Dissertations / Theses: 'Ecosystem service model'

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Prokopp, Christian Werner. "Semantic service discovery in the service ecosystem." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/50872/1/Christian_Prokopp_Thesis.pdf.

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Electronic services are a leitmotif in ‘hot’ topics like Software as a Service, Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), Service oriented Computing, Cloud Computing, application markets and smart devices. We propose to consider these in what has been termed the Service Ecosystem (SES). The SES encompasses all levels of electronic services and their interaction, with human consumption and initiation on its periphery in much the same way the ‘Web’ describes a plethora of technologies that eventuate to connect information and expose it to humans. Presently, the SES is heterogeneous, fragmented and confined to semi-closed systems. A key issue hampering the emergence of an integrated SES is Service Discovery (SD). A SES will be dynamic with areas of structured and unstructured information within which service providers and ‘lay’ human consumers interact; until now the two are disjointed, e.g., SOA-enabled organisations, industries and domains are choreographed by domain experts or ‘hard-wired’ to smart device application markets and web applications. In a SES, services are accessible, comparable and exchangeable to human consumers closing the gap to the providers. This requires a new SD with which humans can discover services transparently and effectively without special knowledge or training. We propose two modes of discovery, directed search following an agenda and explorative search, which speculatively expands knowledge of an area of interest by means of categories. Inspired by conceptual space theory from cognitive science, we propose to implement the modes of discovery using concepts to map a lay consumer’s service need to terminologically sophisticated descriptions of services. To this end, we reframe SD as an information retrieval task on the information attached to services, such as, descriptions, reviews, documentation and web sites - the Service Information Shadow. The Semantic Space model transforms the shadow's unstructured semantic information into a geometric, concept-like representation. We introduce an improved and extended Semantic Space including categorization calling it the Semantic Service Discovery model. We evaluate our model with a highly relevant, service related corpus simulating a Service Information Shadow including manually constructed complex service agendas, as well as manual groupings of services. We compare our model against state-of-the-art information retrieval systems and clustering algorithms. By means of an extensive series of empirical evaluations, we establish optimal parameter settings for the semantic space model. The evaluations demonstrate the model’s effectiveness for SD in terms of retrieval precision over state-of-the-art information retrieval models (directed search) and the meaningful, automatic categorization of service related information, which shows potential to form the basis of a useful, cognitively motivated map of the SES for exploratory search.

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Johnson, Gary Wayne. "Connecting Landscapes to People: Assessing the Distribution of Ecosystem Service Flows Using the SPAN Approach." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/301.

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The Service Path Attribution Network (SPAN) framework provides a novel, user-centric, connectivity-based approach to ecosystem service assessment and valuation (ESAV). Ecosystem services are delivered to users through the simulated flow of some service medium (i.e., matter, energy, or information) from the ecosystems in which it originates (sources) to the people or assets which it affects (users). Along the way, the service medium may be absorbed by intervening landscape features (sinks) or captured by rival users. Crucially, the service medium is not itself an ecosystem service or benefit but rather an agnostic transport mechanism which establishes connectivity between sources, sinks, rival users, and nonrival users within a delimited study region. Each user then receives benefits or harm from the encountered service medium depending on their specific relationship with it. For example, if surface water is the simulated service medium, it may increase productivity at a hydropower plant but damage farmers in floodplains by drowning their crops. In the SPAN terminology, sources provide provisioning ecosystem services to users with a beneficial relationship with the service medium. Similarly, sinks provide preventive ecosystem services to users with a detrimental relationship with the service medium by reducing the amount flowing to their locations. Notably, within a single SPAN analysis, both sources and sinks may provide ecosystem services given a sufficiently heterogeneous pool of users. The results of a SPAN ESAV analysis are myriad, totalling up to 30 output maps for some services. Taken together, these maps tell the story of which sources provide services to which users, which sinks protect users from harm, which users compete for the same resources (and who wins), and how all of the sources, sinks, rival users, and nonrival users affect one another. Additionally, a SPAN simulation produces maps of the flow paths taken by the service medium from sources to users as well as where and by how much the flow strength is reduced by sinks. Studying these flow paths can help decision makers identify those locations at which management actions would be maximized or minimized depending on their specific development goals. A crowning achievement of this work is that for most ecosystem services the SPAN algorithm's complexity is guaranteed to be linear O(n) in both time and space with respect to the number of discrete locations analyzed. This makes it a viable option for high resolution landscape level ESAV studies using no more than commodity hardware. This dissertation explores the SPAN framework in depth, from its novel conceptual terminology and computational algorithms through to the intended interpretation of its results. In addition to describing the conceptual and mathematical components of this system in detail, this work also provides a complete Literate Program demonstrating the application of the SPAN framework to an assessment of the scenic beauty ecosystem service in Chittenden County, Vermont.

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Nannelli, Martina. "Competitiveness and Sustainability in the Sharing Economy Era. Opportunities and challenges from the Tourism and Hospitality Accommodation Industry." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/299831.

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The Sharing Economy is an innovative social, economic and technological paradigm which is shaping worldwide production and consumption patterns of many industries. Its strength relies on factors of competitiveness such as the use of idle capacity, temporary access to resources without transfer of ownership, the flexibility and adaptability of its models, and the participation of a growing number of players allowed by peer-to-peer digital platforms. From the management perspective, the conditions for lasting competitiveness lies on sustainability, the paradigm integrating the supply, demand, and technological dimensions in a holistic, or ecosystem, perspective. Tourism is among the industries making extensive use of sharing digital platforms and experiencing changes that foster the sustainability debate. The PhD Thesis aims to investigate the relationships between competitiveness and sustainability in the tourism and hospitality accommodation industry in the Sharing Economy Era. Its investigation is multifaced and is addressed through three studies adopting a post-modernist perspective that builds on qualitative approaches and strategies for data collection and analysis. The Part I of the Thesis explores the Sharing Economy concept’s evolution and the sustainability issues through an in-depth review of the literature. Results reveal the leading economic-technological evolution of the paradigm over the social one, and its dual links with sustainability in relation to the extensive use of peer-to-peer digital platforms. Therefore, the evolution of the Sharing Economy activities have shown that today competitiveness is built on the interactions of an ever-increasing number of actors and factors, both off-line and on-line, within a complex ecosystem for the creation of – shared – value. The tourism industry strongly challenges this relationship between extended competition and sustainability. The Part II evaluates the competitiveness model and its evolution during the Sharing eTourism Era in the tourism and hospitality accommodation sector introducing an ecosystem perspective for the creation and distribution of shared value. Specifically, it investigates how the non-traditional and informal tourist services have affected the structure of the industry and have altered the competition among the actors, through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Results show that competitiveness is given by the balance among the complex interactions of internal and external ecosystem’s actors and factors. On a micro level this imply that businesses must adopts an ecosystem vision compensating for negative externalities which translate into the adoption of Business Models promoting sustainability for the creation of sustainable shared value. Therefore, the Part III investigates through the use of an illustrative case study how peer-to-peer digital platforms in the tourist accommodation service can boost profitability while strengthening economic, social and environmental sustainability by applying the innovative Business Model for Sustainability. The research sheds light on the complex Sharing Economy literature and lays the theoretical foundations for the implementation of managerial strategies aimed at promoting extended sustainable competition-cooperation.

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Hellbe, Simon, and Peter Leung. "DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION : HOW APIS DRIVE BUSINESS MODEL CHANGE AND INNOVATION." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119506.

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Over the years, information technology has created opportunities to improve and extend businesses and to start conducting business in new ways. With the evolution of IT, all businesses and industries are becoming increasingly digitized. This process, or coevolution, of IT and business coming together is called digital transformation. One of the recent trends in this digital transformation is the use of application programmable interfaces (APIs). APIs are standardized digital communication interfaces, used for communication and exchange of information between systems, services and devices (such as computers, smartphones and connected machines). API communication is one of the foundational building blocks in recent disruptive technology trends such as mobile and cloud computing. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the business impact that is created in digital transformation related to the use of APIs. To investigate this novel area, an exploratory study is performed where a frame of reference with an exploratory framework is created based on established academic literature. The exploratory framework consists of three main parts which cover the research questions, including Business Drivers, Business Model Change & Innovation and Challenges & Limitations related to API-enabled digital transformation. The framework is used to gather empirical data consisting of two types, interviews (primary data) and contemporary reports (secondary data). Interviews are performed with API-utilizing companies, consulting firms and IT solution providers and contemporary reports are published by consulting and technology research and advisory firms. Two main business drivers are identified in the study. The first is Understanding & Satisfying Customer Needs which is derived from companies experiencing stronger and changing demands for automated, personalized value-adding services. This requires higher degree of integration across channels and organizations. The second driver is Business Agility, which derives from higher requirements on adapting to changing environments while maintaining operational efficiency. Cost Reduction is also mentioned as a third and secondary driver, as a positive side-effect in combination with the other drivers. The identified impact on business models is that business model innovation is mostly happening in the front-end of business model towards customers. Several examples also exist of purely API-enabled businesses that sell services or manage information exchanges over APIs. The challenges and limitations identified are mostly classic challenges of using IT in businesses and not specific to use of APIs, where the general consensus is that IT and business need to become more integrated, and that strategy and governance for API-initiatives need to be established.

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Sousa, Lisa Pinto de. "Model to integrate ecosystem services into the planning process." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21697.

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Doutoramento em Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente
Triggered by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, among other seminal publications, ecosystem services research has experienced an almost exponential growth over the past two decades. Since then, ecosystem services have become widespread and the concept has been used in different disciplines, separately and in collaboration, to address complex socioecological problems. These efforts were accompanied at political level with a number of international and European initiatives, such as the creation of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, the adoption of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the adoption of the EU Biodiversity Strategy. Driving the uptake of ecosystem services is the argument that its integration can lead to better environmental decision-making. Moreover, by emphasizing the ecosystems’ central role on human well-being it provides anthropocentric-oriented argumentation for biodiversity and nature conservation. This is particularly relevant for coastal regions which are complex socialecological systems with high ecological value but simultaneously under significant pressure. This challenges traditional forms of management and calls for a more integrative, adaptive, inclusive, and ecosystem-based management. Despite of the growing body of work, the actual uptake of ecosystem services into policy and decision-making processes is still limited and challenging. On this basis, and considering the constraints when putting ecosystem services into practice, this research aims to: i) develop and discuss a managementoriented approach to identify, classify and map the ecosystem services provided by a complex social-ecological system; ii) develop an in-depth study of the ecosystem services present in Ria de Aveiro coastal region, as well as the main pressures and potential impacts; iii) explore the potential of integration of the ecosystem services on spatial planning process, particularly on Estuary Programmes. Estuary Programmes were seen as a unique opportunity to investigate these issues, since they are special programmes, are focused on complex socialecological systems, and can be further explored. Though Vouga Estuary Programme was created in 2009, it has not been developed yet, which presents an opportunity for testing the proposed approach and methodologies in the future. Although it uses Ria de Aveiro costal region as case study, the lessons learned and the proposed model can be used in other social-ecological systems beyond the estuary level or Portugal. Despite of the identified biophysical, technical and management constraints, this research proved that it is possible to map multiple ecosystem services using available data, and that ecosystem services knowledge can be incorporated in spatial planning process by adapting current planning practices (including participation). As new data becomes available, ecosystem services’ assessment methods become standardized, and technical skills evolve, the proposed approach and methodologies can be gradually improved, following the adaptive management rationale. This research suggests that spatial planning processes need to bring together various disciplines from natural and social sciences, and be informed by multiple layers of information regarding the provision of ecosystem services, pressures, alternative futures and stakeholders’ preferences and concerns. Principles such as comprehensive, adaptive, inclusive, and integrative were considered key for guiding ecosystem services integration into spatial planning process. Additionally, it highlights the viability and relevance of integrating ecosystem services into the technical configuration of Estuary Programs and spatial planning processes, in general. It also demonstrates how the integration of these concepts helps to innovate and strengthen the process of environmental planning and management towards sustainability, territorial and social cohesion, responding to current societal challenges and contributing to human well-being.
Os serviços de ecossistemas têm vindo a assumir um papel central na investigação científica, observando-se um crescimento exponencial no número de publicações científicas nas últimas duas décadas. Impulsionado por um conjunto de publicações influentes, designadamente a avaliação global do Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, este conceito tem vindo a ser adotado por várias disciplinas no sentido de responder, individual ou conjuntamente, aos desafios decorrentes da complexidade dos sistemas socio-ecológicos. Paralelamente, a nível político, tem-se observado um aumento significativo de iniciativas internacionais e europeias com enfoque nos serviços de ecossistemas, como a criação da Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, a adoção do Plano Global Estratégico para a Biodiversidade, e a adoção da Estratégia Europeia para a Biodiversidade. Vários argumentos têm motivado a sua apropriação, nomeadamente a convicção de que a integração dos serviços de ecossistemas permitirá melhorar o processo de tomada de decisão no desenho e implementação das políticas ambientais, salientando o papel basilar dos ecossistemas no bem-estar humano. Estes aspetos são particularmente relevantes para as zonas costeiras, uma vez que estas são sistemas socio-ecológicos complexos caracterizados, simultaneamente, por um elevado valor ecológico e elevada vulnerabilidade. Esta circunstância desafia as práticas tradicionais de planeamento e apela a uma gestão mais integradora, adaptativa, inclusiva e fortemente baseada nos ecossistemas. Não obstante o crescente volume de investigação desenvolvido nesta área, a integração dos serviços de ecossistemas no processo de planeamento e tomada de decisão é considerada, ainda, limitada e desafiante, em particular nestes territórios de interface – as zonas costeiras. Assim, e tendo em consideração os constrangimentos da sua aplicação prática, são objetivos específicos desta investigação: i) desenvolver e discutir uma abordagem, orientada para a gestão do território, que permita identificar, classificar e mapear os serviços de ecossistemas; ii) desenvolver um estudo aprofundado dos serviços de ecossistemas presentes na Ria de Aveiro e zona costeira adjacente, bem como as principais pressões e potenciais impactos; iii) propor um modelo de integração dos serviços de ecossistemas no processo de planeamento espacial, aplicado aos Programas de Estuário. A figura de Programa de Estuário – por ser um programa de natureza especial, por incidir sobre um sistema socio-ecológico complexo, e por ainda não estar devidamente explorada – foi encarada como uma oportunidade única para investigar esta temática. Criado em 2009, o Programa de Estuário do Vouga não foi, à data, elaborado. Neste contexto real, antevê-se como uma excelente oportunidade de futuro para testar as metodologias e abordagem desenhadas ao longo desta investigação. Apesar do âmbito territorial da investigação ter incidência na Ria de Aveiro e zona costeira adjacente, a abordagem, os resultados e o modelo desenvolvido podem ser replicados noutros sistemas socio-ecológicos que vão para além dos estuários e do território nacional. A complexidade da área de estudo evidenciou constrangimentos de ordem biofísica, técnica e de gestão territorial. Através deste estudo demonstra-se que é possível, com base na informação existente, mapear múltiplos serviços de ecossistemas e incorporar este tipo de informação no processo de planeamento através da adaptação das práticas correntes (inclusivamente de participação). À medida que novos dados vão surgindo, que os métodos e técnicas vão sendo padronizados, e que as competências técnicas vão evoluindo, a abordagem e metodologias propostas podem ser gradualmente melhoradas, seguindo a lógica da gestão adaptativa. Constata-se a necessidade de o processo de planeamento envolver várias disciplinas das ciências naturais e sociais, bem como ter em consideração múltiplos tipos de informação, não só relativa aos serviços prestados pelos ecossistemas, mas também às pressões, aos cenários alternativos, e às preferências e preocupações dos atores chave. Finalmente, identificam-se quatro princípios fundamentais que devem orientar a integração dos serviços de ecossistemas no processo de planeamento e gestão territorial: holístico, adaptação, inclusão, integração. Esta investigação evidencia, de modo inequívoco, a viabilidade e relevância de integração dos serviços de ecossistemas na configuração técnica dos Programas de Estuário, e dos processos de planeamento em geral. Demonstra, ainda, o modo como a integração destes conceitos inova e fortalece o processo de planeamento ambiental e gestão do território, numa ótica de sustentabilidade, coesão territorial e social, respondendo aos atuais desafios societais e contribuindo para o bem-estar humano.

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Scheithauer, Gregor [Verfasser] [Akademischer Betreuer]. "A Service Description Method for Service Ecosystems - Meta Models, Modeling Notations, and Model Transformations / Gregor Scheithauer. Betreuer: Gregor Scheithauer." Bamberg : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Bamberg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1014896738/34.

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Falk, Helena. "Accessibility of Water Related, Cultural Ecosystem Services in Stockholm County." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190700.

