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1
Kim, In-sook, Ji-hee Yang, and Sang Seub Lee. "A Study on the Revitalization of Lifelong Learning City after the COVID-19 Endemic." Korea Association of Education Consulting and Coaching 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31137/ecc.2023.7.2.63.
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The purpose of this study is to present measures to revitalize lifelong learning cities through analysis of the status of lifelong learning cities after the COVID-19 pandemic.
The result of study are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the basic status of lifelong learning cities, comprehensive development plans and mid- to long-term development plans were operated systematically, but global governance and network construction were analyzed to be insufficient. Second, as a result of analyzing the operation status of lifelong learning cities, various online and offline programs were operated centering on insufficient human resources. Third, this is the analysis of the response status of COVID-19. The need for online and offline educational infrastructure (space, people, programs, etc.) was emphasized.
The plan to revitalize the lifelong learning city after the pandemic, which combines the results of the above research, is as follows. First, we need to establish a macro post-corona response strategy that takes into account all aspects of hardware, software, humanware, and ecoware. Second, we need to create a hybrid lifelong education learning sharing space where informal, informal, and accidental learning experiences can occur online and offline. Third, we need to establish a network and spread best practices for the advancement of a sustainable global lifelong learning city led by local governments. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for revitalizing lifelong education in lifelong learning cities after the pandemic.
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Varela, Danilson, Filipa Monteiro, Patrícia Vidigal, Luís Silva, and Maria M. Romeiras. "Mechanisms Implemented for the Sustainable Development of Agriculture: An Overview of Cabo Verde Performance." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 5855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145855.
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In 2005, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) adopted the Common Agricultural Policy of ECOWAS (ECOWAP), as an instrument for implementing the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP). The main goals of ECOWAP/CAADP were set to promote agriculture development and end hunger by 2025. In this study we focused on the Cabo Verde archipelago as one of the best performing countries within ECOWAS in terms of overall sustainable development. In this paper, the evolution of the ECOWAP implementation and of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) associated with agriculture in Cabo Verde, were assessed by semi-quantitative (e.g., agricultural policies, agrarian periodical literature) and quantitative (modeling regression of ECOWAP implementation and Sustainable Development Goals—SDGs—performance) analyses. Our integrated results suggest that the agriculture development strategies, the signature of ECOWAP/CAADP by the national government, and political stability might explain the progress made towards poverty reduction and the improvement of food security. The results also show that agriculture-related SDGs in Cabo Verde are higher than the mean values obtained from the remaining West African countries, well above the top 25% WA countries. Nevertheless, Cabo Verde public expenditure into agriculture under the ECOWAP was generally below the targeted 10% of the national budget, with food import required to meet internal food demands.
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Joshua, Segun, Thaddeus T. Ityonzughul, and Gloria Obioma Amoke. "Ecowas and the management of the post-2016 presidential electoral conflict in Gambia." Kampala International University Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 3 (December 9, 2020): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.59568/kijhus-2020-1-3-04.
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This study explores the role of ECOWA in the management of the post-2016 presidential electoral conflict in Gambia. The 2016 election was surprisingly won by the leader of an opposition coalition; Adama Barrow. Barrow defeated Yayha Jammeh, who had already won consecutively four previous presidential elections. This marked the terminal point of Jammeh’s 20-years rule of Gambia, marred with human rights abuses. Jammeh initially conceded defeat but later changed his mind after a week, thus triggering a major political conflict. For months, he made incessant desperate attempts to cling to power, before finally leaving the country on 21 January 2017, when it appeared he would be removed by force. Indeed, different stakeholders including the ECOWAS played a vital role for ensuring peace in Gambia. In this connection, this study discusses exclusively the roles of ECOWAS in mitigating the conflict under consideration. With extant literature and oral sources backed with the realist conflict theory, the paper traces the historical foundations of the ECOWAS and electoral conflict in Gambia. It emphasizes the roles the organization has played in mitigating the post-2016 electoral conflict in the Country. The study reveals that ECOWAS was able to restore civil rule and peace in the country by threatening the use of force. ECOWAS enjoyed the support of both African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN). The two organizations gave ECOWAS the much needed support. This conflict resolution in the Gambia was termed the African solution to African problems. Hence this study recommends among others that ECOWAS should continue to act as the regional defender because the numerous conflicts in the region are indeed African problems and should therefore be tackled by Africans themselves.
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Olure Bank Adeyinka, Ayodeji Salihu, John Aiyedogbon, and Gbadebo Salako. "Intra-manufacturing export performance among ecowas member state." Journal of Management and Science 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.13.2.
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The study examined role economic integration and trade facilitation in promoting manufacturing export among ECOWAS member states The objectives of the study were achieved using descriptive, statistical and econometric analyses of annual data covering the period 2015 – 2020. The descriptive analysis helped in assessing the level of economic integration among ECOWAS member states. The econometric analyses were use examine the effect of economic integration on trade facilitation as well as the role of trade facilitation and economic integration in promoting manufacturing exports among ECOWAS member states. The findings reveal the level of trade facilitation in ECOWAS is below world average. That is ECOWAS member states has higher bureaucratic processes with greater costs of exporting/importing. Furthermore, results from econometric analyses reveal economic integration can significantly help in promoting manufacturing exports among ECOWAS member states. Again, economic integration and trade facilitation can significantly influence manufacturing exports across ECOWAS member states, while manufacturing production had direct and significant impact on manufacturing exports. Some policy recommendations that would help to facilitate trade flow to improve manufacturing exports across ECOWAS member states were recommended.
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Nwali, Collins Sunday, Oguntade Adegboyega Eyitayo, Mafimisebi Taiwo Ejiola, and Obisesan Adekemi Adebisola. "Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements Between Ecowas and the EU on Trade, Revenue and Welfare of Agricultural Trade of Ecowas Bloc." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (May 5, 2022): 642–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i4.642-656.4720.
