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1
Gomero, Rodríguez Yuliana Nataly, Falcón Jennifer Jiménez, Canales Charly Linares, and Zea Gilberto Santillán. "Ecowash." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624456.
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El presente emprendimiento empresarial, ha identificado que la problemática radica en la ausencia de cultura del cuidado del consumo de agua en la sociedad peruana. Ecowash es un proyecto de alto valor ambiental dedicado a la comercialización de dispositivos ahorradores de agua adaptable a llaves de griferías, de sencilla instalación, bajo el sistema de aspersión generando un ahorro real de agua entre 80% a 98%. Los ingresos serán a través de la venta de dos modelos de dispositivos: Estándar y Lead de S/30 y S/65, respectivamente. La inversión inicial será de S/. 387,615.23, con aportes del 48% de los socios y 26% de los inversionistas para implementar la empresa societaria. Para el primer año se busca satisfacer la demanda de 26,616 familias y una empresa, como cliente corporativo, logrando una facturación de S/ 1, 218,864. Las ventas de los productos llegarán al umbral de retorno de la inversión en el tercer año logrando con una rentabilidad financiera de 35.98% para dicho periodo. La proyección de ventas llegará para el quinto año al 2.5%.The present business entrepreneurship has identified that the problematic lies in the absence of water consumption care culture in the Peruvian society. Ecowash is a project of high environmental valued dedicated to merchandizing of water-saving devices, adaptable to tap faucets, of simple installation, under the sprinkler system, generating a real saving of water between 80 to 98%. The financial incomes will be through the sale of two models of devices: Standard and Lead, what will be sold at S/ 30 and S/65 soles, respectively. The initial investment will be S/387,615.23, with 48% contributions from the partners and 26% from the investors to implement the corporate company. At the first year, it seeks to satisfy the demand of 26,616 families and a company as a corporate client, achieving a turnover of S/1, 218,864. The product sales will reach the threshold of return of investment in the third year, achieving a financial return of 35% for that period. The sales forecast will reach 2.5% for the first year.
Trabajo de investigación
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Cáceres, Pérez Jessica, Navarro Juan Carlos Castro, Canevaro Claudia Luz Pizarro, and Sánchez Daygora Daniela Quispe. "Terra Ecowash." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625587.
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El presente plan de negocio es ofrecer un servicio de lavado para vehículos, es decir un servicio diferenciado donde nuestra propuesta de valor es el uso de productos antialérgicos y el uso del vapor en el lavado, lo cual contribuye considerablemente a un ahorro de agua y un objetivo fundamental que es la preservación del medio ambiente.
Nuestra previa experiencia laboral nos permitirá aportar en este proyecto significativamente en las áreas: Comercial y Logística. Asimismo, estamos comprometidos con el desarrollo y crecimiento del negocio, así como preservar siempre un alto nivel de satisfacción de nuestros clientes. Finalmente, buscamos trascender en el tiempo y apoyar en el incremento de nuevos consumidores Ecofriendly en Perú.The present business plan is to offer a washing service for vehicles, a differentiated service where our value proposition is the use of antiallergic products and the use of steam in washing, which contributes considerably to a saving of water and a fundamental objective that is the preservation of the environment. Our work experience will allow us to contribute significantly to this project in Commercial and Logistics area. Likewise, we are committed to the development and growth of the business, as well as to preserve always a high level of satisfaction of our customers. Finally, we seek to transcend in time and support the growth of new Ecofriendly consumers in Perú.
Trabajo de investigación
3
Madichie, Nnamdi O. "Customs unions theory and the ECOWAS experience." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2002. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19996/.
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The study traces the evolution of West African economic integration efforts, leading up to the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The original Lagos Treaty of 1975 is reviewed against the background of its revised 1993 Abuja version under the framework of the Customs Unions theory. This study is undertaken to ascertain the consistency of regional integration theory with the stated objectives of ECOWAS. It questions, for example, whether the Customs Unions theory and its welfare effects could actually explain the experience of regional integration of West Africa in general, and within ECOWAS in particular. In other words, the critical success factors and/or moderating influences in ECOWAS are examined against the background of the Community's objectives as set out in its two Treaties. The study also benefits from a wide range of discussions on different political and economic bases for regional integration theory: functionalism, neofunctionalism, federalism and intergovernmentalism and their relevance to ECOWAS. Strange enough, while these 'isms' are demonstrated to be inconsistent with ECOWAS objectives having dwelt more on regional integration efforts in Europe, no other study on West African integration has examined ECOWAS along these lines. The experience of ECOWAS is made against the backdrop of Customs Unions within Africa, such as the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), East African Community (EAC) and the Southern African Development Community (SADCC); and others outside Africa in regions like the European Union (EU), North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and the South American Customs Union (MERCOSUR). One emerging pattern of such comparison reveals that ECOWAS has wavered from its stated objectives in favour of the static principles of customs unions theory and consequently been unable to improve its record on the welfare levels of contracting states. The implication of such departures from its original objectives is that market inter-penetration and intra-regional trade within ECOWAS has neither yielded the desired welfare gains nor improved levels of industrialisation, sustained growth and economic development. It is safe to conclude, therefore, that despite considerable efforts at achieving regional economic integration in ECOWAS, the result has been dismal largely as a result of applying unrealistic models of customs unions theory to the West African situation. It is therefore posited that the process of regional economic integration in other parts of the world and particularly in Europe, are not readily applicable in the West African context, where the economic, political and institutional foundations are not only grossly dissimilar but largely at variance.
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Vargová, Soňa. "Vplyv čínskych investícií na vzťahy ECOWAS a EÚ." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75578.
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This thesis is devoted to analyzing the impact of Chinese investments in the region of West Africa on relations between ECOWAS and European Union. The first chapter characterizes Community of West African States - geographically, demographically and especially in the area of macroeconomics. Following chapter focuses itself on relations of PRC and ECOWAS. Particular attention is paid to foreign direct investments, which is China realizing in the area. ECOWAS relations with the European Union and the changes that have occurred in recent years are described in the third chapter of the thesis. A separate section describes the Economic Partnership Agreements. The conclusion represents the analysis of changes in trade relations between ECOWAS and the EU.
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Eriksson, Lisa. "ECOWAS fredsinsats i Liberia : En folkrättsenlig eller folkrättsstridig intervention?" Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-735.
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Olika frågor och problematik kring reglerna för intervention samt samspelet mellan regionala organisationer och FN utgör stommen i denna uppsats. Syftet är att utreda om ECOWAS fredsinsats i Liberia (1990-1997) var en folkrättsenlig intervention. Då insatsen hade dels fredsbevarande, dels tvingande inslag samt möjligen kunde ses som en humanitär intervention är huvuduppgiften att utreda om ECOWAS hade ett sådant samtycke som krävs för fredsbevarande insatser, om ECOWAS hade fått ett bemyndigande av säkerhetsrådet enligt art 53 i FN-stadgan för den tvingande delen av insatsen samt om insatsen kunde karaktäriseras som en humanitär intervention.
Det framkommer att det som är viktigast i utredningen i förhållande till dessa frågor är huruvida ECOWAS kunde grunda sitt ingripande på Liberias regerings samtycke allena, om retroaktiva bemyndigande av säkerhetsrådet är giltiga samt om det har utvecklats tillräcklig praxis och opinio juris för att rättfärdiga humanitära interventioner av regionala organisationer som sedvanerätt.
Analysen visar att samtliga dessa frågor måste besvaras nekande, i varje fall i ett inledande skede. ECOWAS insats i Liberia var således till en början en folkrättsstridig intervention. Det utesluter dock inte att den kan ses som en föregångare för humanitära interventioner. Bland annat positiva reaktioner från omvärlden tyder även på att den kan komma att spela en viss roll i utvecklingen för det framtida samarbetet mellan regionala organisationer och FN.
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Francis, David J. "The Politics of Economic Regionalism: Sierra Leone in ECOWAS." Ashgate, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3064.
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NoThe primary objective of this book is to provide an analytical understanding of the nature, dynamics and complexity of the politics of economic regionalism through the prism of Sierra Leone in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The book also discusses the following issues: the evolution of economic regionalism in West Africa and the conceptual framework for analysis; the expansion of the economic regionalism; developments within the West Africa sub-region with that of the transformation of the global economy and international political system; political, economic and security developments within ECOWAS; and the civil war in Sierra Leone.
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Ezekwesili, Chinweuba E. "Can the Monetary Integration of ECOWAS Improve Intra-Regional Trade?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/279.
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A gravity model is used to evaluate the effects of currency union on intra-regional trade of ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) member states. The panel data used includes bilateral observations for fourteen years spanning 1994 through 2006 for 16 countries. Controlling for determinants and deterrents of trade, I find the presence of a currency union three times as likely to increase intra-regional trade between ECOWAS member countries. In addition, I find that the effect on trade creation has been steadily falling since 1994.
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Soremi, Titilayo. "Narrating policy transfer : renewable energy and disaster risk reduction in ECOWAS." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/34580.