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The concept of ecosystem services is getting more used in planning. One important type of cultural ecosystem services is recreation, which has to be consumed where it is provided in contrast to services that can be transported to the beneficiaries. This creates a demand for users to move to the site of the service, making accessibility an important characteristic of the service. In a sustainable region the access to different services, including recreation, has to be considered in planning. With general transit feed specification data available, storing spatial information and time tables for public transport, the possibility to create time table dependent travel time models emerge. This study utilizes a prototype tool for a geographic information system software to create a network model using time tables to calculate travel times between different origins and water related, cultural ecosystem services via the public transport network in Stockholm County, Sweden. This allows for mapping of spatial variation of access within a region, and by combining this with current census data and population forecasts potential visitors to different recreational sites now and in the future can be estimated. By consulting regional planners in the design of the study the results were made useful for the study area Stockholm County as planning support system.

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Guillem, Eléonore E. "Human behaviour and ecosystem services in sustainable farming landscapes : an agent-based model of socio-ecological systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8751.

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Agricultural areas represent around 40% of the earth surface and provide a variety of products and services essential to human societies. However, with policy reforms, market liberalisation and climate change issues, continuous land use and cover change (LUCC) brings uncertainty in the quantity and quality of ecosystem services supplied for the future generations. The processes of LUCC have been explored using top-down approaches at global and regional level but more recent methods have focused on agents’ interactions at smaller scale. This approach is better suited to understanding and modelling complex socio-ecological systems, which emerge from individual actions, and therefore for developing tools which improve policy effectiveness. In recent years, there has also been increasing interest in gaining more detailed understanding of the impacts of LUCC on the range of ecosystem services associated with different landscapes and farming practices. The objectives of this thesis are: 1/ to understand and model the internal processes of LUCC at local scale, i.e. farmer behaviour, 2/ to explore heterogeneous farmer decision making and the impacts it has on LUCC and on ecosystem services and 3/ to inform policy makers for improving the effectiveness of land-related policies. This thesis presents an agent-based modelling framework which integrates psycho-social models of heterogeneous farmer decisions and an ecological model of skylark breeding population. The model is applied to the Lunan, a small Scottish arable catchment, and is empirically-grounded using social surveys, i.e. phone interviews and choice-based conjoint experiments. Based on ecological attitudes and farming goals, three main types of farmer agents were generated: profit-oriented, multifunctionalist, traditionalist. The proportion of farmer types found within the survey was used to scale-up respondent results to the agent population, spatially distributed within a GIS-based representation of the catchment. Under three socio-economic scenarios, based on the IPCC-SRES framework, the three types of farmers maximise an utility function, which is disaggregated into economic, environmental and social preferences, and apply the farm strategy (i.e. land uses, management style, agri-environmental measures) that best satisfies them. Each type of agents demonstrates different reactions to market and policy pressures though farmers seem to be constrained by lack of financial opportunities and are therefore unable to fully comply with environmental and social goals. At the landscape level, the impacts on ecosystem services, in particular the skylark local population, depend strongly on policy objectives, which can be antagonist and create trade-offs in the provision of different services, and on farmer socio-environmental values. A set of policy recommendations is offered that encompasses the heterogeneity of farmer decision-making with the aim of meeting sustainable targets. Finally, further improvements of the conceptual and methodological framework are discussed.

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Hay, J. "The dilemma of a theoretical framework for the training of education support services staff within inclusive education." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/606.

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Published Article
The medical biological and ecosystemic models are two paradigms which are currently making a huge impact on education support services on an international level. The medical biological model has been dominating the way in which multidisciplinary support has been delivered within 20th-century special education. However, with the advent of inclusive education, the ecosystemic model has initially been pushed to the fore as the preferred metatheory of support services. This article specifically interrogates these two conflicting paradigms in education support services within the South African schooling and higher education bands, as well as Bronfenbrenner's integration of these models with regard to the bio-ecological model. Finally, this article proposes the bio-ecosystemic framework according to which the training of multidisciplinary education support services staff should proceed in order to ensure a sound and less conflicting theoretical framework.

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Lohani, Sapana. "Linking ecosystem services with state-and-transition models to evaluate rangeland management decisions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/314685.

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Rangelands are a major type of land found on all continents. Though they comprise around 70% of the world's land area, knowledge of rangelands is limited and immature. Rangelands supply humans with food and fiber at very low energy costs compared to cultivated lands. They are inherently heterogeneous, highly variable in time and space. Rangeland management needs to consider the impacts of long-term vegetation transition. It needs a conceptual framework defining potential vegetation communities, describing the management induced transition of one vegetation community to another, and documenting the expected benefits provided by the various potential vegetation communities. The most widely used conceptual unit in the rangeland discipline is the "ecological site". Ecological sites can be an effective unit that should respond to management consistently and can help managers understand the site's potential to meet human needs. A state and transition model (STM) brings ecological sites and their potential vegetative states together to build a conceptual framework showing the major causes of transitions between states of an ecological site and thus helping make adaptive management decisions. Within the STM there is a need for an indicator of ecosystem health. Ecosystem services can be important to evaluate alternative states. Ecosystem services do not pass through a market for valuation, though often the cost would be very high if, through mismanagement, the ecosystem is no longer capable of providing those services. Vegetation communities are constantly facing reversible or irreversible transitions triggered by natural events and/or management actions. The framework generated in this study is significant in using remote sensing to generate state and transition models for a large area and in using ecosystem services to evaluate natural and/or management induced transitions as described in the STM. This dissertation addresses the improvement of public rangelands management in the West. It applies geospatial technologies to map ecological sites and states on those sites, characterizes transitions between states and selects a desired state to manage towards based on a systematic assessment of the value of flows of environmental services. The results from this study are an evaluation of improved draft ecological site maps for a larger area using remote sensing images, a simplified state-and-transition model adapted to remote sensing capabilities to study transitions due to climatic events and management practices, and a constrained optimization model that incorporates ecosystem services and the simplified STM to evaluate management costs and conservation benefits. The study showed that brush treatment is the most effective management practice to cause state transitions. The highest increase in the high cover state was by 24%. Areas under grazing and drought show slow transitions from brush to grass and also after prescribed fire vegetation take at least two years to recover.

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Molin, Paulo Guilherme. "Dynamic modeling of native vegetation in the Piracicaba River basin and its effects on ecosystem services." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-06012015-111535/.

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Studies from the Forestry Institute of São Paulo State have shown that in the end of the 20th century, the native forest cover of the state of SP reached the maximum level of forest loss. From that point on, a period of forest increase and expansion started. Industrialization, law enforcement, economic benefits, and social pressure experienced in recent years are believed to be contributing to the preservation and regrowth of the native vegetation cover in certain locations. This study proposed to model the dynamics of native vegetation cover in the Piracicaba River basin (12,500 km²) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate possible effects of these changes in ecosystem services related to river flow & regulation and landscape structure, linking to biodiversity & habitat supported by forest patches. To achieve the proposal set out in this research, dynamic models of native vegetation were established. Thematic land cover maps of the years 1990, 2000 and 2010, originated from Landsat 5 TM images, formed the spatiotemporal basis of this study. With the aid of Dinamica EGO (a dynamic modeling software), three future scenarios were created, called status quo (SQ), no deforestation (ND) and riparian restoration enforcement (RRE). An analysis using weights of evidence was done to identify forest transition drivers. The drivers are divided into two groups, (1) environmental & physical, consisting of soil types, hydrographic network, rainfall and presence of native forest fragments and (2) anthropic, consisting of population density, gross national product, road network, urban patches and predominant rural activities. Resulting scenarios were analyzed by means of landscape metrics to compare and qualify vegetation patches in relation to structure as proxy for supporting ecosystem services. Finally, Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a hydrological model, was used to determine the influence of different forest scenarios in mean annual water yield and regulation processes throughout the basin, and, therefore, compare scenarios as to effects on regulating ecosystem services. Results show that forest transition is indeed occurring, with native vegetation cover parting from 24.4% in 1990, to 20.1% in 2000 and 21.8% in 2010. Scenario results were of 22.4% (SQ), 43.2% (ND) and 28.4% (RRE) for 2050. Forest loss was identified as a product of anthropogenic drivers while regrowth was of physical & environmental drivers. When the area was segmented, regions with greater environmental condition resulted in improved values of landscape structure. SQ scenario was the most affected, losing small patches of forest that could function as structural connectors, and therefore potentially affect biodiversity and habitat. Mean annual water yield was reduced with forest regrowth by as much as 10.3% in ND. We concluded that the dynamics occurring in the landscape and the proposed scenarios affect mean annual water yield, regulation and landscape structure, allowing us to discuss differences between the scenarios and the relation between forest dynamics, landscape structure, hydrology and overtime potential effects over regulating and supporting ecosystem services.
Levantamentos do Instituto Florestal de São Paulo têm mostrado que no final do século XX a cobertura florestal nativa total do estado atingiu um patamar de perda e que se iniciou então um período de expansão. Rigidez de leis, fiscalização, benefícios econômicos, além de pressão social demonstrados nos últimos anos têm contribuído para essa expansão da vegetação nativa em certos locais. Este estudo propôs modelar a dinâmica da cobertura florestal nativa na bacia do Rio Piracicaba (12.500 km2), localizada no Estado de São Paulo, para averiguar os possíveis efeitos dessas mudanças nos serviços ecossistêmicos ligados à vazão e regulação de rios, além da própria estrutura da paisagem simulada, interligando-se com biodiversidade e habitat, promovidos pelos remanescentes florestais. Para atingir a proposta estabelecida nesta pesquisa, modelos de dinâmica da vegetação nativa foram desenvolvidos. Foram utilizados mapas temáticos de cobertura e uso do solo dos anos 1990, 2000 e 2010 originados a partir de imagens Landsat 5 TM. Com auxílio do software Dinamica EGO, especializado em modelagem da paisagem, criaram-se três modelos espaciais e temporais da dinâmica florestal, levando em consideração os cenários status quo (SQ), no deforestation (ND) e riparian restoration enforcement (RRE). Uma análise usando pesos de evidência foi utilizada para identificar as variáveis de transição florestal. As variáveis foram divididas em dois grupos, (1) físicas e ambientais, consistindo de tipos de solo, rede de drenagem, pluviosidade e presença de fragmentos florestais e (2) antrópicos, consistindo de densidade populacional, produto interno bruto, rede viária, zonas urbanas e predominância de atividade rural. Os cenários resultantes foram analisados por métricas de paisagem para fim de comparação e qualificação dos fragmentos em relação a sua estrutura, interligando-se aos serviços ecossistêmicos de suporte. Por último, foi realizada uma modelagem hidrológica usando o modelo Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) para averiguar a influência da mudança florestal na regulação de vazão de rios e portanto comparar os cenários em relação aos seus efeitos sobre serviços ecossistêmicos de regulação interligados à água. Resultados mostraram que transição florestal ocorreu, passando a cobertura florestal de 24,4% em 1990 para 20,1% em 2000 e então 21,8% em 2010. Cenários resultaram em uma cobertura florestal de 22,4% (SQ), 43,2% (LE) e 28,4% (RRE) para o ano de 2050. A perda de floresta foi identificada como produto de variáveis de natureza antrópica enquanto o ganho florestal foi de variáveis físicas e ambientais. Regiões com melhores condições ambientais resultaram em melhores valores de estrutura da paisagem. SQ foi afetado principalmente pela perda de pequenos fragmentos florestais que funcionam como conectores estruturais da paisagem, potencialmente afetando a biodiversidade e habitat. O deflúvio médio anual foi reduzido em até 10,3% com o incremento florestal observado em ND. Conclui-se que a cobertura florestal na paisagem e os cenários propostos afetam o deflúvio, regulação e a estrutura da paisagem, nos permitindo discutir nas diferenças entre cada cenário e a relação entre dinâmica florestal, estrutura da paisagem, hidrologia e potenciais efeitos nos serviços ecossistêmicos de suporte e regulação.

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12

Gandia, Rodrigo. "Innovation in ecosystem business models : An application to MaaS and Autonomous vehicles in urban mobility system." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASC018.

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Le concept de mobilité comme service (MaaS) s’est généralisé dans les pays occidentaux et est devenu une option de marché concrète, présentant une offre de système de transport basée non plus sur la propriété mais basée sur l'usage. L’utilisateur est ainsi au centre des questions de mobilité urbaine, de sorte que les consommateurs doivent être ouverts à l'adoption de nouvelles technologies, telles que les véhicules autonomes. Cette thèse vise à analyser le concept de MaaS pour identifier les conditions de sa mise en oeuvre et de sa diffusion dans la mobilité urbaine de demain. Nous avons constaté que pour prendre une place durable dans le système de mobilité urbaine, le MaaS doit être considéré comme un modèle d’affaires modulaire et adaptable, applicable à tous les contextes socio-politiques, réglementaires, environnementaux et économiques. Pour cela, le modèle d’affaires de cet écosystème innovant doit tenir compte de l'acceptation des consommateurs, d’une coordination des multiples acteurs constituant la chaine de valeur au sein d’un MaaS et des systèmes de transport existant avec leur développement d’innovations technologiques (véhicule autonome)
The concept of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) has become widespread in Western countries and has become a solid market option, presenting a transport system offer based no longer on ownership but use. This approach places the user at the heart of urban mobility issues, so consumers must be open to adopting new technologies and services, such as autonomous vehicles. Based on our research, this Ph.D. thesis aims to analyze the concept of MaaS in order to identify the conditions for its implementation and diffusion in tomorrow's urban mobility. We found that to take a sustainable place in the urban mobility system, MaaS must be considered as a modular and adaptable business model applicable to all socio-political, regulatory, environmental, and economic contexts. To this end, the business model of this innovative ecosystem must take into account consumer acceptance, coordination of the multiple actors making up the value chain within a MaaS and existing transport systems that are specific with their development of technological

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13

Saad, Sandra Isay. "Modelagem e valoração dos serviços ambientais hidrológicos na recuperação da vegetação no Ribeirão das Posses, Extrema, MG." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106132/tde-23032018-155045/.

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Questões ambientais e sócio-econômicas nem sempre coexistem de forma conciliada, o que pode opor a conservação da biodiversidade, a regulação climática, a produção e qua¬li¬da¬de da água, com outros fatores como a produção de energia, alimentos e fibras, e a geração de empregos. No Brasil, o código florestal prescreve as Áreas de Preservação Permanente como forma de garantir a manutenção dos Serviços Ambientais (SA), e os projetos de Pagamento de Serviços Ambientais (PSA) estão surgindo como forma de recompensar os provedores de SA, como o Projeto Conservador das Águas, a primeira experiência municipal brasileira, em andamento no Município de Extrema, MG. Apesar dos esforços, ainda são escassos os estudos que quantifiquem os benefícios econômicos dos serviços ambientais, fundamental para que estes sejam incluídos nas tomadas de decisões. O objetivo do trabalho foi quantificar e valorar os Serviços Ambientais hidrológicos da recuperação da vegetação, na sub-bacia do Ribeirão das Posses, em Extrema, através da modelagem ambiental. Utilizando o modelo InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) foram simuladas a vazão e o fluxo de sedimentos em um cenário anterior e posterior ao Projeto Conservador das Águas, um cenário sem práticas de conservação (Antropizado), e em cenários que priorizassem o reflorestamento ao longo das margens dos rios (reflorestamento ripário) ou nas encostas (reflorestamento das áreas íngremes). Os Serviços Ambientais foram estimados a partir do custo evitado da redução do tratamento de água e dragagem (custos off-site) e na erosão (custos on-site), em função da diferença entre os cenários, e foram comparados com o Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais e o custo de oportunidade, equivalente aos rendimentos da pecuária extensiva. Verificou-se que as estradas geraram 29% da perda de solos na sub-bacia, e as barraginhas, uma das práticas conservacionistas adotadas pelo projeto, diminuíram em 4% os sedimentos na foz da sub-bacia, e o reflorestamento de espécies nativas em 5%. Juntas, as duas práticas contribuíram para 9% de redução. A redução do fluxo de sedimentos do Pós-Projeto em relação ao cenário Antropizado foi de 40%. O reflorestamento ripário foi mais eficiente na redução de fluxo de sedimentos do que o reflorestamento das áreas íngremes e gerou maior redução nos custos de tratamento de água e de dragagem. Enquanto um reflorestamento ripário de apenas 5 m reduziu em 23% o fluxo de sedimentos, um reflorestamento nas áreas íngremes com a mesma área de floresta (áreas com declividade acima de 60%) reduziu o fluxo de sedimentos em 2%. Para um reflorestamento ripário de 30 m, o mesmo foi reduzido em 50%. Por outro lado, o reflorestamento das áreas íngremes foi mais eficiente na redução da perda de solos, e portanto, obteve maior redução dos custos on-site, pela redução dos prejuízos causados pela erosão. Os resultados mostram a importância de projetos como o Conservador das Águas, não só na melhoria das condições ambientais, mas principalmente na conservação de florestas nativas. Os pequenos agricultores são uns dos principais beneficiários devido à melhoria das condições sociais e ambientais, embora não sejam os únicos, uma vez que os benefícios vão além dos limites da sub-bacia, e acreditamos que os esforços para a preservação devem ser com¬par¬ti¬lha-dos pelos beneficiários indiretos, que no caso da sub-bacia do Ribeirão das Posses, seriam os usuários da água do Sistema Cantareira. A nossa sugestão para esta contribuição é de pelo menos 28% do Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais por área preservada.
Environmental and socioeconomic issues not always coexist in a reconciled manner, which may oppose biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, water quality and production, to other factors such as energy production, food and fiber, and job creation. In Brazil, the Forest Code prescribes the Permanent Preservation Areas in order to guarantee the maintenance of Environmental Services (ES), and the Payment for Environmental Services project (PES) are emerging as a way to reward the providers of ES, as Conservador das Águas project, the first Brazilian municipal initiative, underway in Extrema Municipality. Despite the efforts, there are few studies that quantify the economic benefits of ecosystem services essential for them to be part of decision-making process. The objective of this work was to quantify and assess the hydrological Environmental Services in the recovery of vegetation in Posses subbasin in Extrema, through environmental modeling. Using InVEST model (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) we simulated sediment and streamflow in a scenario before Conservador das Águas project (Pre-Project), after (Post-Project), another with no soil conservation practices (Anthropized), and others which prioritize reforestation of riparian areas (riparian reforestation) or in slopes (reforestation of steep areas). The Environmental Services were estimated based on the avoided cost of reducing water treatment and dredging (off-site costs) and erosion (on-site costs), as functions of the difference between scenarios, and they were compared to the Payment for Environmental Services and the opportunity cost, equivalent to the extensive livestock income. It was found that the roads contributed to 29% of the total soil loss in the subbasin, and barraginhas, one of the conservation practices adopted by the project, decreased sediment flow in the river mouth by 4%, and reforestation of native species by 5%. Together, the two practices contributed to a reduction in 9%. The reduction of sediments flow in Post-Project scenario in relation to Anthropized was of 40%. Riparian reforestation was more efficient in the reduction of sediment flow than the reforestation of steep areas, what caused greater reduction in the costs of water treatment and dredging. While a 5 m riparian reforestation reduced sediment flow by 23%, reforestation in steep areas with the same area of forest (areas with slope above 60%) reduced sediment flow by 2%. For a 30 m of riparian strip of reforestation, it was reduced by 50%. On the other hand, reforestation of steep areas was more efficient in reducing soil loss, and so it presented greater reduction in on-site costs by reducing the losses caused by erosion. Results showed the importance of projects such as the Conservador das Águas, not only in the improvement of environmental conditions, but mainly in the conservation of native forests. The main beneficiaries of these projects are small farmers by improving social and environmental conditions, but the benefits go beyond the subbasin boundaries, and we believe that efforts to preserve must be shared by indirect beneficiaries, which in the case of Posses subbasin are the users of water from the Cantareira System. Our suggestion for this contribution is at least 28% of Payment for Environmental Services by preserved area.

