Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écosystèmes – Effets de l'homme'
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Boissier, Olivier. "Impact des pressions anthropiques sur les communautés de frugivores et la dispersion des graines en forêt guyanaise." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0039.
Full textTropical rain forests are threatened by many anthropogenic pressures that endanger not only species but also ecosystem processes such as mutualistic interactions. This thesis focused on the impact of hunting and logging on communities of frugivorous and granivorous mammals and birds and on seed dispersal at two forest sites in French Guiana. Densities of several major seed dispersers were greatly reduced at the hunted and impacted site, where a very significant reduction of rates of seed removal underneath fruiting trees was observed at the same time. The impact of anthropogenic pressures on seed dispersal and removal, which so far has been known at the species level, was shown at the level of endozoochorous tree communities. The method developed here can be used to assess the health status of tropical forests, in a conservation perspective
Cibot, Marie. "Le Chimpanzé face à l'anthropisation de son habitat : Conséquences sanitaires, comportementales, fonctionnelles et sociales." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MNHN0011.
Full textThe preservation of threatened species, such as chimpanzees, implies a better understanding of their interactions with humans. The objectives of this PhD were to (1) determine risks associated to the human-chimpanzee interactions and (2) evaluate the chimpanzees’ flexibility in response to these risks. This study was conducted in the Sebitoli area (Kibale National Park, Uganda), which has suffered from recent anthropological disturbances (logging, asphalted road, poaching). A pluridisciplinary approach gathering ethology, ecology, ethnoecology, veterinary medicine and functional morphology was set up. Chimpanzees suffer from the effects of human proximity on their health: the same parasite species as humans, congenital anomalies and limb mutilations resulting from snares. Whereas chimpanzees are attracted by domestic crops at the borders, they take into account the danger linked to human proximity: checking the road traffic, waiting behaviours from adult males towards vulnerable individuals while crossing the road, crop raiding during the night or when farmers are absent. Chimpanzees with limb deformities present the same food efficiency compared with able-bodied individuals and they are not isolated from their social group. This work has enriched our knowledge on the chimpanzees’ potential of cohabitation with humans and their ability to adapt to change. Nevertheless, an increase of the human pressure, even small, could exacerbate conflicts and rapidly threaten chimpanzees’ survival in the region
Desmonts, Diane. "Intégration du lien consommateur-ressource dans l'étude de l'influence des activités humaines sur l'hivernage des bernaches cravant dans un écosystème littoral fortement anthropisé." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00286376.
Full textCarry, Renaud Elisabeth. "L'homme et la forêt dans la Haute-Vallée du Doubs à la fin du Moyen âge : modalités et paradoxes d'une anthropisation tardive." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839115.
Full textRybarczyk, Hervé. "Processus d'eutrophisation et ses consequences sur les peuplements d'un ecosysteme estuarien macrotidal, un exemple en manche orientale : la baie de somme." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066231.
Full textHuynh, Aline. "Les effets toxiques et immunoallergiques du formaldéhyde chez l'homme." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P059.
Full textMarescaux, Audrey. "Carbon cycling across the human-impacted Seine River basin : from the modeling of carbon dioxide outgassing to the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS479.
Full textSeveral recent studies have highlighted significant fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) from inland waters in the global carbon cycling. The first main objective of this thesis was to quantify and understand carbon dynamics in the Seine River basin, which is deeply impacted by human activities. For this purpose a new inorganic carbon (IC) module was implemented in the biogeochemical Riverstrahler model, to simulate spatial and temporal variations in carbon forms in the drainage work. A second major objective was to size both aquatic and terrestrial emissions as a part of a joint assessment of three main GHGs (CO2, methane –CH4, and nitrous oxide –N2O). Field campaigns in rivers draining various land uses in different hydrological seasons, showed a supersaturation in CO2 of the Seine hydrosystem leading to CO2.emissions to the atmosphere. The main factor controlling the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) was the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (R2=0.56, n=119, p<0.05), modulated by