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The thesis contributes to the policy transfer literature through the examination of narratives presented by policy actors engaged in policy transfer. The actors’ policy narratives are analysed through the application of the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF). With the use of the NPF, the research investigates the portrayal of narrative elements, including, setting, character, plot, and moral, by the transfer actors, in depicting their perception of the transfer process and object, and of the other actors involved in the policy transfer. The investigation is aimed at having a better understanding of factors that facilitate the occurrence of policy transfer i.e. transfer mechanisms, such as, conditionality, obligation, and persuasion, and how they manifest and drive the transfer process. To examine how policy narratives may inform the manifestation of transfer mechanisms, the research studies two cases of policy transfer involving international governmental organisations (IGOs) as transfer agents. These are i) the transfer of renewable energy policy by the European Union to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and ii) the transfer of disaster risk reduction (DRR) policy by the United Nations International Strategy for DRR (UNISDR) to ECOWAS. The thesis argues that the mechanisms of conditionality and persuasion were involved in the transfer of renewable energy policy, while the mechanism of obligation can be observed in the transfer of DRR policy. It further argues that the portrayals of the narrative setting, character, plot and moral, in the policy narratives of the transfer agents and recipient, shaped the manifestation of these transfer mechanisms. The application of the NPF to the two case studies enabled the identification and association of different policy narrative elements that will likely characterise specific transfer mechanisms. In addition, the study highlights the opportunity of broadening policy transfer research beyond a limited geographical reach, through covering two instances of policy transfer to a region in sub-Sahara Africa. It also broadens the group of actors that are often studied in the literature by considering policy transfers initiated and led by IGOs.
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Darboe, Ndey Ramou. "REGIONAL SECURITY ANALYSIS : ECOWAS AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS IN THE GAMBIA." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78750.
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Yakubu, Nansata. "The ECOWAS Parliament as a tool for conflict prevention in West Africa." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/59194/.
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This thesis seeks to examine the effectiveness of the ECOWAS Parliament in conflict prevention in West Africa. From a holistic perspective, it also discusses the emergence of regional parliaments and specifically analyses their contribution to conflict prevention. This thesis is the first to assess how the ECOWAS Parliament attempts to prevent conflict in West Africa and how effective this has been. It presents the argument that, bodies such as the ECOWAS-P which are mandated as the legislative organs in a region otherwise noted for protracted conflicts play a crucial role in preventing conflict. The study employed participant observation (specifically in the ECOWAS-P), case study methods, elite interviews, parliamentary and archival research. The thesis greatest contribution lie in undertaking an institutionalist approach to conflict prevention and drawing from public administration developed and applied a performance management tool to help assess how the ECOWAs-P has succeeded at this task. It finds that with no provision made for the parliament in the regional conflict prevention mechanism, it has had to employ normative initiatives to be relevant in conflict prevention. The research exposes that the lack of a universal suffrage mode of election of EMPs emphasises its democratic deficit. The thesis concludes that, the ECOWAS-P as a new institution provided under the revised treaty of 1993 is increasingly gaining more responsibility as a body for conflict prevention and prospectively the enhancement of its powers by the draft supplementary act passed in December 2014 will help it in making binding laws.
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Cernicky, Jan. "Regionale Integration in Westafrika eine Analyse der Funktionsweise von ECOWAS und UEMOA." Bonn Manama New York, NY Florianópolis Scientia Bonnensis, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990850846/04.
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Gandois, H. N. A. "The emergence of regional security organisations : a comparative study on ECOWAS and SADC." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:82c09a8b-6a13-45dc-b017-a89ceaaea7f8.
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The emergence of regional security organisations during the 1990s in Africa proved to be of great significance for the lives of many Africans, including those living in conflict-torn countries such as Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire or the Democratic Republic of Congo, but, at the same time, this phenomenon has been understudied. This dissertation explores why regional security organisations with an agenda of democratic governance emerged in Africa in the 1990s. This question is answered with two in-depth case studies on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Driven by an empirical puzzle, this study is both hypothesis-testing and hypothesis generating. The study starts by laying out the different possible factors put forward by several bodies of theory in international relations to explain the emergence of ECOWAS and SADC as security organisations. These hypotheses are then tested throughout the history and the evolution of ECOWAS and SADC in order to highlight the circumstances of their creation and their qualified failure as economic communities. This is followed by a comparative analysis of the security and democracy mandates entrusted to ECOWAS and SADC by its member states based on the study of the legal texts that outline the specific objectives of each regional security organisation and the tools they were given to implement their mandates. The study finally analyses the implementation records of ECOWAS and SADC in order to assess the commitment of their member states to their new democracy and security mandate. The research concludes with the two following hypotheses: 1) A security agenda cannot emerge without the involvement of the regional hegemon. 2) What the regional hegemon can do, including affecting the speed of the transformation, is constrained by the acceptance of its leadership by its neighbours (legitimacy) and by state weakness (capability).
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Jaye, Thomas. "ECOWAS intervention in the Liberian Civil War : issues of sovereignty, strategy and security." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367011.
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Mahawiya, Sulemana. "Foreign banking inflows, financial sector development and economic growth in ECOWAS and SADC." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20713.
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The focus of this study is two-fold. First, it examines the relationship between financial development and growth. Second, it investigates the role of foreign banks, inflation and openness in the state of financial development. The above are discussed in relation to a comparative study of regional economic blocs of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Southern African Development Community (SADC) in three essays for the period 1980-2011. The dissertation comprises four essays as stated below. Existing studies on financial system development usually rely on single measure of financial development which is inadequate in capturing the financial system properly and leads to mixed results. This research addresses this critical issue by constructing a composite measure of the variable. The first essay provides a comparative analysis on the impact of financial development on growth and development between the two regions. In addition, it investigates the influence of financial development through political development on growth. The motivation stem s not only from inadequate studies on regional economic blocs, but, importantly, the methods applied in previous panel studies ignored issues of heterogeneity. To address this, the study employ s a combination of methodologies, Pooled Mean Group, Mean Group and Dynamic Fixed Effect approaches. These approaches also capture both the short run and long run dynamics. The results indicate that financial development induces economic growth in both regions with the impact in SADC more than that of ECOWAS. Also, more political development robustly supports more financial sector to impact on growth positively in ECOWAS, but not in SADC. Finally, the speed of adjustment suggests that deviations from the long run equilibrium path following a shock are corrected at about 13% per year in ECOWAS and 15% in SADC The second essay, which is another comparative study, addresses the question of why some countries having underdeveloped financial systems after it has been established that the sector is vital for growth. SSA has one of the least developed financial systems, and, since the first essay documented that indeed the sector is crucial to growth, the main aim of this essay is to investigate whether inflation and openness to trade and financial system (that is, Rajan and Zingales Hypothesis) matter for financial development. Importantly, the effects of the growing communication infrastructure on financial development is also captured, which is a novelty. Four approaches were used: Least square dummy variable, Feasible GLS, Panel corrected standard errors and seemingly unrelated regression. The main findings provide evidence that in both regions inflation robustly reverse s financial development with the effect in ECOWAS much more. Overall, the results seem to indicate that the cost of inflation to the financial system is genuine and not explained by a sort of omitted variable bias. Access to communication indicated a strong positive effect on financial development in both regions, with the impact in SADC more. Finally, the study indicates that even though more simultaneous opening of the financial sector and trade lead to more financial development in SADC, trade openness alone still enhances development in the sector. However, more financial openness alone is detrimental to financial development in the region. Hence, this seems to provide partial support for the hypothesis in SADC. The hypothesis, however, is rejected in ECOWAS. The third essay examines the asymmetric effects of inflation on financial development. It is motivated by existing theories which posit that the detrimental effects of inflation on the financial development is only observed beyond certain threshold level. The study is the first of its kind to be conducted on SSA, especially on regional economic blocs. Using a novel Panel smooth transition regression that endogenously determines this threshold value, a comparative study is conducted between the two regions. The results suggest evidence of the existence of a robust single threshold of 17.9% inflation for ECOWAS and 14.5% for SADC. The result indicates that inflation above these thresholds presents significant detrimental effects for financial development in both regions. The last essay focuses on financial sector stability via banking sector stability. It is motivated by the evidence that the financial system of the two regions are bank based which is also over 50% foreign bank dominated. Specifically, the essay investigates the effects of foreign banking inflows on banking crisis (financial instability) of both regions for the period 1995-2009. This objective is informed by the widely held conventional wisdom that foreign banks lack long term commitment to the domestic financial system and will leave at the first sign of trouble. This can stir instability in the sector. The study employs two econometric approaches, namely, the multivariate logit and the t wo-step system generalised method of moment using bank crisis measure constructed by Laeven and Valencia (2012) and bank z-score (Bankscope). The main results of the methods indicate evidence that the presence of foreign banks in the domestic banking sector reduces the probability of bank crisis. Generally, the results reveal that the benefits from the foreign banks in the financial system are unaffected by any sort of omitted variable bias. This study has significant implication for policy formulation since it is the first study on comparative analysis between two regional economic groups in SSA. The study argues that more efforts should be committed in improving the financial system and governance. Improvement in the legal system can enhance financial development and this should be coupled with good macroeconomic policies. The study recommends that price stability policies with inflation targeting framework that falls below the estimated threshold, should be the primary objective in monetary policy. Furthermore, more investment into telecommunication industry is necessary for FSD and should be given attention. In terms of foreign banking inflows, the study advocates for a cautious approach towards attracting more foreign banks as well as more opening of the financial sector.
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Mgbeoji, Ikechi. "Collective security and the legality of the ECOWAS intervention in the Liberian Civil War." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0028/MQ50080.pdf.
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Alabi, Mojeed Olujinmi Abefe. "Analysis of the role of the ECOWAS court in regional integration in West Africa." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28095.
