Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écosystémiques'
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Locatelli, Bruno. "Services écosystémiques et changement climatique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931871.
Full textYildirim, Heval. "Approche écosystémique et institutionnelle du développement durable territorial : Le panier de services écosystémiques dans la Péninsule de Karaburun (Turquie)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD041/document.
Full textToday environmental issues are at the heart of development debates. At the origin of the introduction of the sustainable development concept in the Brundtland Report in 1987, there has been the need of taking other dimensions of development into account rather than the economic dimension in order to minimize the impact of the human activity on resources.The development experiences of certain territories have been at the center of the territorial development approach, particularly the French territories which constitute important cases for the basket of goods and services approach of the Grenoble model developed by Bernard Pecqueur and Amédée Mollard. Moreover, ecosystem services began to have an important place as a framework of land planning and territorial development since the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005. From a territorial approach perspective, ecosystem services (ES) can allow can allow one to take into account environmental issues and enrich development perspectives based on different dimensions of sustainability.The aim of this PhD research is to develop a research framework based on ecosystem services for a sustainable territorial development. Thus, by proposing a new concept, the notion of ES basket, we hypothesize that the basket of ecosystem services framework can facilitate the inventory of physical, ecological and cultural resources derived from the ecosystems of a territory and encourage the actors of the territory to adopt sustainable practices in the valorization process of resources, creating a collective identity around the services. To confirm this hypothesis, we first define the notion of SE basket and then show the relevance of developing a non-monetary methodological framework based on multicriteria indicators and perceptions. This methodological framework has been applied to a case study in Turkey, the territory of the Karaburun Peninsula, located in the Aegean Region about a hundred kilometers from Izmir. This case study made it possible to identify the prospects for territorial development and the policy of support for the sustainable valorization of Karaburun ES baskets. It also allowed identifying some methodological, financial and institutional limitations that must be taken into account in future work to improve the research framework
Duffaut, Chloé. "Services écosystémiques et perception de la faune urbaine spontanée." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS199.
Full textMore and more city dwellers are disconnected from nature. A good way to reconnect them with nature would be to make them aware of the services provided by biodiversity in the city. I therefore wanted to know if the contribution of knowledge on ecosystem services provided by a species of spontaneous urban fauna could change the perception of this animal by urban users. I first sought to know how three species of spontaneous urban fauna are perceived in Paris (France): the feral pigeon (Columba livia), the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). I also studied an ecosystem service that can be provided by the pigeon: the fertilizing effect of its droppings (or guano) on different vegetables grown in the context of urban agriculture. I then wanted to test whether informing people about two ecosystem services (the fertilizing effect of pigeon guano and the storing trace metals in their feathers) had an effect on perception of this animal. The results showed that the rat is not at all appreciated by the people met in Paris. The hedgehog is very popular and the pigeon is moderately appreciated. Pigeon guano has proven to be a good fertilizer for cherry tomatoes and radishes. Although the appreciation and estimated utility of the pigeon are positively correlated, the contribution of knowledge on the fertilizing effect of pigeon guano on cherry tomatoes and the storage of trace metals in the feathers of this bird had no impact on the perception of the pigeon of the interviewees
Houdet, Joël. "Entreprises, biodiversité et services écosystémiques. Quelles interactions et stratégies? Quelles comptabilités?" Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00531612.
Full textThierry, de Ville d'Avray Laure. "Identification et évaluation des services écosystémiques rendus par les habitats coralligènes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0186/document.
Full textThe Mediterranean basin is recognized as a "hotspot" of biodiversity subjected to strong anthropic pressures. In the marine domain, coralligenous habitats greatly contribute to the basin’s biodiversity and their coastal location makes them accessible to humans. The thesis attempts to identify and economically evaluate some of those ecosystem services. I used the concept of \textit{ecosystem service} at a local scale, focusing on the Bay of Marseille (anthropized) and the Port-Cros national park (under minimal human pressure). The first part of the thesis deals with the identification and description of the services rendered by coralligenous habitats in the study areas. The second part of the thesis describes the provisionning services through the application of the concept of ecosystem service cascade as developed by Haines-Young and Potschin. This approach helps to identify the elements and functions of the ecosystem involved in each service, the human beneficiaries and the types of economic benefits associated with the services. This chapter also proposes variables to measure each level of the cascade. The third part of the thesis deals with an analysis of the relationship between the presence of coralligenous habitat and the frequency of dives in the Bay of Marseille. The last part of the thesis employs the method of discrete choices experiment to study the declared preferences in the study areas of Marseille and Port-Cros concerning the services rendered by the coralligenous habitats. This analysis provided insight into how preferences can evolve as initial knowledge is enhanced through the provision of additional information
Willot, Pierre-Alexandre. "Conception d’une méthode d’évaluation des services écosystémiques : application aux étangs piscicoles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSARD089.
Full textDespite a strong anchoring in the territory and various functions, pond fish farming is a declining activity in France. The diversity of its roles raises the question whether the framework of ecosystem services (ES) could give a better visibility of the assets of this activity. This thesis contributes to clarify the ecosystem services provided by ponds in France. It proposes elements on the type of services and a method to evaluate them. The proposed PoESIE method is based on the environmental analysis frameworks: Life Cycle Assessment and Emergy accounting. It aligns the services, the impacts, and the energy required, in order to highlight any trade-offs. The application on 135 ponds of Dombes area shows that intensive and semi-intensive managed ponds provide the best level of ES, and have moderate environmental impacts. Nevertheless, Emergy's indicators show that the fish production ES of these intensive systems has a poor sustainability performance. The proposed PoESIE method has shown its applicability to a system at the interface between the natural and the productive environment. Pond aquaculture can provide a good level of ES, mainly when ponds are managed in order to produce fish
Bruel, Aurélien. "Proposition d'indicateurs des externalités environnementales basés sur l'ACV et les services écosystémiques." Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0035/document.
Full textIn today's society, it is difficult to spread the Industrial ecology. This can be explained by the fact that information for decision makers is mainly outcome from the natural and engineering sciences. Thus, information provided in the decision process is focused on the physical study of material and energy flows. It seems irrelevant to challenge the industrial and public decision makers. For this, this thesis aims to understand which indicators to use to better integrate environmental impacts in the process of industrial and public decision. It is particularly interested in the integration of environmental externalities in the decision process. It seeks to understand what are the interactions between the life cycle of a product and ecosystem services of a territory by using the methodology of Life cycle assessment. This proposal was put to the test by developing an illustrative case study by modeling two ecosystem services related to eutrophication. Then indicators of industrial systems on ecosystem services are tested in an experimental validation process in two different contexts of decision making
Lachance, Edith. "Fondements écosystémiques des coupes à rétention de bouquets sur la Côte-Nord." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29644/29644.pdf.
Full textBrenier, Ambroise. "Pertinence des approches participatives pour le suivi écosystèmique des pêcheries récifales." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066140.
Full textDemestihas, Constance. "Analyse des conflits et synergies entre services écosystémiques multiples en vergers de pommiers." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0690/document.
Full textThe concept of « ecosystem service », which has been used increasingly since the publication of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005, has highlighted the importance of ecosystem’s non-marketed performances. In orchards, ensuring high productivity while preserving natural resources and human health has become a real challenge that could be analyzed with the concept of ecosystem service. Which ecosystem services are delivered in an apple orchard? How to analyze them? What are the relationships - conflicts or synergies – among multiple ecosystem services and how do cropping systems change multiple ecosystem service profiles? This PhD work aims at answering those questions with an innovative approach combining experimental measures, modeling and statistical analysis.Based on a literature review of ecosystem services in orchards, five services were selected: fruit production, nitrogen availability in soil, climate regulation based on the prevention of nitrogen denitrification and on carbon sequestration, maintenance and regulation of water cycle, including water quality, and pest control. We also considered the environmental disturbances caused by the use of pesticides. For each service, we identified the underlying ecosystem functions as well as the agricultural practices and soil and climate conditions affecting these functions. Services and functions were described by one or multiple indicators and quantified using models in the case of (i) nine existing cropping systems on two experimental sites in southeastern France differing in terms of soil and climate conditions, and (ii) 150 virtual cropping systems designed out of the combination of five major agricultural practice levers and their modalities, in identical soil and climate conditions. The two models used were STICS, a generic soil-crop simulation model under the influence of practices which required a parameterization and an evaluation on apple orchards based on experimental measures, and IPSIM, a generic modeling framework simulating the impacts of agricultural practices and local conditions on crop injuries caused by pests. IPSIM was parameterized on apple orchards, based on an important literature review and expert opinions. Model simulations were analyzed with simple statistics in the case of the nine existing cropping systems and with two-table multivariate analyses (principal component analysis with instrumental variables) for virtual cropping systems.Concerning the existing cropping systems, 14 important relationships were identified among ecosystem services, especially conflicts, like the one between nitrogen denitrification or leaching prevention and soil nitrogen availability on the short term, and synergies such as the one between soil humidity or carbon sequestration and nitrogen availability on the short term. These relationships are explained by the underlying ecosystem functions. Comparing service profiles among cropping systems highlighted the impacts of agricultural practices on some services. That way, on a same site, a high planting density increases fruit production and carbon sequestration. An exclusively organic fertilization decreases fruit production through nitrogen stress but also nitrogen leaching in drained water. Furthermore, service profiles are strongly influenced by the soil and climate conditions of each site. These results strengthen the need to explicitly consider the ‘agricultural practices x soil and climate conditions’ interdependence in order to analyze ecosystem services. The results obtained with the virtual cropping systems simulations confirmed those of the existing ones and gave precision on the impacts of fertilization, irrigation and pest control for codling moth, rosy apple aphid and apple scab on ecosystem functions and services
Byczek, Coline. "Une analyse multi-modèles des services écosystémiques de la région urbaine de Grenoble." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV036.
