dyl Rittoo. "Ecstacy and chest pain due to coronary artery spasm." International Journal of Cardiology 99, no. 3 (March 2005): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.11.057.

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11

Bühler, Karl-Ernst. "Euphoria, ecstacy, inebriation, abuse, dependence, and addiction: a conceptual analysis." Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 8, no. 1 (April 2005): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11019-004-6411-6.

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12

Kerr, Don. "James Hoffman. The Ecstacy of Resistance, A Biography of George Ryga." Theatre Research in Canada 17, no. 2 (January 1996): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tric.17.2.226.

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13

McKenna, Claire. "Ecstacy is low in league table of major causes of deaths." BMJ 325, Suppl S3 (September 1, 2002): 0209308a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.0209308a.

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14

Kerr, Don. "James Hoffman. The Ecstacy of Resistance, A Biography of George Ryga." Theatre Research in Canada 17, no. 2 (January 1996): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tric.17.2.226.

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15

Human, DJ. "Perspektiewe op erotiek en seksualiteit in die ou Nabye Ooste." Verbum et Ecclesia 27, no. 1 (November 17, 2006): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v27i1.140.

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Sexuality and erotism form an integral part of life. Both these aspects mediate life fulfilling experiences of love. As part of the creation reality sexuality effects a positive power of life. Evidence from the ancient Near East, especially from Egypt, Canaan and Mesopotamia, confirms human’s facinasion for and participation in sexual behaviour. In the sexual experience the ‘I’ transcends the borders of the ‘self’. Whether the gods or humans are engaged in this act of heavenly ecstacy, it is evident that life’s meaning is captured in this life enriching experience of power, vitality and joy.
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16

Jalil, Mat. "SPRITUALITAS MANUSIA DAN MA’RIFAT." Ath Thariq Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi 1, no. 1 (September 2, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/ath_thariq.v1i1.829.

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Ma’rifat searching of The God’s unsure on a seeker, makes a special vibration waves about God’s things, and after those are founded, that person will confess as God’s servant. In the second valley, if the things which have been searched before are founded, even it’s slightly explicit (melik-melik), that person will taste the love which make everything implicit (melik) before becomes clear (melek) and even follow it (melok). The love will deliver him to the next valley of ma’rifat; holly valley. The next ecstacy is kneeling down and full of grateful, then feeling beyond amazed by the intended face, fana fi-ilallah.
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17

Serna-Gallegos, Tasha R., Christopher J. La-Fargue, and Krishnansu S. Tewari. "The Ecstacy of Gold: Patent Expirations for Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Rituximab, and Cetuximab." Recent Patents on Biotechnology 12, no. 2 (June 12, 2018): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208311666171122152131.

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18

Goulet, T. Nicole. "Amy Hollywood, Sensible Ecstacy, Mysticism, Sexual Difference, and the Demands of History." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 16, no. 4 (2004): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570068043079046.

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19

Jeschke, Claudia, John Rouse, and Susan A. Manning. "Ecstacy and the Demon: Feminism and Nationalism in the Dances of Mary Wigman." Dance Research Journal 27, no. 2 (1995): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1478020.

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20

Simon, R., and M. D. Srinivas. "Sudarshan's diagonal representation: the ecstacy and agony of another major discovery in science." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 196 (November 1, 2009): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/196/1/012016.

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21

Kongshaug, K. E., S. Pedersen-Bjergaard, K. E. Rasmussen, and M. Krogh. "Solid-phase microextraction/capillary gas chromatography for the profiling of confiscated ecstacy and amphetamine." Chromatographia 50, no. 3-4 (August 1999): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02490660.

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22

Huffmon, Herbert B. "The Oracular Process: Delphi and the Near East." Vetus Testamentum 57, no. 4 (2007): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853307x222880.