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As a case study, the ECOWAS typifies an absence of effective judicial frameworks to strengthen, or, at least, complement, the integration of markets in the schemes of regional integration in Africa. Two decades since its creation, the Community Court of Justice of the ECOWAS has escaped scholarly analysis, creating a gap in the state of knowledge on regional integration in Africa. Accordingly, this thesis directs attention to the need to study the ECOWAS Court as a distinct actor within the contemporary international legal/political system, particularly in its role in the integration of the West African sub-region. This research work takes a critical look at the role that judicial institutions can play in the furtherance of regional integration in Africa. Adapting social science methodology for analysis of a judicial institution, the thesis undertakes the first comprehensive examination of the law, machinery, practice and procedure of the Court. The court-centred analysis allows for an appraisal of how the Court is shaping the dynamics of integration activities in West Africa. It examines the contribution (both actual and potential) of the Court to moulding the legal and constitutional framework within which the ECOWAS operates. It situates the Court within the organisational context of an emerging regional community and examines how the Court impacts and is impacted upon by the institutions of the ECOWAS. It emphasises the centrality of the Court to the maintenance of the delicate equilibrium necessary for the harmonisation of the competing interests of the Member States and Institutions of the ECOWAS.
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Manboah-Rockson, Joseph K. "Policy implications of the Economic Community of West African states (ECOWAS) in regional development." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17871.
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Bibliography: pages 189-208.This thesis is a critical examination of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) since inception, the institutional protocols, and the operational procedures on regional integration. The study argues that ECOWAS is a transplant of the European Union's neo-functionalism model of regional integration and has been a misapplication. Far from relieving the economic, social and political conditions of West Africa, typical of developing countries, it has contributed to the defeat of the goals and objectives of its Founding Fathers. The chief consequence has been the lack of unanimity among the countries, resulting in the non-implementation of policies. Similarly, the treaties adopted by ECOWAS for a development model are increasingly divorced from the policies applied by member states at the national level because the member countries do not factor the interest of the sub-region into their domestic planning. The study reviews the institutional protocols in the light of the actual practice of regional integration in West Africa. The result is that varying conflicts have compounded the policy inconsistencies resulting from the gap between the formal and informal modes of integration. The failure to address these directly is a primary cause of the slow pace of integration. The study suggests that an iterative planning process grounded in the political realities of one of the continent's most fractured and conflictual sub-regions would have allowed ECOWAS to evolve as an effective regional institution. As it is, ECOWAS operations continue to be fatally undermined by the failure of ECOWAS' institutions to understand the nature of African bureaucracies and to craft policies and instruments which are properly shaped to fit the underlying economic, social and political realities of its environment. The study concludes that the political, economic and social measures so far adopted by ECOWAS have not had a major impact in West Africa and cannot be said to have contributed to the formation of a self-reliant economic grouping for regional development. Like many other regional organisations in Africa, the Community has adapted an "alien model" without regard to the prevailing conditions and realities of the West African sub-region. Regional integration is an absolute necessity for West Africa. But it has to be built from the bottom up, with institutions in each national state reflecting the key constraints of its particular polity. It is only on this basis that regional plans can be devised, into which local plans can dovetail.
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Gondwe, Carlton H. M. "Dependency, economic integration and development in developing areas : the cases of EAC, ECOWAS and SADCC." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66066.
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Francis, David J. "Sierra Leone in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) : political and economic implications." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264687.
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Nwankwo, Chidebe. "Legitimation of the economic community of West African states (ECOWAS) : a normative and institutional inquiry." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/9387.
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This study is an attempt at determining the normative legitimacy of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). At its core, it scrutinizes the current mandate of the organization following the layering of economic integration objectives with human rights protection, sustenance of democracy, and the rule of law. The study discusses the elements of legitimacy across disciplines mainly, international law, international relations and political science. Legitimacy is eventually split along two divides, the normative and descriptive/sociological aspects. The study traces the normative content (shared/common values) underlying integration in Africa, concluding that integration has been born on new ideals such as human rights, democracy and the rule of law. Expectedly, Regional Economic Communities (RECs) as building blocks of the prospective African Economic Community (AEC) under the African Union (AU) regime are mandated to play a vital role in moving the continent forward upon these values. The inquiry is extended to the institutions of ECOWAS to determine their capacity to effectively implement the new mandate of the organization and operate supranationally. In the process, key legal and institutional shortcomings are discussed, particularly in relation to national institutions. It is argued that while human rights protection enhances the normative legitimacy of ECOWAS, it must not be pursued in isolation. Economic integration and protection of citizens’ rights are co-terminus and mutually reinforcing. Hence, community institutions must reflect this link if they are to be effective. The study concludes on the note that, while ECOWAS possesses layers of legitimacy, and have carried out legitimation steps, it cannot be considered a legitimate organization if Member States continue to be non-compliant with community objectives and if key legal questions remain unaddressed. It is submitted that ECOWAS is merely undergoing legitimation, whether it can eventually be considered a legitimate organization is dependent on addressing the identified challenges.
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Umar, Goni. "Monetary integration in ECOWAS and loss of independent monetary policy : a case study of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Kent, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293983.
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The Economic community of West African States (ECOWAS) is an economic organisation among 16 countries of Africa south of the Sahara. One of the main objectives of ECOWAS is to join the member countries in a complete monetary union with a single currency and a single central banle A major disadvantage to a country of being a member of this form of monetary cooperation is the loss of independence in carrying out monetary policy. This study is an examination of the degree to which Nigeria is likely to lose independent monetary policy by participating in the ECOW AS monetary union. Since the monetary union is still at the proposal stage, the issue is addressed by examining the following question: Can Nigeria conduct an effective independent monetary policy by changing the quantity of the money stock in the economy? According to the money multiplier theory of the money stock determination, successfully changing the money stock requires the following: Firstly the money multiplier should be stable and predictable, and secondly, the monetary base should be exogenously controllable. Although the money multiplier and its determinants in Nigeria are found to be stable and predictable, both closed and opened economy analyses seem to suggest that the monetary base is endogenous. Specifically, it is found to be determined by the demand for money. This implies that the monetary base and therefore, the money stock can only be changed by changing the money demand. In this case the successful conduct of monetary policy will require a stable money demand function which is significantly linked to a control variable. Various specifications showed that the Nigerian money demand function is stable. However, the only control variable - the interest rate is not significant, suggesting that it cannot be used to affect the money demand in a significant way. These findings suggest that the Nigerian Monetary Authorities have a very limited independent monetary policy, and therefore there may be little to lose by participating in the ECOW AS monetary union.
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Zormelo, Douglas Kudzo-Kota. "Integration theories and economic development : a case study of the political and social dynamics of ECOWAS." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1995. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1389/.
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The study is a multidimensional analysis of regional economic integration with special reference to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). It looks at the interaction between economics, politics and society in the context of integration and asks if the predominantly economic and mainly a priori advantages postulated by integration theory are feasible in West Africa. The thesis is both descriptive and analytical. First it paints the political and social landscape of West Africa in broad strokes. Using the picture thus created, it analyses integration in the sub-region by measuring the extent of integration achieved by ECOWAS since its formation in 1975. A heuristic paradigm, originally proposed by Leon Lindberg, is used to measure and explain the level of integration achieved so far. Field research, of a preliminary kind, is also used to examine the impact of society on national politics and intra-regional relations, and hence on regional co-operation and integration. The conclusions of the thesis include: the need for a revision of the dynamic theory of regional integration to formulate process mechanisms that can be implemented by developing countries; regional collective decision making is extremely difficult in unstable political systems; the need to tone down the exaggerated expectations of regional integration among developing countries; that tribes across borders have both positive and negative implications for integration; and that the ideology of the dynamic theory of integration is rapidly becoming obsolete in that dirigisme is no longer a viable policy option for most governments. Despite the need for higher levels of economic interaction among developing countries there is no reason, from our study, to believe that such relations will be different from those that pertain in international relations generally. The issues of national interest are just as salient in the interaction between developing countries as they are in the relations between the developed and developing countries. The study did not find any overwhelming desire among West African countries to co-operate. Neither did it find a cosmopolitanism that puts the regional good over the national interest. It therefore calls into question the premise on which integration among developing countries is based; that states ought to rationalise their industries.
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Ichimi, Godwin S. "The World Trade Organisation and food insecurity in the south : prospects for the ECOWAS sub-region." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=196159.
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This thesis focuses on the topic ‘The World Trade Organisation and Food Insecurity in the South: Prospects for the ECOWAS sub-region'. It is cast against the background of the prevailing global food crisis which is generally accepted as having assumed monumental dimensions in sub-Saharan Africa where a total of over 150 million people are said to be under the direct threat of hunger and starvation. The study appraises the mainstream understanding of the root causes of the on-going food crisis, the policies prescribed for their resolution as well as the efficacy of the neo-liberal multilateral institutional frameworks from within which these are currently being deployed. The global and regional multilateral institutions of reference here are the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) respectively. The study contends that the hegemonic narrative is severely limited; that the perspective which drives it suffers from some highly virulent blind-spots on the critical questions of history and the structural notions of power – notions which go to the very heart of the contemporary structuring of the global food system, and which, in the case of West Africa, is assuring the privileged access of some classes to food and food-producing resources whilst excluding the bulk of the class of the majority. Consequently, from a macro-historical qualitative perspective, the study develops and deploys an alternative conceptual framework from within which it appraises the regional agricultural and related trade policies of the member states of the ECOWAS which were developed in response to the neoliberal regimes of the WTO. With the reality of third world structural dependency as a point of departure, and situating this within the theoretical framework of Robert W. Cox and the tenets of Dependency theory, the study poses the question of whether and/or how, in the specific instance of West Africa, the framing of the region’s food and agricultural policies, couched as they have been in conformity to the broader context of the regimes of the WTO, has resulted in the aggravation of insecurity in food production and consumption. Pursuant to investigating this question, the study finds that as adherence by the member states of the ECOWAS to the rules of the WTO Agreements in particular and the dictates of neoliberal economic agenda in general intensifies, regional food and agricultural development strategies of the region have invariably proven incapable of overcoming the logic of structural capitalist dependency. Rather, as the ECOWAP achieves coincidence with the regimes of the WTO, those exact material conditions that stymie the prospects for structural transformation of the agrarian economy in the West African sub-region are being reinforced. The exacerbation of the associated problems of agricultural productivity decline, as well as the concomitant loss of household and national incomes is effectively putting even the food that is available both in the local and international markets well beyond the reach of the bulk of the poverty stricken majority of the people of Western Africa.