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14

Bain, Christopher. "Developing effective hospital management information systems: A technology ecosystem perspective." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1410.

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This thesis presents the results of the program of research performed in the completion of a Doctor of Philosophy (Business) entitled: Developing Effective Hospital Management Information Systems: A Technology Ecosystem Perspective. The central contention of this thesis is that the current ecosystem models in the information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) literature can be extended and improved. In turn they can be better applied to the field of IS and the development and implementation of information systems. This research seeks to highlight an example of how these models can be extended, through an analysis of the specific context of the hospital management information system environment, using the technology ecosystems model (TEM) of Adomavicius et al (Adomavicius et al., 2005). The environment in which hospital managers operate is characterised by high demand pressures, strong public service expectations, and an ever diminishing income stream (in relative terms) with which to provide services. Even in private hospital care, many of these pressures still apply, as well as a pressure to maintain profit margins. The agenda context here is a complex one, particularly when one considers the role of hospitals in this context. Hospitals have multiple competing priorities when viewed from a management perspective. This is despite the fact that the core mission of the hospital is to provide timely, safe care within available human and financial resources, to patients who present for care. This care can be across multiple care settings inside the hospital including the inpatient space, the operating theatres, the intensive care unit, and the emergency department; and in outreach settings. Hospitals however, have been described as a series of cottage industries each loosely coupled with a common objective of supplying care to patients. All of these factors combine to mean that managing a hospital with the above-mentioned aim in mind, is a very difficult task. Nakagawa et al (Nakagawa et al., 2011) talk specifically to this difficulty. In this research I undertake this examination through 2 core exercises. Firstly I examine the literature – both the information related and health care literature, for insights into the questions at hand. Secondly I examine the lessons learned from five Case Studies (CSs). The first four of these are based in physical hospital facilities across three Australian states. The final one is a “virtual CS” in which the views of multiple parties, not centred on any given physical institution, are sought and examined in relation to these questions. Based on the data collected in both the literature review and the CS’, and through a process of triangulation and research model validation, I conclude that a hospital management technology ecosystem (a HOME) can be described. Its existence thus validates the core TEM, and in fact the findings support some meaningful extensions to the TEM. The HOME is predominantly characterised by the presence of strong drivers of change that arise from outside the immediate hospital environment. Examples include changes in the labour market, and the skill sets of workers; changes in the broader development and availability of technology (for example – think of the effects of the rise of smart phones), and changes in government policies and funding arrangements. In the majority of cases these broader influencing forces (Environment Shaping Forces – ESF’s) can be seen to act on the local management environment and the role of technology in that environment, through describable intermediaries. A very obvious example of this is the effect of a global financial downturn - eventually this wide reaching force could be expected to affect hospitals (be they private or public) through struggling performance of a parent company, or state government funding cutbacks. In turn this could easily lead to reduced spending on IT in a given hospital. These findings, along with those around services provided by the ecosystem, and the measurement of ecosystem success or failure, add substantially to the IS knowledge base in this area. This research thus acts as a sound basis for further research in this new direction, but also provides a usable conceptual and practical framework within which stakeholders – managers, clinicians, beauracrats and the software development community - can view the management of hospitals and the technologies in support of that management.

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15

Blanco, González Víctor. "Modelling adaptation strategies for Swedish forestry under climate and global change." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25380.

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Adaptation is necessary to cope with, or take advantage of, the effects of climate change on socio-ecological systems. This is especially important in the forestry sector, which is sensitive to the ecological and economic impacts of climate change, and where the adaptive decisions of owners play out over long periods of time. These decisions are subject to experienced and expected impacts, and depend upon the temporal interactions of a range of individual and institutional actors. Knowledge of, and responses to, climate change are therefore very important if forestry is to cope with, or take advantage of, the effects of climate change over longer timescales. It is important to understand the role of human behaviour and decision-making processes in the study of complex socio-ecological systems and modelling is a method that can support experiments to advance this understanding. This study is based on the development of CRAFTY-Sweden; an agent-based model that allows the exploration of Swedish land-use dynamics and adaptation to climate change through scenario analysis. In CRAFTY-Sweden, forest and farmland owners make land use and management decisions according to their objectives, management preferences and capabilities. As a result of their management and location characteristics they are able to provide ecosystem services. To explore future change, quantitative scenarios were used that considered both socio-economic development pathways and climatic change. Simulations were run under the different scenarios for the period 2010-2100, for the whole of Sweden. Furthermore, because institutions (i.e. organisations) also influence socio-ecological systems through their actions and interactions between them and with land owners and the environment, a conceptual model of institutional actions applied to socio-ecological systems was developed. The application of this conceptual model was explored through a model of institutions that can act, interact and adapt to environmental change in attempting to affect ecosystem service provision within a simple forestry governance system. I found that forestry in the future will likely be unable to meet societal demands for forest services solely on the basis of autonomous adaptation. A northward expansion of agriculture and especially of forestry proved positive for both sectors to adapt to changing conditions, under several scenarios, given the substantial land availability and the improved environmental conditions for plant growth. Legacy effects of past land-use change can have a great impact on future land-use change and adaptation processes, especially in forestry. Also, greater competition for land may lead to shorter forest rotation times. Socio-economic change and land owner behavioural differences may have a larger impact on owner competitiveness, land-use change and ecosystem service provision than climate-driven changes in land productivity. Different owner objectives and behaviour resulted in different levels of ecosystem service provision. Also, particular forest types were differently suitable for adaptation depending on the sets of objectives under which they were managed. Owners implementing particular management strategies can be differently competitive under different future scenarios, and the suitability of such strategies for adaptation is not a static, inherent characteristic of a system. Instead, it evolves in response to changing contexts that include both the external global change drivers and the internal dynamics of agent interactions. Additionally, institutional conceptual models as presented here can support better understanding of the key institutional decision-making dynamics and their consequences, endogenously, flexibly across different socio-ecological systems. Finally, study limitations, future research and the policy relevance of findings are discussed.

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16

Zhang, Lulu. "Impact of Land Use and Climate Change on Hydrological Ecosystem Services (Water Supply) in the Dryland Area of the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-183409.

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Driven by many factors, the water supply services (streamflow and groundwater) of many rivers in the dryland area of China have declined significantly. This aggravates the inherent severe water shortages and results in increased severity in the water use conflicts that are threatening sustainable development in the region. Innovative strategies towards more water-efficient land management are vital for enhancing water quantity to ensure water supply security. A key step in the successful development and implementation of such measures is to understand the response of hydrological processes and related services to changes in land management and climate. To this end, it was decided to investigate these processes and responses in the upper reaches of the Jing River (Jinghe), an important meso-scale watershed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River on the Loess Plateau (NW China). It has been shown that vegetation restoration efforts (planting trees and grass) are effective in controlling soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. Shifts in land cover/use lead to modifications of soil physical properties. Yet, it remains unclear if the hydraulic properties have also been improved by vegetation restoration. A better understanding of how vegetation restoration alters soil structure and related soil hydraulic properties, such as water conductivity and soil water storage capacity, is necessary. Three adjacent sites, with comparable soil texture, soil type, and topography but contrasting land cover (Black locust forest, grassland, and cropland), were investigated in a small catchment in the upstream Jinghe watershed (near Jingchuan, Gansu province). Seasonal variations of soil hydraulic properties in topsoil and subsoil were examined. Results revealed that the type of land use had a significant impact on field-saturated, near-saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil water characteristics. Specifically, conversion from cropland to grass or forests promotes infiltration capacity as a result of increased saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and macroporosity. Moreover, conversion from cropland to forest tends to promote the formation of mesopores that increase soil water storage capacity. Tillage in cropland temporarily created well-structured topsoil, but also compacted subsoil, as indicated by low subsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and plant available water capacity. An impact of land cover conversion on unsaturated hydraulic conductivities was not identified, indicating that changes in land cover do not affect functional meso- and microporosity. Changes in soil hydraulic properties and associated hydrological processes and services due to soil conservation efforts need to be considered, should soil conservation measures be implemented in water-limited regions for sustaining adequate water supply. To differentiate between the impacts of land management and climate change on streamflow, the variation of annual streamflow, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and climatic water balance in a small catchment of the upstream Jinghe watershed (near Pingliang, Gansu province) was examined during the period of 1955 – 2004. During this time the relative contributions of changes in land management and climate to the reduction of streamflow were estimated. A statistically significant decreasing trend of -1.14 mm y-1 in annual streamflow was detected. Furthermore, an abrupt streamflow reduction due to afforestation and construction of terraces and check-dams was identified around 1980. Remarkably, 74% of the total reduction in mean annual streamflow can be attributed to the soil conservation measures. Among various conservation measures, streamflow could be considerably reduced by afforestation and terracing (including damland creation), due to their low contribution to water yield. In contrast, slope farmland and grassland can maintain a certain level of water supply services due to higher runoff coefficients. According to a meta-analysis of the published studies on the Loess Plateau, the impact of changes in land management on annual streamflow appears to diminish with increasing catchment size while the impact of climate change appears uniform across space. This means that there is a dependency between the catchment size and the response of hydrological processes to environmental change. At least at the local scale, it appears that well-considered land management may help to ensure the water supply services. Due to limited surface water availability, groundwater is an essential water source for supporting ecosystem and socio-economic development in the dryland region. However, the groundwater process is susceptible and vulnerable to changes in climate and landscape (i.e., land cover and form) that in turn can result in profound adverse consequences on water supply services in water-limited regions. In addition, an improved understanding of the response of groundwater related processes to natural and artificial disturbances is likely to ensure more secure and more sustainable governance and management of such regions, as well as better options for adapting to climate change. Yet, this topic has seldom been researched, especially in areas that have already experienced large-scale alteration in landscape and are located in dryland regions, such as the Loess Plateau. Therefore, an investigation of the baseflow variation along the landscape change was conducted. The average annual baseflow has significantly decreased at catchment scale during the period of 1962 – 2002 without any obvious significant change in climate. At decadal scale, the reduction accounts for approximately 9% in the 1970s, 48% in the 1980s, and 92% in the 1990s, while the baseflow index declines averaging 5%, 16% and 67%, respectively. All of the monthly baseflow levels dropped at varying rates except in January, among which July was the most severe in terms of both magnitude (-4.17) and slope (-0.09 mm y-1). In perspective of landscape change, landform change (terrace and check-dam) tends to reduce baseflow by reallocation of surface fluxes and retention for crop growth causing limited deep drainage in other areas. Land cover change (i.e., afforestation) reduced the baseflow to a larger extent by enhanced evapotranspiration and thus hampered deep drainage as suggested by the soil moisture measurement underneath. The study indicates that knowledge about baseflow formation on catchment scale needs further improvement. Integrated soil conservation and water management for optimizing landscape structure and function in order to balance soil (erosion) and water (supply) related hydrological ecosystem services is vital. The governing processes to the changes of water-supply-services-related hydrological process (e.g., streamflow) are assumed to be different across space. To this end, the factors controlling streamflow were investigated on both a small and large scale. Streamflow in small catchments was found to be mainly controlled by precipitation and land cover type. On a larger scale, evaporative demand was found to be another additional major driving force. Hydrological modeling is a frequently used tool for the assessment of impacts of land use and climate change on water balance and water fluxes. However, application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in the upstream Jinghe watershed was unsuccessful due to difficulties in calibration. The inability of the SWAT model to take the influence of terraces on steep slopes into consideration and the method how to calculate lateral flow were the main reasons for unsatisfactory calibration, at least for the current version of SWAT used in this study. Alternatively, Budyko’s frameworks were applied to predict the annual and long-term streamflow. However, the effect of changes in land management (e.g., afforestation) on streamflow could not be assessed due to a lack of vegetation factors. Therefore, an empirical analysis tool was derived based on an existing relationship for estimation. This method was found to be the most effective in reproducing the annual and long-term streamflow. The incorporation of temporal changes in land cover and form in the approach enables the estimation of the possible impact of soil conservation measures (e.g., afforestation or terracing). The importance of adaptive land management strategies for mitigating water shortage and securing the water supply services on the Loess Plateau was highlighted. A cross-sectoral view of the multiple services offered by managed ecosystems at different spatial scales under changing environments needs to be integrated to improve adaptive land management policy. In a water limited environment, such as the Loess Plateau, multiple ecosystem services including hydrological services need to be balanced with minimum trade-offs. This can only be achieved when management is based on a holistic understanding of the interdependencies among various ecosystem services and how they might change under alternative land management.

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17

Taktikos, Niko. "Application of integrated models to assess the impacts of floodplain connectivity on ecosystem services : a case study at Tempsford, UK." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9650.

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Floodplains in the United Kingdom have evolved from natural landscapes to artificially modified ecosystems through managing lateral and vertical floodplain connectivity leading to synergy or trade-offs in ecosystem service delivery. Research methods have been limited in understanding the processes by which ecosystem service values are formed and the data required to support ecosystem service assessment. Developing a methodology while complex and challenging is necessary in order to take the ecosystem approach forward to support decision making for policy makers, planners and stakeholders. The aim of this research was to develop a method to assess the delivery of ecosystem services in response to changes in floodplain connectivity and evaluate the performance. A case study floodplain was selected at Tempsford, downstream of the River Ivel in Bedfordshire, United Kingdom as an example for opportunities to deliver multiple ecosystem services. A sequential integrated modelling system was applied utilising a linked ISIS 1D-2D hydrodynamic model and WaSim, a 1D soil water balance model to simulate changes in floodplain connectivity and generate model data to improve estimates of ecosystem services indicators. A non- monetary multi-criteria analysis methodology was applied to further develop indicators for ecosystem services assessment and to assess the impacts of the model scenarios on ecosystem services delivery. The integration of the WaSim model was unsuccessful as the model performed poorly in the calibration and validation process and was not fit for its intended purpose. It was deduced that potential groundwater seepage in the regional aquifer occurs outside of the field study site, which cannot be modelled in WaSim. To demonstrate the impact of lateral connectivity controls on the water table position, an empirical method was developed using the mean observed water table position to represent a ‘no drainage system’ vertical connectivity scenario. The results showed that in low frequency/high magnitude flood events, increasing the lateral connectivity by lowering embankments provides synergy and benefits to flood alleviation, water supply and freshwater fish habitat and trade-offs and disbenefits to flood damage, agricultural productivity, terrestrial habitat and recreation. In high frequency/low magnitude flood events, decreasing the lateral connectivity by raising embankments still provides the same synergy and trade-offs yet lower benefits and disbenefits. Marginally decreasing the lateral connectivity creates a higher level of benefits and a lower level of disbenefits to promote multi-functional land use in the floodplain. Managing the control of floodplain connectivity needs to be carefully planned to enable multifunctional land use in a floodplain.