hydro-climatic conditions and groundwater contribution. In small streams, DOC concentrations were dependent on the soil organic carbon stock. For the main stem, a long-term analysis (1970-2015) showed that pCO2 tracked urban pollution, decreasing from the 2000s after improvement of wastewater treatment. The validation of the IC module newly implemented in Riverstrahler showed that IC inputs to the Seine River dominated the overall carbon budget (1138 ktC yr-1 on average for the period 2010-2013) of which less than 2% was produced from biogeochemical processes (27 ktC yr-1). In addition, CO2 outgassing represented 30% of IC outputs while exports to the estuary represented 69% of IC outputs. OC inputs were comparatively lower, accounting only for 104 ktC yr-1. Analysis of the biogeochemical processes of the Seine River showed a negative net ecosystem production (NEP), the river being mostly heterotrophic. In order to complete the modeling of the fate of carbon in the Seine River, the Riverstrahler model was combined with the estuarine C-GEM model, towards an integrated approach to the Land-to-Ocean Aquatic continuum. Representing 34% of the river mirror area, the estuary thus contributes ~23% of the CO2 emitted from the whole estuary-river aquatic continuum (estimated at 445 kt C for the year 2010). In addition, analyses of available institutional databases and measurements of other GHGs (CH4 and N2O) enabled estimation of aquatic emissions at 3.7% of the Seine basin total emissions (2,276 ktCO2 equivalent yr-1), dominated by CO2 (95.3%), while agricultural (14,295 ktCO2 equivalent yr-1) and urban emissions (44,713 ktCO2 equivalent yr-1) accounted for 23.3% and 73.0%, respectively. A historical reconstruction of agricultural emissions for the whole of France (1850-2014) estimated that, among the 114,000 ktCO2 equivalent yr-1 emitted by the agricultural sector, 22% were represented by CO2, 49% by CH4 and 29% by N2O. Finally, two contrasting scenarios were explored (horizon 2040). The first, characterized by the current trend towards specialization and intensification, predicted an almost 1.5-fold increase in agricultural emissions. While the second, characterized by a transition to organic agriculture and dietary change, would reduce current emissions by about 50%
Conte, Françoise. "Etude des effets cutanés de l'hormone de croissance chez l'homme." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30203.
Full textDubois, Mélodie. "Effets combinés de la pêche et des perturbations naturelles sur la dynamique des écosystèmes coralliens." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP021.
Full textCoral reef provides coastal communities with vital and valuable ecosystem services, such as food and coastal protection, sources of income, and contribute to their societal and cultural identity. However, coral reef ecosystems are subjected to a combination of increasing natural disturbance regimes and increasing multiple human stressors. This may cause irreversible shifts in community structure and, thus, in the delivery of ecosystem services. Understanding the dynamics of these state shifts is fundamental to sustainably manage coral reef social-ecological systems. The overarching goal of this PhD thesis is to better develop system modeling methods to better inform sustainability management. We used two main modeling approaches: Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) and Agent Based Modeling. We used the coral reef social-ecological system of Moorea, French Polynesia, as a case study. Firstly, we collected and integrated various ecological and social data to build three food web models of Moorea, before, during and after a natural disturbance-driven coral mortality. Then, we used an ecosystem network approach to assess recovery pathways of that coral reef ecosystem. We showed that, while benthic communities recovered in a decade after the disturbance, the ecosystem as a whole presented a recovery debt. To investigate how fisheries dynamics interact with this ecosystem dynamic, we developed a dynamic food web model that revisits a natural disturbance regime under different fishing scenarios. We showed that indirect effect of fisheries can maintain intermediate level of fished populations, thus buffering the impact of the disturbance regime on local society. Finally, to better predict local fisheries management initiatives, we developed an agent-based model that accounts for more realist fisheries dynamics. We showed that a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) could in the long-term benefit both marine resources and fisheries production, but under a scenario without disturbance regime. Some of our results give new insights on how both natural disturbances and fisheries activities interact to shape coral reef ecosystems
Youego, Sihon Joëlle Reine. "Impacts des facteurs lithologiques et anthropiques sur la qualité des eaux en zone tropicale urbanisée : cas du bassin versant de la Mefou (Cameroun, Afrique centrale)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/5127/.