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This study examined the Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements between ECOWAS and the EU on Trade, Revenue and Welfare of Agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc. The specific objectives of the study were to:(i) estimate the potential trade creation and diversion effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc, (ii) estimate the potential revenue effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc and (iii) estimate the potential welfare effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc. World Integrated Trade Solutions provided access to an online secondary data as classified by United Nations Harmonized system. The result on the potential trade creation and diversion effects of EPA on both trading blocs showed that ECOWAS will gain US$198.9million in trade creation and lose US$58.4 million in Trade Diversion. On the other hand, there will be no trade creation for EU with negligible trade diversion of – US$0.2million. The result showed total potential tariff revenue losses of US$366.4million for ECOWAS bloc post EPA. On the other hand, EU will lose (US$951.8million) its agricultural products post EPA. The result further showed potential welfare gain of US$27.6million for consumers of ECOWAS bloc. On the other hand, there will be welfare gain of the EU at US$243.5million for their consumers post EPA. Among all the recommendations, the study therefore points out that the on-going EPA negotiations between ECOWAS and the EU need not to be hurriedly signed by ECOWAS bloc. Also, ECOWAS needs to strengthen its agricultural production efficiency to be able to compete globally and encourage its individual countries to return to a single digit borrowing interest rate to encourage more investment by local agricultural producers if they want to enjoy the benefits of trade treaties at long run if EPA is eventually signed.
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Ibrahim, Kehinde. "The Puzzling Paradox Presented within the African Supranational Judicial Institutions: The ECOWAS Court of Justice." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 28, Supplement (November 2020): 86–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2020.0333.
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The judgments of the ECOWAS Court, which are final and immediately binding, are vital for the realisation of ECOWAS aims and objectives. The enforcement of its judgments is particularly important in the case of individuals whose enjoyment of fundamental human rights, as guaranteed under the ECOWAS Community laws, is dependent on effective enforcement. Yet, an existential puzzling paradox emanates through a poor record in the implementation of the ECOWAS Court's judgments. This problem, which is not limited to the West African region deserves scrutiny and concrete proposals. Legal and political considerations surface in assessing the existence of this paradox, and despite the lack of a consistent political will, to implement the decisions of ECOWAS Court relevant judicial actors have roles to play. National courts could take a bolder approach in complementing the work of the ECOWAS Court. The ECOWAS Court itself could put in place concrete mechanisms and adopt certain practices to address this poor record of non-implementation. It is yet to be seen how substantive mechanisms would work in practice.
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Dada, Eme A., and Adegoke I. Adeleke. "An Empirical Analysis of Integration and Intra-Regional Trade in ECOWAS." Journal of African Development 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.17.1.0095.
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This study examines integration and intra-regional trade in ECOWAS. It focuses on the benefit of common policies within ECOWAS and their implications for intra-regional trade among member countries. The study utilizes a gravity model that is modified to reflect economic features of ECOWAS. Findings of the research show that economic size and common language are the major drivers of intra-regional trade in ECOWAS. Specifically, it indicates that real GDP, population size, openness and language positively influence intra-regional trade while distance was found to be negatively related to intra-ECOWAS trade. Deepening economic and cultural integration is recommended to maximize the enormous gains accruable from increased intra-regional trade.
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Chuma-Okoro, Helen. "The Nigerian Constitution, the ecowas Treaty and the Judiciary: Interplay of Roles in the Constitutionalisation of Free Trade." Global Journal of Comparative Law 4, no. 1 (April 17, 2015): 43–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00401002.
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This paper discusses the Nigerian Constitution and the ecowas Treaty to determine whether and how they support free trade as envisioned in the Treaty, and the role of the judiciary in the realisation of this objective. Focusing on the ecowas Community Court and Nigerian superior courts vested with jurisdiction over constitutional matters, it argues that specific constitutional norms and policies of Nigeria inhibit the realisation of the objectives of free trade as constitutionalised in the ecowas Treaty. Relying on the principles of direct applicability and direct effect, and the arguments developed around these principles in relation to the obligations of State parties to treaties, it argues further that Community law should be applicable in national jurisdictions and enforced by national courts. Thus, Nigerian courts and the ecowas Community Court both have jurisdiction to arbitrate matters arising from national laws and policies having the effect of inhibiting the ecowas objectives of free trade. It concludes that while the ecowas and Nigerian frameworks support the interplay of roles in the adjudication and enforcement of ecowas norms, this would depend on the extent to which some of the constitutional and policy constraints in question are addressed.
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OKON, Enoch Ndem. "MALI: ECOWAS RESPONSES TO THE CONFLICT IN MALI (2012-2021)." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 37 (October 5, 2021): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.37.3.
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"This paper highlights the Economic Community of West African States [ECOWAS] mode of response to the Malian conflict between 2012 and 2021 and identifies various gaps therein. It seeks to explain why ECOWAS has found it difficult to resolve the Malian conflict in spite of its commitment and experience in conflict resolution in the subregion. Secondary data are used for the study and presented qualitatively. The study reveals that the towering interest of Algeria and other neighbors in the chaotic northern Mali, as well as French interest in its former colony hindered ECOWAS initiative and its effectiveness in resolving the conflict. The paper recommends ECOWAS’ involvement in negotiations at the next peace agreement, and the drawing up of a roadmap for implementing such agreement. Besides, ECOWAS needs to address governance deficits in Mali and elsewhere in the subregion through peer review mechanism and increase its capacity to respond to violent conflicts beyond microstates and Anglophone enclaves in the region. Keywords: ECOWAS, Malian conflict, military coup, Tuareg, Jihad."
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Mati, Sagiru, Irfan Civcir, and Hüseyin Ozdeser. "ECOWAS COMMON CURRENCY: HOW PREPARED ARE ITS MEMBERS?" Investigación Económica 78, no. 308 (May 17, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fe.01851667p.2019.308.69625.
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<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>This study operationalizes the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) to investigate the preparedness of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) members to form a Monetary Union (MU). Inflation and output models are estimated, with the sample 1988:01 to 2017:12 for the former and 1967 to 2016 for the latter. Analyses of ECOWAS convergence criteria, impulse responses, variance decompositions and correlations of shocks of these two models, reveal that the shocks across the ECOWAS members are asymmetric. The conclusion is that ECOWAS members as a whole are not well-prepared and therefore a full-fledged pan-ECOWAS MU is not advisable. It is also found that members of the European Monetary Union (EMU) tend to be a better fit for OCA than the ECOWAS members. The study recommends various courses of action such as fostering coordination among Central Banks of ECOWAS members, and providing a fund to serve as an incentive for countries that may incur cost rather than benefit if the single currency is created.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong><strong>LA MONEDA COMÚN DE LA ECOWAS: ¿CUÁN PREPARADOS ESTÁN SUS MIEMBROS?</strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p>Utilizamos el Área Monetaria Óptima (AMO) para indagar cuán preparados están los miembros de la Comunidad Económica de Estados de África Occidental (ECOWAS, <em>Economic Community of West African States</em>) para formar una Unión Monetaria (UM). Estimamos modelos de inflación y producto con datos de 1988:01-2017 y 1967-2016 respectivamente. Los análisis de criterios de convergencia, impulso-respuesta, descomposición de varianza y correlación de choques de estos modelos revelan que los choques entre estos países son asimétricos. Concluimos que estos países no están bien preparados y, por tanto, una UM pan-ECOWAS no es aconsejable. Además, los integrantes de la Unión Monetaria Europea (UME) tienden a satisfacer mejor una AMO que los de ECOWAS. Nuestro análisis recomienda fortalecer la coordinación entre los bancos centrales de la ECOWAS y un fondo que incentive a los países que incurran en costos en lugar de beneficios si se crea la moneda única.<p align="center"> </p>
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IHEZIE, Okwuchukwu Ezra. "EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY AND MANUFACTURING OUTPUT IN ECOWAS ECONOMIES." Management of Sustainable Development 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54989/msd-2022-0007.