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Van, Scoyoc Matthew W. "A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECOLOGICAL SITES AND STATE-AND-TRANSITION MODELS." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3075.

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The interaction of land-use and climate can cause non-linear “state” changes in ecosystems, characterized by persistent differences in structure and function. Changes in land-use and climate on the Colorado Plateau may be driving many ecosystems toward undesired states where energy-intensive measures are required to return to previous states. Landscape classification systems based on “ecological potential” offer a robust framework to evaluate ecological conditions. Ecological sites are a popular landscape classification system based on long-term ecological potential and are widely used throughout the western US. Ecological sites have been described extensively for rangelands and woodlands on DOI Bureau of Land Management lands; however, they have yet to be described on USDA Forest Service (USFS) lands. In this thesis, I describe a statistical approach to ecological site delineation and the development of state-and-transition models, diagrams that illustrate ecosystem dynamics and responses to disturbances. In Chapter 2, I used a large inventory dataset and multivariate statistical procedures to classify plots based on life zone, soils, and potential vegetation, effectively delineating statistical ecological site-like groups. Most of the statistical ecological sites matched ecological sites already described by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Additionally, I described one new ecological site that has not been described by the NRCS in the Colorado Plateau region. In Chapter 3, I examined empirical evidence for alternative states in mountain ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson) and upland piñon-juniper ecosystems. Using multivariate statistical procedures, I found that plots cluster into groups consistent with generalized alternative states identified in a priori conceptual models. Additionally, I showed that ponderosa pine clusters were true alternative states and piñon-juniper clusters were not true alternative states because they were confounded by similarities in climate. Ponderosa pine clusters were differentiated by overstory ponderosa pine density and corresponded to three states: current potential, high fuel load, and reduced overstory. These results illustrate the range of ecosystem variability that is present throughout the study area and present evidence for alternatives states caused by historical land-use. This project is the first to propose ecological sites and state-and-transition models on USFS lands in this region. These techniques could be applied to areas that do not have formally described ecological sites and state-and-transition models and could help identify ecological sites that may have been overlooked using other means of delineation. Additionally, these methods can be used to evaluate the range of ecological variability throughout an area of interest and to improved understanding of ecosystem dynamics.

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Poschenrieder, Werner [Verfasser], Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] Pretzsch, Anja [Gutachter] Rammig, and Hans [Gutachter] Pretzsch. "Model extensions to capture multiple forest ecosystem services in future scenarios on landscape scale / Werner Poschenrieder ; Gutachter: Anja Rammig, Hans Pretzsch ; Betreuer: Hans Pretzsch." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1186256478/34.

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Gudmundsson, Sofia, and Anaïs Lachini. "Designing Business Models of Tomorrow : Exploring the Expansion of Cleantech-as-a-Service through an Agile approach." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104645.

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Background: Three mega trends are profoundly changing today’s market dynamics; climate change, digitalization, and globalization. The increasing interconnectivity and omnipresence of digital technologies are blurring the boundaries of the physical and virtual reality, implying a shift in how digital companies create value and internationalize. Also, new policies and higher customer demand in greener and smarter technologies have created new opportunities for value creation to develop cleaner technologies that foster the growth of clean-technology firms. To be competitive and persist in a sustainable and digital economy, firms must be able to cope with changing market conditions. Strategic agility can support to avoid rigidity and benefit from change, which is fostered by strong dynamic capabilities. Knowledge gaps: The study aims to address shortcomings of digital sustainability business models and specifically characterize the emerging sector of sustainable software companies offering Cleantech-as-a-Service applications. The international potential of these ventures recognizes the need to elaborate on internationalization drivers. The globally competitive environment enforces the need to be strategically agile, whereby applying agile principles to an international context can bring a comprehensive view of internationalizing digital sustainability ventures’ critical capabilities and business model characteristics. The study will also assert the role of collaborative ecosystems in an entrepreneurial internationalization. Purpose: This study will explore the emergence of Cleantech-as-a-Service and investigate how these digital entrepreneurs achieve strategic agility in global pivoting and competitive environments. Our exploratory research aims to apply agile principles to entrepreneurial internationalization strategies, where we through six in-depth interviews will discover the role of digital cleantech firms’ dynamic business models, capabilities, and ecosystems when entering a foreign market. Theoretical framework: The conceptual frame of references is based on two major sections where the first considers the context of digital and sustainable firms and exhibits the essences of digital and sustainable business model designs and how to sustain competitiveness through the interrelation of dynamic capabilities and strategic agility. In the second section the study brings forward theory supporting the exploration of an agile internationalization for digital firms, such as virtual markets and ecosystems. The key theoretical forthcomings are summarized into a conceptual framework that combines the role and interplay of entrepreneurs, business models, as well as networks and ecosystems on the basis of strategic agility and dynamic capabilities, that jointly foster an agile and virtual internationalization. Methodology: The interpretive research used an explorative and abductive approach to perform a qualitative multiple case design. The empirical study was based on six Cleantech-as-a-Service companies where in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with the informants of significant positions. The thematic and content data analysis supported the identification of common patterns and themes through coding which guided the subsequent analysis chapter. Findings: Our study revealed characteristics and success factors of Cleantech-as-a-Service ventures operating on global volatile markets, which adopt a leagile approach. The findings supported a definition of the concept but also identified the dynamic capabilities and flexible business models leveraged to sustain international competitive agility. The key agile capabilities relate to networking, experimenting, and learning whereas business model characteristics confer resiliency, interdependency, and efficiency.

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Le, Guillou Fanny. "Approche systémique de la haie, pour passer de sa multifonctionnalité à la conception de plans de gestion." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC003.

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La haie bocagère, au travers des nombreuses fonctions qu’elle possède, intervient dans les problématiques engendrées par le changement climatique actuel. Cependant, l’évolution radicale du paysage agraire au cours du XXe siècle a conduit à un arasement massif des haies ces 60 dernières années. Bien que ses intérêts économiques, écologiques et socio-culturels soient avérés, ils ne sont pas reconnus par tous les acteurs et la dégradation du bocage se poursuit. Les conséquences de cette disparition font peu à peu prendre conscience de la nécessité de préserver les haies. Des initiatives apparaissent à diverses échelles et une forte demande d’outils de diagnostic et d’évaluation qualitative émerge. Or, il y a un manque de cohérence territoriale de ces initiatives et un manque de données permettant la caractérisation précise de la haie.Notre recherche s’attèle à l’étude systémique des rôles de la haie et de sa place dans l’espace sur le territoire bas-normand à partir d’une démarche multi-échelle afin de comprendre les raisons de la dégradation toujours à l’œuvre et de proposer des solutions. Cette étude vise à proposer des outils de caractérisation de la haie, de façon à intégrer une vision systémique des services rendus par cette dernière afin de développer des plans de gestion multifonctionnels transposables. Trois approches complémentaires permettent d’aboutir à cet outil. Pour commencer, un modèle systémique est réalisé à partir de la bibliographie à la fois dense, pluridisciplinaire et très éclatée. Puis, une approche quantitative visant à caractériser l’évolution et les fonctionnalités des linéaires, estimer les capacités de production et analyser l’organisation spatiale des réseaux des haies est mise en place. Enfin, une approche qualitative permettant de recueillir la parole des acteurs (populations et gestionnaires) pour mieux appréhender la place des haies dans le paysage rural actuel est réalisée. Pour terminer, les résultats de ces approches ont été utilisés pour l’élaboration du modèle Ger’haies, un modèle sous Système Multi-Agent destiné à être employé comme outil de médiation pour la mise en place de PGMH sur le territoire d’une collectivité
Hedgerow, across its many functions, takes action in the problems generated by the current climate change. However, the radical agricultural landscape evolution during the 20th century led to massive removal of hedgerows in the past 60 years. Although its economic, ecological and socio-cultural interests are proved, they are not recognised by all the actors and the hedgerow density keep decreasing. The consequences of this disappearance gradually raise awareness of the need to preserve hedgerows. Some initiatives appears at various scales with an increasing demand for diagnostic tools and qualitative evaluation. Yet, the territorial cohesion is missing and there is a lack of data to precisely characterise the hedge.Our research gets on with the systemic study of roles and functions of hedgerow and its place in space on the bas-normand territory from a multi-scale approach in order to understand the reasons of deterioration still at work and suggest solutions. This study aims to propose tools to characterise the hedge, so as to integrate a systemic vision of the services in order to develop multifunctional management plans that can be spatially transposed. Three complementary approaches lead to this tool. The first purpose of this work is to realise a systemic model from a substantial, multidisciplinary and very fragmented bibliography. Then, a quantitative approach has been set up to characterise the evolution and functionality of the hedgerows, estimate production capacities and analyse the spatial organisation of hedgerow networks. In a third step, a qualitative approach is carried out to collect the actor perception (populations and managers) and to better understand the place of hedges in the current rural landscape. Finally, the results of these approaches have been used to develop the Ger'haies model, an agent-based model intended to be used as a mediation tool for the establishment of PGMH on a municipal territory

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Villamor, Grace [Verfasser]. "Flexibility of Multi-agent System Models for Rubber Agroforest Landscapes and Social Response to Emerging Reward Mechanisms for Ecosystem Services in Sumatra, Indonesia / Grace Villamor." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1044081988/34.

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Feger, Clément. "Nouvelles comptabilités au service des écosystèmes. Une recherche engagée auprès d'une entreprise du secteur de l'environnement." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AGPT0006/document.

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La lutte contre la destruction des écosystèmes et les efforts pour renforcer et renouveler les conditions de leur prise en charge collective reposent aujourd’hui sur trois fronts d’innovation disjoints : (1) la conception et l’utilisation de nouveaux outils d’évaluation des écosystèmes dans le champ de la conservation ; (2) le développement de nouvelles comptabilités socio-environnementales à l’échelle des organisations et (3) la mise à contribution des entreprises dans la protection du capital naturel. Cette thèse doctorale vise à les articuler en mobilisant la comptabilité comme pivot pour connecter les systèmes d’information écologique, les formes diverses d’organisation de l’action collective, et les initiatives et comptabilités des entreprises. Elle combine un travail de construction théorique et une recherche-intervention auprès d’une grande entreprise du secteur de l’environnement qui cherche à développer des activités de service dédiées à la qualité écologique des territoires. Nous proposons premièrement l’ouverture d’une nouvelle perspective d’innovation théorique et pratique, au croisement entre comptabilités et sciences de la conservation, et centrée sur la gestion collective de problèmes écologiques : le développement de « Comptabilités de Gestion pour les Ecosystèmes ». Nous montrons en quoi elles sont complémentaires de l’ensemble des autres types d’innovations comptables portant sur les écosystèmes. Nous proposons deuxièmement quatre grandes orientations organisationnelles et stratégiques pour penser et guider le développement de nouveaux modèles d’affaires de « services aux écosystèmes ». Afin de les compléter, nous ouvrons des pistes de conception de comptes et d’activités comptables pour accompagner une entreprise du secteur de l’environnement dans la négociation et la création collective de valeur écologique sur les territoires et dans la transformation de sa propre représentation et quantification de la valeur
Current efforts to halt the destruction of the planet’s ecosystems and to reinforce and renew their collective management reside on three distinct innovation fronts: (1) the design and use of new ecosystem assessment tools by conservation scientists and practitioners; (2) the development of new social and environmental accounting frameworks and tools at the level of organization; (3) the contribution of the private sector to natural capital protection and maintenance. This doctoral thesis aims to relate these three domains of innovation to one another by mobilizing the accounting discipline as a pivot to connect ecological information systems and tools, diverse forms of collective action for ecosystem management, and private sector initiatives and accounting innovations. The thesis combines a work of theoretical construction with the results of an action-research conducted in an environmental sector company that seeks to develop new services specifically designed for the management of ecological systems. We first propose a new theoretical and practical perspective at the junction of accounting and conservation science centered on the collective management of ecological issues: the development of Management Accounting for Ecosystems. We show why and how they are complementary to all the other domains of ecosystem accounting innovation. Secondly, we introduce four organizational and strategic directions to think and guide the development of new “services to ecosystems” business models. To complement them, we suggest new accounts and accounting practices to help environmental sector companies negotiate and co-create ecological value with other stakeholders, and transform their own representation and quantification of corporate value

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Lafond, Valentine. "Sylviculture des forêts hétérogènes de montagne et compromis production-biodiversité : une approche simulation." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV019/document.

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Les changements globaux et l'évolution du contexte socio-économique renforcent les attentes vis-à-vis d'une gestion multifonctionnelle des forêts. En France, la communauté forestière s'est accordée sur la définition du double objectif de « produire plus de bois, tout en préservant mieux la biodiversité […]» (Grenelle de l'Environnement, 2007). Cet objectif s'accompagne d'une volonté de maintenir des attributs favorables à la biodiversité d'une part, et de « dynamiser » la sylviculture d'autre part. La comptabilité entre ces mesures est toutefois controversée et il est aujourd'hui nécessaire de mieux comprendre leurs effets sur les services écosystémiques, afin de pouvoir définir les conditions d'une gestion forestière multifonctionnelle et durable.L'objectif de la thèse est d'explorer de manière fine l'effet de la sylviculture sur la structure des peuplements, la production de bois et la préservation de la biodiversité. Le travail s'articule autour de deux hypothèses générales : (1) celle que les indicateurs de ces deux services répondent de manière différente à la gestion; (2) celle qu'une gamme intermédiaire d'intensités de sylviculture est favorable au compromis entre production et biodiversité. Le travail a porté sur le cas des sapinières-pessières irrégulières de montagne, qui présentent une longue tradition de gestion en futaie irrégulière et sont jugées favorables à la fourniture d'un certain nombre de services écosystémiques. Nous avons opté pour une approche par simulation s'appuyant sur le couplage d'un modèle de dynamique forestière, d'algorithmes de sylviculture et de modèles et indicateurs de production et de biodiversité. Le travail de thèse a nécessité la mise en place d'une démarche complète d'expérimentation par simulation impliquant les étapes (i) de formalisation des variables de contrôle et de réponse, (ii) de développement et d'évaluation de modèles, (iii) de définition de plans d'expérience, (iv) d'analyse de sensibilité et (v) d'analyse de la réponse des indicateurs à la gestion. Une analyse complète du modèle Samsara2 nous a permis de vérifier la cohérence des dynamiques forestières simulées et la fiabilité des prédictions. Un algorithme de sylviculture a été développé pour modéliser la gestion en futaie irrégulière de manière fine. Deux modèles de biodiversité ont été implémentés à partir de modèles issus de la littérature : un modèle de stockage et de décomposition du bois mort et un modèle de prédiction de la richesse spécifique de la strate herbacée. Une analyse de sensibilité du système nous a tout d'abord permis d'analyser l'influence des paramètres d'entrée (sylvicoles, démographiques ou état initial) sur un ensemble d'indicateurs de structure, production et biodiversité, puis d'identifier et de fixer les paramètres peu influents. Une approche par régression a ensuite permis d'établir la fonction de réponse (métamodèle) de chaque indicateur aux principaux leviers de gestion, en interaction avec la démographie et l'état initial. Nous avons ainsi observé un effet négatif de l'intensification de la gestion sur la biodiversité, bien que cet effet varie en fonction des indicateurs. Les mesures de conservation de la biodiversité peuvent toutefois servir de leviers de compensation dans certains cas, permettant ainsi de concilier les deux objectifs. Des situations de compromis entre indicateurs de production et/ou biodiversité ont été détectées, mais leur analyse fine nécessite désormais de se tourner vers les méthodes d'analyse multicritère.Ainsi, l'analyse couplée des de la réponse des indicateurs de services écosystémiques à la gestion et des scénarii de gestion situés sur la zone de compromis devrait permettre d'alimenter les échanges avec les gestionnaires forestiers et de discuter des recommandations de gestion à l'échelle de la parcelle ou du massif forestier
Global change and the evolution of the socio-economic context reinforce the expectations for multifunctional forest management. In France, the forest community agreed on the definition of the double objective of “improving timber production while preserving biodiversity better” (Grenelle 2007). This objective goes along with a will of maintaining the natural attributes favoring biodiversity on one hand, and of increasing management intensity on the other hand. The compatibility between both objectives is however controversial and it seem nowadays necessary to better understand their effects on ecosystem services, so as to enable the definition of multifunctional and sustainable forest management. The objective of this PhD thesis is to explore the effect of silviculture on stand structure, timber production and biodiversity preservation. This works involves two main hypotheses: (1) the fact that ecosystem services indicators present different responses to silvicultural drivers, thus leading to trade-offs situations; (2) the fact that management scenarios of intermediate intensity may enable satisfactory production-biodiversity trade-offs to be reached. This work addressed the case of uneven-aged spruce-fir mountain forests, which present a long tradition of uneven-aged management (selection system) and are judged favorable to the provision of several ecosystem services. We used a simulation approach coupling a forest dynamics simulation model (Samsara2), a silviculture algorithm, and ecosystem services models and indicators (for timber production and biodiversity). This however required a complete simulation experiment approach to be set up, with several steps: (i) formalization of control and response variables, (ii) model development and evaluation, (iii) experiment designs definition, (iv) sensitivity analysis, and (v) study of indicators' response to management. A complete analysis of the Samsara2 model enabled the consistency of simulated forest dynamics and the reliability of predictions to be checked. A silviculture algorithm has been developed to accurately model uneven-aged management. Two biodiversity models have been implemented from the literature: a dead wood decay model and an understory diversity model.A sensitivity analysis of the system first enabled us to assess the influence of input parameters (silviculture, demographic and initial state) on structure, timber production and biodiversity indicators, and then to identify and fix those with low influence. Then, a regression approach enabled the establishment of the response function (metamodels) of each indicator to the main silvicultural factors, in interaction with demography and initial state. This revealed the negative effect of increased management intensity on biodiversity indicators, although its effect depended on the indicator. Biodiversity conservation measures could however be used as compensation drivers in some cases, therefore enabling both objectives to be concealed. Trade-offs situations have also been detected between timber production and/or biodiversity conservation indicators, but their analysis now require specific multi-criteria analysis to be used.The combined analysis of ecosystem services response to silvicultural drivers and of management scenarios located on the trade-offs area would then supply the discussion with forest managers with new elements and enable management recommendations to be discussed at the stand or landscape scale

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Bergh, Linnea, and Johanna Bergkvist. "Grönska som sköld mot klimatförändringar : En framställd grundläggande grönytefaktor-modell för att stärka städers resiliens." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema teknik och social förändring, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-165848.

