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Academic literature on the topic 'Écosystèmes marins méditerranéens'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Écosystèmes marins méditerranéens"
Barrier, Céline. "Modélisation biophysique de la dispersion larvaire pour l’étude de la connectivité des zones fonctionnelles halieutiques en Méditerranée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Corte, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CORT0017.
Full textThe concept of connectivity, which is both vast and multidimensional, plays a crucial role in understanding interactions within ecosystems, whether terrestrial or marine. Connectivity refers to the movement of materials, energy, and organisms across habitats, influencing population dynamics and ecosystem resilience to disturbances. This thesis focuses on connectivity in Mediterranean coastal marine ecosystems, emphasizing larval dispersal in species with biphasic life cycles. The primary objective of this research is to predict larval dispersal and connectivity patterns for key species, highlighting particularly the role of islands in this process through a biophysical modelling approach. This research project aims to enhance understanding of population dynamics and provide essential insights for the sustainable management of Mediterranean marine ecosystems. These complex systems are subject to human activities that exert significant pressure on natural populations, particularly those targeted by fisheries. A preliminary study was conducted to select the most suitable modelling tool for this context, identifying Ichthyop, developed by the MARBEC laboratory team. This software, which simulates larval transport, was enhanced during this thesis with specific features tailored to the studied species, including oriented swimming behaviour and varying proportions of particles in release zones. The core of this thesis centers around four model species representative of Mediterranean coastal ecosystems: Paracentrotus lividus (the edible sea urchin), Callinectes sapidus (the invasive blue crab), Maja squinado (the European spider crab), and Diplodus sargus (the white seabream). Each species illustrates distinct ecological dynamics influenced by their larval behaviours. Whether exploited or invasive, these species represent major economic and ecological challenges for the Mediterranean region. Simulation results indicated that Paracentrotus lividus exhibited high self-recruitment rates, notably in Corsica and Sardinia, highlighting consistent and enduring connectivity between these rocky habitats. The model for Callinectes sapidus revealed stable connectivity clusters over time between Corsica, Sardinia, and Tunisia, contributing to the rapid spread of this invasive species in the Western Mediterranean. For Maja squinado, simulations demonstrated that its limited larval dispersal capacity, associated with a short pelagic larval duration (PLD), could jeopardize the survival of local populations under poor management, emphasizing the need for increased stock monitoring, particularly in Corsica. Lastly, results for Diplodus sargus confirmed that oriented larval swimming plays a critical role in connectivity and recruitment, validated by field data collected over several decades along the coastal zones of the Eastern Pyrenees (France). These findings underscore the utility of Lagrangian transport models and biophysical modelling as predictive tools to anticipate connectivity patterns. Their predictive power will continue to be strengthened by coupling with other scientific approaches and by improving the quality of the input data
Jean, Natacha. "Etude du DMSP et du DMS dans deux écosystèmes littoraux marins de niveaux trophiques différents (Méditerranée Occidentale, France) : relations avec les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques." Toulon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUL0016.
Full textLaghdass, Mélissa. "Réponse de la communauté bactérienne marine à différentes sources nutritives : lien entre activité et diversité." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066463.
Full textDuport, Eric Marc Yann. "Quantification de la bioturbation dans les écosystèmes marins côtiers : caractérisation des groupes fonctionnels responsables du remaniement sédimentaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22054.pdf.