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AbstractThe famous Oracle of Apollo at Delphi and various prophetic centers in the ancient Near East have provided extensive but incomplete bodies of reports about oracular activity. Though one cannot find significant interconnections, the two bodies of evidence are complementary and can be mutually informative about the respective oracular processes and the importance of their roles, about what we know and what we do not know in each instance. A comparative analysis is suggestive regarding the background of the oracular speakers, the process of selection, and perseverance in place. The differing bodies of evidence illuminate, inter alia, the process of formulating and presenting questions to the deity for oracular response, the importance of ecstacy in the process, and the capacity of the oracular speakers to produce intelligible, even elegant and rather poetic oracles on their own.
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23

Hier, Sean P. "Raves, Risks and the Ecstacy Panic: A Case Study in the Subversive Nature of Moral Regulation." Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 27, no. 1 (2002): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3341411.

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24

Blanckaert, Peter, Stijn Vanquekelberghe, Vera Coopman, Martijn D. P. Risseeuw, Serge Van Calenbergh, and Jan Cordonnier. "Identification and characterization of 4-chloromethamphetamine (4-CMA) in seized ecstacy — a risk to public health." Forensic Science International 288 (July 2018): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.023.

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25

Vanga, Rohini R., Bikram Bal, and Kevin W. Olden. "Adderall Induced Acute Liver Injury: A Rare Case and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/902892.

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Adderall (dextroamphetamine/amphetamine) is a widely prescribed medicine for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is considered safe with due precautions. Use of prescribed Adderall without intention to overdose as a cause of acute liver injury is extremely rare, and to our knowledge no cases have been reported in the English literature. Amphetamine is an ingredient of recreational drugs such as Ecstacy and is known to cause hepatotoxicity. We describe here the case of a 55-year-old woman who developed acute liver failure during the treatment of ADHD with Adderall. She presented to the emergency room with worsening abdominal pain, malaise, and jaundice requiring hospitalization. She had a past history of partial hepatic resection secondary to metastasis from colon cancer which was under remission at the time of presentation. She recovered after intensive monitoring and conservative management. Adderall should be used carefully in individuals with underlying liver conditions.
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26

Kopelman, M. D., L. J. Reed, P. Marsden, A. R. Mayes, E. Jaldow, H. Laing, and C. Isaac. "Amnesic Syndrome and Severe Ataxia Following the Recreational Use of 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstacy’) and other Substances." Neurocase 7, no. 5 (January 2001): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/neur.7.5.423.16247.

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27

Szigeti, Balázs, Adam R. Winstock, David Erritzoe, and Larissa J. Maier. "Are ecstasy induced serotonergic alterations overestimated for the majority of users?" Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 7 (May 7, 2018): 741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118767646.

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Background: Neuroimaging studies imply that the regular use of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), the major constituent of ecstasy pills, alters the brain’s serotonergic system in a dose-dependent manner. However, the relevance of these findings remains unclear due to limited knowledge about the ecstasy/MDMA use pattern of real-life users. Aims: We examined the representativeness of ecstasy users enrolled in neuroimaging studies by comparing their ecstasy use habits with the use patterns of a large, international sample. Methods: A systematic literature search revealed 10 imaging studies that compare serotonin transporter levels in recreational ecstasy users to matched controls. To characterize the ecstasy use patterns we relied on the Global Drug Survey, the world’s largest self-report database on drug use. The basis of the dose comparison were the Usual Amount (pills/session), Use Frequency (sessions/month) and Dose Intensity (pills/year) variables. Results: Both the average Usual Amount (pills/session) and Use Frequency (sessions/month) of neuroimaging study participants corresponded to the top 5–10% of the Global Drug Survey sample and imaging participants, on average, consumed 720% more pills over a year than the Global Drug Survey participants. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the serotonin brain imaging literature has focused on unusually heavy ecstasy use and therefore the conclusions from these studies are likely to overestimate the extent of serotonergic alterations experienced by the majority of people who use ecstays.
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28

Puente, Cecilia Peñacoba, José Luis González GutiéRrez, Isabel Carretero Abellán, and Almudena López López. "Sensation Seeking, Attitudes Toward Drug Use, and Actual Use Among Adolescents: Testing a Model for Alcohol and Ecstacy Use." Substance Use & Misuse 43, no. 11 (January 2008): 1615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826080802241151.

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29

Noggle, F. T., C. R. Clark, and J. DeRuiter. "Gas Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Samples from a Clandestine Laboratory Involved in the Synthesis of Ecstacy from Sassafras Oil." Journal of Chromatographic Science 29, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/29.4.168.