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Denna rapport tar avstamp i forskning om resiliens och ekosystemtjänster. Vidare syftar studien till att framställa en grundläggande grönytefaktor-modell för att främja resiliens genom att undersöka vilka grönytefaktorer som ska finnas med. För att besvara frågeställningen: Vilka grönytefaktorer ska finnas med i den grundläggande modellen för att främja högre resiliens i staden?tillämpas de kvalitativa metoderna innehållsanalys och fokusgrupp. Innehållsanalysen innefattar en tematisk analys över Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmös befintliga grönytefaktor-modeller och fokusgruppen består av tjänstemän från Norrköpings kommun. Det empiriska materialet kopplas till det teoretiska ramverket om resiliens och mynnar ut i en framställd grundläggande grönytefaktor-modell som utgår från de tre perspektiven: sociala värden, biologisk mångfald och klimatanpassning. De grönytefaktorer som resultatet av rapporten visat bidrar till högre resiliens och som integrerats i den framtagna grundläggande modellen är: genomsläppliga ytor, gröna markytor, träd, nya träd, bevarade träd, buskar, gröna tak, gröna väggar, dammar, vattendrag och diversitet i grönska.
This report aims to examine what a fundamental biotope area factor (BAF) should contain to support resilience in urban areas based on scientifical studies on resilience and ecosystem services. To be able to address this issue the qualitative methods content analysis and focus group have been used. The content analysis consists of three existing municipal BAF-models from Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The result of the focus group is based on the experience and knowledge of five officials at the municipality of Norrköping planning office. This study’s empirical material is linked to the theoretical framework of resilience and is the foundation for the BAF-model in the report which is based on the three perspectives: social values, biodiversity and climatization. The factors that this report has found increase resilience in urban areas are: permeable areas, green ground areas, trees, new trees, preserved trees, shrubbery, green roofs and walls, ponds, water courses and diversity in greenery.

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Garcia, Lara Gabrielle. "Composição e configuração da cobertura florestal na bacia hidrográfica e seus efeitos nos serviços hidrológicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-13032019-151029/.

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Programas de restauração florestal e pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos vêm sendo incentivados em várias regiões que apresentam problemas de abastecimento hídrico, com objetivo de recuperação e manutenção dos recursos hídricos. Embora se considere que a cobertura florestal é benéfica para a conservação dos recursos hídricos, esta relação é complexa e dependente de vários fatores físicos, assim como da proporção e da configuração espacial da cobertura florestal na bacia hidrográfica. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo geral do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da proporção e configuração espacial da cobertura florestal na bacia hidrográfica no aumento ou manutenção dos serviços hidrológicos. Para tal, um modelo hidrológico distribuído de base física foi calibrado e validado para permitir a simulação hidrológica dos diferentes usos da terra. A parametrização do modelo teve como base uma bacia hidrográfica monitorada (deflúvio e precipitação) de características agrícolas (pastagem e cana-de-açúcar). Após calibrado e validado o modelo (R2 de 0,65 e 0,62 respectivamente), os cenários a serem simulados foram gerados modificando-se a composição da paisagem (proporção de cobertura florestal) e a configuração espacial da cobertura florestal. É importante ressaltar que as modificações no modelo para cada uso foram referentes diretamente aos processos de evapotranspiração e escoamento superficial e seus desdobramentos. Não foram modificados os processos referentes ao solo (e.g. infiltração e percolação), uma vez que a influência do uso na estrutura do solo ainda é um ponto conflitante. Os serviços hidrológicos considerados foram os de disponibilidade hídrica e proteção. Os indicadores para análise da disponibilidade hídrica foram o deflúvio anual (Q), vazões mínimas (Q95) e índice de fluxo base (BFI); e os indicadores de proteção foram as vazões máximas (Q5) e índice de velocidade (IF). O efeito da proporção da cobertura florestal foi testado por meio de cenários com aumento aleatório de 10% na cobertura florestal (CF), iniciando com o cenário referência de 0% CF até o cenário referência de 100% (11 cenários simulados). As hipóteses testadas foram de que (i) o aumento da cobertura florestal diminui o serviço hidrológico de disponibilidade hídrica, e (ii) o aumento da cobertura florestal aumenta o serviço hidrológico de proteção. Ambas as hipóteses foram aceitas, uma vez que, apesar de os resultados terem apresentado diferenças relativas entre os cenários, não foi possível obter diferença estatística para todos os indicadores. Foi constatada diminuição dos indicadores de Q e Q95 e aumento nos valores de Q5 seguidos de aumento da cobertura florestal. A diferença estatística ocorreu para os indicadores Q e Q5, sendo que em ambos foi possível perceber um limiar de 50% CF, a partir do qual o deflúvio anual e o índice de máximas passaram a ser estatisticamente diferentes do cenário 0% CF. O efeito da configuração espacial foi testado por meio de simulações de cenários com a mesma proporção de cobertura florestal, mas com alterações quanto a sua configuração espacial. Foram simulados quatro cenários: CF no terço inferior (INF); CF no terço médio (MED); CF no terço superior (SUP) da bacia hidrográfica; e CF aleatoriamente distribuída na área (ALE). As hipóteses testadas foram que (i) a configuração espacial da cobertura florestal na bacia hidrográfica não tem influência no serviço hidrológico de disponibilidade de água; e (ii) a configuração espacial da cobertura florestal nas áreas próximas aos corpos hídricos (terço inferior) tem influência positiva no serviço de proteção, ou seja, no aumento deste serviço. Os resultados permitiram aceitar parcialmente as hipóteses, uma vez que apesar de relativamente ocorrer diferenças no serviço hidrológico de disponibilidade hídrica esta não foi estatisticamente significativa, o mesmo ocorrendo para o serviço de proteção. Assim como anteriormente, os resultados permitiram perceber um trade-off entre os serviços testados, pois o cenário com maior redução nos valores de Q e Q95 (INF) foi o que apresentou as maiores reduções no índice de vazão máxima. No entanto, mesmo com a diminuição nos indicadores de disponibilidade hídrica, o cenário com cobertura florestal na parte inferior da bacia hidrográfica foi considerado o mais próximo a um ótimo em relação aos serviços hidrológicos. Diante dos resultados encontrados, pode-se observar que ao se tratar de serviços hidrológicos a cobertura florestal pode apresentar trade-off entre os mesmos, sendo necessário aos programas de restauração e pagamento de serviços ambientais conhecerem esta dinâmica para maximizarem o serviço hidrológico de interesse.
Water resources recovery and maintenance are the main objectives of restoration cover forest programs and payment for ecosystem services. These programs are gaining force and incentives, especially in water crises regions. However, water resources recovery and maintenance are attributed in many cases to forest cover effects on hydrological processes and, consequently, on hydrological services. In this context, our aim in this study was to evaluate if forest cover restoration can result in increase or maintenance of hydrological services. Therefore, firstly it was necessary to calibrate and validate a distributed hydrological physical base model to simulate different land use at the catchment scale. The model parameterization was done on a monitored catchment (flow and precipitation) of agricultural characteristics (pasture and sugar cane). After calibrating and validating the model (R2 of 0.65 and 0.62, respectively), the land use scenarios were generated based on two landscape approaches: forest cover proportion and spatial configuration on catchment scale. The hydrological services used were water supply and protection; indicators for analysis were annual flow (Q), minimum flows (Q95), base flow index (BFI); maximum flows (Q5) and velocity index (IF). Q, Q95 e BFI correspond to water supply, the others are flood protection service. The first approach objective was tested forest cover proportion scenarios with a random increase in forest cover (CF) of 10%, starting with 0% CF reference scenario to 100% CF reference scenario (total of 11 simulated scenarios). The hypotheses tested were that (i) the random increase in forest cover decreases the hydrological service of water supply, and (ii) the random increase in forest cover increases the hydrological protection service. Both hypotheses were partially accepted. Since the results showed relative differences between the scenarios without statistical difference. There was a decrease in Q and Q95 indicators and an increase in Q5 values followed by an increase in forest cover. The statistical difference happened only for Q and Q5 indicators. For both hydrological services it is possible to perceive a threshold of 50% CF, from which the flow annual and the maximum index become statistically different from the 0% CF scenario. The second approach was the simulations of same forest cover proportion scenarios, however with changes in their spatial configuration. Four scenarios were simulated: CF in the lower land (LOW); CF in the middle land (MIDD); CF in the upper lands (UPP) of the river basin; and CF randomly distributed in the area (RAN). The hypotheses tested were (i) the forest cover spatial configuration has no influence on water supply hydrological service; and (ii) the forest cover spatial configuration in areas near the water bodies (lower land) has a positive impact on protection hydrological service. Our results allowed partially accepting the hypotheses, since there are relative differences in the water supply hydrological service after scenarios simulation, there was no statistically significant difference, the same occurring for the protection hydrological service. The results allow us to highlight a trade-off between hydrological services tested in this study, for example, the scenario with the greatest reduction in Q and Q95 values (LOW) also presented the greatest reductions in Q5. However, even with the decrease in water supply indicators, the LOW scenario was considered the closest to an optimum scenario to hydrological services. In view of this, we can be observed that forest cover can present hydrological services trade-off, being necessary to restoration and payment of environmental services programs to know dynamics to maximize the hydrological service of interest. It is important to emphasize that these results and analyses simulations were based on land use change scenarios (related to the evapotranspiration and surface runoff processes) and their unfolding, however, were not modified (e.g. infiltration and percolation). However, land use effects on the soil structure are still not proved a point, possibly these being key processes to forest cover restoration and hydrological services trade-off.

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Viguier, Clément. "Dynamiques des prairies de montagne : intégration de la plasticité phénotypique dans un nouveau modèle à base d'agents." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV057/document.

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Les prairies de montagne offrent de nombreux services ecosystémiques qui sont menacés par le changement global. Les traits fonctionnels constituent un outil prometteur pour caractériser les réponses des communautés à des changements de conditions environnementales et leurs répercussions sur les services associés. Cependant, des résulats de plus en plus nombreuses soulignent l’importance de la variabilité intra-spécifique des traits a également été mise en évidence. Pour étudier ces effets, je propose un nouveau modèle à base d’agents, MountGrass, qui combine la modélisation de communautés végétales riches en espèces avec des processus de plasticité phénotypique. Ces deux éléments au coeur du modèle sont associés grâce à des compromis d’allocation basés sur des patrons empiriques établis de stratégies d’utilisation des resources.Avec MountGrass, j’ai exploré l’impact de la plasticité phénotypique sur la croissance individuelle et les propriétés principales des communautés prairiales. À l’échelle individuelle, le modèle paramétré a révélé un fort impact positif de la plasticité phénotypique sur la croissance mais aussi sur la niche fondamentaledes espèces. Des phénomènes de convergence et de réduction de la sensibilité aux variations de conditionsexpliquent ces effets. À l’échelle des communautés, les simulations ont confirmé de forts effets de la plasticité sur la structure des communautés et leur diversité spécifique. Ces effets sont expliqués par l’effet combiné de la réduction du filtre abiotique et de la réduction des différences de compétitivité. Cependant, aucun effet majeur sur la stratégie dominante ou la productivité n’a pu être mis en évidence.Des implémentations alternatives ou des extensions du modèle devraient permettre de tester la robustesse des résultats obtenus et d’analyser d’autres schémas de dynamiques des communautés. En conclusion, ce travail ouvre la voie à une meilleure considération et une meilleure compréhension du rôle des variabilités intra-spécifiques dans les dynamiques des communautés végétales
Mountain grasslands provide numerous ecosystem services that are likely to be impacted by global change. Plant functional traits hold great promise to succinctly characterise plant community response to changing environmental conditions and its effect on associated services; with growing evidence of the importance of intra-specific trait variability. I propose here a novel agent-based model, MountGrass, that combines the modelling of species rich grassland communities with phenotypic plasticity. These two key components are integrated via allocation trade-offs based on established empirical patterns of strategic differentiation in resource-use.With MountGrass, I explored the impact of phenotypic plasticity on individual plant growth and on main properties of grassland communities. At the individual level, the parametrised model revealed a strong impact of plasticity on growth and species’ fundamental niches, with potentially large impacts on community properties. These effects are explained by the convergence of species’ strategies and the reduction of the sensitivity to variable conditions. At the community level, simulations confirmed the strong effect of plastic allocation on community structure and species richness. These effects are driven by the cumulative effect of a reduction of both abiotic filtering and fitness differences between species. However, no clear effect on the dominant strategy or productivity could be detected.Going further, the robustness of these findings and other patterns of community dynamics should be analysed with alternative or extended implementations of MountGrass. In sum, this work opens a door towards a better integration and understanding of the role of the intra-specific variability in complex plant community dynamics

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Rudi, Gabrielle. "Modélisation et analyse de services éco-hydrauliques des réseaux de canaux et fossés des agrosystèmes méditerranéens." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSAM0007.