Full textEcosystem services (ES) have gained increased attention from both researchers and decision-makers in recent years. Multi-service approaches have been developed and applied at various spatial scales, allowing an environmental, social and economic diagnosis of territories. Disclosing spatial patterns of ecosystem services, untangling spatial and/or causal relationships between services, and revealing the existence of characteristic ‘service profiles’ (ES bundles), such studies have helped designing land planning options and fostering communication among stakeholders. To support such efforts, comprehensive modelling platforms have been created which can provide raw estimates of multiple ES with minimum data availability and modelling efforts. On the other hand, many accurate but highly specific and hardly reproducible methods remain inapplicable to most cases. Researchers are now challenged by a double objective: to develop generic and reproducible methods which can still provide relevant information in the context of the study area. In this direction, tier-based modelling approaches have been designed in order to offer answers adaptable to a variety of situations.Here we present a suite of generic ES models for the Grenoble living basin, a major urban area located at the foot of three mountain ranges and surrounded by large agricultural lowlands. By making relevant use of a variety of large-scale databases and online resources, these models characterize a large panel of biophysical aspects in a contrasted territory and yet provide relevant information for land planning concerns.We first present a suite of generic and spatially-explicit models built from national datasets or downscaled from larger studies using fully-automated processes, which provided estimates for carbon storage, prevention of soil erosion, Vertebrate species richness and biological control.Addressing the concerns associated with management of mountain areas for multiple objectives, we developed a model of recreation ES based on the use of GPS tracks downloaded from crowd-sourced websites. Integrated within a Recreation Opportunity Spectrum framework, this process allows a spatially-accurate assessment of both visitor presence and recreational multifunctionality.We then introduce a suite of SE provided by agrosystems. Building on the results of an analysis of teledetection images and agricultural statistics, we constructed a high-resolution map reflecting spatial patterns of crop systems, serving as a common base for modelling agricultural ES: production, maintenance of soil fertility, and regulation of water quality – assessed using additional public data sources and biophysical models.In the light of these results, we examine the implications of using models originating from several fields of research, each with its own philosophy, methodology, accuracy and data requirements, in multi-service approaches. The pooling of such information in a single analysis raises several questions, such as the complementarity of these models and the transfer of uncertainties from each single model to the whole study system. Beyond these technical aspects, the ultimate goal being to inform stakeholders, a communication work must therefore be carried out to efficiently convey the right messages from the expert to the user.This work presents three main development perspectives. The release of an autonomous module of the recreation model will favor its distribution to a larger public. Second, the suite of models will provide a relevant basis for analyzing spatial relationships between SE in accordance with local stakes: combined analyses of agricultural production, environmental efficiency and animal biodiversity in agrosystems, hotspot analyses of recreation SE and biodiversity in rural and mountain areas. Third, projection analyses according to scenarios of land use change will allow testing the capacity of these models to return relevant information for land planning
Yvoz, Séverin. "Analyse multi-échelles des compromis entre services écosystémiques fournis par la flore adventice." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UBFCK008.
Full textWeeds contribute to the provision of various ecosystem services, negative when linked to their harmfulness (disservices) and positive due to the provision of trophic resources (floral resources, seeds) to pollinators and pest natural enemies (services). In this PhD thesis, we analysed how crop management strategies (coherent crop sequences and associated farming practices) implemented by farmers within a small agricultural landscape modulate the weed contribution to (dis)services provision. We also assessed the relative contribution of field cores and field edges (narrow area between the 1st row of the crop and the boundary) to these services. At the annual scale, we show that crop type highly impacts the (dis)services provision, through an effect on the composition of the weed assemblages, but also on the growth rate of individual weed plants and their probability to reach the flowering and seeding stages. Services are thereby higher and more stable within year in the less competitive crops. Similarly, and despite the small area they cover, field edges play a major role in the provision of services at the field scale because they harbour higher weed abundance and richness with individual plants that contribute more to services than the plants located in field cores. At the pluriannual scale, crop management strategy (and notably the crop sequence), drives the level of (dis)services provision. We observe positive correlations between services and disservices, however we managed to identify weed species which provide, in specific growing conditions (crop type, location in the field), the best (dis)services bundles. By a statistical simulation method focussing on the effect of the crop management strategy assemblage at the studied small landscape scale, we show that scenarii composed of a large number of strategies in even proportions are those that deliver the best compromises. Scenarii in which field size was reduced (and which therefore increased the area of field edges in the landscape) resulted in the increase of both services and disservices provision but a higher temporal stability in the provision of services. These results suggest that crop diversification, in space and time, could be an interesting solution to increase weed contribution to ecosystem services provision, without producing too much disservices
Gos, Pierre. "Modélisation des bouquets de services écosystémiques et intensification écologique des pratiques d'élevage dans Vercors." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062172.
Full textLamarque, Penelope. "Une approche socio-écologique des services écosystémiques. Cas d'étude des prairies subalpines du Lautaret." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770307.
Full textBrunet, Lucas. "La vie affective des services écosystémiques : recherche, communication scientifique et protection de la nature." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH001.
Full textThe tendency to view science as void of emotions and to oppose emotion and reason has prevented acknowledging the central place of affects in research practices. Drawing on a multi-site study informed by interviews with scientists and conservation practitioners, and participatory observation of their work and interaction, this thesis attends to the role played by multiple affects and emotions in the diffusion of the scientific notion of Ecosystem Services (ES). Emerging from the apocalyptic context of and anxiety over environmental degradation, ES offers hope for conservationists by combining ecology and economics, and by illuminating the dependence of human societies on the functioning of ecosystems. The thesis shows how the notion has attracted and even seduced ES scientists. ES scientists, then, designed participatory games, scenarios and maps to interact with nature managers and decision-makers through specific emotional atmospheres. In nature conservation, the notion reached new kinds of affective publics not only motivated by a love of nature or a sense of responsibility, but also by hopefulness and a sense of opportunity. Documenting how the affective life of ES has formed in encounters between scientists and practitioners, how it has been targeted by multiple forms of power, and how it has interacted with collective affective conditions, the thesis emphasises the methodological significance of affects and emotions and the varied ways in which they mediate and organise social life, including science
Lamarque, Pénélope. "Une approche socio-écologique des services écosystémiques. Cas d'étude des prairies subalpines du Lautaret." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENV036/document.