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30

Russell, T., S. Riazi, N. Kraeva, A. C. Steel, and L. A. Hawryluck. "Ecstacy-induced delayed rhabdomyolysis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with a novel variant in the ryanodine receptor type 1 gene." Anaesthesia 67, no. 9 (June 27, 2012): 1021–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2012.07226.x.

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31

Pesce, Amadeo. "Illicit Drug Use in the Pain Patient Population Decreases with Continued Drug Testing." Pain Physician 3;14, no. 2;3 (March 14, 2011): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2011/14/189.

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Background: A major concern of physicians treating pain patients with chronic opioid therapy and similar drugs is determining whether the patients are also using illicit drugs. This is commonly determined by urine drug testing (UDT). However, there are few studies on whether or not monitoring patients by this technique decreases illicit drug use. Objective: To determine if the presence of illicit drugs decreases over a number of physician visits where UDT was performed. Method: The method involved a retrospective study of tests for the illicit drugs marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstacy (MDMA) phencyclidine (PCP) and the heroin metabolite, 6-acetylmorphine as confirmed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A database of 150,000 patient visits was examined for the presence of any of these 6 drugs. Results: A total of 87,000 patients were initially tested. The number of patients who were repeatedly tested decreased over time. The percentage of patients positive for any of these illicit drugs decreased from 23% to 9% after 14 visits where UDT was performed. When graphed there was a trend to decreasing use. The Spearman correlation = -0.88, P < 0.0001. The major illicit drug was marijuana. When this was removed from the analysis, there was an even greater correlation with decreased illicit drug use. Spearman correlation = -0.92 (P < 0.0001) using a weighted correlation. Limitation: Patients continuing to use illicit drugs might be dismissed from practices thus biasing the study towards illicit drug avoidance. Conclusion: Continued UDT might decrease illicit drug use among pain patients. Key words: Pain patients, UDT, urine drug testing, LC-MS/MS, illicit drugs, decrease drug use
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32

van Amsterdam, Jan, Ed Pennings, and Wim van den Brink. "Fatal and non-fatal health incidents related to recreational ecstasy use." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 6 (January 7, 2020): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119897559.

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Background: The recreational drug ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is currently used world-wide. Severe (including fatal) health incidents related to ecstasy have been reported but a risk assessment of acute non-fatal and fatal ecstasy-related health incidents has never been performed. Methods: In the current risk assessment review, national data of non-fatal health incidents collected in the Netherlands were combined with the nationwide exposure to ecstasy, that is, last-year prevalence of ecstasy use. In addition, the annual number of ecstasy-related deaths in Great Britain (Scotland, Wales and England) was used to assess the risk of fatal ecstasy-related cases. Results: In the Netherlands, the estimated risk of a moderate to severe acute health incident following the use of ecstasy is one in 900 pills (0.11%), whereas for cocaine it is one in 1600 doses (0.06%) and for gamma-hydroxybutyrate one in 95 doses (1.05%). With respect to ecstasy-related deaths in Great Britain, the estimated risk of ecstasy alone per user is 0.01–0.06%, which is close to the range of the fatality risk in chronic alcohol users (0.01–0.02%), amphetamine users (0.005%) and cocaine users (0.05%), but much lower than that of opiate use (heroin and morphine: 0.35%). Conclusion: The current review shows that almost no data are available on the health risks of ecstasy use. The few data that are available show that ecstasy is not a safe substance. However, compared to opiates (heroin, morphine), the risk of acute ecstasy-related adverse health incidents per ecstasy user and per ecstasy use session is relatively low.
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33

Yacoubian, George S., Cynthia Boyle, Christine A. Harding, and Elizabeth A. Loftus. "It's a Rave New World: Estimating the Prevalence and Perceived Harm of Ecstasy and other Drug use among Club Rave Attendees." Journal of Drug Education 33, no. 2 (June 2003): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/rjx5-wra6-bng5-q2ty.