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This study examined the impact of exchange rate volatility on manufacturing output in the ECOWAS, using time series data spanning from 1970 to 2019. The study employed panel data analysis to examine the relationship between exchange rate volatility and manufacturing output among all the ECOWAS countries. GARCH was used to establish the existence of volatility; Dumitrescu & Hurlin Granger non-causality test for causality direction between manufacturing and exchange rate, while Panel fixed, and random effect model was used to assess the magnitude of the effects of exchange rate volatility on manufacturing output in ECOWAS. The result of the volatility test from GARCH confirmed the presence of volatility in Exchange rates across all the countries in ECOWAS. Furthermore, the random effect model results showed that exchange rate volatility has a positive and significant impact on manufacturing output in ECOWAS. Based on the findings of this study, it is therefore recommended that exchange rate policies such as floating exchange rates and exchange rate sterilized intervention that will pave the way for competitiveness should be formulated by monetary authorities in ECOWAS.
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Okom, Michael P. "Sovereignty Versus Supranationality: The ECOWAS Conundrum." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 23 (August 29, 2016): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n23p289.
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The formation of any regional (supranational), body requires the surrender of a measure of sovereignty for the purpose of making the body sturdy and effective. ECOWAS member States have since its inception, demonstrated a noted reluctance to become fully committed to the tenets of the ECOWAS. They are still hanging on in a prehensile manner to their respective national laws, regulations and practices, leaving ECOWAS without any real grip on the organisation. This has left ECOWAS weak, (almost comatose), and unable to deliver on the great promises it made during its inauguration. These are the issues that this paper incisively analyses.
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Adu, Yao, and Alexander Mezyaev. "The Conflict Between ECOWAS and Mali: International Legal and Political Aspects." International Organisations Research Journal 18, no. 1 (March 5, 2023): 170–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2023-01-07.
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In recent decades, Mali has faced an unprecedented political and economic crisis due to coups, terrorist and separatist threats, and international sanctions. The role of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a subregional organization involved in the management of the Malian conflict is paramount. However, the influence of France in decision-making in the context of sanctions imposed on Mali by ECOWAS affected the authority of the West African organization. The role of France as a former colonial power in this crisis is indisputable in the context of its geopolitical engagement with its former colonies in Africa and particularly in West Africa. This article analyzes the course of the crisis, the role of the actors involved (ECOWAS, Mali, and France), and the political and legal scopes of the crisis. On the basis of structural, qualitative, and quantitative methods of assessment and comparative analyses of the ECOWAS Authority’s decisions, their legal and political meanings, the political situation on the ground, the history of conflict management in neighbouring countries such as Cote d’Ivoire and other West African states by ECOWAS, the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN), and the role of France in the crisis, the authors conclude that the ECOWAS Authority has played an important role in restoring political order in Mali. However, the authors note the failure of the Authority to reach a political agreement. Moreover, the authors agree that the ECOWAS Authority has reacted ultra vires to the Malian crisis vis-a-vis the power that is conferred by the ECOWAS instruments. And, the Authority’s blunder was not without French interference.
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Olaniyan, Temitayo Olumide, Muftau A. Ijaiya, and Funso T. Kolapo. "Remittances, Financial Sector Development, Institutions and Economic Growth in the ECOWAS Region." Migration Letters 19, no. 2 (March 7, 2022): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v19i2.1143.
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We investigate the relationship between remittances, financial sector development, institutions, and economic growth in a panel of 15 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) over the period 2000-2017. The empirical evidence is based on the Two-Stage Least Squares Instrumental Variable (2SLS-IV) estimator, which provided two main findings. First, measures of remittances themselves had negative and significant effects on economic growth in the ECOWAS sub-region. The interactive effects of remittances and measures of financial sector development promote growth in the sub-region, thus supporting the complementarity hypothesis. Second, measures of institutional quality had positive and significant effects on the growth of countries in the ECOWAS area. Meanwhile, the interactive terms of remittances and institutional quality show support for the substitutability hypothesis. Therefore, remittances substitute for the presence of weak institutions in the ECOWAS area. Based on the preceding, we suggest the need for ECOWAS countries to further broaden the roles of financial sector institutions inside the remitting process to enhance savings mobilisation and channel the remitted funds into productive and growth-enhancing activities. Moreover, policymakers in ECOWAS countries need to strengthen governance institutions, which could increase the developmental benefits of remittances.
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Hartmann, Christof. "ECOWAS and the Restoration of Democracy in the Gambia." Africa Spectrum 52, no. 1 (April 2017): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971705200104.
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Following the disputed December 2016 presidential elections in The Gambia, ECOWAS managed to “restore democracy” in the country by using the threat of force, but without any use of direct physical violence. Both the African Union and the United Nations Security Council backed ECOWAS, which also gave ECOWAS legitimacy, for what was essentially ECOWAS's policy, and indeed an African solution to African problems. Only when the scenario of military invasion became credible did the Gambian regime accept the defeat. Four main factors explain the behaviour of ECOWAS and its success: ECOWAS had a clear legal mandate to threaten the use of force in order to protect democracy in one of its member states; there was consensus that ECOWAS forces could have coped with the relatively small Gambian army; the Gambian president could not rely on friends among his regional peers or some powerful ally from outside Africa; and regional leaders such as Nigeria and Senegal made a credible commitment to the regional intervention. While the intervention was a victory for pro-democratic activist regionalism, the specific West African conditions make a diffusion of the model to other parts of Africa unlikely.