Full textThe ecosystem service (ES) concept is increasingly used in different scientific disciplines and is spreading into policy and business circles to draw attention to the benefits that people receive from biodiversity and ecosystems. Nevertheless, while the number of case studies considering various dimensions of the interactions between ecosystems and land use via ES has been steadily increasing, integrated research addressing interrelationships between biodiversity, ES and land use has remained mostly theoretical. This thesis aims through a socio-ecological approach to understand: (1) Which ES are potentially delivered given ecological dynamics, (2) how these ES are perceived by stakeholders in terms of value and knowledge, (3) how human management affects ES delivery, and (4) how ES are taken into account in land management decisions, thereby considering feedbacks from ecosystem to the land use system through ES. To address these questions, an interdisciplinary study was conducted on Villar d'Arène (French Alps) a municipality where the subalpine landscape is shaped by extensive mountain livestock farming. Statistical modelling and geographical information systems where combined to analyse the determinants of the spatial distribution of biodiversity and ES within the landscape using ecological (including plant functional traits), biophysical and land-use data. The following ES were mapped: agronomic value, aesthetic value, water quality, carbon storage, soil fertility, soil moisture, conservation of plant diversity and pollination. These allowed us to quantify trade-offs and synergies in the current landscape and to identify key management types supporting multifunctionality. The dynamics of ES was projected under four different scenarios integrating climatic, socio-economic and land-use changes, which were developed using a participative approach with regional experts and local farmers. Analyses of projected scenario impacts showed that ES synergies and trade-offs evolve differently when considering direct effects of climate on ecosystems, and/or their indirect effects through farmers adaptive responses. Interviews with local stakeholders (experts from nature conservation and agricultural extension, farmers and inhabitants) of mountain grasslands showed that the ES concept is still relatively unknown in explicit terms. Nevertheless after defining ES to interviewees, they expressed a variety of relevant interests and knowledge. Although all stakeholders valued a common set of ecosystem services (agronomic value, aesthetic value, water quality, and conservation of plant diversity), we identified negative and positive representations of the effects of grassland management on ecosystem services, depending on stakeholders perceptions of the relationships between soil fertility and biodiversity, and biodiversity and the other services. Finally, a role-playing game explored how ES cognition mediated environmental feedbacks on farmers' behaviours. Results emphasized the influence of other factors such as socio-economic or climatic context, topographic constraints, social value of farming or farmer individual and household characteristics, on the link between ES and land-management decisions. This case study demonstrates the interest of an integrated approach decomposing the feedback loop from ecosystems to land use when studying ES for scientific or policy purposes
Grard, Baptiste. "Des Technosols construits à partir de produits résiduaires urbains : services écosystémiques fournis et évolution." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA043/document.
Full textCities are becoming denser at the expense of nature spaces that are correspondingly decreasing, as are the ecosystem services associated with them. Faced with this observation, the greening of buildings appears as a valuable alternative. Nowadays, green roofs have become a planning tool in urban planning. These roofs take different forms, adapting to urban constraints and challenges. In recent years, a new form of green roof has emerged: productive green roofs (i.e. of edible biomass). Despite a growing interest, rooftop farming is still poorly developed and known. Their design, their development and especially, the ecosystem services they could deliver are still poorly understood and need to be known. Keystone to green roofs, the soil in place directly and indirectly influences the provided ecosystem services. Despite, it’s key role, soil is still poorly studied. Furthermore, non-renewable products such as pozzolan or expanded clay or peat are today mostly used in their composition. In this work we have studied constructed soils, named Technosols, for productive roofs made only of urban wastes. The objectives of this thesis were: (i) to achieve a quantitative assessment of delivered ecosystem services (ii) analyze the first stages of Technosol pedogenesis. In order to do so, three experimental devices were implemented on the “Bertrand Ney” rooftop of the technical University AgroParisTech in Paris. The experimental devices consist of multiple plots filled with different disposal of five urban wastes: green waste compost, shredded woods, crushed tiles and bricks, spent coffee grounds used to grow mushroom and a biowaste compost. The impact of the different Technosols on (i) ecosystem services, (ii) food production (quality and quantity), (iii) fertility) and (iv) temporal evolution, were assessed. Constructed Technosol are fertile and allow a consistent food production over one to five years. The level of food production was equivalent to that of a professional producer and food quality regarding trace metal element was below existing norms. The quantitative assessment of ecosystem services (food production, urban waste recycling, rainwater retention and overflow quality (C and N)), highlighted the multifunctional nature of productive green roofs. However, we identified an ecosystem disservice which is an alteration in the quality of the leachates due to carbon leaching and presumably other elements. A first phase of rapid and strong pedogenesis was observed marked by an intense biodegradation and lixiviation of the Technosols. Our works identified two trade-offs in the design of a productive Technosol: between (i) the biodegradation or organic materials (ensuring the supply of mineral nutrient to plants) and the maintenance of the structure and porosity of the Technosol (i.e. its physical fertility) and (ii) the supply of nutrients by biodegradation and leaching, resulting in a loss of these elements and an alteration of the quality of percolation waters on the other hand. Knowledge of the properties of the materials used to build Technosols and on their link with the expected ecosystem services already makes it possible to design multifunctional productive rooftop based on urban waste and manage them sustainably
Lasseur, Rémy. "Cartographie multi-échelles des services écosystémiques : caractérisation des associations spatiales et apports de la télédétection." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV039/document.
Full textSocietal changes over the last century have strongly affected the majority of ecosystem dynamics. Our society is facing a complex paradox: how to maintain decent livelihoods for the world population while limiting negative effects of human activities on ecosystems? The concept of ecosystem services has been proposed to contribute to the solving of this paradox and it holds strong expectations. My PhD research aims at assessing the contribution of ecosystem services mapping to the definition of patterns and drivers of landscape multifunctionality.Chapter I analyses the spatial associations between the agricultural production service and four regulating services over the agricultural lands of the Rhône-Alpes region (France). This work allows us to insist on the ways trade-off and synergies between ecosystem services are defined as well as on the characterization of bundles of ecosystem services. Furthermore, taking advantage of the "ecological niches” concept usually applied to biodiversity, we assess spatial matching between the supply of ecosystem services and the socio-ecological specificities of associated areas, i.e. their social-ecological niche. Our results highlight a large variability concerning associations between agricultural production and regulating services, which illustrates the strong influence of farming practices (e.g., in terms of intensity) in defining the strength of associations between multiple services. In addition, we raised the issue of the robustness of standard statistical analyses to consistently identify bundles of ecosystem services.Chapter II assesses the influence of spatial resolution of modeled data on ecosystem services mapping. To this end, we compare the maps used in the first chapter with high spatial resolution data provided at Grenoble area scale (in the context of the ESNET project). Based on this comparison, we discuss the limits of models used to map ecosystem services.To improve the mapping of ecosystem services supplied by agricultural areas, we propose, in chapter III, a remote sensing-based approach to map agricultural land uses at high resolution on Grenoble region. Simultaneous use of MODIS and Rapideye satellite data allows us to determine cropping successions for 5 years at farming plot scale. These spatially explicit data significantly improved our abilities to map agricultural productions and may be used to map several other ecosystem services.To complete the third chapter, chapter IV gives a synthesis of remote sensing approaches that could be used to map ecosystem services, focusing on methods that are not linked to land uses identification. Based on a wide panel of ecosystem services mapping studies, we highlight data currently needed to map ecosystem services. Then we bridge these needs and the potential of remote sensing approaches for ecosystem services modelers
Sy, Mariam maki. "Evaluation des services écosystémiques fournis par les complexes lagunaires dans un processus de restauration écologique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG053.
Full textIn the context of conservation, management, ecological restoration and others, ecosystem services (ESs) valuation and ranking, when meaningfully possible, allow to better frame our relationship with nature. The general objective of the thesis is to identify the demand in terms of ESs in order to achieve coherent, integrated and accepted public decisions. It is made of three case studies. The first case study identifies levels of consensus and divergence among stakeholders on the prioritization of ecosystem services provided by two French Mediterranean coastal lagoons areas. The second one investigates the impact of familiarity and academic information supply on citizens’ preferences for ESs issued by the Palavas lagoons complex. Finally, the third case study explores elicitation and aggregation methods of individual preferences for the Palavas lagoons complex. The thesis mobilizes the ordinal preference and behavioral economics theoretical frameworks. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Q methodology and a multinomial logit model. The results show the usefulness of the concept of ESs and its valuation using non-monetary methods. Indeed, monetary approaches do not take into account the heterogeneity of preferences because they flatten the various values of nature by projecting them on the single monetary dimension, an approach which is often rejected by stakeholders. Also, depending on the non-monetary valuation and ranking of ESs, stakeholder types, academic information supply and familiarity with the ecosystems, the results show that preferences vary especially for provisioning and cultural services. On the other hand, there is a relatively high consensus of high interest for regulation and maintenance services. I recommend that public policies should use more the concept of ESs in the decision-making process. ESs translate the complexity of the environment into a series of functions in a common language understandable to all stakeholders in decision-making processes. Another recommendation is to take into account the diversity of stakeholders’ preferences for ESs. Indeed, such an integrative practice can prevent or contribute to reduce conflicts among stakeholder groups
Guiot, de la Rochère Léo. "Cours d'eau régulés et provision de services écosystémiques : contrôle d'ouvrages pour la migrations d'espèces piscicoles." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0085.