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The use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “ecstasy”) appears to be increasing worldwide, with “rave” attendees being one high-risk population. To date, however, only one study has collected ecstasy use information from rave attendees in the United States. To address this limitation, we collected self-report drug use information from 70 adult “club rave” attendees within the Baltimore-Washington corridor in April and May 2002. Data collection was scheduled between 12 A.M. and 5 A.M. Participation rates were high, with 85 percent of the club rave attendees completing the interview. Eighty-six percent of the respondents reported lifetime ecstasy use, 51 percent reported 30-day use, and 30 percent reported using ecstasy within the two days preceding the interview. While past-year ecstasy users were comparable to non-users with respect to a host of demographic and drug use variables, non-ecstasy users were significantly more likely than past-year users to perceive risks associated with the regular use of alcohol and ecstasy. Not surprisingly, non-ecstasy users were significantly more likely than past-year users to perceive harmful long-term physical and psychological effects associated with ecstasy ingestion. These findings suggest that rave attendees may be an important population for ecstasy-related prevention efforts.
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34

Reid, Lesley Williams, Kirk W. Elifson, and Claire E. Sterk. "Hug Drug or Thug Drug? Ecstasy Use and Aggressive Behavior." Violence and Victims 22, no. 1 (February 2007): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-v22i1a007.

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While clinical studies have established a link between aggression and ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine [MDMA]), no research has attempted to explore how this link manifests itself in behavioral outcomes. In this research we examine the effects of ecstasy on aggressive and violent behavior in a sample of active users. Data were collected from 260 ecstasy users in Atlanta, Georgia. Data analysis included ordered logit regression to examine the likelihood of engaging in aggressive behavior, controlling for key predictors of aggression independent of ecstasy use. Our results indicate that those with a higher prevalence of lifetime ecstasy use exhibit higher levels of aggressive and violent behavior. However, the effect of lifetime ecstasy use differs by levels of low self-control as a measure of propensity for aggression. Those who exhibit low self-control are more affected by ecstasy use than those who do not in terms of aggression. Our findings add an important dimension to our current knowledge about the relationship between aggression and ecstasy.
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35

Silins, Edmund, Jan Copeland, and Paul Dillon. "Qualitative Review of Serotonin Syndrome, Ecstasy (MDMA) and the use of Other Serotonergic Substances: Hierarchy of Risk." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 8 (August 2007): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670701449237.

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Growth of the antidepressant market and widespread use of the illicit drug ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) creates a need to delineate the potential harms associated with the concomitant use of ecstasy and serotonergic pharmaceutical drugs. One such harm is serotonin syndrome. The study aimed to synthesize the risk of serotonin syndrome associated with the concomitant use of ecstasy and other serotonergic substances in a clinically relevant hierarchy for psychiatrists and other medical practitioners. An extensive online database search was carried out of the literature on serotonin syndrome, in relation to illicit drugs and simultaneous use of other substances. Numerous licit and illicit substances implicated in serotonin syndrome, when used with ecstasy, have potential for increased toxicity and are presented in a resulting hierarchy of risk. Substances that inhibit serotonin re-uptake are less likely to lead to life-threatening elevations in serotonin when used with ecstasy. High doses or repeated use of stimulants such as methamphetamine and cocaine with ecstasy increase the risk of serotonin syndrome; as does the use of pharmaceutical amphetamine and ecstasy. Serotonin precursors also influence the course of serotonin syndrome when used with ecstasy. Substances that inhibit monoamine oxidase are most likely to lead to serious increases in serotonin when used with ecstasy. Findings highlight the importance of screening for the use of ecstasy and other serotonergic substances when prescribing antidepressant drugs.
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36

Davis, Alan K., and Harold Rosenberg. "Specific harm reduction strategies employed by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetmine/ ecstasy users in the United States and the United Kingdom." Drug Science, Policy and Law 3 (January 2017): 205032451771106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050324517711069.