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Dahiru, Ahmad Aminu, and Shakila Yacob. "WALKING THE TIGHT ROPE OF DIPLOMACY: ECOWAS APPROACH TO INSTITUTIONAL FORMATION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARIAT, 1975 – 1977." SEJARAH 30, no. 2 (December 6, 2021): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol30no2.8.
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Few weeks after the signing ceremony of the Treaty forming the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in Lagos, Nigeria on 28 May 1975, the ECOWAS formation treaty was ratified by threshold of member states in June 1975. The charter envisages the immediate formation of the Executive Secretariat to guide the implementation of regional policies and programs and facilitate the achievement of the community integration objectives. However, the ECOWAS institutional formation process was held hostage and delayed for almost two years by some highly political debacles. Using qualitative historical method, this article explores the historical evolution of ECOWAS to highlight the impact of diplomacy on the formation of the Executive secretariat. The finding from the analysis in the study indicates that, the mechanism of diplomatic compromise used to resolve the political disagreements affected the formation process and the structure and function of the ECOWAS Executive Secretariat.
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Enabulele, Amos O., and Anthony Osaro Ewere. "Can the Economic Community of West African States Community Court of Justice Enforce the African Charter Replicas of the Non-Justiciable Chapter II Human Rights Provisions of the Nigerian Constitution against Nigeria?" International Human Rights Law Review 1, no. 2 (2012): 312–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00102004.
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This article highlights a major source of tension between the Supplementary Protocol of the Economic Community of West Africa States Community Court of Justice (ECOWAS CCJ) and the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (CFRN), in relation to the enforcement of economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights against Nigeria, as manifested in a recent decision of the ECOWAS CCJ in Registered Trustees of the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP) v Federal Republic of Nigeria and Universal Basic Education Commission. The focus of this article on the tension is both from the perspective of Nigerian law and of the ECOWAS CCJ. It argues that while the CFRN cannot deprive the ECOWAS CCJ of the jurisdiction expressly given to it by its Protocols, the CFRN does have implications for the enforcement of any decision of the ECOWAS CCJ that offends its provisions within the CFRN sphere of superiority.
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O’brin, Bini Debordjo Marie, and Xiaoiao Luo. "Institutions and Economic Growth: Evidence from Ecowas." International Business & Economics Studies 4, no. 4 (November 4, 2022): p58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ibes.v4n4p58.
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This study examines institutions and economic growth: evidence from ECOWAS for 2000-2018. We use eight alternative variables to evaluate institutions and economic growth: gross domestic product, gross fixed capital formation, population growth, and foreign direct investment, control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability & absence of violence/terrorism, and rule and law. Then, we adopted the combined OLS model, the fixed effects model, the random effects model, the difference-GMM, and the system-GMM model. The results show that different measures of institutional indicators significantly impact the economic growth of ECOWAS. However, the institution’s quality has nothing to do with the financial results expected by ECOWAS. In most cases, foreign direct investment, gross fixed capital formation, and population growth positively impact the economic development of ECOWAS, while political stability, rule and law, control of corruption, and effectiveness of government harm the economic growth of ECOWAS. Therefore, decision-makers and competent authorities should reduce the organization’s quality through appropriate development strategies such as derivatives.
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Jemiluyi, Olufunmilayo Olayemi, and Rebecca Folake Bank-Ola. "The Burden of Infectious Diseases: A Trend Appraisal in Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Trade Blocs." Journal of Scientific Research in Medical and Biological Sciences 2, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/jsrmbs.v2i3.331.
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Purpose: The study aimed at presenting a comparative appraisal of the trends of the two most prevalent infectious diseases bedeviling the region: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB). Subject & Methods: Data on fourteen ECOWAS member countries and also fourteen member countries of the SADC bloc. This represents about 93.3% and 87.5% membership of the ECOWAS and SADC blocs respectively. Although the choice of sample size is determined largely by the availability of data, the choices were carefully made to maximize available observation. The data were sourced from World Development Indicators online database published by the World Bank. We use two measures of infectious diseases: the prevalence rate of human immunodeficiency virus and the incidence of tuberculosis. Results: The HIV prevalence rates and incidence of TB were uneven in the two selected trade blocs. The magnitude and the severity of the diseases varied. The burden of both diseases was higher for SADC and lesser for ECOWAS. The average prevalence rate of HIV in the SADC bloc over the study period was 600% of the prevalence rate in ECOWAS (SADC = 12.5%, ECOWAS = 2.1%). Likewise, in the same period, the average TB incidence per 100,000 people was 578.8 and 181.7 respectively in the SADC and ECOWAS blocs. Conclusions: The study finds that the magnitude and severity of the diseases vary widely between the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) trade blocs. And, while concerted efforts at curbing the diseases have yielded results, there is still much to be done in both blocs.
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N’Diaye, Tafsir Malick. "Conflict Prevention and Conflict Resolution in the African Context: Peacekeeping in Liberia." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 21, no. 1-2 (1993): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700501668.
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The West African force known as the ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) was sent to Liberia by ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States). A closer look at the Force shows that it is an adaptation of the peacekeeping system used by the United Nations. What started as a system of collective security based on the regional security mechanism of ECOWAS turned into a standard peacekeeping operation as a result of “the Yamoussoukro process.”
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Ologbenla, Patrick. "Institutional Quality. Human Capital and Industrial Sector Growth in Ecowas." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Oeconomica 65, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subboec-2020-0011.
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Abstract The industrial sector has been identified as a tool for effective economic diversification among developing countries but major challenges of the sector have been the institutional and human capital in these economies. Consequently, the need to re-assess the relationship among the three is pertinent. The study investigates empirically, the impacts of institutional quality and human capital on the industrial sector growth of the ECOWAS. The methodology adopted is quantitative with the use of panel data analysis. Findings from the analysis show that both human capital and institutional quality in the ECOWAS have not supported industrial growth significantly. However, the result shows that macroeconomic variables such as inflation rate and exchange rate have the largest effect on the growth of the industrial sector of ECOWAS. The study used ECOWAS that has not been used by any of the previous authors and the economic bloc is in dire need of economic diversification. It is recommended that ECOWAS countries should improve on their institutional quality and human capital development for them to be effective in promoting the growth of their industrial sector.
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Nathaniel, Oladunjoye Opeyemi. "Validity of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Hypothesis in the Ecowas (1980–2017)." Emerging Economy Studies 5, no. 2 (October 4, 2019): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2394901519870886.