Full textThis research addresses the influence of human activities on tropical hydro-ecosystems. Its purpose is to assess the impact of urbanization on water resources. It aims to improve our knowledge of geochemical processes and material transfers in urban and peri-urban areas. The study was conducted in the Mefou river basin (840 km2, Central Africa), a tributary of the Nyong River. This basin includes the entire urban and peri-urban area of the city of Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon, with a population of about 2.8 million inhabitants, and classified as the country's second largest metropolis. Concentrations of major and trace elements in the dissolved fraction, dissolved and particulate organic carbon, and metals in suspended solids were measured in groundwater and runoff water from the Mefou basin heads to the Nyong River. The results present the interactions between water/rock/soil and the effects of urbanization. The normalization of concentrations with the Upper Continental Crust (UCC) shows the influence of the granito-gneissic bedrock on the composition of groundwater and surface water in the Mefou catchment area. There is an enrichment in alkalis (Na, K), alkaline earths (Ca, Mg), transition metals (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) and REEs (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu). The remarkable enrichment of surface waters in Eu is explained by the alteration of plagioclases. Comparison of the Mefou catchment area with the reference sites, the Nsimi catchment area (source and stream of the Mengong) and the Nyong River monitored for more than twenty years under the SNO MTROPICS, shows a very significant enrichment of the waters in major elements (Cl, SO4, NO3, Na, K, Ca, Mg). Human activities lead to water contamination by nutrients and metals, and influence the dynamics of processes such as the absence of metal complexation by organic matter, probably due to the absence or low concentration of humic and fulvic acids. In groundwater, Mn, Al, Ba, Zn, Zn, Fe are the dominant transition metals and nitrate contamination (942 ± 127 µmol/L) is noted with concentrations above the standard set by the World Health Organization (806 µmol/L), and to a lesser extent by some metals like Al, Mn. In surface waters, Fe, Mn, Ba, Al, Zn, Cu are the most important metallic trace elements. However, the average concentration of Mn (4.1 ± 0.8 µmol/L) and the maximum concentration of Fe (267 µmol/L) are higher than the recommended standards (1.8 µmol/L and 35.8 µmol/L, respectively). Pollution is gradually decreasing from Mfoundi (a tributary of the Mefou River in town) to the Mefou River and the Nyong River. This natural self-regulation process is due to the dilution, sedimentation, degradation and adsorption of elements in lowland areas and in the riverbed occupied by macrophytes with a phytoremediator role. Indeed, the large volumes of water from the other tributaries of the Mefou and Nyong rivers, which drain areas with little or no anthropisation, dilute the concentration of elements in the highly mineralised waters from the urban area. The flat relief downstream of the Mefou basin slows the flow of the river and favours the deposition of suspended particles loaded with pollutants. The roots of the macrophytes in this vast and highly developed swampy area trap the organic and mineral pollutants of the Mefou River and contribute to the decrease in their concentration in the river's water
Plaud, Benoît. "Pharmacologie des curares sur différents groupes musculaires chez l'homme anesthésié." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA114829.
Full textBarnard, Romain. "Effets d'une concentration élevée en CO2 atmosphérique sur le cycle de l'azote dans les écosystèmes herbacés." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112241.
Full textGlobal changes are currently altering ecosystem functioning at the planetary scale. These changes include increased atmospheric CO-2 concentrations, and model scenarios project that atmospheric CO-2 concentrations should have nearly doubled at the end of this century. The effects of elevated CO-2 on the processes that affect nitrogen transformations in the soil were studied, mainly from its ammonium form. We focused on the mechanisms by which nitrifying enzyme activity (NEA) and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) are modified at elevated CO-2, and on whether the response of these processes can be generalised. An approach using different time scales and levels of complexity was used, through several experiments: i) in mesocosms of Holcus lanatus grown at elevated CO-2 for two months, ii) in mesocosms of Holcus lanatus and Festuca rubra grown as monocultures at elevated CO-2 for 15 months, iii) at four European sites of the MEGARlCH program, exposed in situ to elevated CO-2 for 20 to 48 months, iv) in the Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment, in which elevated CO-2 is combined with other global changes, v) last, a meta-analytical approach was used in a review of the effects of global changes on nitrification and denitrification, in order to determine if the response of these processes may be generalised. The results of this work suggest that oxygen concentration in the soil is the primary factor by which elevated CO-2 may affect NEA, both through its effect on soil water content and on soil heterotrophic respiration. Soil nitrate availability appears to be the major factor through which DEA may be modified at elevated CO-2. In the mesocosms, a strong positive effect of elevated CO-2 on micobial biomass N was only measured in the short term. Comparison of results from the studies in mesocosms and at the MEGARICH sites suggests that elevated CO-2 has a relatively limited effect on microbial biomass N in systems that are not expanding
Gocel-Chalté, David. "Déterminants spatio-temporels de la qualité des cours d’eau dans un contexte de déprise et de changement des activités : rôle possible des facteurs du passé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0094.