Full textIn order to define the biological and environmental factors playing a role in the sediment reworking intensity changes, works have been carried out both on monospecific Nereis diversicolor population (in vitro) and in situ macrobenthic communities. The studies about in situ communities were realised over time in contrasted Mediterranean environments : St. Antoine canal (Gulf of Fos) and Thau Lagoon. The first part of this work was to characterize the species and more particularly their belonging bioturbation functional group according to their tropic and locomotive behaviors. In the second part, using particle tracers (luminophores), intensity of sediment reworking induced by organisms was quantified. The impact of the different studied factors on sediment reworking intensity was assessed with 1-D model. The results of the in vitro experiment showed the existence of a non-linear relationship between density of gallery-diffusor N. Diversicolor and sediment reworking intensity. The intensity of biodiffusive transport (Db) and the biotransport (r) first increased with the density and then reached a maximal value. This experimentation showed the importance of the population density which appears as a key factor in the sedimentary ecosystem functioning. The studies related to in situ communities allowed to highlight the crucial importance of the species functional traits and the functional diversity of the communities on the sediment mixing dynamics. This work has enabled us to show that temporal changes in sediment reworking are a complex phenomenon which can be explain by combined influence of biological factors (functional composition and density of the community), associated with the direct and indirect influence of environmental (temperature of water, oxygen concentration in the sediments, organic quantity of matter in the sedimentary column and particle size)
Bandeira, Benjamim. "Ecologie des communautés zooplanctoniques au sein de deux écosystèmes littoraux méditerranéens : traitement des séries temporelles." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920257.
Full textHolon, Florian. "Interactions entre écosystèmes marins et pressions anthropiques : Applications au suivi et à la gestion des eaux côtières de la mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS030/document.
Full textDuring the last century, human activities were at the origin of increasing pressures impacting marine coastal ecosystems. Scientific data concerning this phenomena are fragmentary and the grid scale (1 x 1 km pixel) is insufficient to permit relevant local decision making. The management of these multiple and simultaneous threats necessitates reliable and accurate data concerning the distribution of pressures and the localization of the most sensitive ecosystems. This is at the origin of two European directives: the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In response to these directives, the objectives of this work were to characterize the vulnerability and sensitivity of two priority ecosystems: Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and coralligenous reefs. Focusing on the French Mediterranean coastline (depth ranging from 0 to – 100 m), results were: the fine-scale (20 x 20 m pixel size) quantification and localization of the encountered anthropogenic pressures, the quantification and localization of these two priority ecosystems, and the assessment of their ecological state. Seagrass beds decline was modelled in link with depth and pressures; resistance thresholds to pressures, but also management priority areas were defined. This work should contribute to improve the development of indicators for the ecological state of coastal ecosystems. It should also help to better apply and coordinate management actions at a relevant scale for biodiversity conservation
Sánchez-Pérez, Elvia Denisse. "Rôle des mécanismes biotiques et abiotiques dans la dynamique de la matière organique dissoute dans les écosystèmes marins pélagiques (Méditerranée Nord Occidentale)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066474.pdf.
Full textChromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is a major fraction of dissolved organic matter (DOM). CDOM absorbs light over a broad range of ultraviolet (UV-R) and visible wavelengths. A small fraction of CDOM can emit fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet radiation; so called fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM). CDOM plays a key role in regulating light penetration into the ocean, absorbing high-energy electromagnetic spectrum (visible and ultraviolet light) waves. On one hand, it protects aquatic organisms of potential photo-damage; in the other hand it induces a negative effect by reducing light for photosynthesis. The optical properties of the CDOM are sensitive to biological (biotic) and physical (abiotic) processes and for this reason the colored matter can provide valuable information about the biogeochemical processes in aquatic environments. CDOM monitoring in Mediterranean coastal areas has shown different temporal trends, which go from weak to strong seasonality. Interestedly, these temporal trends were uncoupled with those