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Both recreational and problematic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)/ecstasy users could benefit from employing harm reduction interventions intended to preserve health and prevent negative consequences. To evaluate whether use of such interventions varied by country of residence and frequency of ecstasy use, we used web-based surveys to assess how often 104 lower-frequency and higher-frequency American ecstasy users and 80 lower-frequency and higher-frequency British ecstasy users employed each of 19 self-initiated harm reduction strategies when they used ecstasy during a 2-month period. Several significant differences notwithstanding, at least 75% of participants had used 11 of the 19 strategies one or more times during the 2-month assessment period, regardless of whether they lived in the United States or United Kingdom and whether they were lower-frequency or higher-frequency ecstasy users. When proportions of American and British participants using a strategy differed significantly, it was typically larger proportions of Americans using those strategies. Many of the less frequently employed strategies are not applicable on every occasion of ecstasy use. However, because ecstasy is not a diverted pharmaceutical of known quality/potency, testing for the presence of MDMA, other stimulants, and adulterants is a strategy that everyone should employ, regardless of country of residence or how frequently one consumes ecstasy.
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37

Hitzler, Ronald. "Pill Kick: The Pursuit of “Ecstasy” at Techno-Events." Journal of Drug Issues 32, no. 2 (April 2002): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260203200208.

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Skimming through current publications about “Techno and Drugs” without looking into the more detailed distinctions between them, one gets the impression that the increase in the use of ecstasy (MDMA) and the growth of the Techno-scene, especially in the 1990s, are highly correlated. In fact, most ecstasy users identify themselves as Techno-fans, and those Techno-fans who consume drugs generally prefer ecstasy. It has also been suggested that the specific active ingredients of all amphetamine derivatives marketed under the catchall term “ecstasy” are pharmacologically psychotropic. But these active ingredients are not the main problem in the ongoing ecstasy boom.
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38

Brunt, Tibor M., Anneke Poortman, Raymond JM Niesink, and Wim van den Brink. "Instability of the ecstasy market and a new kid on the block: mephedrone." Journal of Psychopharmacology 25, no. 11 (September 8, 2010): 1543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881110378370.

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Recently, several reports have indicated instability of the ecstasy market in the Netherlands and other EU countries. In the current study, we demonstrate this instability in the Netherlands, showing a decrease of ecstasy tablets containing 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA) by more than 50% in 2009. In addition, we describe a partial replacement of MDMA in tablets sold as ecstasy by a previously unseen substance, mephedrone (or 4-methylmethcathinone). Mephedrone was quantified and ecstasy tablets contained between 96 and 155 mg of this new compound. So far, no studies about mephedrone’s effects have been published. For this study, we gathered information on the acute subjective effects of mephedrone from 70 regular ecstasy users. Overall, the majority of users considered the effects enjoyable. Mephedrone seemed to evoke effects similar to other amphetamine type psychostimulants, including MDMA. In contrast to MDMA, however, mephedrone induced strong feelings of craving in most users. If the unstable ecstasy market situation persists, the potential of mephedrone to substitute for MDMA might be substantial. Mephedrone, sold as ecstasy, is therefore likely to be a valid cause for health concern.
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39

Zervogiannis, F. H., G. Bester, and E. Wiechers. "The “E” in Rave: A Profile of Young Ecstasy (MDMA) Users." South African Journal of Psychology 33, no. 3 (August 2003): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630303300304.

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The use of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or Ecstasy is a phenomenon that has established itself In the widespread Rave culture. Ecstasy use causes physical, social and psychological problems in the development of adolescents and it may also influence their concentration and learning abilities. To prevent these problems, educators should be well-informed regarding current drug use trends and also be capable of assisting adolescents. Research regarding the nature of Ecstasy use is lacking nationally. The purpose of this research was therefore to furnish educators with accurate information that will enable them to obtain a reference point from which assistance can be offered to young Ecstasy users and potential Ecstasy users.
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40

Murray, John B. "Ecstasy is a Dangerous Drug." Psychological Reports 88, no. 3 (June 2001): 895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3.895.

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Ecstasy, a dangerous psychoactive drug, has become a popular recreational drug on college campuses and dance halls in the United States, United Kingdom, and around the world. No reports on ecstasy have shown addictiveness, and some users of ecstasy claim they prefer infrequent use which is not the usual addictive pattern. Jaw clenching, bruxism, and some cardiac arrhythmias requiring medical attention have been associated with consumption of ecstasy and some fatalities. In large scale retrospective questionnaire studies of subjective experiences users claimed that they felt a gentle relaxation and openness to others and few adversive effects. In rats and monkeys ecstasy has caused depletion of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain but similar effects have not been identified for humans. Case reports have shown panic attacks, flashbacks, paranoia, and even fatalities. The Drug Enforcement Administration in 1985 placed ecstasy in Schedule I, the most restrictive drug category.
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41

Almeida, Stella Pereira de, and Maria Teresa Araujo Silva. "Ecstasy (MDMA): effects and patterns of use reported by users in São Paulo." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 25, no. 1 (March 2003): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462003000100004.