Full textHuman activities have been continuously affecting natural ecosystems functioning during the Holocene and it actually have an impact at a global scale. There is particular concern over the integrity of freshwater ecosystems, however local past activities can also still impact these ecosystems and are rarely considered for the management of streams. The headwater streams especially, whose functioning is based on terrestrial organic matter inputs, are sensitive to human uses of neighboring lands, and so may be actually affected by stresses of historical origin. It seems pertinent to identify such effects of past activities on freshwater ecosystems and to understand the mechanisms involved in these processes. During this thesis project we conducted a prospective in situ study, to determine the influence of the legacy of potential historical activities on the current ecological quality of headwater catchment streams. We combined an approach of historical ecology of landscapes (anthracology, study of old maps, …) with a study of biotic and abiotic parameters of streams. The first approach aimed to study the woodland composition of last centuries and to georeference old human uses (deforested areas, charcoal production sites, homes, ponds, …). The second aimed to determine the integrity of stream by multiparametric analyses. The results of this study, realized on forested catchments of northern Vosges mountains, revealed that the streams which are situated in a low-impacted landscape, globally have a good ecological quality. Some ponds with different ages have an impact on the composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates communities and deviation to good ecological state, maybe due to urban pollutions or acidic rainfalls. Nevertheless the exploitation of forest for the production of wood charcoal until the beginning of XXth century lead to the creation of thousands of charcoal production sites (CPS) that affect the availability of phosphorus both in environment. Moreover, woodland dynamic seems to have been conditioned by the sylviculture, leading to a higher proportion of coniferous species today than in the past (before the beginning of charcoal production). These aspects lead us to believe that human activities have been influencing organic matter inputs into streams. We can conclude that the historical building of ponds and the charcoal production in these woodlands have an influence on actual characteristics of streams, in parallel to modern stresses. Thus, this project open strong lines of research about the nutrients fluxes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems under the influence of charcoal production sites. This could help us to better understand the impact of this activity across history
Thomasson, Rémi. "Effets ergogéniques, métaboliques et hormonaux des glucocorticoïdes chez l'homme et l'animal." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00635368.
Full textMorelet, Jean Loup. "Effets secondaires induits par les médicaments sur la sexualité de l'homme." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P149.
Full textCapitant, David. "Les effets juridiques des droits fondamentaux en Allemagne." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010307.
Full textThe german judges and jurisprudence distinguish several effects, or functions, of fundamental rights. Instead of distinguishing between subjective effect and objectives effects, as German jurisprudence usualy does, it is fitting to distinguish between, on one hand, a defensive effect (abwehrfunktion) of these rights, which protects a sphere of liberty, inherent in each individual, and which obliges the public power to abstain from every interference (eingriff) in the field protected by each fundamental right, and, on the other hand, positive effects of fundamental rights, recently evolved, which oblige the public power to adopt mesures for promoting and protecting the exercise of these rights. The different positive rights : radiating effect (ausstrahlungswirkung), horizontal effect (drittwirkung), obligation of protection (schutzpflicht), right to allowances (leistungsrecht), obligation of putting into shape (ausgestaltungpflicht), guarantees in matter of organisation and procedure (organisations- und verfahrensgarantien), institutional guarantees, have to be classified. So it is possible to distinguish the positive effects that are characterized by the aim of the action which is requested of the public power : these are the obligation of putting into shape and the obligation of protection, and the positive effects that are characterized by the means that are used : these are the guarantees in matter of organisation and procedure and the rights to allowances. The other effects evolved by the german judges and jurisprudence find a place in these four positive effects from which they are only particular cases
Marquet, Pierre. "Propriétés acoustiques et vibratoires du système ventilatoire chez l'homme." Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05CD02.
Full textScully, Norman Michel. "Les effets de la radiation ultraviolette et des facteurs hydrodynamiques sur les processus photobiochimiques des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ31509.pdf.
Full textNauwelaërs, Gwendoline. "Effets génotoxiques des amines hétérocycliques aromatiques, contaminants alimentaires et environnementaux, chez l'homme." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S162.
Full textHeterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are environmental contaminants most abundant in cooked meat and cigarette smoke. They are classified by the IARC as possible and probable human carcinogens and are likely to be involved in the increase in the incidence of several cancers. Today, it is essential to precise the human health risk associated with them. In this aim, the characterization of their genotoxic potential through DNA adducts formation and the study of their bioactivation pathways were first performed in human hepatocytes in primary culture, and extended to an extra-hepatic model: the human lymphocytes. Our study showed that HAA formed high levels of DNA adduct, comparable to those formed by the human carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl. They were also 10 to 100 times higher in human hepatocytes than those formed in rat. Lymphocytes can also activate HAA into DNA reactive compounds to form adducts. This study confirmed that HAA are greatly bioactivated in humans through specific metabolic pathways which could explain the different levels of damage observed in humans. The involvement of extra-hepatic tissues in this activation requires further studies. As according to our results, the DNA adducts are formed at low levels of exposure and are persistent, these contaminants are potentially harmful in humans and the associated danger could be underestimated in animal studies
Seminara, Letizia. "Les effets des arrêts de la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l'Homme." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR30008.