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This study investigates the validity of a purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis in the ECOWAS. Secondary data on real exchange rates, domestic inflation rates, and foreign inflation rates were sourced from the World Development Indicators of the World Bank (2018). Unit root tests, Panel unit root tests, and panel cointegration tests were used to investigate the validity of the PPP hypothesis in the ECOWAS. The study found that the PPP hypothesis is valid individually in all the ECOWAS member countries. The results from the panel unit root tests also confirm the validity of the PPP hypothesis in the ECOWAS. Specifically, the LLC with individual intercept ( t = −5.97117, p < 0.0000), IPS with individual intercept ( t = −3.30564; p < 0.0000), Fisher ADF with individual intercept ( t = −3.43996; p < 0.0003), and Fisher PP with individual intercept ( t = −5.91557; p < 0.0000) while the panel cointegration test rejects the validity of the PPP hypothesis. Therefore, the study suggests that the ECOWAS can cautiously forge ahead with the implementation of their economic integration policies and programs in the sub-region.
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Agho, Kingsley, Osita Ezeh, Pramesh Ghimire, Osuagwu Uchechukwu, Garry Stevens, Wadad Tannous, Catharine Fleming, and Felix Ogbo. "Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates and Associated Factors in 13 “Economic Community of West African States” (ECOWAS) Countries." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11123007.
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Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has important protective effects on child survival and also increases the growth and development of infants. This paper examined EBF rates and associated factors in 13 “Economic Community of West African States” (ECOWAS) countries. A weighted sample of 19,735 infants from the recent Demographic and Health Survey dataset in ECOWAS countries for the period of 2010–2018 was used. Survey logistic regression analyses that adjusted for clustering and sampling weights were used to determine the factors associated with EBF. In ECOWAS countries, EBF rates for infants 6 months or younger ranged from 13.0% in Côte d’Ivoire to 58.0% in Togo. EBF decreased significantly by 33% as the infant age (in months) increased. Multivariate analyses revealed that mothers with at least primary education, older mothers (35–49 years), and those who lived in rural areas were significantly more likely to engage in EBF. Mothers who made four or more antenatal visits (ANC) were significantly more likely to exclusively breastfeed their babies compared to those who had no ANC visits. Our study shows that EBF rates are still suboptimal in most ECOWAS countries. EBF policy interventions in ECOWAS countries should target mothers with no schooling and those who do not attend ANC. Higher rates of EBF are likely to decrease the burden of infant morbidity and mortality in ECOWAS countries due to non-exposure to contaminated water or other liquids.
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Odobo, Samuel Osagie, Amos Musa Andekin, and Kingsley Udegbunam. "Analysis of ECOWAS Institutional Framework for Conflict Management." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 6 (November 27, 2017): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mjss-2017-0051.
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AbstractThe Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has evolved conflict management and security framework through which it responds to the myriads of socio-political crisis in the sub-region. This paper assesses the ECOWAS mechanisms for conflict management vis-à-vis the challenges facing the region. It begins by looking at the nature of conflict in West Africa; and then the evolution of ECOWAS conflict management framework. Using content analysis, the paper argues that ECOWAS has evolved a comprehensive conflict management and security framework and has made significant achievements in conflict management in the West African sub-region. It however, recommends peacebuilding efforts that address poverty, human rights abuses and election fraud as well as more synergy and political will to handle religious extremism in the sub-region
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Stoica, Diana Sfetlana. "Decoloniality in danger or being boosted? An exploration of ECOWAS positions and conflict management in the Western African region." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 16, no. 3 (June 10, 2023): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.3.5.
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This paper aims to explore the notion of decoloniality by examining the decisions and actions of the ECOWAS in response to the coup d’état in Burkina Faso in 2022, as well as other comparable sanctions imposed on Mali and Guinea during internal crisis challenges. These topics were raised and debated in various mass media outlets. For this purpose, readers are invited to imagine, based on ideas interpreted from official positions of the ECOWAS, or perceptions of them, expressed in academic narratives and the media, if decoloniality could be boosted or is in danger, following the decisions, actions, and positions of the ECOWAS. The interpretations through the lens of decoloniality portrayed in African narratives, and these explorations are characteristic of qualitative analysis. In examining how ECOWAS manages potential crises in the region, particularly in the cases of Guinea, Mali, and Burkina Faso, we can identify basic features of decoloniality. Taking a social-constructivist perspective, we can explore how African narratives of development can inspire critical resistance. Specifically, we must consider how power and relationships based on power can be decolonized to prioritize a people-centric view of development. In analyzing the use of violence and safety in the actions of the ECOWAS, we can determine whether they boost or endanger decoloniality. The academic community has shown considerable interest in the impact of the ECOWAS on the political climate of Western African states. However, it is important to consider the philosophical perspective on how the portrayal of ECOWAS actions and decisions can affect the narratives of opposition, anti-ism, and power dynamics. Specifically, in the case of internal conflicts, these portrayals can direct the debate on whether decolonization, as a theory, cultural movement, or process, can continue the work of African resistance initiated during the decolonization process which remains unfinished.
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Beatrice, Omodanisi Kemi. "How Sovereign Is a State From Foreign Intervention? Gambia as a Case Study." International Journal of Law and Public Administration 2, no. 2 (August 13, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijlpa.v2i2.4155.
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This paper examines to what extent is Gambia sovereign from foreign intervention. It considers the legality or otherwise of ECOWAS’ military intervention in the recent post-election/ political crisis in Gambia. Bearing in mind that national sovereignty in international law is not absolute as International Humanitarian Law, Human Right and International Criminal Law have provided exceptions, this paper highlight situations which permit foreign intervention in a state and considers the various argument of writers on the legality/illegality of ECOWAS’ military intervention in Gambia. The paper argues that ECOWAS’ military intervention lacks the requisite authorisation of the UN Security Council who by its resolution permitted the application of political measures only. ECOWAS also failed to meet the requirement for the application of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Gambia. More so, intervention on the basis of restoring democracy is void of legal backing as the enabling protocol permits ECOWAS to apply sanctions on member-state where democracy is abruptly brought to an end. On the whole, this paper concludes that though ECOWAS’ military intervention is justifiable in view of the situation in Gambia, it however lacked the requisite legal backing. The paper recommends that in situations where intervention is not based on humanitarian reason to necessitate the application of R2P, military intervention should have the requisite authorisation of the UN Security Council and the application of force should be the last option having exhausted all other means of dispute resolution.
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Ridge, Laura Jean, Victoria Vaughan Dickson, and Amy Witkoski Stimpfel. "The Occupational Health of Nurses in the Economic Community of West African States: A Review of the Literature." Workplace Health & Safety 67, no. 11 (July 31, 2019): 554–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079919859383.