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OBJECTIVE: As there are no studies about the use of ecstasy in Brazil, our aim was to identify the effects and patterns of use of this substance among users in the city of São Paulo. METHODS: Subjects were recruited through the snowball technique. Fifty-two subjects of both genders who had been using ecstasy frequently and recently were interviewed. The instrument was a self-reported and anonymous questionnaire. RESULTS: The sample's mean age was 24 years, mostly composed by single, college graduated middle-class subjects. Among the interviewed users, 61.6% used ecstasy at least once per week and 50% of them took one pill per episode of use and 46% more than one. Drug taking was usually performed in company of several people (63%) in contexts related to night leisure, such as rave parties (78.8%), dancing clubs (69.2%) and parties (53.8%). Ecstasy pills were mainly purchased from friends or acquaintances in order to favor a dancing mood in those places. Most subjects used ecstasy associated to other psychoactive drugs (93.3%), mainly Cannabis, followed by tobacco and LSD. The effects attributed to ecstasy were mainly positive. DISCUSSION: The use of ecstasy in São Paulo has had a recreational pattern quite similar to those described in previous studies. The assessment of the use of ecstasy as positive also agrees with the findings of the literature.
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42

Hess, Don, and Scott DeBoer. "Ecstasy." American Journal of Nursing 102, no. 4 (April 2002): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200204000-00022.

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43

Rieder, Michael J. "Ecstasy." Paediatrics & Child Health 7, no. 2 (February 2002): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/7.2.71.

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Bynum, Bill. "Ecstasy." Lancet 362, no. 9398 (November 2003): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14928-8.

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45

Hunt, Erica. "Ecstasy." Iowa Review 26, no. 2 (July 1996): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.4615.

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Valantine, Lisa. "Ecstasy." Psychological Perspectives 50, no. 1 (May 30, 2007): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332920701319681.

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Vale, Allister. "Ecstasy." Medicine 31, no. 10 (October 2003): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.31.10.48.27799.

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 . "Ecstasy." Medisch-Farmaceutische Mededelingen 37, no. 4 (April 1999): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03057312.

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Poethko-Müller, C. "Ecstasy." Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 42, no. 3 (March 21, 1999): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001030050083.

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de Win, Maartje M. L., Gerry Jager, Jan Booij, Liesbeth Reneman, Thelma Schilt, Cristina Lavini, Sílvia D. Olabarriaga, Nick F. Ramsey, Gerard J. den Heeten, and Wim van den Brink. "Neurotoxic effects of ecstasy on the thalamus." British Journal of Psychiatry 193, no. 4 (October 2008): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.035089.

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BackgroundNeurotoxic effects of ecstasy have been reported, although it remains unclear whether effects can be attributed to ecstasy, other recreational drugs or a combination of these.AimsTo assess specific/independent neurotoxic effects of heavy ecstasy use and contributions of amphetamine, cocaine and cannabis as part of The Netherlands XTC Toxicity (NeXT) study.MethodEffects of ecstasy and other substances were assessed with 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, perfusion weighted imaging and [123I]2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)-tropane ([123I]β-CIT) single photon emission computed tomography (serotonin transporters) in a sample (n=71) with broad variation in drug use, using multiple regression analyses.ResultsEcstasy showed specific effects in the thalamus with decreased [123I]β-CIT binding, suggesting serotonergic axonal damage; decreased fractional anisotropy, suggesting axonal loss; and increased cerebral blood volume probably caused by serotonin depletion. Ecstasy had no effect on brain metabolites and apparent diffusion coefficients.ConclusionsConverging evidence was found for a specific toxic effect of ecstasy on serotonergic axons in the thalamus.
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