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Les infrastructures agroécologiques sont des éléments paysagers semi-naturels pourvoyeurs de services et des services écosystémiques. Dans les agrosystèmes méditerranéens, les fossés agricoles et canaux d’irrigation fournissent des services « éco-hydrauliques » reposant sur des interactions entre végétation et processus de transport d’eau, de sédiments et de propagules végétales (graines). Les pratiques d’entretien visant à restaurer la capacité de transport hydraulique de ces infrastructures sont susceptibles de modifier l’expression de ces services. Cependant, les interactions entre pratiques, traits du couvert végétal et services écosystémiques rendus par ces infrastructures sont encore peu caractérisées. L’objectif du travail de thèse était de comprendre dans quelle mesure les pratiques d’entretien des canaux et fossés, en termes de typologie, mais également de temporalité et de localisation, modulent les services rendus par la végétation.La démarche s’appuie sur la construction d’un modèle représentant explicitement le réseau hydraulique, et dont le fonctionnement est simulé pour des événements de référence sur l’horizon temporel considéré. Le modèle repose sur des formalismes semi-empiriques permettant de prendre en compte l’effet des traits de végétation sur les processus de transport, et notamment leur effet dynamique sur la résistance hydraulique à l’écoulement. Il a été paramétré à partir d’expériences au champ réalisées sur deux terrains agricoles méditerranéens. Ces expériences ont visé à : (i) caractériser l’influence de différents facteurs géomorphologiques et des pratiques d’entretien sur la distribution spatiale des communautés végétales des fossés et de leurs traits (ii) identifier les facteurs impliqués dans le transport et le dépôt de propagules lors d’un événement hydraulique.Les travaux expérimentaux montrent que les pratiques d’entretien modulent à court-terme la dynamique du couvert végétal, mais que la distribution spatiale des espèces (et donc des traits du couvert végétal) répond dans une large mesure à des facteurs géomorphologiques. Les travaux expérimentaux ont également permis d’améliorer notre compréhension de certains processus-clefs des canaux et fossés, en particulier de la dispersion de propagules, et de développer une méthodologie de relocalisation des propagules dans les cours d’eau intermittents. Le modèle spatialisé, intégrant les principaux résultats expérimentaux à l’échelle du bassin versant, a permis une hiérarchisation de l’impact des pratiques vis-à-vis du bouquet de services rendu par la végétation des fossés agricoles. La fauche assure le meilleur compromis entre services à court et moyen-terme, bien qu’elle soit temporairement défavorable à la rétention de sédiments et de graines, ainsi qu’à la stabilisation des berges, au début de l’automne. La démarche semi-empirique développée amène à se réinterroger sur le niveau de description des processus et les indicateurs nécessaires à l’évaluation des services dans des écosystèmes aux interactions complexes
Agroecological infrastructures are semi-natural landscape elements providing ecosystem services and disservices. In Mediterranean agrosystems, ditches and irrigation channels provide eco-hydraulic services relying on interactions between vegetation and water, sediments and plant propagules (seeds) transport. Management operations aiming at restoring the hydraulic capacity of these infrastructures are likely to modify the expression of these services. However, the interactions between practices, vegetation cover traits and ecosystem services provided by these infrastructures are still poorly characterized. The objective of this work was to understand in which extent ditch and channel management regimes, in terms of typology, but also in terms of temporality and location, influence eco-hydraulic services provided by vegetation.The approach relies on the development of a model proposing an explicit representation of the hydraulic network which functioning is simulated for reference events on the considered time horizon. The model is based on semi-empirical formalisms taking into account the effect of plant traits on transport processes, and especially their dynamical effect on hydraulic resistance. It was parameterized based on field experiments made in two Mediterranean agricultural study areas. These experiments aimed at : (i) characterizing the influence ofdifferent geomorphological factors and management regimes in the spatial distribution of ditch plant communities and their traits (ii) identifying the factors implied in the transport and deposition of propagules during an hydraulic event.The experimental results show that management regimes influence the dynamics of the vegetation cover at short-term, but that the spatial distribution of species (and therefore traits of the vegetation cover) is largely associated with geomorphological factors. They helped to improve our understanding of major key-processes of agricultural channel networks, especially propagules dispersal, and to propose a methodology for the relocation of the propagules in intermittent waterways. The spatialized model, integrating the main experimental results atthe catchment scale, enabled a ranking of the impact of practices regarding the bundle of services provided by agricultural ditches’ vegetation. Mowing provides the best trade-off between services in the short and medium term, although it is temporarily unfavourable for sediments and seeds retention, aswell as for bank stabilization, at the beginning of autumn. The developed semi-empirical approach gives the opportunity to question the level of description of processes and required indicators for services evaluation in complex ecosystems

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Selmi, Wissal. "Services écosystémiques rendus par la végétation urbaine : application d'approches d'évaluation à la ville de Strasbourg." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH013/document.

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Le défi de ce travail réside dans l’application conjointe de deux approches d’évaluation de la double-valeur des espaces végétalisés urbains (EVU) en s’inscrivant dans une dimension dualiste «éco-anthropocentrique». Cette posture a permis d’appréhender le fonctionnement de ces espaces et d’en quantifier les services et des services écosystémiques rendus à la société humaine. Ces deux approches se sont basées sur une démarche ascendante fondée sur la caractérisation de deux types de végétation : les pelouses et les arbres urbains. Le manque de connaissance sur le fonctionnement des pelouses urbaines a imposé la mise en place d’un protocole de suivi permettant d’établir un état des lieux initial sur les communautés prairiales qui s’y installent et sur leur dynamique. Bien qu’il n’ait révélé qu’une partie du fonctionnement de la flore prairiale, le protocole de suivi a eu le mérite d’en déterminer sa composition et sa structuration en précisant l’impact de plusieurs facteurs environnementaux et anthropiques. Quant à la végétation arborée, elle a été étudiée en quantifiant les services et des services écosystémiques en appliquant le modèle i-Tree Eco. Fondé sur des indicateurs biophysiques le modèle a fourni des informations sur le taux de stockage et de séquestration du carbone, le taux d’élimination des polluants atmosphériques et le taux d’émissions biogéniques par les arbres urbains. Bien que le recours au modèle soit empreint d’incertitude, il a permis de démontrer le rôle des arbres dans l’amélioration de la qualité de l’air. Mais, pour parvenir à rendre efficacement ce service, la plantation et la gestion des arbres peuvent être intégrées dans une réflexion de planification plus globale. L’objectif opérationnel d’une telle thèse ne se conçoit que par l’apport de connaissances concrètes à disposition des acteurs de terrain. Nous avons donc tenté de fournir quelques indications à ce propos, alliant ainsi recherche et dissémination des connaissances acquises
This research work provides two assessment tools based on both ecocentric and anthropogenic approaches. We argued that these approaches are complementary and they lead not only to understand ecological functions of urban green spaces but also to quantify ecosystem services provided to society. Based on bottom up approach, two urban habitats were assessed : lawns and urban forest. Due to the lack of knowledge about ecological functions of urban lawns, it was required to implement a monitoring protocol that helps to provide a baseline and measure the changes of flora composition and structure across urban green spaces. Although monitoring protocol had some limitations, it intended to highlight the response of lawn flora to environmental patterns and to particular human activities such as management techniques and trampling. Urban forest was assessed by quantifying it structure and some ecosystem services and desservices using i-Tree model Eco. Based on biophysical indicators, the model quantify the total carbon stored and the annually carbon sequestered, the annually amount of pollution removal, and the annually amount of biogenic emissions by trees. Although some uncertainty remains about the application of this model, it was shown that urban trees improve local air quality. However, to alleviate air pollution within urban area, planting and managing trees should be associated with an integrative planning strategy that takes into account other factors. Our study also incorporates operational items, so we have tried to provide some guidance to planners and green spaces managers with reference to our assessment results

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Kirkpatrick, Emma. "Modeling the Suitability of Landscapes for Managed Honeybees - A Case Study in the Northern Great Plains." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1437147684.

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Salliou, Nicolas. "La gestion paysagère des ravageurs : exploration des verrous et leviers d'une innovation agroécologique par la modélisation participative." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0040/document.

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L’agroécologie implique la conception de systèmes agricoles intégrant autant que possible les services écosystémiques. Aux produits chimiques souvent employés contre les ravageurs de cultures peut être privilégié la régulation par leurs ennemis naturels. Des résultats en écologie indiquent que des paysages agricoles dont la composition est riche en habitats semi-naturels (bois, forets, prairies, etc) les favorisent en leur fournissant abris, sites de pontes et nourriture. Il serait donc possible de mettre en place une Gestion Paysagère des Ravageurs (GPR), c’est-à-dire de concevoir et d’aménager des paysages agricoles en faveur de ces habitats afin de favoriser les ennemis naturels et le contrôle biologique. Toutefois, l’implémentation d’une telle innovation potentielle par les acteurs de ces paysages reste largement à explorer. Dans cette thèse, dans un esprit de recherche-action, nous avons pris le parti d’explorer la conception de tels paysages régulateurs de ravageurs en s’impliquant avec des acteurs locaux et scientifiques. Nous avons initié une démarche de recherche participative avec des acteurs agricoles d’une région du Tarn-et-Garonne spécialisée dans l’arboriculture fruitière, intensive en traitements chimiques. A partir de leurs représentations et de leurs connaissances nous avons cherché à déterminer quels étaient les facteurs favorables ou non à la GPR. En particulier, nous avons qualifié les conditions dans lesquelles le paysage et les ennemis naturels étaient construit socialement par ces acteurs comme des ressources pourvoyeuses de services écosystémiques de régulation. Nous avons cherché également à identifier si ces acteurs étaient liés entre eux par des dépendances pouvant nécessiter une gestion coordonnée du paysage. Nous avons exploré la possibilité de la gestion paysagère par plusieurs cycles de modélisations participatives. La thèse a ainsi : mis à jour et qualifié la diversité des modèles mentaux des acteurs locaux sur leurs stratégies de gestion des ravageurs, co-construit des modèles Bayésien participatifs afin d’explorer via des scénarios les incertitudes autour de la question de la régulation biologique des ravageurs et, enfin, réalisé la coconstruction d’un modèle multi-agents autour de le la dynamique de population du ravageur invasif Drosophila suzukii et de sa potentielle gestion paysagère. Nous avons pu ainsi déterminer qu’en l’état actuel des représentations des acteurs, qu’ils soient scientifiques ou locaux, la composition du paysage en éléments semi-naturels leur apparaît comme faiblement reliée à un service écosystémique de régulation des ravageurs, quand bien même ce paysage est souvent favorable à la biodiversité fonctionnelle. Actuellement, faute de bénéfices agricoles clairement identifiés, les acteurs impliqués sont en conséquence peu dépendants entre eux et le besoin de se coordonner pour mettre en place une GPR est faible. La plupart des agriculteurs indiquent plutôt une nette préférence pour les solutions individuelles vis-à-vis des ravageurs, par l’utilisation de pesticides et de filets protecteurs entourant les cultures. Ce focus individuel suggère qu’innover dans l’intégration de l’activité des ennemis naturels pourrait être plus aisé au niveau de la végétation naturelle des exploitations individuelles, comme peut l’être l’inter-rang des vergers. Par ailleurs, ces résultats font apparaître le besoin d’études scientifiques liant écologie et économie qui chercheraient à mesurer explicitement les bénéfices obtenus par les acteurs agricoles par le biais de paysages favorables aux ennemis naturels. Des résultats positifs de telles études seraient mobilisateurs pour de futures recherches participatives dans ce domaine. Enfin, cette thèse participative et exploratoire nous a permis également d’identifier de nouveaux terrains et questions de recherches dans le domaine de la GPR qui pourront être poursuivis
Agroecology requires the design of farming system integrating as much as possible ecosystem services. Biological control by natural enemies may substitute commonly used pesticides. Ecology findings demonstrate that farming landscapes with a high proportion of natural habitats (woods, forests meadows, etc) favor natural enemies by providing them shelter, nesting sites and food. Landscape Pest Control (LPC), i.e. the design of farming landscapes in favor of these habitats, may be implemented to foster natural enemies and biological pest control. However, how stakeholders may design such landscapes remains unexplored. In this PhD, we followed an action-research approach and explored the design of such pest regulating landscapes together with local and scientific stakeholders. We initiated a participatory approach with agricultural stakeholders in a part of the Tarn-et-Garonne region specialized in fruit production. Our research seeks to identify the factors in favor of a LPC according to stakeholders’ representations and knowledge. In particular, we qualified the conditions under which natural enemies and the landscape are socially constructed resources providing ecosystem services. We also seek to identify if these stakeholders were linked through dependencies which may necessitate a coordinated management of the landscape. We explored the possibility of a LPC through several cycle of participatory modelling. This PhD successively established mental models of local stakeholders about their pest control strategies, co-constructed participatory Bayesian models in order to explore uncertainties surrounding LPC, and finally we co-constructed an agent-based model about the population dynamic of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii and its potential landscape management. Our results show that, according to scientific and local stakeholder’s actual representations, the composition of the landscape in natural habitats is weakly related with pest regulation ecosystem services, even though the landscape is related with higher functional biodiversity. Nowadays, as stakeholders see little benefit, they don’t consider to be dependent to benefit from an enhanced biological control through a LPC strategy. Farmers rather mention their preference towards individual solutions such as pesticides or exclusion nets surrounding their orchards. This individual focus suggests that designing innovation favorable to natural enemies might be more relevant within farms, like focusing on the vegetation between rows of fruit trees. Besides, these results show the need for scientific studies relating economics and ecology to explicitly measure the benefits farmers could obtain from a landscape favorable to natural enemies. Positive results of such study would enhance further participatory research around LPC strategies. Finally, this participatory and exploratory research identified new sites for investigation and raised questions about the LPC which could be further looked into

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Moulin, Thibault. "Modélisation mathématique de la dynamique des communautés herbacées des écosystèmes prairiaux." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD075/document.

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La modélisation dynamique des systèmes écologiques constitue une méthode incontournable pour comprendre,prédire et contrôler la dynamique des écosystèmes semi-naturels, qui fait intervenir des processuscomplexes. Le principal objectif de cette thèse est de développer un modèle permettant de simuler la dynamiqueà moyen terme de la végétation herbacée dans les prairies permanentes, en tenant compte à lafois de la productivité et de la biodiversité. Les prairies sont des réservoirs présentant une forte biodiversitévégétale, qui soutiennent de nombreux services écosystémiques. Sur le plan agricole, cette importantediversité contribue à la qualité de la production fourragère, et de plus, elle permet une plus grande résistancede la végétation face à des changements climatiques (réchauffement moyen, vagues de chaleur etde sécheresse).Pourtant, cette notion clé de biodiversité n’est que faiblement prise en considération dans la modélisationde l’écosystème prairial : elle est souvent absente ou alors présente sous une forme très simplifiée. Enréponse à ces considérations, ces travaux de thèse présentent la construction d’un modèle de successionbasé sur des processus, décrit par un système d’équations différentielles ordinaires, qui représente ladynamique de la végétation aérienne des prairies tempérées. Ce modèle intègre les principaux facteursécologiques impactant la croissance et la compétition des espèces herbacées, et peut s’ajuster à n’importequel niveau de diversité, par le choix du nombre et de l’identité des espèces initialement présentes dansl’assemblage. Ce formalisme mécaniste de modélisation nous permet alors d’analyser les relations qui lientdiversité, productivité et stabilité, en réponse à différentes conditions climatiques et différents modes degestion agricole.[...]Ces résultats soulignent alors le besoin de prendre en compte le rôle clé joué par la biodiversité dansles modèles de l’écosystème prairial, de par son impact sur le comportement des dynamiques simulées.De plus, pour rendre correctement compte des interactions au sein de la végétation, le nombre d’espècesconsidéré dans le modèle doit être suffisamment important. Enfin, nous comparons les simulations devégétation de ce modèle à des mesures issues de deux sites expérimentaux, la prairie de fauche d’Oensingen,et le pâturage de Laqueuille. Les résultats de ces comparaisons sont encourageants et soulignentla pertinence du choix et de la représentation des processus écologiques clés qui composent ce modèlemécaniste.Ce travail de thèse propose donc un modèle, en total adéquation avec les besoins actuels en terme demodélisation de l’écosystème prairial, qui permet de mieux comprendre la dynamique de la végétationherbacée et les interactions entre productivité, diversité et stabilité
Dynamic modelling of ecological systems is an essential method to understand, predict and control thedynamics of semi-natural ecosystems, which involves complex processes. The main objective of this PhDthesis is to develop a simulation model of the medium- and long-term dynamics of the herbaceous vegetationin permanent grasslands, taking into account both biodiversity and productivity. Grasslandecosystems are often hot spots of biodiversity, which contributes to the temporal stability of their services.On an agricultural perspective, this important biodiversity contributes to the forage quality, andbesides, it induces a higher ability of the vegetation cover to resist to different climatic scenarios (globalwarming, heat and drought waves).However, this key aspect of biodiversity is only poorly included in grassland models : often absent ofmodelling or included in a very simple form. Building on those considerations, this PhD work exposes thewriting of a process-based succession model, described by a system of Ordinary Differential Equationsthat simulates the aboveground vegetation dynamics of a temperate grassland. This model implementedthe main ecological factors involved in growth and competition processes of herbaceous species, and couldbe adjust to any level of diversity, by varying the number and the identity of species in the initial plantcommunity. This formalism of mechanistic models allows us to analyse relationships that link diversity,productivity and stability, in response to different climatic conditions and agricultural management.In mathematical grassland models, plant communities may be represented by a various number of statevariables, describing biomass compartments of some dominant species or plant functional types. The sizeof the initial species pool could have consequences on the outcome of the simulated ecosystem dynamicsin terms of grassland productivity, diversity, and stability. This choice could also influence the modelsensitivity to forcing parameters. To address these issues, we developed a method, based on sensitivityanalysis tools, to compare behaviour of alternative versions of the model that only differ by the identityand number of state variables describing the green biomass, here plant species. This method shows aninnovative aspect, by performing this model sensitivity analysis by using multivariate regression trees. Weassessed and compared the sensitivity of each instance of the model to key forcing parameters for climate,soil fertility, and defoliation disturbances. We established that the sensitivity to forcing parameters ofcommunity structure and species evenness differed markedly among alternative models, according tothe diversity level. We show a progressive shift from high importance of soil fertility (fertilisation level,mineralization rate) to high importance of defoliation (mowing frequency, grazing intensity) as the sizeof the species pool increased.These results highlight the need to take into account the role of species diversity to explain the behaviourof grassland models. Besides, to properly take into account those interactions in the grassland cover, theconsidered species pool size considered in the model needs to be high enough. Finally, we compare modelsimulations of the aboveground vegetation to measures from two experimental sites, the mowing grasslandof Oensingen, and the grazing grassland of Laqueuille. Results of these comparison are promising andhighlight the relevance of the choice and the representation of the different ecological processes includedin this mechanistic model.Thus, this PhD work offers a model, perfectly fitting with current needs on grassland modelling, whichcontribute to a better understanding of the herbaceous vegetation dynamics and interactions betweenproductivity, diversity and stability