of the total dissolved organic carbon. In temperate areas, episodic meteorological events can induce much more abrupt changes in the littoral than in the open sea, where changes tend to be more gradual along the year. In addition, the input of nutrients and pollutants in coastal areas is strongly influenced by the anthropogenic activity on land, and those inputs do not necessarily follow seasonal trends. In the present study, weekly and monthly samplings were performed to investigate the temporal variability in SOLA and MOLA stations, respectively. The fluctuation of different fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was evaluated from February 2013 to April 2014 and referred to long time-frame databases of SOLA and MOLA stations. Inorganic nutrients and chlorophyll shown the classical seasonal patterns, with a winter period characterized by an enrichment of surface waters favoring the spring bloom, followed by a calm period that allows the summer stratification and the depletion of nutrients in the photic zone. The stratification extended until autumn winds and low temperatures eroded the thermocline. In contrast, colored DOM fractions did not follow a clear temporal trend. Interestingly, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exhibited the highest variability in summer, when the rest of parameters showed minimum variations. To explain this mismatch we proposed a sequence of abiotic and biotic phenomena driving the DOC dynamics. In the suggested conceptual frame, DOC dynamics depended strongly on episodic meteorological events (winds, rains, etc.) along the year, except in summer, where the biological factors were more relevant. In order to better understand the influence of biological factors, we examined the temporal trends of phytoplankton composition in relation to those of the different colored DOM fractions. We found that both phytoplankton and CDOM were strongly influenced by abiotic factors such as the intrusions of fresh waters, the vertical mixing due to convection and the light exposure. However we did not find a correlation between any of the CDOM fractions and any of phytoplankton groups. In addition, we use the dust deposition database of ADEPT project (ICM-CSIC, Barcelona) to investigate the potential role of atmospheric deposition in the CDOM temporal variability, and also performed two dust addition experiments with natural plankton communities collected in the Catalan coast
Bockel, Thomas. "Une approche innovante de l’étude et de la gestion des pressions anthropiques et de leurs impacts sur les écosystèmes marins côtiers de méditerranée française." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UMONG027.
Full textThe Mediterranean coastal area is home to treasures of biodiversity. Posidonia meadows are one of them. It is also an area of intense human activity. This doctoral project arose from the realization that detailed knowledge of anthropogenic pressures and their impacts is essential for effective protection of the marine environment. This knowledge is made possible by the exponential increase in available data, computing capacity and algorithm performance.As a first step, maps of multiple anthropogenic pressures in the French Mediterranean sea have been updated, refined and shared with the scientific community and the public (IMPACT project on the Medtrix platform). A focus was then set on the pressures resulting from anchoring and urban discharges.The anchoring pressure of large yachts (≥ 24 m) and their impact on the Posidonia meadow in the French Mediterranean Sea were then estimated using AIS position analysis. This work demonstrated the effectiveness of anchoring regulations (Decrees 155/2016 and 123/2019) in protecting the Posidonia meadow.A comparative study of the various existing technologies for estimating the anchoring pressure of small yachts (< 24 m) was then carried out. This work demonstrated the impact of small yachts anchoring on the Posidonia meadow, and provided the opportunity to develop an innovative tool for detecting and locating anchored vessels using images from a variety of sources. Recommendations were formulated for marine protection stakeholders, to ensure effective monitoring of small yachts anchoring.The first map of anchoring pressure on the Posidonia meadow in the Mediterranean Sea was then produced using AIS data. This work made it possible to quantify the spatio-temporal differences in anchoring pressure in the Mediterranean Sea, and to highlight areas with high management challenges.Urban wastewater effluents and their impact on the Posidonia meadow were finally analyzed using a dataset of over 10 years of monitoring, showing a correlation between the progression of the meadow's lower limit and the compliance of urban wastewater treatments in the French Mediterranean Sea.A number of research and management needs were raised by this doctoral work, summarized in the form of project sheets
Sánchez-Pérez, Elvia Denisse. "Rôle des mécanismes biotiques et abiotiques dans la dynamique de la matière organique dissoute dans les écosystèmes marins pélagiques (Méditerranée Nord Occidentale)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066474/document.