Full textThe construction of an Inter-American human rights order involves, at the regional level, the consolidation of norms related in the international responsibility of States that are neither defined nor established in a Consistent manner by the international human rights law. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights participates in this consolidation process by different ways. This thesis aims to serve as a contribution to the study of this movement, by analysing one of the instruments by which the Inter-American Court ‘of Human Rights lays the foundation of this legal order, i. E. The constitution of an effective system of execution of their judgments in the American States
Roussel, Hélène. "Les effets du cuivre sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques : une étude en mésocosmes lotiques." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30235.
Full textCopper is known to be a nonspecific toxicant and is frequently used as an algicide, fungicide, bactericide, plant herbicide and molluscicide in the aquatic environment. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of copper on the structure and function of freshwater ecosystems. To achieve this goal, the use of experimental streams called mesocosms allowed to realize ecologically realistic study while controlling many parameters. During 18 months, environmentally realistic concentrations of copper (0, 5, 25 and 75 µg/L) where applied on 12 outdoor mesocosms of 20 m long. Results showed an effect on both structure and function of the ecosystem and considering all those results, a NOECecosystem was set up at 5 µg/L for fresh water ecosystems
Froment-Tiliket, Caroline. "Effets des lésions du tronc cérébral sur l'intégration visuo-vestibulaire inertielle chez l'homme." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T084.
Full textFai͏̈sse, Bruno. "Effets de l'ATP sur le tonus veineux chez l'homme : évaluation par pléthysmographie d'occlusion." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON11126.
Full textBeaugerie, Laurent. "Effets du repas et du glucose sur l'absorption intestinale du sorbitol chez l'homme." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA077173.
Full textRIVAUD, SOPHIE. "Effets des lesions corticales et sous-corticales sur les saccades oculaires chez l'homme." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066451.
Full textWEIBEL, LAURENCE. "Effets de decalages du cycle veille-sommeil sur les rythmes biologiques chez l'homme." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR13209.
Full textButtelli, Olivier. "Effets de la fatigue sur les performances musculaires lors d'exercices dynamiques chez l'homme." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112304.
Full textPetiot, Jean-Claude. "Réponses cardiovasculaires au bruit chez l'homme : étude expérimentale des différences interindividuelles et de l'adaptation aux expositions répétées." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS016.
Full textPARYS, VERONIQUE. "Effets de l'erythromycine sur la motricite interdigestive et postprandiale de l'estomac proximal chez l'homme." Nantes, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NANT219M.
Full textOssard, Gérard. "Effets hémodynamiques cérébraux des accélérations +Gz chez l'homme : intérêt de la vélocimétrie Doppler transcrânienne." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066649.
Full textFumeron, Frédéric. "Variations des taux des lipoproteines plasmatiques chez l'homme : effets de facteurs nutritionnels et genetiques." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077035.
Full textDenis, Christian. "Effets physiologiques de l'entraînement à l'exercice d'endurance chez l'homme : approche méthodologique : conséquences métaboliques musculaires." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO1T034.
Full textAsanthi, Hewa Bandulage. "Etude des assemblages ichtyologiques et accumulation de métaux dans des écosystèmes lagunaires au Sri Lanka." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON13506.
Full textVoisine, Jimmy. "La dépendance moderne de l'homme envers la technique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29689/29689.pdf.
Full textBarakat, Rula. "Impact écologique de l'oxytétracycline et de la colistine sur la flore fécale de l'homme." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA114822.
Full textBédard, Alexandra. "Effets de l'alimentation méditerranéenne sur le profil de risque cardiovasculaire chez l'homme et la femme." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27805/27805.pdf.
Full textMarteau, Philippe. "Survie et effets de micro-organismes alimentaires non pathogènes dans le tube digestif de l'homme." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA114829.
Full textIlla, Maikassoua Rachidatou. "Les effets des décisions de la Commission africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010262.
Full textRamdani, Beauvir Céline. "Effets de la vigilance sur le contrôle de l'erreur chez l'homme : études comportementales et électrophysiologiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5019/document.
Full textTo study the impact of a vigilance decrease on error monitoring mechanisms in healthy participants, electromyogram and electroencephalogram were recorded during a choice reaction time task. The aim of experiment one was to decipher which indices of error monitoring at the behavioral and electrophysiological levels, were altered by sleep deprivation. In experiments two and three, decreases in vigilance were obtained through pharmacological treatments. We attempted to selectively inhibit one arousal system (either by acting on the histaminergic or on the dopaminergic pathway), so as to determine whether indices of error monitoring would be affected in the same way than after extended wakefulness. Proactive (implemented before an error execution) and reactive modes (implemented after an error execution) of error monitoring were distinguished. Within each mode, we further distinguished on-line (implemented within-trial) and off-line (between-trials) processes.Proactive off-line monitoring was unaffected by the decrease in vigilance, whether this caused by extended wakefulness, histaminergic depeltion or dopaminergic depletion). Sleep deprivation affected proactive on-line and off-line monitoring and reactive control. Histaminergic depletion affected only reactive control and reactive control seemed insensitive to dopaminergic depletion.As sleep deprivation, both histaminergic and dopaminergic depletion induced decrease in vigilance. However, effects of sleep deprivation on error monitoring were entirely reproduced neither by histaminergic nor by dopaminergic depletion, suggesting specific influences of the corresponding systems on error monitoring
Lambert-Abdelgawad, Élisabeth. "Les effets des arrêts de la Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme : contribution à une approche pluraliste du droit européen des droits de l'Homme." Strasbourg 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR30021.