Full textThis PhD thesis investigates the fish migration continuity restoration in irrigation network, more specifically the highly regulated coastal marshes. We consider the study case of the Charras marsh (Charent estuary), and we focus on the eel migration (in particular on its lifestage part called glass eel). It is a highly regulated marsh where the flow regulate whiwh hydraulics structures: tide gates, flap gates, sluices gates. These structures are obstacles to glass eel migration. We start by studing specific structures for water management in coastal networks (flood gates and flap gates), and hydromechanical solutions for fish passage (blocks, stiffeners and floats). We propose an operating model for these specific structures that takes these hydromechanical solutions for fish passage into account. The model makes it possible to evaluate the impact of these solutions on the passabilities for fish, and on their performance in terms of hydraulic regulation. Then we studied the glass eel behaviour in front of a sluice gate. We verified, in situ, the swimming speed limit of the glass eel established by laboratory studies. And we showed that local flow modifications using roughnesses did not improve glass eel passage at sluice gate. The third part is devoted to the improvement of the glass eel passage at sluice gates (or weirs) by modifying their management rules. To evaluate the impact of these adaptations, a model of the marsh was built, based on the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations and appropriate gate equations. It allows to evaluate the impact of the modifications of the control structures management (gate, flap gate, sluice gate,...) on: the key hydraulic parameters for the exploitation needs (water levels and flow rates), and the physical quantities of the flow controlling the passage of the elvers at the level of the structures (Flow velocities at the hydraulic structures). A fourth part presents several conductivity monitoring campaigns in the Charras marsh. They were made to assess the impact of restoring the fish migration continuity at coastal water control structures, on a freshwater hydrographic network. They show that the fish passage solutions allow saline intrusions that modify the flow: it becomes highly stratified
Selmi, Wissal. "Services écosystémiques rendus par la végétation urbaine : application d'approches d'évaluation à la ville de Strasbourg." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH013/document.
Full textThis research work provides two assessment tools based on both ecocentric and anthropogenic approaches. We argued that these approaches are complementary and they lead not only to understand ecological functions of urban green spaces but also to quantify ecosystem services provided to society. Based on bottom up approach, two urban habitats were assessed : lawns and urban forest. Due to the lack of knowledge about ecological functions of urban lawns, it was required to implement a monitoring protocol that helps to provide a baseline and measure the changes of flora composition and structure across urban green spaces. Although monitoring protocol had some limitations, it intended to highlight the response of lawn flora to environmental patterns and to particular human activities such as management techniques and trampling. Urban forest was assessed by quantifying it structure and some ecosystem services and desservices using i-Tree model Eco. Based on biophysical indicators, the model quantify the total carbon stored and the annually carbon sequestered, the annually amount of pollution removal, and the annually amount of biogenic emissions by trees. Although some uncertainty remains about the application of this model, it was shown that urban trees improve local air quality. However, to alleviate air pollution within urban area, planting and managing trees should be associated with an integrative planning strategy that takes into account other factors. Our study also incorporates operational items, so we have tried to provide some guidance to planners and green spaces managers with reference to our assessment results
Raitif, Julien. "Contribution des insectes aquatiques émergeant des rivières à la fourniture de services écosystémiques pour l’agriculture." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B060/document.
Full textThe connection between aquatic and terrestrial habitats has increased scientific interest in ecological subsidies, focusing on how the transfer of matter and energy between adjacent ecosystems can modify the ecosystems functioning. Much attention has focused on aquatic subsidies associated with winged aquatic insects in pristine areas, but their implication in agricultural landscapes is rarely considered. By altering the production of benthic macroinvertebrates, agricultural practices can increase or decrease the strength of aquatic subsidies and subsequently the provision of several ecosystem services to agriculture. We have monitored the emergence and inland dispersal of adult aquatic insects from several agricultural streams. Most emerging dry mass (DM) belong to Trichoptera (56%), Chironomidae (25%) and Ephemeroptera (19%). We estimate that annual emerging dry mass of aquatic insects ranged between 1445 and 7374 mg m-2 y-1 depending on stream. The majority of aquatic insects emerging falls between 0 and 10 meters from stream hedges. However, a great proportion (45%) though disperses and eventually falls after 20 meters from the stream. We provide new and promising evidence suggesting that winged stream insects can support several ecosystem services (soil fertilization, crop pest control, water purification and pollination). In agricultural landscapes, a rich and abundant insect community is necessary to promote sustainable practices, and we believe the role of aquatic subsidies in providing ecosystem services to agriculture is a new and promising field of research in agroecology
Langlois, Barbara. "Incitations économiques pour la régulation de la fourniturede bouquets de services écosystémiques dans les agroécosystèmes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA010/document.
Full textAgroecosystems show a decline in regulating, non-marketed ecosystem services (ES). We interpret this decline through two economic concepts: public goods, which call for regulation, and joint production, which underlines the role of interactions among ecosystem services in their regulation.This thesis studies how to increase the provision of non-marketed ES through the implementation of economic incentives, while accounting for their multiplicity and the complex interactions among them.We first study the regulation of joint public goods with microeconomic theory. We then carry an applied analysis with simulated agroecological data and numerical methods to define cost-efficient solutions and simulate the implementation these solutions with economic incentives. We especially compare result-based and action-based incentives.We show theoretically that interactions among ES make their regulation more complex, especially with result-based incentives and when the production cost varies among bundles of ES. In the applied analysis, we show that accounting for the cost is crucial to maximise ES with a limited budget. We show that result-based incentives select cost-efficient bundles of ES but lead to higher policy budgets than action-based ones, due to interactions among ES. Eventually, we show that considering the landscape scale and heterogeneity plays on the solutions maximising ES, but not on the comparison between result-based and action-based incentives.Our results underline that agri-environmental policies need to target ES in a integrative way, at the farm or landscape scale, and consider the cost of providing non-marketed ES. Result-based incentives don’t solve all issues of agri-environmental policies
Poyat, Yannick. "La cartographie des services écosystémiques rendus par les sols : un nouvel outil pour des projets d'urbanisme durable." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://theses.scd.univ-tours.fr/index.php?fichier=priv/2018/yannick.poyat_8186.pdf.
Full textIn France, the expansion of urban areas has followed an almost linear evolution since the 1990s, increasing by about 57,000 ha per year. This situation is unsustainable because urbanization induces the destruction of a nonrenewable natural resource essential for the maintenance of human welfare : the soil. Soil knowledge is perceived as a constraint in urban planning in so far as it contributes to questioning the destructive aspect of urban projects. However, given the dichotomy between pedology and urbanism, we can hypothesis that local politicians do not have knowledge of environmental and socio-economic issues related to soil conservation. A survey work was therefore conducted with local politicians to understand the relationship between representations and practices. Results show that the soil is preserved as soon as the ecosystem services it supports are broadly reconised. Knowledge of this social value can be seen as a prerequisite for designing decision support tools to integrate sustainable soil management into urban planning processes
Legrand, Thomas. "L'analyse institutionnaliste des Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) : vers une nouvelle compréhension du cas costariciens." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS005S.
Full textBased on assessment of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) in general and of the Costarican program in particular, this work intends to answer the following question: to what extent and how an institutionalist analysis provide a new and better understanding of PES compared with a "coasean" approach that has prevailed to present ? The institutionalist analysis shows that the Costarican PES program is not based on the logic of a market transaction but rather on that of reward for good environmental stewardship. Its performance appears also better when assessed according to an institutionalist perspective, which emphasizes the indirect and long-term positive effects for the environment of the program and its strong legitimacy, while confirming the weakness of its social impact. This different understanding of the program leads to derive new recommendations and lessons from the Costa Rican case
Salas, Lopez Alex. "Effets de l’anthropisation sur la diversité fonctionnelle des fourmis et leur participation dans des processus écosystémiques." Thesis, Guyane, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016YANE0004/document.