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Nurses provide the majority of health care in sub-Saharan Africa, which has high rates of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This systematic review used PRISMA methodology to synthesize the literature published between January 2008 and December 2018 examining the occupational health of nurses practicing in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The United States’ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s Hierarchy of Controls is used to frame the findings. This research was mostly conducted in Nigeria and Ghana and focused on administrative controls. Nurses practicing in ECOWAS are at high risk of acquiring a bloodborne illness due to inadequate engineering and administrative controls, as well as limited access to personal protective equipment (PPE). These findings indicate interventions to improve these controls would likely lower the occupational risks faced by nurses practicing in ECOWAS. Research in more countries in ECOWAS would likely find differences in occupational health practices in Nigeria and Ghana, which are relatively wealthy, and other countries in the region. This literature showed nurses practicing in ECOWAS did not have adequate protection from biological hazards. Regional health groups, such as the West African Health Organization, should commit to improving occupational health practice. Needle recapping and double gloving must be discontinued, and PPE must be made more widely available in ECOWAS. Occupational health professionals in the region should advocate for better distribution of PPE and consider offering trainings on these behaviors.
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Okoro, Agwu Sunday, Augustine Ujunwa, Farida Umar, and Angela Ukemenam. "Does regional trade promote economic growth? Evidence from Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)." Journal of Economics and Development 22, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jed-10-2019-0039.
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PurposeThis paper examines the impact of regional and non-regional trade on economic growth using annual data from Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member countries for the period 2007 to 2017.Design/methodology/approachTrade data were decomposed into regional (trade among ECOWAS Member States) and non-regional (trade between ECOWAS Member States and the rest of the world). We used the dynamic system GMM to estimate the models and introduced exchange rate, unemployment rate, population growth and gross capital formation as controlled variables.FindingsThe results revealed that the estimated coefficient of ECOWAS regional trade is statistically significant and positive in predicting growth, while the non-regional trade coefficient is negative and not statistically significant in predicting growth. Other predictors of growth introduced into the model as controlled variables, such as exchange rate, unemployment rate, population growth and gross capital formation, displayed mixed results. More importantly, population growth, unemployment and exchange rate depreciation hurt economic growth, while gross capital formation promotes economic growth.Practical implicationsThe findings provide strong support in favour of the Krugman (1991) hypothesis that regional trade agreements (RTAs) are a better alternative to global trade.Originality/valueOur decision to disaggregate ECOWAS trade is unique and influenced largely by the objective of the study, which is to establish the type of ECOWAS trade that is a good predictor of growth. The evidence from our findings support the theory that RTAs are a better catalyst to economic growth.
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Zubair, Zulaiha A., and Hussin ah Abdull. "Institutional Quality, School Enrolment and Mobile Subscribers in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS-5): Impact on FDI using Panel Data." Review of Economics and Development Studies 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v4i1.279.
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Basically, the quality of institution, human capital (schoolenrolment) and infrastructure (mobile subscribers) are significant determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI). With exception of few studies on corruption, however, empirical research on the link between infrastructure, human capital and FDI remain limited. Particularly in the context of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). This paper aims to examine the linkage between infrastructure (mobile subscribers, corruption, schoolenrolment), and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) among selected ECOWAS countries using panel data techniques for the period of 1990-2015. The methodology carried out to achieve this objective involves the panel unit root, panel cointegration and fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS). The result indicates that, there is long run relationship among the series. Corruption and infrastructure are negatively significantly related with FDI at the long run in the selected ECOWAS countries. The empirical evidence indicates that feeble level of institutions (corruption) and infrastructure impedes FDI inflows in the selected ECOWAS countries. The results confirm that FDI enhancement through role of institution, schoolenrolment and infrastructure (mobile subscribers) exist not only in the transition nation but also in the selected ECOWAS countries.
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Ohaegbu, Nnaemeka Emmanuel, and Benedict Ndubuisi Akanegbu. "Assessment of the Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks from ECOWAS Member Countries to Nigeria." Journal of Social Science Studies 10, no. 1 (April 24, 2023): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v10i1.20930.
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The paper evaluated the effects of monetary policy shocks from ECOWAS Member Countries to Nigeria using a combination of quarterly, annual time-series and panel data spanning from 1995–2021. The Standard Global Vector-Autoregressive (GVAR) Model of analysis was used to draw structural inference for the study using data on: consumer prices, international commodity prices (oil, agricultural raw material and metal ore), exchange rate, interest rate (short and long run), real output, money supply, and export diversification index. The result of the Impulse Response Function (IRF) revealed that shocks resulting from monetary policy transmission from the ECOWAS member Countries to Nigeria has diverse effects on Nigeria and is largely determined by the extent of monetary policy accommodative stance. The shock that may occur is likely to be country-specific because ECOWAS is an economic union that hardly has the foundation to share common economic or monetary risk. Additionally, the extent of trade flow between Nigeria and the rest of ECOWAS, determines the tendency that such shocks affect Nigeria. Finally, whether ECOWAS is a shock source, or a channel of transmission determines how much of an impact shocks from that region will have.
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St. George, Jill, and Tom Durbin. "Considering a Regional Approach to Combating Human Trafficking in the Caribbean: The ECOWAS Example." Slavery Today Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2015): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22150/stj/itzp7500.
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This paper seeks to explore the current practices employed in two regional organisations with regards combating human trafficking. Both West Africa, through ECOWAS, and the Caribbean, through CARICOM, have established regional agreements with neighbouring states to achieve regional cooperation where possible. However CARICOM policies are in their infancy with regards human trafficking, while ECOWAS has a vast network of agreements in place. This paper will consider the successes of the ECOWAS agreements and their possible assistance and relevance to the Caribbean to assist in CARICOM’s fight against human trafficking.
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Weinrich, Amalie Ravn. "Regional citizenship regimes from within: unpacking divergent perceptions of the ECOWAS citizenship regime." Journal of Modern African Studies 61, no. 1 (March 2023): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x22000507.
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AbstractThis paper explores the Economic Community of West African States’ (ECOWAS) citizenship regime by investigating the institutional perceptions of five departments of the ECOWAS Commission. Creating a citizenship regime has been a central objective of the organisation's institutional framework but previous research has refrained from examining its multiplicity. The paper uses the concept of citizenship regime consisting of the dimensions rights, access, belonging and responsibility mix as the conceptual lens and draws on institutional documents and primary data from interviews conducted at the ECOWAS Commission. The paper contributes to current debates in citizenship studies and African regionalism and the literature on supra-national citizenship building, regional integration and governance research in Africa and elsewhere. The empirical data show that movement is central to the ECOWAS citizenship regime, whether formulated in terms of a right, as a way to facilitate access, or a way to establish a sense of regional belonging.