Full textThis thesis, which first proves the existence of a european legal system of human rights and considers the necessity of referring to the pluralistic approach for the analysis of the relations between the national and the european levels of protection of human rights, leads to a renewed approach of the effects of the judgments of the european court of human rights. Regarding the state which has been declared responsible for a violation of the convention, the effects of the judgment are issued from general international law (res iudicata, obligation of result to execute the jugment), and are also the specific result of the existence of a european legal system (obligation to recognize direct effect and executory force to the judgment in the national legal order, control of the effects of the judgment by the Court and the Committee of ministers). The wording of law in each judgment has erga omnes effects which differ from the addressees of the judgment. A jurisprudential authority, of legal, and in some cases (this depends on the rights concerned) of compulsory nature, has to be recognized towards the States parties to the european convention on human rights. The concepts of "precedent" and "autoreference" may qualify the authority of the judgment towards the Court itself and the Commission of human rights. The authority is only of pesuasive nature concerning third parties (extranei)
Izard, Lloyd. "Structuration spatiale et variabilité des écosystèmes mésopélagiques dans l'Océan Indien Sud." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS621.
Full textThe Southern Indian Ocean hosts diverse oceanic environments, pelagic communities, and predator populations that have recently led to the establishment of conservation areas and UNESCO World Heritage recognition. However, predator populations in this region have displayed signs of decline, likely attributed to the impacts of climate change and prey dynamics. These prey populations consist predominantly of zooplankton and micronekton, playing a crucial role in marine ecosystems by influencing biogeochemical cycles and the transfer of energy and biomass along the trophic web. Nevertheless, the study of their structuring is intricate due to their deep distribution in the mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m) and their daily vertical migrations, making it one of the least explored areas on a global scale. In this thesis, we employ active acoustics, which provides high spatial and vertical resolution for tracking these organisms, to investigate the structuring of mesopelagic ecosystems in two contrasting oceanic systems. We initially examined their responses in a transition zone between these oceans, within the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands region. Our findings indicate that nycthemeral migrations are the primary factor vertically structuring pelagic organisms, even within a pronounced transition zone. Three spatially coherent regions were identified, sharing common environmental and acoustic features. Observations at 38 kHz (commonly used in hydroacoustics) confirmed increased biological activity in the subtropical zone and a minimum in the subantarctic zone. However, our analyses also reveal a distinct acoustic response based on the acoustic frequency considered, in terms of vertical structuring and integrated biomass. Additionally, the low levels measured in the Southern Ocean appear inconsistent with the high biomasses consumed by the large marine predator populations in this region. These observations highlight an acoustic resonance issue in the study of these organisms. To investigate this phenomenon, our second study focused on the structuring of communities at a regional scale, proposing a two-frequency acoustic landscape classification, both probing depths of up to 1000 m. Four spatially coherent regions were identified based on the combination of vertical structuring at the two considered frequencies. The results of this study reveal a shift in the dominance of acoustic responses between 38 and 18 kHz at the subantarctic front, supporting the hypothesis of a community change at these latitudes and raising questions regarding the use of 38 kHz as a descriptor for mesopelagic communities. Given the complexity of acoustic data (potentially multivariate, with distinct vertical ranges, and four-dimensional), the work presented in this thesis also contributed to the development of functional analysis methods to reconcile the horizontal, vertical, and temporal variability of these ecosystems. As marine ecosystem management requires an understanding of the dynamics of these systems and the structuring of the communities within them, our work has also had implications in marine conservation. At the national level, it contributed to the extension of the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands Nature Reserve, and at the international level, it contributed to the ecoregionalization of the pelagic zone in the subtropical and subantarctic region of the South Indian Ocean
Delpierre, Nicolas. "Etude du déterminisme des variations interannuelles des échanges carbonés entre les écosystèmes forestiers européens et l’atmosphère : une approche basée sur la modélisation des processus." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112167.
Full textGuetté, Adrien. "Contribution à l'analyse multiscalaire de l'anthropisation et la naturalité en géographie de la conservation." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT2009/document.