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Belmakki, Mohamed. "African sub-regional organizations in peacekeeping and peacemaking : the Economic Community Of West African State (ECOWAS) /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FBelmakki.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Karen Guttieri, Letitia Lawson. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-75). Also available online.
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Kamara, Mohamed Sheriff Hamid. "An analysis of the proposed currency union of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11168/.
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This thesis provides an analysis of the proposed currency union of the fifteen countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The study attempts to answer the following questions: (1) is ECOWAS an optimum currency area? In other words, are ECOWAS countries good candidates for a currency union? (2) are the ECOWAS countries ready for an independent currency union? And (3) are the economic benefits to the ECOWAS countries justifiable for a currency union? To address these research questions we applied the framework of the Optimum currency area theory pioneered by Mundell (1961), McKinnon (1963) and Kenen (1969). To investigate the impact of currency union and exchange rate volatility on intra-ECOWAS trade we estimate the augmented version of the gravity model of international trade using panel data over the period 1980-2012. After controlling for zero trade we found that currency union has a negative and non-significant impact on exports and imports and negative and significant impact on total trade. Whatever trade measure we use, both before and after controlling for zero trade, there is no evidence to support the trade creation argument of currency union in the decades of WAEMU existence. We found the effect of exchange rate volatility to be negative and significant on exports, imports and total trade before controlling for zero trade but the effect on all the three trade measures becomes statistically insignificant after the control for zero trade. We carried out perturbations with different exchange rate volatility measures and found our results to be insensitive and robust in all cases. We also found that while ECOWAS countries trade extensively with the rest of the world, trade with each other is very low. With a cluster analysis methodology we found a high degree of heterogeneity in ECOWAS countries’ macroeconomic characteristics especially those that are not members of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). While the eight WAEMU countries clustered together, the others are in fragmented clusters indicating the degree of dissimilarity. These findings are robust even with the use of alternative agglomerative methods of merging the countries. We conclude from our findings that ECOWAS is not an optimum currency area and that the countries are not good candidates for a currency union which makes them at this stage not ready for a full-fledged currency union. The thesis provides no evidence that the level of trade within ECOWAS justifies the formation of a currency union.
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Wanjuu, Lazarus Zungwe. "The impact of government expenditure on economic growth of the economic community of West African states (ECOWAS)." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13261.
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Available statistics on growth trends in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) are wanting, particularly net per capita growth rates. The analysis of available data from 1970 to 2012 by this study, for instance, shows that the net real GDP growth rate for the ECOWAS is 0.52%. Only four countries had net growth rates above 1% per annum mean growth rate of ECOWAS region. At the estimated growth rate, the prospect of accelerated growth in ECOWAS is very weak. The Barro endogenous growth model states that government provision of services can generate externalities to the private productive activities. Government’s provision of productive services in ECOWAS can ensure long-run per capita output growth without the per capita growth rate running into steady state growth. However, there are divergent views as to whether government provision of services induces long run economic growth. These views are based on different schools of thought. For instance, the economic freedom school argues for minimum government involvement (small governments) to ensure economic and political freedom to induce private investors invest and encourage economic growth. The optimal government school of thought (medium size governments) argues that government spending enhances private productivity growth through the provision of infrastructure, spending on research and development, public education, sewage, other public goods and protection through functional law and order systems. The optimal school of thought also acknowledges that government expenditure can also reduce economic growth through increases in taxation. An increase in taxation reduces the returns on investment of physical and human capital and in research and development (R&D) of private firms. This thesis investigates the impact of government expenditure on the provision of public services on economic growth in ECOWAS. To assess the impact of government expenditure on the provision of services on economic growth of ECOWAS, this thesis assesses whether the size of government, government expenditure and economic institutions promoted economic growth in ECOWAS. The thesis also determines whether per capita government capital expenditure, per capita government consumption expenditure, per capita private capital stock, per capita manufacturing output, per capita services output and per capita agricultural output have any impact on per capita real GDP growth in ECOWAS. To carry out this study, data were collected from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) database and Transparency International (TI) database. The data used covered the period of 1970 – 2013. The statistical research methods applied are the time-series methods of panel unit root test, panel co-integration test, and panel regression analysis, using both panel OLS regression models and estimation and inferences in co-integrated panel data regression methods. The panel OLS regression models applied are the panel OLS regression; panel fixed effect model (FEM) regression and the panel random effect model (REM) regression. The estimation and inferences in co-integrated panel data regression models applied are panel VEC regression model, panel DOLS regression and panel FMOLS regression. The panel DOLS regression and panel FMOLS regression models do not have an intercept, unlike their pure time-series models, which have intercepted. To ensure that the parameters estimated are reliable, this thesis conducted diagnostic tests to subject the regression result to scrutiny. The estimated panel data regression using panel OLS regression, panel FEM regression and panel REM regression indicate that the results of the estimated parameters were spurious having both autocorrelations and heteroscedasticity. High values of adjusted R-squares that were approaching one and high significant values of t statistics but very low values of Durbin-Watson Statistics demonstrated the existence of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation in residuals. The results of the diagnostic tests also show that the DOLS estimated regression model out-performed both VEC and FMOLS regression models based on both aggregate data and per capita data estimated parameters. The results of the parameter estimated using panel VEC and panel FMOLS regression models showed that both panel VEC and panel FMOLS regression models had the problems of their residuals having not only autocorrelations but heteroscedasticity. The panel DOLS regression results were satisfactory, having no multicollinearity, autocorrelations and heteroscedasticity. The estimated panel DOLS regression results were applied to test hypotheses formulated to guide this thesis. Results from panel DOLS estimated parameters show that the existing government size in ECOWAS stimulated economic growth. The results also showed that the government expenditure exhibited an inverted U-shape with respect to economic growth. The thesis also showed that existing government size in ECOWAS significantly stimulated economic growth in the region. The results of regression indicate that economic institutions contribute negatively to the economic growth of the ECOWAS. The results also established that government capital expenditure per capita has significantly engendered economic growth. Government consumption expenditure per capita stimulated economic growth. However, private capital stock per capita has not stimulated economic growth in ECOWAS. Service sector output per capita, agricultural output per capita and manufacturing output per capita stimulated significantly economic growth in the ECOWAS sub-region.
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Ngarhodjim, Nadjita Francis. "Sub-regional integration and democratisation in Africa : critically analysing the approach of the ECOWAS in West Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1155.
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"After their independence, African countries undertook to establish sub-regional organisations in order to join their efforts towards improving the living standard of their populations. Primarily vested with economic objectives, these sub-regional organisations, aware that economic development cannot be attained withouth peace, security and political stability, are more and more involved with political issues, especially since the 'democratic wind' of the early 1990s. It is therefore interesting to study how sub-regional integration as an external factor affects democracy domestically, that is to contemplate to what extent this sub-regional integration is contributing to the strengthening of democracy in Africa, and to research ways of enhancing this contribution. ... The study is structured into four main chapters. The introductory chapter contains the research design. The second chapter is devoted to an overview of sub-regional integration. It examines the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), but without losing sight of other groupings. The third chapter analyses the way the ECOWAS is dealing with the issue of democratic consolidation. It is interested in the question of whether the ECOWAS has an express policy and whether it has set standards as regards democratic consolidation in West Africa and, if so, how effective this policy and these standards have been so far. The fourth chapter is devoted to summary, conclusion and recommendations." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Hornig, Anja. "Die Auswirkungen irregulärer Migration auf die Europäisch-Afrikanischen Beziehungen : Partnerschaft auf Augenhöhe? Anspruch und Wirklichkeit der Kooperation." Master's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/3869/.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Frage, welche Auswirkung die Zunahme irregulärer Migration aus den Gebieten Afrikas südlich der Sahara in die Europäische Union (EU) auf die politischen Beziehungen der Regionen zueinander hat.
Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten zu internationaler und irregulärer Migration und ihrer Auswirkung auf die Internationalen Beziehungen sind bisher die Ausnahme. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag dazu, diese Lücke zu füllen und Migration aus einer politikwissenschaftlichen Perspektive zu beleuchten. Durch eine fundierte Analyse können Politikstrategien der Afrikanischen und der Europäischen Seite aufgezeigt, die Chancen der Interessensdurchsetzung bewertet und die Wirkung der Kooperation auf die Problematik der irregulären Migration eingeschätzt werden.
Die Arbeit baut auf den gängigen Theorien der Internationalen Beziehungen auf, die Hypothesen beruhen auf einer Gegenüberstellung der kooperationspolitischen Annahmen des Neorealismus und des neoliberalen Institutionalismus. Die empirische Überprüfung beruht auf einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse zugänglicher Dokumente und Verträge der EU und der African Union (AU) sowie der Westafrikanischen Regionalorganisation ECOWAS. Ergänzt wird die Dokumentenstudie um Experteninterviews mit afrikanischen Botschaftern in Berlin.
Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Zunahme irregulärer Migration zu einer Veränderung in der Europäisch-Afrikanischen Kooperation geführt hat. Migrationspolitik ist zu einem strategischen Bereich der EU-Außenpolitik gegenüber Afrika geworden. In der Europäischen Politik überwiegen trotz Anerkennung der entwicklungspolitischen Möglichkeiten regulärer Migration restriktive Ansätze. Diese wirken sich nachteilig auf die Afrikanischen Herkunftsländer aus und begünstigen eine weitere Zunahme irregulärer Migration. Um angemessene Politikstrategien zu entwickeln ist aufgrund einer nicht zu erwartenden Veränderung der Europäischen Politik insbesondere die Afrikanische Seite gefragt. Hier dominierte in der Vergangenheit eine kritische Haltung gegenüber Personenfreizügigkeit. Erst seit kurzem kommt es zu einer abgestimmten supranationalen Positionierung auf ECOWAS- und AU-Ebene, in der positive Wirkungen regulärer Migration anerkannt werden. Diese spiegeln sich aber bisher nicht in nationalstaatlichen Politiken wider.The thesis deals with the question, whether the increased irregular migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to the European Union (EU) has an impact on the inter-regional relations. Papers dealing with international and irregular migration and its impact on international relations are still rare. The thesis contributes to fill this gap and to highlight migration from a political science point of view. By providing a comprehensive analysis, political strategies of the African and the European side are identified, the chances of enforcements of interests showed and the effect of cooperation on the prevention of irregular migration is assessed. The thesis is based on the established theories of international relations. The hypothesis are based on the assumptions of neorealism and neolibral institutionalism on international cooperation. The empirical testing is based on a qualitative content analysis reviewing of available documents and contracts of the EU and the African Union (AU) as well as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). In addition, data derives from expert interviews conducted with African ambassadors in Berlin. The thesis comes to the conclusion that the increase in irregular migration let to a shift in the European-African cooperation. Migration policy now is a strategic part of the European foreign policy towards Africa. The European policy mainly pursues a restrictive policy although the chances of a regular form of migration have been officially recognized. This policy approach has a negative effect on the African countries of origin. At the same time, it favors a further increase of irregular migration. In order to develop an adequate policy, the African governments are particularly challenged as the European policy cannot be expected to change its politics towards migration. Here, in the past a critical position towards freedom of movement dominated. Only recently, a supranational position at ECOWAS-level comes up, which appreciates the positive effects of migration. However, this is not yet translated into policies at the national level.
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Malindisa, Nomzamo Penelope. "The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) passport and the facilitation of the Free Movement of Persons." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65575.
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The movement of people across African borders has become a significant element of regional integration efforts throughout the continent. Consequently, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has adopted a number of programmes aimed at facilitating the free movement of community citizens. Among these is the Protocol on Free Movement, Residence and Establishment, its supplementary protocols and free movement initiatives. In the year 2000, the West African community through the ECOWAS introduced a common passport. The passport was established and adopted as one of the numerous initiatives formulated under the organisation for the purposes of facilitating the movement of people within the sub-region. Although the ECOWAS passport has been celebrated for being the first fully functional common passport in Africa, the travel document’s contribution towards the realization of the free movement of people aspiration has been limited. The principle objective of the study is to examine the effectiveness of the common passport in attaining the intended goal of improving mobility. Subsequently, the study provides a reflection on some of the challenges that persist against the successful use of the passport. The study demonstrates how the socio-economic and political conditions present in member states continue to affect the effectiveness of the common passport.Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Political Sciences
MA
Unrestricted
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Huang, Jarlline. "The politics of regional peace operations in West Africa : the relations among ECOWAS, the UN and major powers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3780.
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Jones, Basil Morris. "Growth, convergence and economic integration in West Africa : the case of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)." Thesis, University of Hull, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342964.
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Akinkugbe, Olabisi Delebayo. "Revisiting the Economic Community of West African States: A Socio-Legal Analysis." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37040.
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Recent years have seen a growing scholarly interest in the conditions of emergence of regional trade agreements in Africa. These analyses have advanced our knowledge on a range of technical issues, from specific institutional transformation of regional economic communities such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to broad legal issues relating to the provisions of the regional trade agreements. Most literature on ECOWAS is, however, informed by legal formalism that interprets the text of the treaties strictly and without context, leading to a dominant interpretation of failure. By contrast, this thesis adopts a socio-legal approach and argues that the dominant narrative’s conceptualization of ECOWAS is narrow and under-representative of the broader contexts of the social relations in which ECOWAS Treaties and their implementation are embedded. The failure narratives do not adequately account for the complex social, historical, and political factors that shape the implementation of the ECOWAS Treaties. By combining socio-legal approach with insights from International Relations on new regionalism, the thesis reconceptualizes regionalism in ECOWAS as a social phenomenon. It approaches the ECOWAS Treaties as embedded in the socio-political relations, power struggles, and social structures of the Community. To differentiate the thesis from existing research on ECOWAS, it incorporates national, regional, and international factors in illuminating the complex and multifaceted confluence of circumstances that shape the implementation of the ECOWAS Treaties. Simultaneously, the thesis enriches our understanding of the theories of new regionalism by deepening the analysis in relation to ECOWAS. Seen from this perspective, the thesis concludes that ECOWAS cannot be regarded as a straightforward failure and that its achievements are not to be found primarily in economic integration but in other socio-political factors that it enabled. Finally, the analysis opens new opportunities for future normative analyses that interrogate the effectiveness of ECOWAS by taking into account the socio-political contexts in which it is embedded.
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Domson-Lindsay, Albert. "Towards a broader application of decision-making paradigms: a case study of the establishment of ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002981.
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The thesis in the main, looks at the decision-making process which underlined the Economic Community of West African States' attempt to end the Liberian crisis. It examines the establishment of ECOMOG to intervene in the Liberian civil crisis and the various pacific attempts to resolve the Liberian question. It does so through the medium of decision - making theory and some of the conceptual models that have flowed out of it. The thesis' focus on the decisional process of a regional body marks an attempt to broaden the scope of application of decision - making paradigms, which are usually employed to analyse decisions of national governments. The imperative for analysing the decisional process of ECOWAS in its quest to find solution to the Liberian problem has in part been dictated by the novelty of the ECOMOG concept. It marks the first major attempt of a sub - regional economic organization to successfully find solution to a civil conflict, as a result, there are numerous lessons to be gleaned from its failures and successes. Its relevance in the African context, with its intractable conflicts cannot be overemphasized. It has also been motivated by the fact that more works need to be produced on the decision-making processes of governments and regional bodies within the continent. The thesis argues that, both rational and "irrational" elements infused the decisional process of ECOW AS in its bid to solve the Liberian Crisis. Among other things, Policy-makers were influenced in their choice of decision by rational calculations based on national interest. It examines the clash of interests which characterized the establishment ofECOMOG as an tntervention force, the impasse this fostered and how it was eventually resolved. It postulates that exteljIlal actors influenced the decision process and that policy :Qiakers were aided to make the decisions they made by other organs in the decisional chain. The "irrational" component of the process, among other things, could be seen from the fact that the Liberian question was solved in " bits and pieces". Besides, blunders were committed through defective decision - making mechanism. The thesis concludes by offering suggestions to improve the quality of ECOW AS decision-making process with regard to conflict resolution and how to achieve regional consensus.
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Akwetey, Lawrence Mensah. "Investment attraction and trade promotion in economic development : a study of Ghana within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2002. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/7982/.
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At the first ever talks between leaders from developing countries and the G7 group of leading industrial nations in the year 2000, James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank, said "it is important that when the G7 address the issue of debt they address a range of inter-related questions including investment in developing countries and technology transfers." To this end a call for partnership between the developed and the developing nations was made. This thesis evaluates the importance of foreign investment and trade promotion in the economic development of Ghana as a country within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The thesis specifically investigates the usefulness of development preconditions in attracting foreign investments into developing countries to boost the production and manufacture of semi-processed and manufactured goods to enhance exports, trade, economic growth and development with a view to reducing poverty margins. Little research has been carried out on how development preconditions and trade promotion activities can be effectively used in developing Africa to forge the investment partnership between the developed and developing countries such as Ghana and the ECOWAS countries. In the light of recent alarming rates of poverty in Africa - mainly due to poor economic development - there is the need for a systematic evaluation of how Ghana and other African countries could employ development preconditions such as infrastructure, low inflation rates, good literacy levels (education), stable political and social environment to engender an enabling investment climate that would attract foreign investors to invest in their countries. The use of consistent trade promotion activities would also positively impact on export and trade for economic growth and development. Lessons that Ghana as a country within ECOWAS could learn from the investment and trade success of the East Asian countries have been discussed in the study. A Ghana Investment and Trade Framework is developed. This incorporates the possibility that development preconditions and vigorous trade and investment promotion activities influence increased Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the production of manufactured goods for export. These have the potential of expanding trade for increased economic growth in a country like Ghana. The methodological framework for testing the two hypotheses of this study is based on two types of statistical techniques. In evaluating the proposition that development preconditions influence foreign direct investment attraction in Ghana, we rely on the use of econometric regression analysis using the MICROFIT statistical software. (i.e. the influence of the development preconditions of Infrastructure, Inflation, Education and Political Stability in the period 1966-1998 (30 years)) - in attracting foreign investment into Ghana. The second hypothesis, which links overseas trade promotion to FDI attraction was, however, tested using the discriminant analysis based on Statistical Programme for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. This technique was also used to test the robustness of the findings based on the regression analysis in the case of the first hypothesis. The thesis empirically assesses the impact of the selected development preconditions and trade promotion activities (Ghana's participation in overseas trade fairs) on the level of FDI attracted into Ghana during the specific time periods of between 1966 and 1997. The criteria used include the level of FDI levels attracted into Ghana for 30 years due to (a) the influence of existing development preconditions, and (b) the influence of trade promotion activities (Ghana's participation in overseas trade fairs). The latter was for 15 years (1985-1999) due to lack of data on the earlier years in Ghana. The impact of the development preconditions of Infrastructure, Inflation and existing FDI on levels of new FDI attracted into the country were shown to be positive in the Regression Model. These results show that the presence of development preconditions in developing countries positively influence the level of FDI attracted into these countries. There was, however, no conclusive evidence that Ghana's trade promotion activities (Ghana's participation in overseas trade fairs) for the period had any clear and significant influence on FDI attraction into the country. The findings of the thesis outline the importance and need for Ghana and other African countries to create significant development preconditions in their countries, in order to attract sufficient and significant foreign investments into their countries and help to boost the production of manufactured goods for trade and exports in order to enhance economic growth and development. The conclusion is, therefore, that Ghana as a country within ECOWAS can achieve economic development through efficient investment (FDI) attraction policies and strategies; and the existence of vital development preconditions, and vigorous and intensive trade and export promotion activities (consistent participation in overseas trade fairs) could prove highly catalytic in this achievement.