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Kayode, Ogunyemi Joseph, Dare Funso David, and Adewole Joseph Adeyinka. "Effect of Trade Diversification on Economic Growth of ECOWAS Countries." American Economic & Social Review 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aesr.v5i1.251.
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This study investigated the effect of trade diversification on economic growth of ECOWAS countries. The study has looked at the determinants of exports and imports in some selected ECOWAS countries. The selected ECOWAS countries are Benin, Ghana, and Nigeria. The employed a model form of the GMM estimator was adopted but the empirical validation shall be based on ordinary panel regression. The study revealed that the activities of the main sector when rated as a percentage of the gross domestic product is a significant factor that influences the exports and imports in these selected countries. This means that the activities done in the main sector of these economies have significant effect on the value of exports and imports. The activity of the main sector is huge and voluminous enough to accommodate some level of significant imports in order to assist production which will also be exported. The study has also revealed that the service sector is also a significant factor that influences the exports and imports of these selected ECOWAS countries. Many experts are imported into the service sector of these countries and thus these served as a significant factor that possess influence on the performance of exports and imports in the countries. There is a negative and weak correlation between primary exports and service as a percentage of GDP. Invariably, it can be said that the level of primary exports may not be related with the service sector, thus, the association is expected. The main sector performance is found to be positively correlated with the primary exports in the selected ECOWAS countries. The author then suggested that there is urgent need for ECOWAS states to place more emphasis on the exports of manufacturers’ products and make efforts to reduce concentration on exports of primary (agriculture and fuel) products. This will help improve their international trade performance especially with respect to reducing term of trade losses and unfavorable shocks in foreign earnings. Also, the region should focus on production of products for domestic need; in doing this, the ECOWAS states will escape the trap of homogenous export and foster more intra-trade links. The region should see production as major objective rather than exports; this enhances industrial activities and innovations in the region. This attempt retains economic gains of resource within the region and foster economic well-being, the critical mass of ECOWAS challenge is weak productive capacity, this has accentuated the progress of the member states and the sole cause of social and economic evils within the region. ECOWAS should see exports as originating from domestic sufficiency.
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Arodoye, Nosakhare Liberty, and John Norense Izevbigie. "SECTORAL COMPOSITION AND TAX REVENUE PERFORMANCE IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 4, no. 2 (September 2019): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe077.
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The study investigates sectoral composition and tax revenue performance in ECOWAS countries. Specifically, the study examines taxable capacity, tax efforts and tax structure of thirteen Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) countries taking into account three major sectors comprising agriculture, service and industrial sectors for the period 2000 to 2015. This is meant to bridge the gap in the extant literature which mainly focused on tax revenue to gross domestic product without taking into account taxable capacity and tax efforts with respect to specific sectors of the economy. The study employed stochastic frontier, forecast error variance decomposition, vector autoregression and the generalized methods of moment accordingly in the empirical analysis. The result from the analysis shows that the hypothesis of a low taxable capacity and tax efforts in the agricultural, industrial and service sectors in ECOWAS countries should be rejected. Specifically, the result revealed that though the three sectors are yet to be maximally exploited, the taxable capacity of ECOWAS countries is reasonably high. Also, the service and industrial sectors express more favourable responses to the tax revenue performance compared to the agricultural sector. It was recommended among others that on the average the governments of ECOWAS countries should formalize and strengthens tax revenue collections in the agricultural, service and industrial sectors.
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Joseph, Juliet Eileen. "SADC and ECOWAS’S peace and security architecture preparedness and the COVID-19 pandemic." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2022.002248.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic remains a global security threat, as the result of the emerging and exacerbated security challenges that have impacted on the national security policies of various regional economic communities (RECs). This study analyses SADC and ECOWAS’ responses to the Covid-19 pandemic under their respective existing peace and security structures and explores if both RECs, SADC and ECOWAS have been efficient. This article discusses the Southern African and West African security setting, how its security architecture emerged and whether it has been successful in overcoming the security ramification in the region under the Covid-19 pandemic.
Coincidentally, both SADC and ECOWAS have been confronted with existing and emerging human security threats, such as increased poverty, inequality, and the spread of diseases, such as Covid-19. The Covid-19 pandemic, a non-traditional security threat, has exposed how RECs, such as SADC and ECOWAS, respond to non-traditional and emerging security threats, suggesting for the transcendence of their security architecture that caters equally for non-military and emerging human security threats, alike military threats. This article explores the regional security experiences, challenges, and responses of both the SADC and ECOWAS under the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Lokulo-Sodipe, Jadesola O., and Abiodun J. Osuntogun. "The Quest for a Supranational Entity in West Africa: Can the Economic Community of West African States attain the Status?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 3 (May 3, 2017): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i3a2367.
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To reflect the growing trends in the international scene and in furtherance of the objective of its Revised 1993 Treaty, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) summit in December 2006 revolutionised the structure of ECOWAS by re-designating the Executive Secretariat into a quasi-independent commission headed by a President with a Vice President and seven commissioners. The rationale behind the revision was to make ECOWAS a supranational entity. This article considers whether or not a supranational system is essential for the attainment of ECOWAS' objectives. It asks if the conditions for an effective supranational system are in place in the West African sub-region which could provide a solid foundation for its success and why the quest for a supranational system has not yielded any fruitful result in West Africa. It argues that a retreat from the quest for supranationalism and a return to an inter-governmental system would be a retreat rather than the way forward, and expresses the need for the course of action to be sustained courageously till the impact of integration begins to emerge, and the disguised, patriotic impulse of states to protect their national sovereignty gives way to the full manifestation of ECOWAS as a supranational entity.
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Abu, Nurudeen, Mohd Zaini Abd Karim, and Mukhriz Izraf Azman Aziz. "Low Savings Rates in the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas): The Role of the Political Instability-Income Interaction." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2014): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2013-0010.
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Abstract This paper employs PCSE, OLS and TSLS with random effects to investigate the impact of the political instabilityincome interaction on savings in ECOWAS countries during the period 1996-2012. The empirical evidence illustrates that higher political stability is associated with higher savings and income levels moderate the adverse effect of political instability on savings, indicating that the impact of political instability on savings is higher in low income ECOWAS countries, but lesser at higher levels of income. The paper recommends the promotion of political stability via increases in incomes to raise savings in the ECOWAS region.