Full textIn the current context of the biodiversity crisis, it is now urgent to quantify and map the evolution of anthropization.The first part documents the spatial and temporal evolution of several anthropogenic pressures at three spatial scales. First, it is the global dimension of anthropization that is demonstrated by the study of worldwide light pollutions. Then, at the scale of France, the confrontation of the spatial distribution of the built-up areas with the distribution of the common birds highlights the structuring effects of the anthropization on the biodiversity. Finally, at a territorial scale, the documentation over nearly 300 years of several indices of anthropization reveals the oldness of the influence of humans on landscapes.The second part gives an operational approach of mapping of the anthropization and naturalness in order to identify the least human pressured areas. At the regional scale, we propose a methodology for mapping cumulative anthropic pressures. Then, at the territorial scale, we decompose different facets of the naturalness to map them. Finally, at the scale of a particular habitat, we test the influence of two facets of naturalness on avian biodiversity.This work underlines the polymorphic character of the types of anthropization and naturalness. Finally, these two notions can’t be apprehended only at one spatial and temporal scale, but should, on the contrary, be understood as processes and not fixed states in time and space
Bidet-Caulet, Aurélie. "Mécanismes neurophysiologiques de la perception de flux sonores chez l'Homme : effets des contexts acoustiques et attentionnels." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189055.
Full textNous avons précisé les mécanismes neurophysiologiques impliqués dans ces processus en explorant les réponses électrophysiologiques corticales à des flux sonores de longue durée, dans différents contextes acoustiques et attentionnels, à partir d'enregistrements EEG de surface ou intracérébraux chez l'Homme.
Les résultats suggèrent un encodage différentiel des attributs fréquentiels et spatiaux dans le cortex auditif. La perception de deux flux sonores simultanés reposerait en partie sur des mécanismes de sélectivité fréquentielle et d'habituation. L'attention auditive faciliterait la sélection d'un son dans un mélange acoustique en augmentant les réponses corticales aux informations pertinentes et en diminuant celles aux sons distracteurs; ces mécanismes étant contrôlés par un réseau fronto-pariétal.
Demangel, Rémi. "Hypoactivité, impesanteur et déconditionnement musculaire : étude des effets précoces chez l'homme dans un modèle d'immersion sèche." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONT4008/document.
Full textFor decades, one of the challenges of space science has been to assist the astronauts during their short or long term stay, mainly in orbital flights aboard a space station. In this context, our work contributes to the understanding of muscle deconditioning associated with a stay in weightlessness and to the evaluation of differents countermeasures.Whether in the space or health sector, scientists have had the opportunity to study the effects of chronic hypoactivity and weightlessness through various experimental models that are presented in Chapter 1. Part 1 also reviews the parameters of muscle deconditioning, which are mainly loss of mass and muscle strength. These two parameters appear early in a situation of hypoactivity and are not correlated with time, which results in a decrease in force of greater amplitude than the degrees of atrophy reported. Among the explanatory factors of this disproportion, the increased accumulation of fatty infiltrations and the denervation processes are explanatory elements and have also been the subject of our experiments.Our main objective is to characterize the early alterations of skeletal muscle using a model of dry immersion (DI). This model has been recognized for several years by Russian scientists to be more severe than extended bed rest and was set up a few years ago for the first time in Europe (Toulouse). The study consisted of placing 12 healthy male volunteers in dry immersion for 3 days. This first study in Europe allowed us to characterize the early changes of muscle deconditioning at the structural and functional level. The pre- and post-DI muscle biopsies, obtained from the Vastus Lateralis muscle, were used to quantify by immunohistology the degree of muscle atrophy by fiber type and to analyze the changes in myotypology. At the structural level, we reported by MRI a 10% decrease in the volume of the quadriceps, as well as a 10% atrophy, mainly attributed to type 1 fibers. From 3 days, the percentage of fibers expressing MyHC 1 also decreased, while the percentage of hybrid fiber increased (+ 1.3%). At the functional level, the loss of muscle strength is 11%, and we note an alteration of the viscoelastic properties of the rectus femoris. At the molecular level, we reported the changes of key proteins involved in protein balance regulation, for example, an early increase in the expression of the atrogene MURF1 (+ 41%) and a decrease expression of 4EBP1 (-17%). Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq also highlighted a significant expression change of 2872 genes.A second study allowed us to evaluate the effects of an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory cocktail as countermeasure during a hypoactivity experiments of 20 days and during a bed rest of 2 months. Pre- and post-DI and BR muscle biopsies were obtained from the Vastus Lateralis muscle and reported a degree of atrophy of about 20% in both protocols. The countermeasure has mainly shown a protective effect on type Iia fibers. Analysis of the E3 ligases MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 did not indicate any modification in the two long-term protocols.The results of our short and long term studies of muscle deconditioning underline the rapid and early changes in the muscle system and highlight the need to study finely these initial changes and biomarkers of deconditioning, in order to optimize the effects of countermeasures over this initial period
Donati, Patrice. "Contribution à l'étude des effets des vibrations industrielles transmises à l'homme et les moyens de prévention." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37604616c.