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Radoszycki, Julia. "Résolution de processus décisionnels de Markov à espace d'état et d'action factorisés - Application en agroécologie." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAT0022/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur la résolution de problèmes de décision séquentielle sous incertitude,modélisés sous forme de processus décisionnels de Markov (PDM) dont l’espace d’étatet d’action sont tous les deux de grande dimension. La résolution de ces problèmes avecun bon compromis entre qualité de l’approximation et passage à l’échelle est encore unchallenge. Les algorithmes de résolution dédiés à ce type de problèmes sont rares quandla dimension des deux espaces excède 30, et imposent certaines limites sur la nature desproblèmes représentables.Nous avons proposé un nouveau cadre, appelé PDMF3, ainsi que des algorithmesde résolution approchée associés. Un PDMF3 est un processus décisionnel de Markov àespace d’état et d’action factorisés (PDMF-AF) dont non seulement l’espace d’état etd’action sont factorisés mais aussi dont les politiques solutions sont contraintes à unecertaine forme factorisée, et peuvent être stochastiques. Les algorithmes que nous avonsproposés appartiennent à la famille des algorithmes de type itération de la politique etexploitent des techniques d’optimisation continue et des méthodes d’inférence dans lesmodèles graphiques. Ces algorithmes de type itération de la politique ont été validés sur un grand nombre d’expériences numériques. Pour de petits PDMF3, pour lesquels la politique globale optimale est disponible, ils fournissent des politiques solutions proches de la politique globale optimale. Pour des problèmes plus grands de la sous-classe des processus décisionnels de Markov sur graphe (PDMG), ils sont compétitifs avec des algorithmes de résolution de l’état de l’art en termes de qualité. Nous montrons aussi que nos algorithmes permettent de traiter des PDMF3 de très grande taille en dehors de la sous-classe des PDMG, sur des problèmes jouets inspirés de problèmes réels en agronomie ou écologie. L’espace d’état et d’action sont alors tous les deux de dimension 100, et de taille 2100. Dans ce cas, nous comparons la qualité des politiques retournées à celle de politiques expertes. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous avons appliqué le cadre et les algorithmesproposés pour déterminer des stratégies de gestion des services écosystémiques dans unpaysage agricole. Les adventices, plantes sauvages des milieux agricoles, présentent desfonctions antagonistes, étant à la fois en compétition pour les ressources avec la cultureet à la base de réseaux trophiques dans les agroécosystèmes. Nous cherchons à explorerquelles organisations du paysage (ici composé de colza, blé et prairie) dans l’espace etdans le temps permettent de fournir en même temps des services de production (rendementen céréales, fourrage et miel), des services de régulation (régulation des populationsd’espèces adventices et de pollinisateurs sauvages) et des services culturels (conservationd’espèces adventices et de pollinisateurs sauvages). Pour cela, nous avons développé unmodèle de la dynamique des adventices et des pollinisateurs et de la fonction de récompense pour différents objectifs (production, maintien de la biodiversité ou compromisentre les services). L’espace d’état de ce PDMF3 est de taille 32100, et l’espace d’actionde taille 3100, ce qui en fait un problème de taille conséquente. La résolution de ce PDMF3 a conduit à identifier différentes organisations du paysage permettant d’atteindre différents bouquets de services écosystémiques, qui diffèrent dans la magnitude de chacune des trois classes de services écosystémiques
This PhD thesis focuses on the resolution of problems of sequential decision makingunder uncertainty, modelled as Markov decision processes (MDP) whose state and actionspaces are both of high dimension. Resolution of these problems with a good compromisebetween quality of approximation and scaling is still a challenge. Algorithms for solvingthis type of problems are rare when the dimension of both spaces exceed 30, and imposecertain limits on the nature of the problems that can be represented.We proposed a new framework, called F3MDP, as well as associated approximateresolution algorithms. A F3MDP is a Markov decision process with factored state andaction spaces (FA-FMDP) whose solution policies are constrained to be in a certainfactored form, and can be stochastic. The algorithms we proposed belong to the familyof approximate policy iteration algorithms and make use of continuous optimisationtechniques, and inference methods for graphical models.These policy iteration algorithms have been validated on a large number of numericalexperiments. For small F3MDPs, for which the optimal global policy is available, theyprovide policy solutions that are close to the optimal global policy. For larger problemsfrom the graph-based Markov decision processes (GMDP) subclass, they are competitivewith state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of quality. We also show that our algorithmsallow to deal with F3MDPs of very large size outside the GMDP subclass, on toy problemsinspired by real problems in agronomy or ecology. The state and action spaces arethen both of dimension 100, and of size 2100. In this case, we compare the quality of thereturned policies with the one of expert policies. In the second part of the thesis, we applied the framework and the proposed algorithms to determine ecosystem services management strategies in an agricultural landscape.Weed species, ie wild plants of agricultural environments, have antagonistic functions,being at the same time in competition with the crop for resources and keystonespecies in trophic networks of agroecosystems. We seek to explore which organizationsof the landscape (here composed of oilseed rape, wheat and pasture) in space and timeallow to provide at the same time production services (production of cereals, fodder andhoney), regulation services (regulation of weed populations and wild pollinators) andcultural services (conservation of weed species and wild pollinators). We developed amodel for weeds and pollinators dynamics and for reward functions modelling differentobjectives (production, conservation of biodiversity or trade-off between services). Thestate space of this F3MDP is of size 32100, and the action space of size 3100, which meansthis F3MDP has substantial size. By solving this F3MDP, we identified various landscapeorganizations that allow to provide different sets of ecosystem services which differ inthe magnitude of each of the three classes of ecosystem services

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Bellot, Benoit. "Améliorer les connaissances sur les processus écologiques régissant les dynamiques de populations d'auxiliaires de culture : modélisation couplant paysages et populations pour l'aide à l'échantillonnage biologique dans l'espace et le temps." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B008/document.

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Une alternative prometteuse à la lutte chimique pour la régulation des ravageurs de culture consiste à favoriser les populations de leurs prédateurs en jouant sur la structure du paysage agricole. L'identification de structures spatio-temporelles favorables aux ennemis naturels peut se faire par l'exploration de scénarios paysagers via une modélisation couplée de paysages et de dynamiques de population. Dans cette approche, les dynamiques de populations sont simulées sur des paysages virtuels aux propriétés structurales contrôlées, et l'observation des motifs de populations associés permet l'identification de structures favorables. La modélisation des dynamiques de populations repose cependant sur une connaissance fine des processus écologiques et de leur variabilité entre les différentes unités du paysage. L'état actuel des connaissances sur les mécanismes écologiques régissant les dynamiques des ennemis naturels de la famille des carabidés demeure l'obstacle majeur à la recherche in silico de scénarios paysagers favorables. La littérature sur les liens entre motifs de population de carabes et variables paysagères permet de formuler un ensemble d'hypothèses en compétition sur ces mécanismes. Réduire le nombre de ces hypothèses en analysant les convergences entre les motifs de population qui leur sont associés, et étudier la stabilité de ces convergences le long d'un gradient paysager apparaît comme une première étape nécessaire vers l'amélioration de la connaissance sur les processus écologiques. Dans une première partie, nous proposons une heuristique méthodologique basée sur la simulation de modèles de réaction-diffusion porteurs de ces hypothèses en compétition. L'étude des motifs de population a permis d'effectuer une typologie des modèles en fonction de leur réponse à une variable paysagère, via un algorithme de classification, réduisant ainsi le nombre d’hypothèses en compétition. La sélection de l'hypothèse la plus plausible parmi cet ensemble irréductible doit s'effectuer sur la base d'une observation des motifs de population sur le terrain. Cela implique que ces derniers soient caractérisés à des résolutions spatiales et temporelles suffisantes pour sélectionner une unique hypothèse parmi celles en compétition. Dans la deuxième partie, nous proposons une heuristique méthodologique permettant de déterminer a priori des stratégies d'échantillonnage maximisant la robustesse de la sélection d'hypothèses écologiques. Dans un premier temps, la simulation de modèles de réaction-diffusion représentatifs des hypothèses écologiques en compétition permet de générer des données biologiques virtuelles en tout point de l'espace et du temps. Ces données biologiques sont ensuite échantillonnées suivant des protocoles différant dans l'effort total d'échantillonnage, le nombre de dates, le nombre de points par unité d'espace et le nombre de réplicats de paysages. Les motifs des populations sont caractérisés à partir de ces échantillons. Le potentiel des stratégies d'échantillonnage est évalué via un algorithme de classification qui classe les modèles biologiques selon les motifs de population associés. L'analyse des performances de classification, i.e. la capacité de l'algorithme à discriminer les processus écologiques, permet de sélectionner un protocole d'échantillonnage optimal. Nous montrons également que la manière de distribuer l'effort d'échantillonnage entre ses composantes spatiales et temporelles est un levier majeur sur l'inférence des processus écologiques. La réduction du nombre d'hypothèses en compétition et l'aide à l'échantillonnage pour la sélection de modèles répondent à un besoin fort dans le processus d'acquisition de connaissances écologiques pour l'exploration in silico de scénarios paysagers favorisant des services écosystémiques. Nous discutons dans une dernière partie des implications de nos travaux et de leurs perspectives d'amélioration
A promising alternative to the chemical control of pests consists in favoring their natural enemies populations by managing the agricultural landscape structure. Identifying favorable spatio-temporal structures can be performed through the exploration of landscape scenarios using coupled models of landscapes and population dynamics. In this approach, population dynamics are simulated on virtual landscapes with controlled properties, and the observation of population patterns allows for the identification of favorable structures. Population modeling however relies on a good knowledge about the ecological processes and their variability within the landscape elements. Current state of knowledge about the ecological mechanisms underlying natural enemies’ of the carabid family population dynamics remains a major obstacle to in silico investigation of favorable landscape scenarios. Literature about the relationship between carabid population and landscape properties allows the formulation of competing hypotheses about these processes. Reducing the number of these hypotheses by analyzing the convergence between their associated population patterns and investigating the stability of their convergence along a landscape gradient appears to be a necessary tep towards a better knowledge about ecological processes. In a first step, we propose a heuristic method based on the simulation of reaction-diffusion models carrying these competing hypotheses. Comparing the population patterns allowed to set a model typology according to their response to the landscape variable, through a classification algorithm, thus reducing the initial number of competing hypotheses. The selection of the most likely hypothesis from this irreducible set must rely on the observation of population patterns on the field. This implies that population patterns are described with spatial and temporal resolutions that are fine enough to select a unique hypothesis among the ones in competition. In the second part, we propose a heuristic method that allows determining a priori sampling strategies that maximize the robustness of ecological hypotheses selection. The simulation of reaction-diffusion models carrying the ecological hypotheses allows to generate virtual population data in space and time. These data are then sampled using strategies differing in the total effort, number of sampling locations, dates and landscape replicates. Population patterns are described from these samples. The sampling strategies are assessed through a classification algorithm that classifies the models according to the associated patterns. The analysis of classification performances, i.e. the ability of the algorithm to discriminate the ecological processes, allows the selection of optimal sampling designs. We also show that the way the sampling effort is distributed between its spatial and temporal components is strongly impacting the ecological processes inference. Reducing the number of competing ecological hypotheses, along with the selection of sampling strategies for optimal model inference both meet a strong need in the process of knowledge improvement about the ecological processes for the exploration of landscape scenarios favoring ecosystem services. In the last chapter, we discuss the implications and future prospects of our work

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Amiel, Pierre Guillaume. "Developing an intervention model for payment for ecosystem services." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/123453.

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Environmental degradationacross the globe is accelerating due to theuncontrolledand unsustainable useof natural resources.Payment for ecosystem servicesmodels,proven to giveadditional value to society, are presented as means to address this problem. The present thesis is integrated into Maze’s research to develop an intervention model to support environmental conservation and restoration efforts in Portugal. The main findings from this work are recommendations about the structure and key components of the model and payment for ecosystem services could be a sui table funding mechanism for improved forest management practices.

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Chen, Hsin-Pei, and 陳欣沛. "Creating Ecosystem Services Impact Assessment Models for Land Use." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3jpr58.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
105
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely used approach to assess the environmental impacts of a product or service at each step of its life cycle. Since land use can cause impacts on many aspects such as the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, it is important to assess land use impacts on these perspectiveS. However, land use impacts assessment in the current LCA only considered the loss of biodiversity. Ecosystem provide a wide range of crucial functions to human society. For example, food production, climate regulation and soil quality are essential ecosystem services. DeFries et al. (2004) indicated that land use impacts would cause negative influence on these ecosystem services. In order to provide a more comprehensive evaluating results from LCA, this study established a characterization model to assess land use impacts for ecosystem services to enhance Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method. LCA studies of the contaminated sites remediation have increasingly addressed that land use impacts should be included. Therefore, this study adopted two contaminated sites as case studies to evaluate the potential environmental impacts from remediation. By using the revised LCIA method which integrating evaluation of land use impacts from ecosystem services, the more completely environmental impacts resulted from the remediation of contaminated sites can be achieved. The valuation results acquired in this study can be regarded as a supporting information to help decision makers in selecting environmental friendly remediation scenarios. Except for the estimation of remediation alternatives, the value of ecosystem services can be expressed in monetary units. This is a directly and clearly way for people to realize the contribution of ecosystem services. Quantifying the loss of economic value from ecosystem services by land use impacts can assist in improving human well-being, health and survival.

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Syrlybayeva, Lyazzat. "Integration of water ecosystem services provision objectives into forest management planning models." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15836.

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Mestrado Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management (MEDFOR) - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
In recent years, an integration of water production values for forest ecosystems into forest management planning models has become increasingly important in sustainable forest management. The reason is that both for surface and groundwater resources quantity and quality – forests play a vital role. The main objective of this work is to produce an analysis of forest management planning methods that have been implemented the most frequently for assessing an optimal integrated forest and water management for forested catchments. The research was developed within the framework of Alternative Models and Robust Decision-Making for Future Forest Management (ALTERFOR) Project; being developed to assess Decision Support System (DSS) tools that support sustainable forest management by means of including a variety of ecosystem services. For that purpose, we use a taxonomy of water related ecosystem services based on the classification scheme estimated based on the findings of the project. The taxonomy is used to develop a query of relevant references from 2754 journals, encompassing 46 scientific categories, stored in the ISI Web of Science database over the last 30 years. Query results were analyzed, and decision-making methods were classified and assessed according to their supporting role to forest managers in addressing specific ecosystem services. As forest managers are often confronted with conflicting preferences by owners and stakeholders regarding ecosystem services target levels, the query will further address the potential of decision-making methods to facilitate negotiation and consensus building
N/A

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Porfirio, Luciana Laura. "Spatial models for the quantification of ecosystem services across the Australian capital region." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155974.

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The recognition that human life depends on services provided by ecosystems has given rise to the field of ecosystem services. The main goal of the thesis is to develop a robust methodology for investigating how human interventions in the landscape affect ecosystem services, using as a case study the Australian Capital Region. The methods, which are based on remote sensing, spatial environmental modelling and geographic information systems, address the measurement, modelling and mapping of a comprehensive set of ecosystem services associated with major land cover types and land uses. These analyses are used to explore the synergies and trade-offs between these services across the Australian Capital Region. This thesis is structured in three sections. The first section introduces the aim and scope of the thesis; defines the concept of ecosystem services and its role as a communication tool for scientists, policy makers and stakeholders and describes the methods used by the thesis. The second section presents a land use and land cover classification for the Australian Capital Region. This classification underpins the quantification and mapping of five key ecosystem services in the remainder of the second section. These ecosystem services are: (i) carbon flows and storage; (ii) provision of food; (iii) biodiversity richness; (iv) water quality; and (v) recreation and ecotourism. The third section analyses the impacts of a hypothetical land use change scenario in which food production in the region is increased to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the importation of food - the so-called 'carbon miles' associated with the transport of food into the region from other parts of Australia and the world. The analysis assesses not only the impact on carbon stored in the region, but also the impact on other ecosystem services. The analysis also identifies what parts of the Australian Capital Region are most affected under the scenario outcomes. The thesis concludes with the key outcomes of this study. The methods presented in this thesis demonstrate that remote sensing, spatial environmental modelling and geographic information system are cost-effective tools to study and quantify ecosystem services at a regional scale. The results of this thesis could help in the promotion of sustainability in landscape and conservation planning.

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Sundine, Joshua. "Ecosystem services urban design framework: an adaptive vision for the Dallas Air Naval Station." 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38886.