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Iutiaeva, Irina. "ECOWAS as a Provider of Peacekeeping Assistance in Africa." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 58, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-58-1-49-59.
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This article examines the peacekeeping experience of the Economic Community of West African Countries (ECOWAS). It traces the entire evolution of the union in peacekeeping – from the first missions in Liberia and Sierra Leone to the operation in the Gambia. The advantages and disadvantages of the ECOWAS security mechanism, established in 1999, the principles of its peacekeeping activities and the experience of carrying out operations are analyzed. A comprehensive assessment of ECOWAS as a provider of peacekeeping assistance in Africa is given, taking into account the remaining problem areas and objective achievements of the organization in the conflict settlement.
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Pitts, Geoff. "The ecowall timber frame system." Structural Survey 9, no. 4 (April 1991): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809110031637.
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Omotor, Douglason. "External debt sustainability in West African countries." Review of Economics and Political Science 6, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 118–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/reps-11-2019-0144.
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Purpose This paper aims to apply the debt sustainability framework using various ratios to review the current state of sovereign debt of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member countries. Design/methodology/approach Debt sustainability framework using various ratios (which include the present value approach, Country Policy and Institutional Assessment debt policy assessment ranking and solvency ratio of external debt) for the period 2010 and 2017 were used for the analysis to determine external debt sustainability and solvency of ECOWAS members. Findings The findings indicate that most ECOWAS countries are already turning at the unsustainable debt path and may renege in their debt obligations, thus creating a vicious cycle of external borrowing that could lead to capital flight. Originality/value This paper offers the empirical evidence to identify which of the ECOWAS countries are already at the threshold of external debt stress, and in the likelihood to renege on their debt obligations.
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Ebobrah, Solomon T. "Critical Issues in the Human Rights Mandate of the ECOWAS Court of Justice." Journal of African Law 54, no. 1 (March 4, 2010): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855309990143.
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AbstractA new opportunity for international human rights litigation in West Africa was presented in 2005 when the Economic Community of West African States adopted a protocol to empower its judicial organ, the ECOWAS Community Court of Justice, to determine cases of human rights violation that occur in ECOWAS member states. Since then, several human rights claims have been brought before the court. However, critical questions concerning the legality of the new mandate and the suitability of the court to exercise a human rights jurisdiction have lingered. Beginning with an inquiry into the foundation within ECOWAS for the exercise of a human rights jurisdiction, this article analyses the legitimacy of the human rights mandate of the ECOWAS court and interrogates crucial issues relevant to the effectiveness of the mandate. The article suggests ways to enhance execution of the mandate and concludes with a call for careful judicial navigation in the exercise of the court's expanded jurisdiction.
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Afolabi, Muhammed Olanrewaju, Oghenebrume Wariri, Yauba Saidu, Akaninyene Otu, Semeeh Akinwale Omoleke, Bassey Ebenso, Adekola Adebiyi, et al. "Tracking the uptake and trajectory of COVID-19 vaccination coverage in 15 West African countries: an interim analysis." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 12 (December 2021): e007518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007518.
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The African Union Bureau of Heads of State and Government endorsed the COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Access Strategy to vaccinate at least 60% of each country’s population with a safe and efficacious vaccine by 2022, to achieve the population-level immunity needed to bring the pandemic under control. Using publicly available, country-level population estimates and COVID-19 vaccination data, we provide unique insights into the uptake trends of COVID-19 vaccinations in the 15 countries that comprise the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS). Based on the vaccination rates in the ECOWAS region after three months of commencing COVID-19 vaccinations, we provide a projection of the trajectory and speed of vaccination needed to achieve a COVID-19 vaccination coverage rate of at least 60% of the total ECOWAS population. After three months of the deployment of COVID-19 vaccines across the ECOWAS countries, only 0.27% of the region’s total population had been fully vaccinated. If ECOWAS countries follow this trajectory, the sub-region will have less than 1.6% of the total population fully vaccinated after 18 months of vaccine deployment. Our projection shows that to achieve a COVID-19 vaccination coverage of at least 60% of the total population in the ECOWAS sub-region after 9, 12 and 18 months of vaccine deployment; the speed of vaccination must be increased to 10, 7 and 4 times the current trajectory, respectively. West African governments must deploy contextually relevant and culturally acceptable strategies for COVID-19 vaccine procurements, distributions and implementations in order to achieve reasonable coverage and save lives, sooner rather than later.
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Tudu, Preshita Neha, and Vaibhav Mishra. "An Eco-Friendly Alternative to Plastic Cutlery and Food Packaging: A Case of Ecoware in India." Asian Journal of Management Cases, August 25, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09728201231190189.
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The nonchalant nature of plastic cutlery, its long-life period, and its durability make it a favourite among users and businesses. However, these properties also make it lethal for the environment and are an eco-disaster. This case discusses an initiative taken by a social enterprise and manufacturing company Ecoware, founded by Rhea Singhal, a pharmacologist by profession. Born in Mumbai and bought up in Dubai and London, her eco-friendly, biodegradable cutlery is an alternative to non-biodegradable single-use plastic cutlery, which, when discarded, ends up in sewage, landfills, fields and water bodies posing a threat to the environment. Moreover, Ecoware cutlery is also an alternative to commercial cutlery, which is made of plastic, has chemical or pesticide residue, binder additives, fillers, wax lining, plastic lining or coatings, or PFA (per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances), which is generally added to tableware and food packing to offer resistance to oil, grease and moisture. This Ecoware case examines the correlation between sustainability and marketing, with a particular emphasis on sustainability marketing. It delves into Ecoware’s marketing mix strategy and explores the obstacles the company has encountered regarding pricing, environmental awareness and the general lack of understanding regarding the detrimental effects of plastic cutlery.
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"Ecowars." Soundings 34, no. 34 (November 1, 2006): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/136266206820466048.
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"ECOWARM: News and information." Water Resources Management 4, no. 2 (1990): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00429803.
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"ECOWARM: News and Information." Water Resources Management 2, no. 3 (1988): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00429904.
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"ECOWARM: News and information." Water Resources Management 4, no. 1 (1990): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00429926.
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"ECOWARM: News and information." Water Resources Management 1, no. 3 (1987): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00429945.
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"ECOWARM: News and information." Water Resources Management 4, no. 4 (1991): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00430343.
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"ECOWARM: News and information." Water Resources Management 4, no. 3 (1990): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00431146.
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