Full textBesse, Jean-Philippe. "Impact environnemental des médicaments à usage humain sur le milieu récepteur : évaluation de l'exposition et des effets pour les écosystèmes d'eau douce." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ023S/document.
Full textA high number of pharmaceuticals are used in France and can reach the aquatic environment. This observation have contributed to a growing concern for authorities in targeting and quantifying these substances in freshwaters. Considering the high number of molecules used in France, it is necessary, prior to implement any comprehensive monitoring survey in freshwaters, to build a list of priority pharmaceuticals in terms of their risk for the aquatic environment. The work conducted here aims at proposing reliable lists of priority pharmaceuticals, based on expected environmental concentrations and biological effects on aquatic non-target organisms. Several methodologies were implemented, depending on the type of pharmaceuticals assessed and the availability of data. Finally, 300 parent molecules and 50 human metabolites were screened and scientifically sound priority lists were built. Moreover, this work allowed to draw the following conclusions : The issue of pharmaceutical mixtures and their interactions with other environmental polutants needs to be addressed. Preventing the rejection of human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment should be a priority. For a good management of the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals, an agreement between public health authorities, environment authorities on one hand, and pharmaceutical industries and professionals on the other hand, is necessary
Garel, Mathieu. "Conséquences de la chasse et des contraintes environnementales sur la démographie des populations d'ongulés : l'exemple du mouflon méditerranéen (Ovis gmelini musimon x Ovis sp.) en France et de l'élan (Alces alces) en Norvège." Lyon 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/33/64/PDF/MGThesis.pdf.
Full textSeveral vertebrate populations have to face indirect and direct human pressures. Our aim here is to show how these pressures influence ungulate population dynamics beyond environmental factors commonly accounted for, such as habitat quality or climate. We present two case studies : Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp. ) in France and moose (Alces alces) in Norway. We analyzed a long term study (30 years) of a mouflon population located in southern France (Hérault). Our study on moose was based on a transversal and comparative analysis of several populations inhabiting contrasted environments in Norway along a latitudinal gradient. Our study on mouflon highlighted the advantages and limits of commonly used survey methods for ungulate population monitoring. We then showed that the dynamics of this population was influenced by (1) habitat closure, resulting from the reduction of pastoral activity, leading to the use of sub-optimal resources by mouflon, (2) selective hunting on trophy males, (3) the recent history of mouflon from which our population originated, (4) summer drought. These processes influence the dynamics of the mouflon through (1) a decrease in phenotypic quality as measured by body mass and trophy size (processes 1 and 2), (2) variation in reproductive output of females (processes 3 and 4), (3) and variation in lamb summer survival (process 4). In moose, we showed that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) increases with increasing environmental seasonality, probably caused by higher resource quality when the growing season was short and intense. Selective hunting against males also shapes SSD by decreasing the proportion of adult males in the population. A low proportion of adult males could lead to a higher proportion of young males involved in reproduction, which in turn may have a negative impact on their body growth. Based on two cases studies at different spatial scales, our results highlighted the existence of specific biological characteristics in harvested populations. In addition to the environmental constraints under which these populations evolve, we demonstrated that man can have a strong impact on their demography
Charton, Antoine. "Effets de l'eau enrichie en oxygène sur l'oxygènation tissulaire : études expérimentales chez l'animal et application chez l'homme." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ042.
Full textThe recent development of a new technique for enriching water in oxygen by electrolysis relaunch the research interest on the potential benefits of this modality of oxygenation. In this context, our objective was to characterize the effects of 02-water on mitochondrial respiration, peripheral tissue oxygenation during a state of hemodynamic stability, and on the performance and the production of oxidative stress in a sub-maximal exercise. The results show an effect of the administration of water enriched in oxygen by electrolysis at the cellular and tissue level. The mechanism explaining both a better affinity of mitochondria for oxygen and the effects on peripheral oxygenation could be due to aqualitative effect on the diffusion of oxygen at the tissue level
Faisant, Nathalie. "Amidons resistants : caracterisations structurales de l'amidon non digere en fin d'intestin grele de l'homme et effets physiologiques." Massy, ENSIA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994EIAA035B.
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