Journal articles on the topic 'Ecosystem perspectives'
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Boyer, James. "Toward an Evolutionary and Sustainability Perspective of the Innovation Ecosystem: Revisiting the Panarchy Model." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 3232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083232.
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This paper proposes an evolutionary and sustainability perspective of the innovation ecosystem. This study revisits the Panarchy model in order to generate new perspectives on the innovation ecosystem. The Panarchy model describes the evolutionary nature of complex adaptive systems relying on four phases, without, however, being deterministic: exploitation, conservation, decline, and reorganization. When ecosystems face important shocks, adaptive mechanisms and properties within the ecosystem lead the ecosystem to a new reorganization phase, which gives birth to another exploitation phase. In this perspective, the innovation ecosystem allows the avoidance of technology lock-ins and structural and organizational rigidity by providing mechanisms to enhance both resilience and competitiveness. Innovation ecosystem sustainability relies on two major dual forces: the exploitative function and the generative or autopoiesis function. Therefore, evolutionary and sustainability perspectives remain the “natural home” for developing works and models about the innovation ecosystem, and instrumental for policy-makers and practitioners involved in innovation management.
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Ben Letaifa, Soumaya. "The uneasy transition from supply chains to ecosystems." Management Decision 52, no. 2 (March 11, 2014): 278–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-06-2013-0329.
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Purpose – This paper uses the multidimensional definition of value – ecosystemic value – and employs lifecycle theory to identify the different stages of evolution of value-creation and -capture processes in an ecosystem. Specifically, the aim of this paper is to show the uneasy transition from supply chains to ecosystems. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a field study of a Canadian ICT ecosystem, this paper adopts a multilevel perspective on value-creation and value-capture processes and illustrates how these processes need to move from a dyadic economic focus to a network socioeconomic one. Findings – The findings pinpoint the uneasy transition from supply-chains management to ecosystems management and provide a framework for understanding how value creation and value capture should be coupled throughout the ecosystem lifecycle. Finally, five theoretical and managerial propositions are suggested to better leverage ecosystemic capabilities and better manage value creation and value capture in ecosystems. Practical implications – Five theoretical and managerial propositions are suggested to better leverage ecosystemic capabilities and better manage value creation and value capture in ecosystems. Originality/value – Many marketing and management scholars discuss the limitations of unbalanced perspectives (customer- or seller-centric) in building a comprehensive view of how value is created and captured. This multi-actors case study highlights how ecosystemic value creation may be obstructed by a firm's focus on value capture.
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Selander, Lisen, Ola Henfridsson, and Fredrik Svahn. "Capability Search and Redeem across Digital Ecosystems." Journal of Information Technology 28, no. 3 (September 2013): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jit.2013.14.
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Prior research on digital ecosystems focuses on the focal firm (e.g., a platform owner) and its ecosystem governance. However, there is a dearth of literature examining the non-focal actor, that is, an ecosystem participant who is at the periphery of a digital ecosystem. This paper proposes a theoretical perspective of the non-focal firm's participation across digital ecosystems for cultivating its innovation habitat through capability search and redeem. Capability search involves the location of external capability deemed valuable for extending the firm's innovation habitat. Capability redeem refers to the firm's use of external capability to develop, distribute, and/or monetize its products and services. We generate and sensitize the proposed perspective in the context of Sony Ericsson's innovation habitat by interpreting the mobile device manufacturer's participation across four digital ecosystems (Visual Basic, Java, Digital Music, and Android). Our findings suggest that the non-focal actor cannot rely on a single ecosystem for addressing all relevant layers of innovation. It benefits from pursuing a pluralistic strategy, operating across digital ecosystems to avoid investing all efforts in the same ecosystem. The model of ecosystem capability search and redeem, which is a result of ideographic research explanation, extends current perspectives on digital ecosystems and contributes to the emerging literature in the digital age.
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Ellis, James E. "Perspectives on Ecosystem Theory." Ecology 68, no. 5 (October 1987): 1557–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939243.
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Ellis, James E. "Perspectives on Ecosystem Theory." Ecology 68, no. 5 (October 1987): 1558–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939244.
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Haeuber, Richard, and Jerry Franklin. "Perspectives on Ecosystem Management." Ecological Applications 6, no. 3 (August 1996): 692–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2269461.
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Sarathchandra, Chaya, Yirga Alemu Abebe, Iresha Lakmali Wijerathne, Sasith Tharanga Aluthwattha, Sriyani Wickramasinghe, and Zhiyun Ouyang. "An Overview of Ecosystem Service Studies in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot, Sri Lanka: Key Perspectives for Future Research." Forests 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050540.