Full textLand-use changes have deep consequences on species diversity, community structure and ecosystem functioning. Consequently, many works have tried to understand the effects of such changes on the diversity and functional properties of organisms. It has been demonstrated that species traits are oftenly more important than the identity of species per se in order to account understand the ecological roles of species. Besides, while the majority of assessments about land-use change effects on ecosystem functioning have focused on primary producers, the contribution of other organisms is essential to maintain the functioning and resilience of ecosystems.Ants are interesting organisms to track land-use changes due to their abundance, ubiquity and ecological dominance. Ants are present in most of terrestrial biomes and participate in several ecosystem processes through their consumption of food resources. They are also easy to sample and standard methods exist to provide accurate comparisons between studies. While a number of studies have demonstrated abrupt changes in ant species composition along environmental gradients, only a reduced number of such studies have tried to understand how ant community changes affect ecosystem processes. Moreover, the traits responsible for the stability of ant communities in response to land-use changes are little known. It is therefore necessary to develop a methodology that enables a proper identification of ant participation to different ecosystem processes and their contribution to ecosystems’ resistance and resilience.In this thesis I aim to bring some light about i) how land-use changes affect ant community structure? ii) what traits are responsible of the ecological success of a species or it’s extinction from a given environment? iii) how changes in the species or trait composition affect the participation intensity of ants in different ecosystem processes ?
Guitet, Stéphane. "Diversité des écosystèmes forestiers de Guyane française : distribution, déterminants et conséquences en termes de services écosystémiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS183/document.
Full textFrench Guiana forest presents a high originality in terms of biodiversity, a good state of preservation, a strong contribution to the overall Amazonian carbon stocks and a very fast socio-economic dynamic. However, our knowledge about forest ecosystems diversity remains insufficient to ensure an optimal management of the various ecosystems and of the services they may provide across the territory. This thesis aims to answer this central issue by studying the diversity of forest ecosystems at the scale of the entire forested area of French Guiana. Specifically we targeted highlighting the factors that determine ecosystems variability and evaluating the consequences of this variability in terms of ecosystem services and management.Firstly, we bring out complex patterns of diversity at different scales including strong floristic variation at the regional scale, using a recent forest inventories campaign (2006-2013) that has been conducted according to a stratified sampling design which includes 3,132 0.2ha-plots covering the whole territory. Our results verify the hypothesis of a strong control of forest beta and alpha diversity by geomorphology, especially at the landscape scale and for dominant species (Simpson metric). This first step required several preliminary methodological developments including an assessment of the taxonomic uncertainty in forest inventories, and spatial models to accurately characterize the geomorphological context at various scales.Secondly, we aimed at interpreting the influence of geomorphological landscapes on the composition of forest vegetation by exploring the relationship between geomorphology and soils. Using about 450 soil sampling locations coupled with the forest inventory plots, we demonstrated that nature and properties of soils are dependent on geomorphological landscapes and locally distributed along regional elevation gradients. A significant soil filtering effect was found underlying the geomorphological influence on forest composition and diversity. However, a major part of this influence proved to be independent of soil filtering and is interpreted as a combination of two mechanisms at two different time-scales: (i) the control of forest turn-over by the geomorphological dynamics during the Late Quaternary and (ii) the integration of biogeographic effects under the influence of tectonic evolution and ancient climate changes.Last of all, we addressed the consequences of the analysed biotic and abiotic variations, which combine into habitats diversity on forest management and on the variability of ecosystem services provided by forests, particularly for carbon storage in biomass and soils. The amount of carbon stored is highly variable at local scale but proves to be significantly influenced by habitats diversity at the landscape level. This regulation service is related with the local species richness (pertaining to the category of support services) and the amount of usable wood (pertaining to the category of supply services). Complex relationships, including correlations and compromises, are evidenced between these different services. This illustrates the variability of the responses of ecosystem services to the habitats diversity.Finally our work allowed us to provide a new typology of natural habitats present in French Guiana forest and to propose suggestions in order to improve land uses and multifunctional forest management in French Guiana
Alfonsi, Elsa. "Processus d’assemblage des communautés végétales dans les zones humides de Gironde : du diagnostic aux services écosystémiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0092/document.
Full textWetlands are dynamic ecosystems, constantly changing in time and space, and remaining among the most threatened ecosystems in the world. This thesis contribute to wetland knowledge and conservation. We studied the vegetation of different communities belonging to a network of wetlands in Gironde and ranging from wet heathlands to alluvial meadows. Wetlands were selected from the department council historical interest and management issues. We used several descriptive and experimental approaches. The first part aims to study the organization of the communities of the two major systems, heathlands and alluvial grasslands, along environmental gradients. Then, in a second time, an approach combining old and recent data allowed us to characterize long-term vegetation changes according to different strategies of vegetation study. The third part was conducted on a plant community with a strong conservation issue: Molinia caerulea wet meadow (Code 6410 of the Natura 2000 Directive) with an experimental approach. We highlight here the importance of stochastic filters (seed dispersion) and deterministic filters (competition) in a community controlled by environmental constraints (flooding). Finally, within a prospective analysis, we considered biodiversity issues and supply in ecosystems services at the departmental level. This analysis investigate tools to develop for a multi-taxon and multi-service approach in any Gironde wetlands. This work allowed us to create a monitoring device for plant biodiversity in the department. These results lead to consider nowadays the management of these plant communities in an integrated way and offer tools of decision support for the management of these communities
Sacco--Martret, de Préville Ambre. "Réseaux trophiques et services écosystémiques de régulation naturelle des communautés de carabes en champs de blé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARA091.
Full textOne major challenge of modern agriculture is to reduce the use of chemical inputs, particularly pesticides. Natural regulation, in particular conservation biological control, is a promising lever for integrated pest management. Carabids, abundant and diverse arthropods in agroecosystems, are considered good candidates for biological control due to their consumption of a wide variety of pests and weeds. However, this opportunistic diet also results in the consumption of auxiliaries and makes it difficult to estimate the services provided by carabids. This PhD aimed to shed light on the temporal dynamics of trophic interactions between carabid beetles and their resources in agroecosystems,in order to estimate the regulation potential of these predators. Conservation agriculture, compared to conventional agriculture, had a positive effect on carabid communities and aphid regulation. Molecular gut content analysis confirmed that carabids consume pests, including aphids, and that in the absence of pests they survive thanks to alternative preys. However, the detection of a trophic interaction by molecular analysis depends on many factors as prey identity, predator voracity and predator size. An additional study showed that molecular analysis tends to underestimate aphid predation relatively to earthworm predation, highlighting again the potential of carabids as biocontrol agents
Dusza, Yann. "Toitures végétalisées et services écosystémiques : favoriser la multifonctionnalité via les interactions sols-plantes et la diversité végétale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066033/document.
Full textGreen roofs are urban constructed ecosystems, associated with multiple ecosystem services, such as urban heat island and stormwater runoff mitigation or support for biodiversity. Enhancing the quality and quantity of expected ecosystem services requires to understand how interactions between substrate composition, substrate depth and plant community affect multiple ecosystem functions. However, such interactions have never been studied on green roofs. Using experimental approaches under controlled and real conditions on a Parisian rooftop, we focused on the influence of soil-plant interactions on key ecosystem functions related to carbon, nitrogen and water cycles as well as pollination. We highlighted that interactions between substrate type, substrate depth, plant species and plant diversity affect (1) the level of ecosystem functions and (2) interactions between functions. We found that the choice of green roof components could lead to trade-offs between ecosystem services. We propose general guidelines for the conception and management of multifunctional green roofs
Moreau, Clémence. "Mettre en débat l’état de référence. Analyse des représentations des dynamiques paysagères au prisme des services écosystémiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/23867/1/Moreau_23867.pdf.
Full textChateil, Carole. "De la parcelle au paysage : quels déterminants de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques dans les agro-écosystèmes ?" Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0026.
Full textBiodiversity loss is often considerable in agroecosystems. Yet, agricultural production relies greatly upon biodiversity and ecosystem services, which are essential to agricultural sustainability. The goal of this thesis is to understand the impact of agricultural intensification on biodiversity and agroecosystem functioning. This knowledge is then used to recommend more sustainable agricultural practices. First a fine-scale experimental study suggests a significant role of crop phenotypic diversity at the field-scale for arthropod community structure. Second, the study of two intensification gradients (intensity of farming practices and landscape diversity) shows that local disturbance and fragmentation of natural habitats are responsible for a non-random loss of species diversity depending on biological traits, with consequences on mutualistic ecosystem services such as pollination
Villanueva, Villa Antonio. "Services écosystémiques et paysage : Interactions dans un système socio-écologique à la périphérie de la Ville de Mexico." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0020.