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Bah, Alhaji M. S. "Policy issues and regional integration : a case study of Nigeria'a policy in the economic community of West African States (ECOWAS) - 1979-1997." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9049.
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Bibliography: leaves 206-221.In West Africa, where most countries attained independence in 1960 or around that time, Economic co-operation and integration have been pursued at different levels with varying degree of successes. This study addresses Nigeria 's policy in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) between 1979-1997. It is an investigation of the forces that have been driving the integration efforts in West Africa. The study focuses on the period between 1979-1997. The analysis proceeds through three phases: Firstly the Alhaji Shehu Shagari Era 1979-1983; secondly, the General Muhammadu Buhari era 1983-1984; finally the General Ibrahim Babangida/Ernest Shonekan/General Sani Abacha eras 1984-1998. The policy posture of Nigeria as a regional power-broker is the focal point of analysis in relation to specific Protocols of the ECOWAS Treaty. Three policy courses pursued by Nigeria during this period have been the subject of examination in this study: the expulsion of illegal immigrants most of whom were citizens of ECOWAS member states in 1983 and 1985, the land border closure of 1984-1985, and Nigeria 's role in ECOMOG. These policies are analysed in tandem with the Protocol on the free movement of goods; persons and services, the 1979 Non-Aggression Pact, the 1981 Mutual Assistance Protocol and the Protocol dealing with landlocked and Island member states. Other sub- regional forces like the linguistic barriers between the Anglophone, Francophone and Lusophone speaking states, the involvement of external powers like France, Britain and the United States of America and the regional rivalry between Cote d 'lvoire, Senegal, Ghana, Burkina Faso and Nigeria are also interrogated. The study concludes that regional integration is the most viable alternative for the socio-economic development and political stability of countries in the subregion. However, because of the disparity in the level of economic development, the issue of free movement of persons should be handled with high political tact in order to avoid a repetition of the 1983 and 1985 Nigerian expulsions. Such moves may not be a contravention of the Protocol in question but will dampen the spirit of 'oneness' that is a sine qua non for the success of the Community. Moreover the implementation of such a sensitive Protocol as the 1979 Non-Aggression Pact and the 1981 Mutual Defence Agreement needs a clear mandate to reduce the controversy that arises over the interpretation of such Protocols. This will reduce the regional tensions and acrimony as is manifested over Nigeria 's pivotal role in ECOMOG. Finally, the study concludes that Nigeria has a very significant role to play in ECOWAS. The realisation of the dreams of the founders of the Community is highly dependent on a consistent policy course by Nigeria in the affairs of ECOWAS.
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Ampomah, Emmanuel. "Examining the impediments to conflict management in West Africa: a study of the ECOWAS interventions in Liberia (1990) and Cote d'Ivoire (2010)." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31493.
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Although established to promote economic integration in West Africa, ECOWAS has transformed into a regional security organization concerned with terminating conflicts in the sub-region. Accordingly, ECOWAS has militarily intervened in the numerous conflicts in the sub-region including the Liberian and Ivorian civil wars. The study notes that the fundamental causes of conflicts in the sub-region have not changed, although their dynamics have changed in many ways. Similarly, the approach of member states towards conflict resolution has changed remarkably with time, evidenced by the easing of the Anglo-Francophone tensions within the community. However, ECOWAS faces challenges in its conflict management role, including financial and logistical constraints, lack of consensus on the deployment of ECOMOG, lack of neutrality in peacekeeping operations, and its heavy reliance on Nigeria’s leadership in interventions. These and other impediments have vitiated ECOWAS’s capacity to swiftly intervene in conflict situations. The study concludes that, overcoming the challenges confronting it increases the capacity of ECOWAS to manage conflicts in the region.
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Ogbonna, Joseph Ifeanyichukwu. "A legal analysis of the application of Articles I and III of the GATT 1994 on the economic development of ECOWAS member states." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7253.
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This dissertation examines the tension inherent in the relationship between the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as Member States Parties of the GATT/WTO and the GATT/WTO regime. It focuses specifically on the tension triggered off by the requirements of Article I – the Most-Favoured-Nation principle (MFN) and Article III – the National Treatment principle (NT) GATT 1994. It shows that while the non-discrimination principles are meant to promote trade liberalisation and economic growth, they produce the opposite effect in developing and least developed countries like ECOWAS and aggravate the tension between those countries and the WTO. It argues that the MFN is used to deny market access to the developing countries by exposing them to stiff but unequal competitive conditions and the NT to deny national governments the policy space to protect and promote national industries, employment and economic growth. It challenges the general assumption that the MFN and the NT are good and in the interest of all the WTO Members and rather identifies them as lynch-pins of economic development in the ECOWAS region. It also shows, contrary to the assumption of non-participation, how the ECOWAS High Contracting Parties are adapting their trading systems and harmonising their laws to the key provisions of Articles I and III of the GATT. It shows that the principles of non-discrimination are the outcome of the standard-setting procedures legally formulated as the SPS and TBT Agreements which favour the developed countries and how the Dispute Settlement Body has rejected the ‘aims-and-effect’ approach, taken a literal approach, overly emphasising trade liberalisation to the neglect of market access and economic development. This dissertation concludes that it is pre-mature for ECOWAS to assume Articles I and III obligations and recommends using the provisions of Article XXIV to build up effective influence through regional organisations and incrementally uniting to transform the GATT.
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Bah, Essa. "An examination into the quality of regional trade institutions: The economic community of West African states (ECOWAS); a historical, theoretical and modelling perspective." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16848.
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This thesis examines the determinants of institutional quality and the process of convergence in the ECOWAS in order to inform policy about the region’s deep integration scheme. The first part of the thesis examines the historical changes that took place in the development of common institutions in West Africa in the pre-independence era. The findings demonstrated that the region exhibited some common institutions, including common currencies, standardised trade rules and protection of trade routes which facilitated regional and international trade. A single administration system helped in the effective implementation of the common institutions. Therefore, historical changes after independence led to the loss of some facets of these common institutions in West Africa. The second part examined determinants of institutional quality and the process of convergence using econometric analysis. The findings demonstrated that the process of convergence could be accelerated if WAMZ and WAEMU work together as one monetary zone under ECOWAS. Moreover, the findings also demonstrated that the level of development, state capacity, FDI, regional trade, history and regional trade partners institutional quality contain useful information in explaining the quality of institutions today. Therefore, ECOWAS’s deep integration goal would require improving some of these factors in order to facilitate the process of developing common institutions and improve their quality. In the long term, a single administration system akin to the colonial era and the Empires of Western Sudan would be desirable. This will require political commitment to do so. ECOWAS members should have the confidence that deep integration is feasible given that it existed in the region in the past.
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Marta, Edna Maria Monteiro. "Potencialidades da CEDEAO para um pequeno país insular em desenvolvimento : o caso de Cabo Verde." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11271.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalA presente dissertação pretende demonstrar que a integração de Cabo- Verde na CEDEAO permite-lhe por um lado, ter acesso às potencialidades económicas que o espaço oferece e, por outro, consolidar a sua posição geopolítica e geoestratégica, quer perante os países da região, quer perante a Comunidade Internacional. A região da África Ocidental no seu conjunto possui alguns factores potenciais de desenvolvimento que faltam a Cabo Verde, enquanto pequeno estado insular, tais como: recursos naturais, população e território. Há, portanto, uma riqueza potencial que se bem explorado pode complementar o processo de desenvolvimento de Cabo Verde . A dissertação reconhece os falhanços que a CEDEAO tem tido, os obstáculos que têm de ser superados, assim como o árduo processo da construção da integração regional. Também reconhece que a instabilidade politica e social que a região atravessa, aliada à pobreza, se apresentam como os grandes constrangimentos para uma integração efectiva. Cabo Verde enquanto país caracterizado pela estabilidade política e social e que goza de uma excelente imagem perante a comunidade internacional, tem as condições de partida necessárias para ter um papel activo na integração regional Oeste Africana, já que a paz e a estabilidade regional são um dos eixos estratégicos de um processo ainda em construção.
This dissertation aims to demonstrate that the integration of Cape Verde in ECOWAS allows it, on the one hand, to have access to the economic opportunities that the space offers and, on the other hand, to consolidate its geopolitics and geostrategic position, either before countries in the region or before the International Community. The West African region as a whole has some potential factors of development lacking in Cape Verde as a small island state, such as natural resources, population and territory. There is, therefore, a potential wealth that, if well exploited, can complement the process of development of Cape Verde. The paper recognizes the failures that ECOWAS has had, the hurdles that have to be surmounted, and the arduous process of building the regional integration. It also recognizes that the political and social instability, combined with poverty, are presented as severe constraints to effective integration. Cape Verde as a country characterized by political and social stability and with an outstanding reputation in the International Community, has the starting conditions necessary to play an active role in the regional integration process, given that regional peace and stability is one of the strategic axes of the processs of regional integration.