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Tropical island countries are often highly populated and deliver immense ecosystem service benefits. As human wellbeing depends on these ecosystems, proper management is crucial in the resource-rich tropical lands where there is less related research. Though ecosystem service and biodiversity studies are a promising path to inform the ecosystem management for these mostly developing countries, published evidence of using ecosystem service studies in decision making is lacking. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of ecosystem services and related research in Sri Lanka, examining trends and gaps in how these studies are conceptualized. Out of the considered 220 peer-reviewed articles, the majority of articles (48.2%) were terrestrial and forest related while coastal ecosystems were considered in 33.2% of studies. In most studies, the ecosystem service category studied was provisioning (31.5%) followed by regulatory service (28.7%). Studies investigating and quantifying ecosystem services, pressures on ecosystems, and their management were fewer compared to studies related to biodiversity or species introduction. Moreover, studies investigating the value of ecosystem services and biodiversity to the communities or involvement of stakeholders in the development of management actions regarding the ecosystem services were rare in Sri Lanka, and an intense focus from future studies in these aspects is timely and necessary.
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Marchant, R., J. Finch, R. Kinyanjui, V. Muiruri, C. Mumbi, P. J. Platts, and S. Rucina. "Palaeoenvironmental perspectives for sustainable development in East Africa." Climate of the Past Discussions 6, no. 3 (May 26, 2010): 963–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-6-963-2010.
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Abstract. East African ecosystems are shaped by long-term interaction with changing climate, human population, fire and wildlife. There remains today a strong connection between people and ecosystems, a relationship that is being strained by the rapidly developing and growing East African population, and their associated resource needs. Predicted climatic and atmospheric change will further impact on ecosystems culminating in a host of challenges for their management and sustainable development, further compounded by a backdrop of political, land tenure and economic constraints. Given the many direct and indirect benefits that ecosystems provide to surrounding human populations, understanding how they have changed over time and space deserves a special place on the ecosystem management agenda. Such a perspective can only be derived from a palaeoecology, particularly where there is high resolution, both through time and across space. The East African palaeoecological archive is reviewed, in particular to assess how it can meet this need. Although there remain crucial gaps, the number of palaeoecological archives from East Africa growing rapidly, some employing new and novel techniques to trace past ecosystem response to climate change. When compared to the archaeological record it is possible to disentangle human from climate change impacts, and how the former interacts with major environmental changes such as increased use of fire, changing herbivore densities and increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. With this multi-dimensional perspective of environmental change impacts it is imperative that our understanding of past human-ecosystem interactions are considered to impart effective long term management strategies; such an approach will enhance possibilities for a sustainable future for East African ecosystems and maximise the livelihoods of the populations that rely on them.
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Scott Geller, E. "Psychological perspectives of ecosystem health." JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM HEALTH 3, no. 1 (1994): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00045157.
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Lawton, John H., and Clive G. Jones. "Linking species and ecosystem perspectives." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8, no. 9 (September 1993): 311–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(93)90236-i.
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Steedman, R. J., and H. A. Regier. "Ecosystem Science for the Great Lakes: Perspectives on Degradaiive and Rehabilitative Transformations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, S2 (December 19, 1987): s95—s103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-313.
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Conventional approaches to ecological management presuppose the preeminence of normal natural processes in quasi-equilibrium state, in the presence of one or a few cultural stresses of light to moderate intensities. They also presuppose that the abiotic and biotic structural form of the ecosystem is relatively unaffected. In some parts of the Great Lakes, normal natural ecosystem processes have been overwhelmed by numerous intense cultural factors. Rehabilitation of such areas requires information and understanding of a type that is not central to conventional fisheries biology. We review and extend existing scientific approaches that contribute to an effective and relevant "ecosystem science," according to the criteria that they (1) incorporate spatial and structural models appropriate to an ecosystem perspective of the Great lakes basin, (2) incorporate functional attributes actually observed in stressed and culturally degraded aquatic ecosystems, and (3) provide information directly relevant to effective, informal, broadly based mechanisms of ecosystem rehabilitation and husbandry.
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Crocker, Jennifer, and Shayne B. Hughes. "ECOSYSTEM PERSPECTIVE AND BARACK OBAMA'S CAMPAIGN FOR THE PRESIDENCY." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6, no. 1 (2009): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x09090110.
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AbstractThe presidential campaign of Barack Obama was remarkable for the millions of volunteers and donors it inspired. In this article, we argue that the Obama campaign was inspirational because it communicated an ecosystem perspective—a perspective in which people care about something larger than the self. We describe the characteristics of ecosystem perspectives revealed in a program of social psychological research and how these characteristics translate to ecosystem leadership. We then consider Obama's speeches and actions at critical moments in the campaign that suggest to us an ecosystem perspective.