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Master of Landscape Architecture
Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional & Community Planning
Jessica Canfield
Located eight miles from the heart of Dallas, The Dallas Air Naval Station is a 1045-acre decommissioned airfield site. Since its closure in 1998, it has predominantly sat idle, bringing little value to adjacent neighborhoods and the greater community. Due to prolonged site remediation and no formal redevelopment plan, the site’s full potential has yet to come to fruition. Current urban design models tend to primarily focus on achieving a singular, end-result. However, as cities and the environment become more complex and unpredictable, these types of models often lack the ability to respond to change. Adaptive design, on the other hand, allows for more exploration of innovative practices, tools, techniques and methods that are informed by ecological knowledge and research design. As means of illustrating how adaptive design can catalyze and benefit brownfield sites, this project proposes an urban design framework informed by ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are an essential component to human well-being and environmental health, and when used as a guiding principle in site design, can add resiliency and beneficial outcomes to a site. To inform the development of the Ecosystem Services Urban Design Framework, this project uses literature, a site analysis, an applicable ecosystem services analysis, and precedent analyses. The framework is then applied to an urban brownfield site, the Dallas Air Naval Station, to show its applicability for short-term and long-term adaptive design scenarios. Dallas’ current issues and needs are addressed by the short-term plan, whereas informed projections of future issues inform the long-term design scenarios. Collectively, this project illustrates the imperative for incorporating adaptability into urban design, and for the value of using ecosystems services as underlying foundation.

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Hawtree, Daniel Robert. "A Multi-Scale Assessment of Land-Use Impacts on Hydrologic Ecosystem Services in the Vouga Basin, North-Central Portugal." Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36788.

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Sustainable water resource management requires understanding how hydrologic processes are impacted by environmental management and land-use decisions across multiple spatial and temporal scales. A key concept in this respect is hydrologic ecosystem services (HES), which are the water related ‘goods’ produced by the environment which are valuable to humans. This dissertation assesses a range of topics concerning HES in the Vouga basin (north-central Portugal), and their connection with land-cover and land-use practices. Specifically, the relationship between changes in forest and agricultural land-cover and management practices, and associated changes in HES were examined using a range of statistical and modeling approaches. To quantify the effects of different agricultural scenarios on both HES and potential stakeholders, the ‘Soil and Water Assessment Tool’ (SWAT) was utilized, in conjunction with economic assessment methods. The first research section (Section 6) of the dissertation assesses the trends in streamflow quantity and yield in the Águeda watershed (a sub-basin of the Vouga) over a 75-yr period which coincided with large-scale afforestation of Pinus pinaster and (later) Eucalyptus globulus. Counter to the findings from meta-analysis studies of the effect of forest change on water availability, this study did not detect statistically significant trends in streamflow. By contrast, these findings support the view that there are prerequisite climatic, pedological, and eco-physiological watershed conditions that are necessary to observe hydrologic impacts at the watershed scale (which are not present in the Águeda watershed). By contrast, the significant changes which were detected are related to baseflow, which correspond with different periods of afforestation, and may be attributable to the promotion of soil water repellency under the mature pine and eucalypt stands. In the second research section (Section 7), an assessment is carried out on the hydrologic and nitrate dynamics at the whole basin scale, using the SWAT model. This assessment indicated that there is a high degree of variability in nitrate export from the different parts of the basin, with the highest rates coming from the lower (agriculturally dominated portion) of the basin. The main flow pathways for nitrate export were found to be leaching from agricultural land-cover types, which consistently had the highest export for all land-use and pathways. These findings indicate that the water bodies at the highest risk of nitrate pollution in the Vouga basin are the groundwater aquifers. The final research section (Section 8) utilizes the SWAT model to examine how reduced rates of fertilizer inputs would affect nitrate leaching, crop yields, and agricultural profitability in the lower Vouga basin. This research found that reduced rates of fertilization would reduce the amount of leached nitrate substantially, but that this would also lead to a large decrease in crop yield and profitability. A large difference in the inefficiency (i.e. crop production vs. nitrate export) between different HRUs was found, which could provide a focus for potential management action. This research strongly indicates that such actions may be needed to reduce the negative impacts of this pollution on the value of the groundwater aquifers, and to avoid associated costs which are otherwise passed on to local water users (e.g. through higher water treatment costs). The overall findings of the dissertation highlight the importance of the upper (forested) basin as a drinking water supply area, given the prevalence of nitrate pollution in the lower basin. However, the historic afforestation in the Vouga basin has resulted in a reduction in baseflow, which is negative from a drinking water supply perspective. Therefore, while the forested uplands are beneficial from water quality standpoint (compared to intensive agriculture), they also have altered flow patterns in a manner which will reduce available supply. The findings from the upper basin contrast sharply with the lower basin, where there are potentially large negative HES impacts due to current agricultural practices. These practices will primarily impact groundwater aquifers, and therefore the water quality within the lower basin receive little benefit from the relatively high-quality water from the upper basin. This highlights the importance of considering the interconnectivity of HES across spatial scales, which will depend on the specific site characteristics of the river basin.

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Getchell, Julia Michelle. "Ecosystem services and Peter Calthorpe’s model of transit-oriented development : prospects and challenges for city planning." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/20005.

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This study explores the non-monetary values assigned by designers, planners, developers, and policy makers in integrating ecosystem services into the design and development of urban transit-oriented development (TOD). This thesis also investigates the theoretical and practical design strategies that incorporate ecosystem services into Urban TODs. Methods used for research and data collection included reviewing existing literature relevant to the subject matter, conducting interviews with policy makers, academics, and design professionals, and exploring two specific examples of progressive, urban, “green,” TODs in the Pacific Northwest. This study concludes with ideas for future research into the integration of ecosystem services into urban TOD planning, and potential urban environmental policies that can be adopted by municipalities to maintain and strengthen the ecosystem services of the growing metropolis.
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"Two Essays on the Trade-Offs Between Multiple Policy Objectives of Environmental Management Efforts." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.15118.

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abstract: Environmental agencies often want to accomplish additional objectives beyond their central environmental protection objective. This is laudable; however it begets a need for understanding the additional challenges and trade-offs involved in doing so. The goal of this thesis is to examine the trade-offs involved in two such cases that have received considerable attention recently. The two cases I examine are (1) the protection of multiple environmental goods (e.g., bundles of ecosystem services); and (2) the use of payments for ecosystem services as a poverty reduction mechanism. In the first case (chapter 2), I build a model based on the fact that efforts to protect one environmental good often increase or decrease the levels of other environmental goods, what I refer to as "cobenefits" and "disbenefits" respectively. There is often a desire to increase the cobenefits of environmental protection efforts in order to synergize across conservation efforts; and there is also a desire to decrease disbenefits because they are seen as negative externalities of protection efforts. I show that as a result of reciprocal externalities between environmental protection efforts, environmental agencies likely have a disincentive to create cobenefits, but may actually have an incentive to decrease disbenefits. In the second case (chapter 3), I model an environmental agency that wants to increase environmental protection, but would also like to reduce poverty. The model indicates that in theory, the trade-offs between these two goals may depend on relevant parameters of the system, particularly the ratio of the price of monitoring to participant's compliance cost. I show that when the ratio of monitoring costs to compliance cost is higher, trade-offs between environmental protection and poverty reduction are likely to be smaller. And when the ratio of monitoring costs to compliance costs is lower, trade-offs are likely to be larger. This thesis contributes to a deeper understanding of the trade-offs faced by environmental agencies that want to pursue secondary objectives of protecting additional environmental goods or reducing poverty.
Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Biology 2012

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CHANG, JUNG-CHEN, and 章容甄. "The Study on the Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Resource of Taipei City─Application of Sensitivity Model." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51820551391283320814.

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碩士
國立臺北大學
都市計劃研究所
91
Urban green resources symbolize modern city civilization. Meanwhile, it also provides various ecological services such as ecological preservation, scenic beauty, hazard mitigation, recreation and so on. However, traditional methods of ecological research mostly focus on the viewpoint of environment economic. Alternatively, this study evaluate the ecological service of urban green resource by means of Sensitivity Model(SM), which adapts both semi-quantitative and systematic concepts to conform diversity and dynamic character with environment issues. This semi-qualitative reasoning tool observes the system basic structure and dynamic tendency, and improves the understanding of environment. This study applies group discussion to proceeds “recognition” on urban system and employs system simulation procedure to observe how green resource work upon other system elements. Previous studies indicate that is in lack of quantifiable rule to transform group discussion into simulation data. To solve the problem, the study applies Delphi technique with two-round questionary. After the simulation procedure, it is observed that the urban green resources are significantly affected by system changes and linked to the consequence of ecological function elaboration. Therefore, to keep the efficiency and stable ecological service of green resource become inevitable. Only by doing so we can alleviate urban pollution and improve residential health.

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Ratz, Armin. "A generic forest fire model : spatial patterns in forest fire ecosystems /." 1996. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=007431274&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Palmer, Michael. "Ottawa's urban forest : a geospatial approach to data collection for the UFORE/i-Tree eco ecosystem services valuation model." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10170/586.

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The i-Tree Eco model, developed by the U.S. Forest Service, is commonly used to estimate the value of the urban forest and the ecosystem services trees provide. The model relies on field-based measurements to estimate ecosystem service values. However, the methods for collecting the field data required for the model can be extensive and costly for large areas, and data collection can thus be a barrier to implementing the model for many cities. This study investigated the use of geospatial technologies as a means to collect urban forest structure measurements within the City of Ottawa, Ontario. Results show that geospatial data collection methods can serve as a proxy for urban forest structure parameters required by i-Tree Eco. Valuations using the geospatial approach are shown to be less accurate than those developed from field-based data, but significantly less expensive. Planners must weigh the limitations of either approach when planning assessment projects.

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Marques, Susana Isabel Nogueira Diogo Martins. "Soil erosion changes in Portugal between 1990 and 2018." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/103900.

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Project Work presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Geographic Information Systems and Science
Soils provide important regulating ecosystem services and have crucial implications for human well-being and environmental conservation. However, soil degradation and particularly soil erosion jeopardize the maintenance and existence of these services. This study explores the spatio-temporal relationships of soil erosion to understand the distribution patterns of sediment retention services in mainland Portugal. Based on Corine Land Cover maps from 1990 to 2018, the InVEST Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) model was used to evaluate the influence of sediment dynamics for soil and water conservation. Spatial differences in the sediment retention levels were observed within the NUTS III boundaries, showing which areas are more vulnerable to soil erosion processes. Results indicated that the Region of Leiria, Douro and the coastal regions have decreased importantly sediment retention capacity over the years. However, in most of the territory (77.52%) changes in sediment retention were little or not important (i.e. less than 5%). The statistical validation of the model proved the consistency of the results, highlighting the usefulness of this methodology to analyse the state of soil erosion in the country. These findings can be relevant to support strategies for more efficient land use planning regarding soil erosion mitigation practices.
Os solos fornecem serviços de ecossistemas reguladores e têm implicações cruciais para o bem-estar humano e conservação do ambiente. No entanto, a degradação dos solos, particularmente a erosão do solo, coloca em risco a manutenção e a existência destes serviços. Este estudo pretende analisar a distribuição espaciotemporal da erosão do solo, compreendendo os padrões espaciais da retenção de sedimentos em Portugal continental. Suportado pela utilização dos mapas Corine Land Cover de 1990 a 2018, o modelo Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) do InVEST foi utilizado para avaliar a influencia das dinâmicas dos sedimentos para a conservação dos solos e água. Variações espaciais dos níveis de retenção de sedimentos dentro dos limites dos NUTS III foram observados, mostrando quais as áreas mais suscetíveis aos processos de erosão do solo. Os resultados indicam ainda, que na Região de Leiria, Douro e nas regiões costeiras a capacidade de retenção de sedimentos decresceu significativamente no decorrer dos anos. No entanto, na maioria do território (77,52%) as mudanças em retenção de sedimentos foram pouco ou nada importantes (isto é, menos de 5%). A validação estatística do modelo comprova a consistência dos resultados, destacando a utilidade desta metodologia para a análise do estado da erosão do solo no país. Estas descobertas podem ser relevantes para apoiar estratégias para um ordenamento de território mais eficiente, relativamente às práticas de mitigação da erosão do solo.

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Nyamari, Nicodemus Ontweka. "Impact of land cover changes on carbon stock trends in Kenya using free open data." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/63945.

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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies
Terrestrial carbon stock estimates information has signi cant importance in planning decisions for amicable mitigation of global warming and climate change related disasters. However, conventional estimation methods are usually expensive and time demanding particularly on national or regional scales. Therefore, this study sought to estimate and analyze carbon stock changes in Kenya as a consequence of land cover change (LCC) using open data and software to provide a ordable and timely solutions. Using Random Forest (RF) decision trees, the land cover for 2028 was modelled from 2004 and 2016 land cover under Business as Usual (BAU) and an alternative, Reducing of Emissions from Forest Degradation and Deforestation (REDD+) scenarios. The modelled land cover maps were thereafter input in InVEST carbon model for estimation and valuation of carbon stock between 2004 and 2028. The results show a 16% decline in carbon stock between 2004 and 2028 with a likelihood of losing up to 21 billion US$ under BAU scenario at a national level. On a regional scale, the results revealed a gradual decline in carbon stock in the Coastal and Central regions of the study area while other regions exhibited mixed results. However, the trend can be reversed by implementation of REDD+ scenario with a possible increase of 1.6% between 2016 and 2028, translating to a gain of approximately 1 billion US$. This study contributes to the understanding of spatiotemporal carbon stock changes under di erent scenarios for e ective spatial planning, land use policy development and keeping balances during natural resource utilization.

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Mannaf, Maksuda. "Examining the spatial influences of natural capital in the Australian agricultural landscape." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/132861.

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Overall, this thesis seeks to explore – using three case studies - the environmental and economic influences and outcomes of on-farm natural capital in the Australian agricultural landscape over space and time. In particular, it explored: 1) the spatial influences on the adoption of certified organic farming (which is used as a proxy indicator of natural capital conservation technologies) at a regional level in Australia using agricultural census data from 2010/11 and 2015/16; 2) the association between the presence of certified organic farming and regional biodiversity at the postcode level over sixteen years in South Australia; and 3) the association between farm land value and natural capital in the forms of native woody vegetation coverage and climate in South Australia over sixteen years. The first case study focused on Australia as a whole and modelled farmers’ adoption behaviour of certified organic farming (using it as a proxy for sustainable agriculture technologies to conserve on-farm natural capital such as soil, water, and biodiversity). Spatial diffusion of organic farming represents an interesting case study, given the large amount of skills and knowledge regarding management of natural resources that organic farmers need to apply/learn for their farms’ viability. Although farmers’ adoption and diffusion behaviour is well studied in the literature, modelling of the role of spatial spill-over effects on diffusion intensity, especially in regards to the adoption of organic farming, is not well known. This thesis uses national Australian agricultural census data from 2010/11 and 2015/16 and a SLX Tobit model (N=2,134) to model the influences on the intensity of the diffusion of organic farming (namely percentage of organic land holding) in regional areas, and found statistically significant local spatial spill-over effects from neighbouring regions’ characteristics. In addition, a higher share of organic farmland in regions is associated with regional characteristics such as: larger irrigated farms; lower stocking rates; increased proportion of grazing and horticultural land; increased labour supply; increased green vegetation; rural areas with low human population density; and higher community income. The second study explored the associations between farmers’ land use behaviour (i.e. the extent of certified organic farming in a region) and regional biodiversity outcomes (vascular plant and bird species richness) at the postcode level. This study put together a new dataset on certified organic farming presence and locations in South Australia, using databases from organic certifiers. The spatial association between biodiversity indicators and organic farming was analysed using a spatial Durbin error model, while controlling for the effects of landscape attributes, human population footprint, climate and productivity from 2001 to 2016 (N=5,456) in South Australia. The results found that increased organic farming presence in postcode areas had a statistically significant positive association with vascular plant species richness, but little to no statistically significant association was found for bird species richness. Environmental heterogeneity in terms of land cover diversity, elevation range, and plant productivity seems to be the other prime determinants of plant and bird species richness. The third study focused on the association between native woody vegetation on agricultural properties and their economic values in South Australia, using both sales and valuation prices of agricultural properties from 1998 to 2013 (N=10,513). Findings from the spatio-temporal Durbin model revealed that the presence of native woody vegetation on agricultural properties significantly increased the per hectare market price (i.e. price sold in the market), but at a decreasing rate as the proportion of vegetation increased. The marginal return of vegetation was highest for small size properties and lowest for larger properties. In addition, the direct effects of increased annual rainfall, increased soil natural productivity, increased market accessibility, proximity to locational amenities, smaller size properties, availability of irrigation, and higher commodity price were also positively capitalised into sales prices. On the other hand, increased drought and high soil erodibility significantly reduced per hectare sales prices. Comparing valuation price models with sales price models, it was found that the valuation prices seem to undervalue the presence of native vegetation on agricultural properties and hence provide weaker evidence of the value of on-farm natural capital in the South Australian context.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Centre for Global Food and Resources, 2021

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Maas, Bea. "Birds, bats and arthropods in tropical agroforestry landscapes: Functional diversity, multitrophic interactions and crop yield." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E77-5.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ecosystem service model'

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