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Atinga, Mba. "The economic community of West African state (ECOWAS) and the control of illicit proliferation of small arms and ligtweapons in West Africa (1998-2005)." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2008. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/28.
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West Africa has an estimated eight million illicit small arms in circulation. The uncontrolled proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) fuelled codicts in West Africa, galvanizing member states of the Economic Cornunity sf West african States (ECOWAS) to adopt measures to bring sanity to bear on the security situation in West Africa. Any discussion of the dynamics of conflict should accordingly look at the snlall arms factor in the many conflicts that plagued the subregion. The research examines all the initiatives that ECOWAS deployed to combat SALW in West Africa - the Moratorium Declaration, arms embargoes, and arms collection and destruction. ECOWAS anti-proliferation efforts began in 1998 with the signing of the Moratorium Declaration in 1998 in Abujq Nigeria.
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Gaspar, Rita Suriana Amaro. "Importância geopolítica da região do Golfo da Guiné no quadro da defesa e da segurança. Para uma estratégia marítima integrada." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23113.
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O Golfo da Guiné é um espaço de confluência de interesses, preocupações em virtude das potencialidades de recursos energéticos que esta zona oferece, porém que transpira instabilidade, traduzidos em terrorismo, atos de pirataria, a exploração ilícita de recursos naturais, imigração clandestina e tráfico ilícito, decorrente das assimetrias económicas, sociais e políticas que se verificam na região e potenciam dificuldades em estabelecer a melhor estratégia marítima de Defesa e Segurança.
Este trabalho procura responder à pergunta: “Que estratégias devem ser implementadas pelas Organizações Regionais Africanas do Golfo da Guiné para promoverem a Defesa e Segurança efetiva na Região?” Essas estratégias deverão estar ao alcance das organizações regionais e incidir nas dimensões: política, militar, económica, social e ambiental; ABSTRACT:
Geopolitical Importance in the Region of the Gulf of Guinea within the framework of Defense and Security. For an integrated maritime strategy
The Gulf of Guinea is an area of confluence of interests, concerns, starring in virtue of the potential of energy resources that this area offers, but that exudes instability translated into terrorism, acts of piracy, the illegal exploitation of natural resources, illegal immigration and trafficking, resulting from economic, social and political asymmetries that exist in the region and intensifying difficulties in establishing the best strategy for maritime defense and security. This paper seeks to answer the question: What strategies should be imple-mented by Regional Organizations African Gulf of Guinea to promote effective de-fense and security in the region? These strategies should be within the reach of regional and focus on dimensions: political, military, economic, social and environmental
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Marggraf, Claudia [Verfasser], Anja [Akademischer Betreuer] Jetschke, Ulf [Gutachter] Engel, and Christof [Gutachter] Hartmann. "When Knowledge Travels. Expert Networks in African Security Policy. Case Studies of AU and ECOWAS. / Claudia Marggraf ; Gutachter: Ulf Engel, Christof Hartmann ; Betreuer: Anja Jetschke." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/117736168X/34.
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Fall, Cheickh Sabidou. "Impact de la libéralisation commerciale au Sénégal : évaluation de l’accord de partenariat économique sur l’agriculture et les ménages sénégalais." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU2008/document.
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Cette thèse propose une évaluation des effets potentiels de l’Accord de partenariat économique (APE) entre l’Union européenne (UE) et l’Afrique de l’Ouest sur l’agriculture et les ménages sénégalais. En effet, après plus de 12 ans de discussions, la Communauté Économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) dans sa majorité a signé l’APE avec l’UE, le volet commercial de l’Accord de Cotonou. L’APE est ainsi devenu le nouveau cadre de coopération économique et commercial entre l’UE et le Sénégal avec l’établissement à terme d’une zone de de libre-échange réciproque entre l’UE et les pays ACP, cependant asymétrique et mettant ainsi fin au régime des conventions de Lomé, qui était basé sur les préférences commerciales non réciproques. Cette étude est basée sur le modèle d’équilibre général calculable (MEGC) uni-pays développé par Bouët et al (2001). Il s’agit à la base d’un modèle statique avec l’hypothèse de concurrence parfaite et non monétaire qui décrit une petite économie ouverte comme le Sénégal. En effet, le Sénégal est un pays en développement importateur net de produits alimentaires et très dépendant du commerce international notamment pour couvrir ses besoins alimentaires. Ce MEGC a été enrichi par l’introduction de l’approche théorique « Dual-Dual » élaborée par Stifel et Thorbecke (2003) pour tenir compte des spécificités de la plupart des économies africaines comme le Sénégal notamment un secteur informel très développé et la migration rural-urbain d’une part et d’autre part parce que la quasi-totalité des MEGC utilisés pour étudier l’économie sénégalaise n’intègre pas ces aspects structurels. De plus, pour bien prendre en compte l’APE dans nos simulations nous avons rajouté deux étages au niveau des exportations et des importations pour bien distinguer les origines/destinations CEDEAO et UE. Le modèle utilisé est calibré sur une matrice de comptabilité sociale (MCS) pour l’année 2006 construite dans le cadre de cette thèse. Pour appréhender les effets sur les ménages, trois enquêtes ménages ont été utilisées pour identifier 78 ménages représentatifs. Pour les données tarifaires, le nouveau tarif extérieur commun de la CEDEAO (TEC CEDEAO) en vigueur depuis le 1er janvier 2015 a été utilisé. Les résultats ont révélé que l’APE est une réforme commerciale qui n’offre pas des perspectives de gains réels pour le Sénégal car elle implique essentiellement une ouverture de l'économie sénégalaise aux seuls produits européens et n'améliore pas l'accès de l'économie sénégalaise aux économies du reste du monde. Sur le plan des analyses de bien-être, l’APE ne permet pas de réduire la pauvreté et les inégalitésThis PHD thesis proposes an assessment of the potential effects of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the European Union (EU) and West Africa on Senegalese agriculture and households. Indeed, after 12 years of negotiations, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in its majority signed the EPA with the EU, the trade component of the Cotonou Agreement. Thus, the EPA has become the new framework for economic and trade cooperation between the EU and Senegal. The objective to the end is the establishment of a reciprocal free trade area between the EU and ACP countries, however asymmetrical and putting an end to the Lome Agreement, which was based on non-reciprocal trade preferences. This study is based on the Single country computable general equilibrium model (CGE) developed by Bouët et al (2001). It is a static model with the assumption of perfect competition and non-monetary, which describes a small open economy such as Senegal. Indeed, Senegal is a net food-importer developing country and very dependent on international trade specially to cover its food needs. This CGE was enriched by the introduction of the "Dual-Dual" theoretical approach developed by Stifel and Thorbecke (2003) to reflect the specificities of most African economies like Senegal i.e. a large informal sector and migration rural-urban firstly and secondly because almost all the CGE models used to study the Senegalese economy does not incorporate these structural aspects. In addition, to better capture the EPA in our simulations we added two stages in exports and imports modelling to distinguish the origins / destinations ECOWAS and EU. The model is calibrated on a 2006 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) built as part of this thesis. To understand the effects on households, three household surveys were used to identify 78 representative households. For tariff data, the new ECOWAS Common External Tariff (ECOWAS CET) launched on January 1st 2015 was used. The results revealed that the EPA is a trade reform that offers no real earnings prospects for Senegal because it essentially implies openness of the Senegalese economy only to European products and does not improve the access of Senegalese economy to other economies of the World. In terms of welfare analysis, the EPA did not reduce poverty and inequality
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Animashaun, Fouad. "The parameters for access to national electricity networks : towards establishing a wholesale bilateral electricity market in West Africa : a study of the Ecowas Wapp electrification project." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500642.
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Barros, Elisabete Marques. "O papel da comunidade económica dos Estados da África Ocidental na implementação da igualdade de género no âmbito da Agenda 2030 das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16483.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações InternacionaisA discriminação com base no género e a falta respeito pelos direitos das mulheres é um problema que afeta todos os continentes no geral e África em particular. Na África Ocidental, apesar dos esforços empreendidos desde 2000, continuam a persistir barreiras à plena participação económica, social e política das mulheres. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo compreender o papel da CEDEAO na implementação da igualdade de género no âmbito da Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Para compreender o papel da CEDEAO recorremos ao uso de alguns indicadores que nos deram informações específicas sobre a condição da igualdade de género na África Ocidental. A igualdade de género é uma questão de direitos humanos e os indicadores estão relacionados com normas e padrões de direitos humanos, refletindo princípios e preocupações e são usados para avaliar e acompanhar a promoção e implementação de direitos humanos. Nesta dissertação os indicadores permitiram observar e analisar o desempenho da CEDEAO na implementação da igualdade de género e empoderamento da mulher. Os indicadores utlizados são tanto qualitativos como quantitativos e nesta dissertação utilizou-se uma abordagem mista. Os indicadores quantitativos facilitam avaliações qualitativas por medir a magnitude de certos eventos e da mesma forma, as informações qualitativas podem complementar a interpretação de indicadores quantitativos. Concluímos que, embora exista um crescente compromisso por parte da CEDEAO e dos seus Estados membros para alcançar a igualdade de género, as estratégias e os planos de ação parecem permanecer "no papel". Por fim, a CEDEAO, como uma organização com potencial para promover mudanças, deve fortalecer as instituições e garantir uma maior transparência.