Full textChromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is a major fraction of dissolved organic matter (DOM). CDOM absorbs light over a broad range of ultraviolet (UV-R) and visible wavelengths. A small fraction of CDOM can emit fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet radiation; so called fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM). CDOM plays a key role in regulating light penetration into the ocean, absorbing high-energy electromagnetic spectrum (visible and ultraviolet light) waves. On one hand, it protects aquatic organisms of potential photo-damage; in the other hand it induces a negative effect by reducing light for photosynthesis. The optical properties of the CDOM are sensitive to biological (biotic) and physical (abiotic) processes and for this reason the colored matter can provide valuable information about the biogeochemical processes in aquatic environments. CDOM monitoring in Mediterranean coastal areas has shown different temporal trends, which go from weak to strong seasonality. Interestedly, these temporal trends were uncoupled with those of the total dissolved organic carbon. In temperate areas, episodic meteorological events can induce much more abrupt changes in the littoral than in the open sea, where changes tend to be more gradual along the year. In addition, the input of nutrients and pollutants in coastal areas is strongly influenced by the anthropogenic activity on land, and those inputs do not necessarily follow seasonal trends. In the present study, weekly and monthly samplings were performed to investigate the temporal variability in SOLA and MOLA stations, respectively. The fluctuation of different fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was evaluated from February 2013 to April 2014 and referred to long time-frame databases of SOLA and MOLA stations. Inorganic nutrients and chlorophyll shown the classical seasonal patterns, with a winter period characterized by an enrichment of surface waters favoring the spring bloom, followed by a calm period that allows the summer stratification and the depletion of nutrients in the photic zone. The stratification extended until autumn winds and low temperatures eroded the thermocline. In contrast, colored DOM fractions did not follow a clear temporal trend. Interestingly, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exhibited the highest variability in summer, when the rest of parameters showed minimum variations. To explain this mismatch we proposed a sequence of abiotic and biotic phenomena driving the DOC dynamics. In the suggested conceptual frame, DOC dynamics depended strongly on episodic meteorological events (winds, rains, etc.) along the year, except in summer, where the biological factors were more relevant. In order to better understand the influence of biological factors, we examined the temporal trends of phytoplankton composition in relation to those of the different colored DOM fractions. We found that both phytoplankton and CDOM were strongly influenced by abiotic factors such as the intrusions of fresh waters, the vertical mixing due to convection and the light exposure. However we did not find a correlation between any of the CDOM fractions and any of phytoplankton groups. In addition, we use the dust deposition database of ADEPT project (ICM-CSIC, Barcelona) to investigate the potential role of atmospheric deposition in the CDOM temporal variability, and also performed two dust addition experiments with natural plankton communities collected in the Catalan coast
Rossi, Nadège. "Ecologie des communautés planctoniques méditerranéennes et étude des métaux lourds (Cuivre, Plomb, Cadmium) dans différents compartiments de deux écosystèmes côtiers (Toulon, France)." Toulon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439972/fr/.
Full textEcological studies of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton are of major interest because these organisms constitute the food web basis. In coastal ecosystems, plankton communities are subjected to anthropogenic inputs which could influence their ecology. The framework of this study is plankton ecology and measurments of metal concentrations in different compartments of coastal ecosystems. An annual study (sampling twice a month) and a diel cycle were made in two neighbouring ecosystems differently affected by anthropogenic inputs, Little Bay and Large Bay of Toulon (France, north-west Mediterranean Sea), considering bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. During the annual cycle, copper, lead and cadmium concentrations were measured in seawater, suspended particulate matter, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Results showed that plankton ecology was principally influenced by meteorological conditions, both bays showing a different functioning because of their geomorphology. Plankton density was higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay, whereas diversity was higher in Large Bay than in Little Bay. Concerning metals, the in situ study showed metal concentrations higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay whatever the compartment studied. Some biological factors as density, taxonomic composition and the place where organisms live, showed an influence on the metal composition of plankton communities. Bacteria and phytoplankton showed great capacities to concentrate metals, in particular for copper and lead. In contrast, zooplankton constituted a break in the metal bioaccumulation along the food web. Finally, the important role of the suspended particulate matter as a metal trap was confirmed, showing the importance of working on pure plankton samples to have a good estimation of metal concentrations in the different plankton compartments