Full textIn an era dominated by strong anthropogenic transformations, the search for new approaches to reconcile human activities and natural ecosystems is becoming increasingly important. In this sense, the concepts of "Ecosystem Services" and "Socio-Ecological Systems" are increasingly used in different scientific disciplines and are taken into account in political spheres to draw attention to the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems. These concepts lead to the study of complex links between society and nature, where the spatial dimension and landscape characteristics have a strong influence. However, few studies have been applied in a spatial approach.This thesis presents a research on the spatial dimension of Ecosystem Services, in particulary those of the temperate forests of the mountains on the periphery of Mexico City. Ecosystems have an important role to the human well-being through many ecosystem services. These Ecosystem Services are the result of complex interactions between nature and society.The Central Valley (central zone) of Mexico is a priority area for biodiversity conservation due to the high degree of endemism of the fauna and flora species present. In this zone where several protected natural areas are located, a public-private initiative is seeking to create a new conservation category that includes the management of all these areas. This initiative is known as the "Bosque de Agua" (Water Forest). However, in the "Bosque de Agua" the spatial stakes between nature and society are subject to strong anthropic pressures which are due to mining and agricultural activities and to the urban spread of large conurbations. In this space, these pressures lead to the degradation of natural ecosystems. Research is needed to analyse the spatial dimension of interactions between nature and society, by studying the synergy between Socio-Ecological Systems and Ecosystem Services.The thesis introduces the conceptual framework used to study the links between Ecosystem Services and Socio-Ecological Systems. It is considered in this research that Ecosystem Services are at the centre of the "Bosque de Agua" Socio-Ecological Ecological System.In the spatial modelling section, four Ecosystem Services were evaluated (water supply, wood supply, food supply and local climate regulation).The results of this section include a map of Ecosystem Services by identifying hotspots of Ecosystem Services. These results make explicit in space, through geographically weighted regressions, the impact of landscape characteristics on Ecosystem Services.In addition, the spatial coherence of protected natural areas and the spatial distribution of Ecosystem Services were assessed in terms of area. The objective is to create a typology of natural areas according to the surface area of protected and unprotected Ecosystem Services hotspots.Finally, a third result relates to the perception of local inhabitants of the intrinsic capacity of the "Bosque de Agua" to provide Ecosystem Services. This perceived capacity was assessed through field photo questionnaires
Le, Clec'h Solen. "Spatialisation des services écosystémiques en contexte de front pionnier amazonien : analyse critique d'un outil de la gestion environnementale." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20029/document.
Full textTo implement ecosystem services, key notion of environmental management, more and more actors have turned to quantification and mapping procedures. Because of its operational dimension that seems to be natural for many actors,ecosystem service mapping is often considered as an already operational and neutral tool. Yet, cartographical representation involves choices that are not neutral. Since mapping can raise doubts and technical limitations that often reflect in the notion itself, it can be seen as a way to critically analyze the notion. This thesis aims to study the mapping toolapplied to ecosystem services in order to understand their potential contribution to environmental management. To do so, it critically analyses the methodological dimension of the ecosystem service notion and its mapping. Furthermore, it aims topromote understanding of the relationships between human practices and the state of the natural environment, notably through the determination of factors of control that enable the quantification of ecosystem services. This thesis is based on the study case of deforestation areas in the Brazilian Amazon, where the landscape has been changing rapidly andrecently. Based on satellite images at high and moderate spatial resolution and on sampling data, statistical methods are implemented in order to map one or several indicators of ecosystem services. The results obtained allow the understanding of spatial repartition and the structure of these indicators, in connection with the way farmers use their land and the structural components of the territory. They also highlight the limitations and issues underlying the notion of ecosystem services and its implementation
Bareille, François. "Gestion agricole des services écosystémiques : éclairages à partir de l’économie de la production et de l’économie de l’environnement." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARE050/document.
Full textThe thesis studies both theoretically and empirically the management of ecosystem services by farmers in two parts. In the first part, I study the supply and demand for productive ecosystem services by analyzing farmers’ behavior. I introduce biodiversity indicators that depend on acreage into existing models from production economics. My main contribution to the literature is to prove, from the analysis of farmers' observed behavior that farmers consciously manage productive ecosystem services. I bring other elements to the literature, such as new elements on the agricultural technology or showing that the collective management of ecosystem services rarely arises spontaneously in real landscapes.In the second part, I study the demand for non- productive ecosystem services. I apply several analytical frameworks developed in environmental economics to the specificities of agriculture, i.e. the environmental service influences the supply of multiple public goods with different spatial distribution of the demand. I contribute to the literature by showing that while most of the demand for environmental services provided by farmers is captured locally (at the municipal level), a part of the demand is expressed at larger scales. This has implications for agri-environmental policies, which I explore through two examples: the pesticide savings and the maintenance of agricultural wetlands
Campagne, Carole Sylvie. "Evaluation des services écosystémiques par la méthode des matrices de capacité : analyse méthodologique et applications à l'échelle régionale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0339/document.
Full textEcosystem services (ES) are the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems. For example, a tree produces fruit that we pick, sequesters carbon as it grows, supports various recreational activities and has aesthetic value. Among the different approaches developed to assess ES, the experts-based capacity matrix is flexible and quick to implement. The matrix is a look-up table that assigns each ecosystem type a score defined by experts expressing its ES capacity. It is increasingly used in France, Europe and internationally. Three themes are addressed in the thesis: (i) methodological analysis to define and specify limits and specify methodology to address them, (ii) application of the method to the Scarpe-Escaut Regional Natural Park and to the Hauts-de-France Region, and (iii) integration of the evaluation of disservices (undesired effects of the natural environment on humans) and ecological integrity (condition/health of the ecosystem) into the evaluation of ES to take fuller account of the relation between humans and their natural environment
Jeavons, Emma. "Stratégies de diversification végétale et interactions entre insectes bénéfiques floricoles : quels impacts sur les communautés d’ennemis naturels et de pollinisateurs et sur le contrôle biologique des phytophages ?" Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1B037.
Full textBiodiversity loss affects the functioning of all ecosystems, including agroecosystems, through the loss of essential ecosystem services. Supporting populations of organisms providing those services though vegetation diversification schemes is a promising tool to maintain a high agricultural production as well as ecosystem health. Nevertheless, those schemes show contrasted and unexplained results. This work aims at understanding how increased cultivated diversity impacts pollinator and natural enemy community structure and functioning by considering interactions within and among those groups. Our results show a community shift in response to increased resource diversity, possibly leading to negative interactions. In aphid – parasitoid – hyperparasitoid trophic foodwebs, resource diversification seemed to increase hyperparasitism and competition among primary parasitoids, that could explain the limited aphid control. The intensive use of cultivated flowers by the domestic honeybee seemed to limit wild pollinator use of this resource. Moreover, we highlighted a decrease in aphid parasitism rate in response to high pollinator abundances, suggesting for the first time possible negative interactions among those groups. Rethinking agricultural landscapes considering resource use of each group at different spatio-temporal scales as well as interactions within and among groups is essential to optimize simultaneously several ecosystem services and reach more autonomous and resilient agricultural production
Derak, Mchich. "Analyse multicritère des services écosystémiques et restauration participative des forêts. Cas du bassin de Béni Boufrah (Rif Central marocain)." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/73167.
Full textRegnier, Camille. "Développement urbain et services écosystèmiques : une analyse du marché foncier." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCG002.
Full textSince the end of the industrial revolution, scientists as well as politicians have been interesting in the questions related to the optimal shape of cities. Initially, a majority branch advocates for a « garden city », with open space and low density. However, the paradigm has turned over time and especially after the rise of new environmental stakes. The public debate is now focused on the need to intensify urban growth and to combat urban sprawl. This raises the question of the validity of such measures and, more broadly, of the design of a public intervention strategy on the land market ensuring urban development compatible with the preservation of the environment. This thesis proposes to contribute to the debate on the optimal forms of sustainable cities by answering the following question: is it possible to reconcile urban development and environmental preservation? More specifically, is the compact city a form of sustainable city? If so, is it the only one? Is the provision of ecosystem services conditioned by the urban structure and, if so, what services and how? Through a micro-economic analysis of the land market, and using the concept of ecosystem services, we propose to answer these questions. In general way, this thesis reveals the following major element: due to the complexity of the link between the different ecosystem services and the interconnections between them and urban development, the conclusions on sustainable city structure can only be done in conditional terms. This result is an invitation to undertake adequate researchs upstream in order to better grasp and foresee the potential perverse effects associated with the promotion of a single form of sustainable city, as is currently the case with the paradigm of the compact city
Saad, Ramez. "Agromine associant plantes hyperaccumulatrice de nickel et légumineuse, comme service écosystémique des sols ultramafiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0155/document.