Discrimination based on gender and the lack of respect for women's rights is a problem that affects all continents in general and Africa in particular. In West Africa, despite the efforts since 2000, barriers to full economic, social and political participation of women continue to persist. This dissertation aims to understand the role of ECOWAS in the implementation of gender equality in the framework of the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. In order to understand the role of ECOWAS, we used some indicators that gave us specific information about the condition of gender equality in West Africa. Gender equality is a human rights issue and the indicators are related to norms and standards of human rights, reflecting principles, concerns and are used to assess and monitor the promotion and implementation of human rights. In this case the indicators allowed observing and analyzing the performance of ECOWAS in the implementation of gender equality and empowerment of women. The indicators used are both qualitative and quantitative and in this dissertation a mixed approach was used. Quantitative indicators facilitate qualitative assessments by measuring the magnitude of certain events, and qualitative information can complement the interpretation of quantitative indicators. We conclude that while there is a growing commitment on the part of ECOWAS and its member states to achieve gender equality, strategies and action plans appear to remain "on paper." Finally, ECOWAS, as an organization with potential for change, must strengthen institutions and ensure greater transparency.
N/A
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Namwase, Sylvie. "The Principle of Legality and the prosecution of international crimes in domestic courts: lessons from Uganda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9280_1363774835.
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Mchomvu, Frank John. "Prevalence of conflicts over the legitimacy of election results in Africa : can the regional economic communities (RECs) provide a panacea? A case study of ECOWAS and SADC." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18627.
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Civil and political strive in Africa is in the main, this is due to an increase in disputes over who won elections. The disputed elections in Kenya, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Ethiopia and more recently Ivory Coast to mention but a few, indicate how disputes over election results in Africa have been escalating. ‘Over the last couple of decades, many elections in Africa have been marred by ‘extreme controversy’. Elections ‘rigging and brigandage’, violence and elections invalidation are common phenomena in Africa. The report prepared by the British-Angola Forum (BAF) following a conference on the challenges for free and fair elections in Angola, reveals that many elections in Africa are ‘subject to human error and manipulation’ and this is mainly because those who are in power want to cling onto it especially ‘in countries where there is a perception that politics means money’. Adejumobi argues that in Africa most elections in their current form appear to be ‘a fading shadow of democracy’ jeopardising the frail democratic project itself. According to the African Union Panel of Wise (AUPW), while in some countries elections have built ‘democratic governance and prosperity of citizens’, in others they have led to disputed results and violence among the political actors.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
nf2012
Centre for Human Rights
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Mancal, Ansu. "A produção, o desempenho e o comércio internacional do setor agrícola da África Ocidental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-17072018-161628/.
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Na África Ocidental iniciou-se desde a década de 1940, com a criação da União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) em 1945, uma transformação socioeconômica centrada na redefinição das relações entre os países da região. Antes restritas à laços coloniais, com a criação da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) em 1975 as mudanças transcenderam aspectos coloniais. Nesses esforços, o setor agrícola mereceu destaque, que resultou em compilação e harmonização das políticas agrícolas dos países da região para formar políticas regionais do setor - políticas agrícolas da UEMOA e da CEDEAO -. A produção agrícola é a base do desenvolvimento dos países da África Ocidental, constitui importante determinante das dinâmicas socioeconômicas desses países. Assim, o objetivo neste trabalho é investigar a estrutura de produção, desempenho e comércio internacional do setor agrícola da África Ocidental. Utilizou-se a fronteira estocástica na forma funcional transcendental para estimação dos parâmetros estruturais da produção agrícola. Buscou-se detectar o esforço pró-desenvolvimento agrícola por meio de adaptação do modelo de Lei Dinâmica de Verdoorn, com inclusão de fontes locais disponíveis para o financiamento da melhoria de produtividade agrícola. Por meio de teste de raiz unitária aplicado aos dados em painel, foi analisada a convergência da produtividade agrícola entre os países da África Ocidental. E, foi utilizado o modelo gravitacional estrutural expandido para investigar comércio internacional agrícola da região. Os resultados mostraram que, as transformações da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) constituem principais causas da quebra estrutural no setor agrícola regional. As participações relativas dos fatores na produção agrícola entre os subperíodos antes e depois das mudanças políticas da CEDEAO são diferentes, a área é o mais importante determinante da evolução desta produção. Quanto a produtividade, embora convergentes, os países da região não alocaram prioritariamente os recursos disponíveis para o desenvolvimento agrícola, em particular no setor privado. E, o padrão global das transações agrícolas internacionais desta região é dominantemente definido pelas transações extra-regionais e existem diferenças entre os determinantes intra e extra-regionais. Nas transações globais, os fluxos são maiores entre os países membros da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) e União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) não afeta significativamente esses fluxos. Ao passo que, no comércio agrícola intra-regional a CEDEAO não impacta significativamente e os fluxos são maiores entre os países membros da UEMOA. A distância geográfica não exerce efeitos significativos no comércio internacional agrícola extra-regional da África Ocidental.In West Africa, it began since 1940s with fundation of West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) in 1945, a socioeconomic transformation centered on the redefinition of relations between the countries of the region. Previously restricted to colonial ties, with the creation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975 the changes transcended colonial aspects. In these efforts, the agricultural sector was highlighted, which resulted in the compilation and harmonization of the agricultural policies of the countries of the region to form regional policies of the sector - agricultural policies of UEMOA and ECOWAS -. Agricultural production is the basis of development of West African countries, an important determinant of the socioeconomic dynamics of these countries. Thus, the objective in this work is to investigate production structure, performance and international trade of West African agricultural sector. The stochastic frontier was used in the transcendental functional form to estimate the structural parameters of agricultural production. It was sought to detect the pro-agricultural development effort by adapting the Verdoorn Dynamic Law model, with the inclusion of local sources available to finance the improvement of agricultural productivity. Using a unit root test applied to the panel data, the convergence of agricultural productivity among West African countries was analyzed. And, the expanded Structural Gravity Model was used to investigate the region\'s international agricultural trade. The results showed that the transformations of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) are the main causes of the structural break in the regional agricultural sector. The relative participation of factors in agricultural production between the subperiods before and after the ECOWAS political changes are different, the area is the most important determinant of the evolution of this production. In terms of productivity, although convergent, the countries of the region did not allocate the resources available to agricultural development as priority, particularly in the private sector. And, the overall pattern of international agricultural transactions in this region is dominantly defined by extra-regional transactions and there are differences between intra- and extra-regional determinants. In global transactions, flows are higher among member countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) does not significantly affect these flows. Whereas, in intra-regional agricultural trade, ECOWAS does not have a significant impact and flows are greater among WAEMU member countries. Geographical distance has no significant effect on West African extra-regional agricultural international trade.
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Gah, Dadehys Noellie Prisca. "How ECOWAS negotiating team can strenghen the legal provisions of Cote D'Ivoire EPA as to benefit the whole region : a legal analysis of the Cote D'Ivoire interim EPA." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28472.
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The paper examines through a legal analysis of some articles of the Cote d’Ivoire Stepping Stone Agreement, how ECOWAS can strengthened its approach in negotiating a comprehensive EPA for the region. These articles are scrutinized with a special focus on market access as to point out fields that need to be re-thinked with regard objectives set out in the agreement. It is argue that current bilateral and multilateral Trade and Investment Agreements are shrinking in their legal framework the policy space need for development in countries that need it the most. This study, underlines the fact that the legal provisions contain in the Cote d’Ivoire IEPA do reduce actually its ability to set up policies tool aim at achieving development goals. It is the sustainability of the IEPA legal provisions that is questioned under this topic with regard to sensitive issues such as the safeguard measures, the stand still clause, the MFN clause, the Rules of Origin etc….. In so doing, the analysis reveals as well the ambiguity of the IEPA relationship with the Cotonou Agreement and the multilateral trade rules of the WTO. This ambiguity is highlighted in an attempt to drawn the attention of the region on the fact that; if there is indeed a need to update the Economic Partnership Agreement currently negotiating with the EC, this cannot be done without first of all updating the negotiating approach of the region. In fact, its weak bargaining approach coupled with that overwhelming of the EC has resulted in the agreement currently on the table. Substantial changes can be made with this regard by acknowledging the insufficiencies in the legal framework of the IEPA but also in learning lesson from mistakes the region itself and Cote d’Ivoire have done in negotiating EPAs and its Interim version. Thus, since EPAs often triggered the debate on liberalization and what it may carry in terms of consequences on developing countries’ economies, examples of countries that took a different step toward liberalization and whose current situation may be use as a testimony by ECOWAS are quoted. Finally, propositions are made to ECOWAS region as to enlarge current development space while battling for more flexibility under the EPA.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Nyomakwa-Obimpeh, James. "Explaining the outcomes of negotiations of Economic Partnership Agreements between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Regional Economic Communities : comparing EU-CARIFORUM and EU-ECOWAS EPAs." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22996.
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The European Commission has been negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with Regional Economic Communities of African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States since 2002. The outcomes have been mixed. The negotiations with the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) concluded rather more quickly than was initially envisaged, whereas negotiations with West African Economic Community (ECOWAS) and the remaining ACP regions have been dragging on for several years. This research consequently addresses the key question of what accounts for the variations in the EPA negotiation outcomes, making use of a comparative research approach. It evaluates the explanatory power of three research variables in accounting for the variation in the EPA negotiations outcomes – namely, Best Alternative to the Negotiated Agreement (BATNA); negotiation strategies; and the issues linkage approach – which are deduced from negotiation theory. Principally, the study finds that, the outcomes of the EPA negotiations predominantly depended on the presence or otherwise of a “Best Alternative” to the proposed EPA; that is then complemented by the negotiation strategies pursued by the parties, and the joint application of issues linkage mechanism which facilitated a sense of mutual benefit from the agreements.