Full textThe application of agromining to abandoned ultramafic areas is a major challenge in the presence of potentially recoverable areas. Howerver, ultramafic soils are particular in terms of their fertility with high concentrations of metals and a near absence of organic matter. Nevertheless, this challenge was partly met by the application of chemical fertilizers and herbicides. Our challenge, through this PhD, was to develop a sustainable agro-ecosystem based on the introduction of a legume in association with the hyperaccumulating plant and then the reduction of any chemical input. Our results clearly confirmed that the introduction of a legume into these new cropping systems improved both the biomass production of Alyssum murale and the Ni yields in comparison to the fertilized and non-fertilized monoculture. Our work has also shown that the insertion of a legume into agromining cropping systems improves the structure of the soil due to stable and larger aggregates. In addition, higher levels of carbon and nitrogen and higher concentrations of organic matter were detected. These results led to an overall improvement of the soil structure, its fertility and its biofunctioning. Our results showed positive effects of these new cropping systems, both on the size of the bacterial communities and on the microbial enzymes involved in the soil biogeochemical cycles. In addition, the structure and diversity of bacterial communities were modified with the insertion of the legume, compared to the monoculture. Economically, the introduction of legume into cropping systems dedicated to Ni agromining involves a gain of money and time due to reduced application of mineral fertilizers as well as products of phytosanitary. Finally, all these benefits lead to the rehabilitation of ultramafic soils with the restoration of their physical, chemical and biological qualities while allowing these particular soils to offer many ecosystem services
Devaux, Caroline. "Résilience des services écosystémiques à l’échelle du paysage : un cadre conceptuel et une analyse pour un socio-écosystème de montagne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV002/document.
Full textAs evidenced by the number of studies on the subject, the recent millennium ecosystem assessment and the establishment of a working group on resilience (« Resilience Alliance »), the interest of the scientific community in ecosystem services and their resilience in the face of global change (environmental or social) is steadily increasing. Definitions of resilience are highly varied, and we used concepts such as resistance, specific resilience (« of what to what ? »), generalised resilience, adaptability and transformability to develop a conceptual and methodological framework to study the resilience of ecosystem service provision. This conceptual framework was applied to compare the potential resilience of differing sub-alpine grasslands types in three local government areas in the area of the Col du Lautaret (Hautes-Alpes, France) for a number of locally and regionally important ecosystem services. We proposed two approaches for evaluating the potential resilience of the different states in which a socio-ecosystem can exist, by considering resilience as the capacity of a system to maintain a stable provision of an ecosystem service (resistance component), as well as its capacity to adapt this provision if needed (components of resilience, transition, transformation depending on the degree of adaptation). A first stage of the quantification of ecosystem services was followed by an initial analysis of each of these services via the evaluation of their « operating ranges », defined as the range of values that a service can take given a particular state of the socio-ecosystem. The organizational scale at which these ranges are evaluated links them to other components of resilience. Our results confirm the utility of considering the specific resilience of each service, as the profiles of their resistance are different. In particular, the types of grasslands with the highest resilience component potential are not the same from one site to another, even though in all cases these resilience component potentials are rather high as compared to other components potentials. The second analysis is based on the theoretical hypothesis that it is the increasing diversity of response traits (heterogeneity and redundancy) which increases resistance. We hypothesised that, when it is response traits that have been used to model ecosystem services, the functional diversity of a plant community can be linked to its overall resistance in terms of ecosystem services. We linked a number of measures of functional diversity to resilience potential, including the α and β dimensions of entropy and functional diversity, and the redundancy and complementarity of functional groups. The obtained results for the grasslands at Lautaret lead us to reject the hypothesis which proposes that the functional diversity of plant communities can be used to predict the patterns of resilience of the analysed ecosystem services, as these do not correspond to the patterns of resistance obtained from the approach using operating ranges. Finally, we suggest that to assess the capacity of a socio-ecosystem to maintain the provision of ecosystem services, our approach using operating ranges is preferable as it allows for the quantification of the resistance profile of each service. This approach could be further developed using scenario building so as to determine « to what » the provision of each service is resistant
Ellili, Yosra. "Evaluation biophysique des services écosystémiques des sols cultivés - Adaptation de l’information pédologique pour la modélisation dynamique du fonctionnement des sols." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSARD087.
Full textSoils provide many ecosystem services essential to sustain human life and socio-economic development. However, soils are subjected to increasing pressure from current activities, including intensive land use to satisfy demands of a growing population for food and energy. To improve soil management, decision-support tools that consider soil diversity are required to assess impacts of human activities on soil dynamics. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a methodology to enhance existing pedological information (1: 250,000) using spatial disaggregation technique in order to estimate in space soil ecosystem services.By combining field observations, disaggregated soil data with known accuracy and dynamic modelling, six soil ecosystem services indicators were firstly assessed, to be then used to evaluate the sensitivity of estimated soil ecosystem services to the source of soil information. The main results highlight the contribution of digital mapping to produce relevant pedological information for assessing soil ecosystem services from cultivated soils. Future research must be performed to improve pedological information availability and soil ecosystem services assessment procedure by coupling dynamic coupling and proxies. Overall, this work emphasize the need to produce soils consideration in sustainable management strategies and territorial planning
Tasset, Elise. "Services écosystémiques rendus par les prairies de marais et les prairies mésophiles : diversité floristique, qualité fourragère et stock de carbone." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC288/document.
Full textPermanent grasslands are recognized for the many agronomic and environmental services they provide. However, they are still plowed or threatened to be in favor of more productive cultures, or abandoned in the case of wet grasslands, where the conditions of exploitation are subjected to many constraints. Reconciling production and environmental objectives in order to maintain extensive agricultural activities is therefore essential in permanent grasslands. In this context, multi-service studies have been carried out in the wet grasslands of the Regional Natural Park (PNR) of the Cotentin and Bessin marshes (Normandy, France) as well as in a set of mesophilous grasslandsofcontrasting pedoclimatic conditions located in Normandy, Lorraine and Auvergne. The study focused on 3 categories of Ecosystem Services (ES) as defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: floristic and functional diversity as support services, quality and forage production as supply services and stocks of organic carbon and soluble carbon soil contents as regulatory services. In order to analyzethe role of plant community functioning in the ES determinism, the measurement of leaf functional traits was carried out at the species and/or the plant community scales. Part of this work focuses particularly on the relationships between plant communities functioning and forage quality, and soil moisture conditions impact on micronutrient contents of species in wet grasslands. The results showed that, depending on the functional group, SLA or LDMC were good proxies for the digestibility of wet grassland forages. Dicots have higher micronutrient contents than Monocots. Our results show that flooding influences the elemental composition of flood-intolerant species more than adapted species and does not affect biomass production. In general, the plant community functioning does not explain all the relationship between ESs. Forage quality is linked to the plant community functioning as well as thefloristic and functional diversity but only forwet grasslands. In mesophilic grasslands, the history of management or the landscape structure could be important drivers. In addition, our results show that organic C stocks in the soil of wet and mesophilic grasslands are closely related to soil nature. ESs indicators have brought together 4 distinct groups of wet grasslands according to soil nature and management practices (mowing or grazing). Overall, the ESs packages offered by wet grasslands are better balanced than those provided by mesophilic grasslands, the latter being indistinguishable from another according to the geographical location. Extensively managed grasslands provide better environmental services than intensively managed grasslands and equivalent forage quality
Marichal, Raphaël. "Impact de la déforestation sur les communautés de macrofaune et de vers de terre en Amazonie : relation avec les services écosystémiques." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066723.
Full textLasnier, Jonathan. "Enjeux innus et enjeux écosystémiques face à l'exploitation des forêts du Nitassinan de Pessamit : une convergence des préoccupations et des valeurs." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27880.
Full textHamdi, Salwa. "Vulnérabilité des services écosystémiques des sols tunisiens face aux changements climatiques régionaux : sensibilité de la respiration du sol à la température." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20137.
Full textTo better understand and assess the impact of climate change on the stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) and carbon fluxes, and particularly heterotrophic soil respiration (SR), it is necessary to study the sensitivity of SR to temperature. Several studies have been achieved to improve the understanding of factors controlling the temperature dependence of SR and showed that the temperature sensitivity of SR decreases with temperature. These studies suggested that this decrease in temperature sensitivity of SR was related to change in substrate availability. Other studies presented microbial adaptation to warmed conditions. The temperature sensitivity of SR is especially critical in semi-arid regions, such as North West Tunisia, where the SOC stock is low. It is necessary to know the influence of substrate availability on the sensitivity of SR to temperature. In this study, soil samples were incubated for 28 days after a 28-day pre-incubation per iod. Pre-incubation and incubation were carried out at 20, 30, 40 and 50°C. To test the substrate availability effect on the temperature sensitivity of SR, glucose was added to soil at the beginning of the incubation period. Results showed that the highest pre-incubation temperature reduced the temperature sensitivity of SR during the subsequent incubation period. Glucose addition reduced the effect of high pre-incubation temperature on SR response. Thus, it appears that the observed decrease in SR sensitivity to temperature after one month pre-incubation at high temperature was due to a reduce in substrate availability and to a decrease in microbial biomass. Since the soil used in this study is a Calcari-Leptic Cambisol, a second experiment was also performed to determine the amount of CO2 from carbonates and the amount of CO2 from SOC. This study was carried out by measurements of the isotopic signatures (δ13C) of SOC, carbonates and emitted CO2. After 28 days of inc ubation, 23±9% of CO2 came from carbonates. This contribution was low compared to the high initial C-CaCO3 content in soil (4.3%), and it was independent to the incubation temperature. This study showed that reduce in the sensitivity of SR to high temperatures was probably due to a reduction in the substrate availability and to a decrease in microbial biomass
Romillac, Nicolas. "Effets de l’introduction du pois dans une succession de cultures sur certaines communautés végétales et bactériennes et leurs fonctions écosystémiques associées." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0266/document.
Full textCrops species modify resources availability and perturbation regimes perceived by the communities of organisms residing in the agroecosystems and, as a consequence, can lead to alteration of ecosystem functions useful to crop production, such as nitrogen and sulfur mineralization or crop-weeds competition, realized by weeds or microorganisms. Our objective was to study the effect of a legume, pea, when introduced in a crop succession, on weed communities and microbial communities involved in protein decomposition and sulfate ester mineralization, which are the main forms of N and S, respectively, in agricultural soils. To do so, we performed experiments in controlled conditions used data from a 5-years field experiment. In controlled conditions, we showed that pea during its development modify through its root functional traits several enzymatic activities involved in N decomposition/mineralization. However, in the field experiment, climatic factors were the main drivers of the microbial communities involved in N and S decomposition/mineralization. Moreover, pea selected weed communities that were functionally different from weed communities growing in other crops such as oilseed rape. However, this effect did not persist under the following crop. As a conclusion, our results suggest that pea modifications of microbial communities are weak compared to other factors such as climatic factors. However, pea effects on weed communities are strong but short lived. Those results highlight the complementarity of microcosm and field experiments, and the necessity of long term field experiments to take into account climate variability
Bartholomée, Océane. "Quantification de services écosystémiques de régulation à l'échelle locale. Indicateurs, protocoles de terrain et incertitudes - Cas des services de pollinisation et de régulation du climat global." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV060.
Full textEcosystem services are benefits supplied by ecosystem to human societies. In France, recent legislation aims to include ecosystem service in environmental impact studies with the enactment of the Law for the recovery of biodiversity, nature and landscapes (2016). To do so, it is necessary to develop field methods for ecosystem service estimation. In this setting, a collaboration was established between the Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine and the environmental consultancy EGIS Environnement to answer the following question: how can ecosystem services be quantified at local scale?We studied two ecosystem services often cited in the global change context. The pollination service is essential for human food production. Given worldwide pollinator declines it is at the centre of scientific, citizen and political concerns. The service of global climate regulation by carbon sequestration by ecosystems is of major interest given the recent and coming climate changes.We investigated four key steps for developing a field protocol. First, the ecosystem service of entomophilous pollination has numerous definitions in the scientific literature. Thus, based on a literature review we built a conceptual framework for defining the pollination service and identifying quantifiable indicators and their measurement methods. We chose to define the pollination service as the ecosystem capacity to support entomophilous pollination, i.e. pollinating insect presence. Second, we worked on indicator selection for the pollination service estimation. Pollination capacity can be estimated through direct indicators linked to pollinator presence on the plot and through indirect indicators linked to feeding and nesting resources in the plot and in the landscape. We compared measures of these two types of indicators within orchards and grasslands. Our aims were to test consistency between both indicator types for the pollination service and the possibility of protocol simplification based on indirect indicators. Indirect indicators did not explain enough of the observed variability in pollinator abundance and richness to allow a protocol simplification.Third, we tried to simplify the estimation protocol of the ecosystem service of global climate regulation from measures of carbon stocks in grasslands and forests. We compared estimations obtained by simplified protocols to estimations obtained by a more complete protocol. We also quantified the uncertainties caused by these simplifications. The estimation protocol could be simplified for the two most important carbon pools: aboveground biomass in forests and soil organic carbon. Finally, to test the applicability of the simplified protocol of carbon stock estimations, we applied it on wetland plots. These plots were organized following in a state-and-transition model to test whether management decisions are likely to affect wetland carbon stocks. Management actions on aboveground biomass changed carbon stocks between herbaceous and forested wetland. Soil organic carbon, the major carbon stock in wetlands, was unchanged between the different studied stats, illustrating the difficulty to manage soil carbon stocks in the short term.This study shows that method development for field quantification of ecosystem service can lead to simple and reliable protocols. However, the development process is different for each ecosystem service
Plea, Oumar. "Les services écosystémiques en milieu soudano-sahélien : un outil de lutte contre la désertification "cas des régions de Ségou et de Mopti au Mali"." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR1502.
Full textIn 1977, a conference on the preservation of natural resources drew world attention to the degradation of the Sudano-Sahelian environment (UNEP, 1977). During this conference, the paradigm of ecosystem services was proposed as a tool to limit environmental disorders. This thesis is part of this logic. In a multidisciplinary approach, it proposes to evaluate the ecosystem services of supply, especially of energy wood in the regions of Ségou and Mopti in Mali. It is based on the top-down approach of ecosystem services. The aim of this thesis is to highlight the way in which climatic conditions and plant dynamics are related on the one hand, and plant dynamics and human activities on the other. In order to apprehend these links, it is necessary to grasp the influence of the physical tendencies of the environment. There is also a need to assess the forest ecosystem and to understand how men exploit forests. In addition, it is necessary to understand the local population’s perception of the degradation of natural resources. The results from the meteorological surveys highlight a recurrence of drought periods in the study area. The inventory of the forest massifs shows above all that we have to do with heterogeneous vegetal surfaces dominated by the open shrub steppe on sparsely vegetated ground and on bare soil. The analyses carried out illustrate strong anthropic pressures on these plant formations. The dynamic is due to the removal of energy wood for domestic use. The fuelwood supply scheme for both sites shows a negative balance. Spatially, the intensity of flows and its impact are accentuated in the Mopti region which borders the Sahara. In order to build a decision support tool, we sought to qualify the local population perception of ecosystem degradation. The results of the lexicometric analyses highlight the perception of the respondents. The degradation of natural resources is mostly associated with divine will and climate change. Finally, the results of this work can contribute to public actions to improve management of ecosystems, particularly plant formations in Mali
Fontaine, Aurélie. "L'intérêt environnemental. Contribution à l'émergence des droits fondamentaux en matière d'environnement." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD090.
Full textFundamental rights in environment are the legal expression of the interdependence between men and environment. There are new rights, and they definitive content is not finalized yet. They are also a reflection of a new form of solidarity, binding humans and nature in the same community of destiny. Generally forgathered under the umbrella of the right to an healthy environment, those new rights are still struggling to be enforced, while they represent at the same time an emergency to save the environment and humanity. How can we help those rights to rise ? A legal maxim says « there is no right without an interest ».Could the notion of interest be a key to unlock the maze of their slumber ? Real but invisible, the environmental interest appears as inescapable. Until now, the notion was unnamed : we could hear about it only by whisper of Law. Because the interest is a key notion both in practice and in theory of Law, we are conviced that a study on that interest will create better conditions for the rising of these new and vital rights in environmental matters.To identify it, we will need courage and peace. Courage, for we must always be ready to face the challenge of the judicial order and its sacred monsters. Peace, because we have to be ready to follow the interest on the new roads of the juridicity. In this journey between factsand ideals, the environmental interest invites us to rediscover the treasures of the judicial order and to renew our sense of justice. Walking next to it, we will be able to capture its transcendant nature. This will directly leads us to confront the judicial order in the manner in which it takes care of this fundamental interest. While doing so, we will point out some paradoxical legal situation. At the end, the truth appears : subversive, the environmental interest does not give peace to the judicial order. Its integration shakes the foundations of Law and demand a renewal to reach a new and fair equilibrium