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Adhikari, Namita Paudel, Subash Adhikari, and Ganesh Paudel. "Bacterial Diversity in Aquatic Ecosystems over the Central Himalayas, Nepal: Progress and Future Perspectives." Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 8 (December 31, 2019): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v8i0.27319.
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Nepal hosts a large area of freshwater aquatic ecosystem including glacier associated system like glacier-fed streams and lakes as well as stream fed lowland lakes. Bacteriological studies are very important in aquatic ecosystems as bacteria are the major participants in biogeochemical cycles and food web structures. This study reviewed available literature in bacteriological studies of aquatic ecosystems in the Central Himalayas, Nepal and revealed that such studies are very limited. Thus, we conclude that future research works need to proceed through the latest molecular methods with high throughput technique using multiple environmental factors in the aquatic ecosystem.
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Swank, Wayne T., and David H. Van Lear. "Ecosystem Perspectives of Multiple-Use Management." Ecological Applications 2, no. 3 (August 1992): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941855.
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Janom, Norjansalika, Raja Nurul Azhani, Syaripah Ruzaini Syed Aris, Nor Shahniza Kamal Bashah, Noor Habibah Arshad, and Muhammad Hakim Nadir. "Multi-perspectives crowdsourcing ecosystem in Malaysia." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i1.pp435-441.
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Crowdsourcing has been known as developing industry that able to be used as a platform to get more income and provide opportunity for busineses to conduct their operation in more innovative ways. Crowdsourcing has become an effective way for the companies to offer work opportunity for crowd outside organization to apply their abilities and skills, and receive more money. Under the Malaysian government initiatives called Digital economy, various crowdsourcing efforts and programs have been introduced to catch up with the global development. The ecosystem of crowdsourcing which consists of job provider, platform, micro worker and industry is considered still in a formative stage. Thus, the integration of all these components is not fully discovered and understood yet which, can cause confusion among the crowdsourcing industry players. In order to understand the complex integration of multi perspective micro sourcing ecosystem, the components and its significance priority level need to be identified. In this study, the components that involved in crowdsourcing ecosystem were identified and ranked using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. The results can be later used by crowdsourcing industry players to plan more proper crowd sourcing strategic development in Malaysia.
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Hillebrand, Helmut, Ute Jacob, and Heather M. Leslie. "Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1814 (November 2, 2020): 20190444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0444.
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Whereas the conservation and management of biodiversity has become a key issue in environmental sciences and policy in general, the conservation of marine biodiversity faces additional challenges such as the challenges of accessing field sites (e.g. polar, deep sea), knowledge gaps regarding biodiversity trends, high mobility of many organisms in fluid environments, and ecosystem-specific obstacles to stakeholder engagement and governance. This issue comprises contributions from a diverse international group of scientists in a benchmarking volume for a common research agenda on marine conservation. We begin by addressing information gaps on marine biodiversity trends through novel approaches and technologies, then linking such information to ecosystem functioning through a focus on traits. We then leverage the knowledge of these relationships to inform theory aiming at predicting the future composition and functioning of marine communities. Finally, we elucidate the linkages between marine ecosystems and human societies by examining economic, management and governance approaches that contribute to effective marine conservation in practice. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
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Heneghan, Ryan F., Ian A. Hatton, and Eric D. Galbraith. "Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems through the lens of the size spectrum." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 3, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20190042.
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Abstract Climate change is a complex global issue that is driving countless shifts in the structure and function of marine ecosystems. To better understand these shifts, many processes need to be considered, yet they are often approached from incompatible perspectives. This article reviews one relatively simple, integrated perspective: the abundance-size spectrum. We introduce the topic with a brief review of some of the ways climate change is expected to impact the marine ecosystem according to complex numerical models while acknowledging the limits to understanding posed by complex models. We then review how the size spectrum offers a simple conceptual alternative, given its regular power law size-frequency distribution when viewed on sufficiently broad scales. We further explore how anticipated physical aspects of climate change might manifest themselves through changes in the elevation, slope and regularity of the size spectrum, exposing mechanistic questions about integrated ecosystem structure, as well as how organism physiology and ecological interactions respond to multiple climatic stressors. Despite its application by ecosystem modellers and fisheries scientists, the size spectrum perspective is not widely used as a tool for monitoring ecosystem adaptation to climate change, providing a major opportunity for further research.
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Zoderer, Brenda Maria, Erich Tasser, Steve Carver, and Ulrike Tappeiner. "Stakeholder perspectives on ecosystem service supply and ecosystem service demand bundles." Ecosystem Services 37 (June 2019): 100938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100938.
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Lofgren, Eric T., Andrea M. Egizi, and Nina H. Fefferman. "Patients as Patches: Ecology and Epidemiology in Healthcare Environments." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 37, no. 12 (October 20, 2016): 1507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.224.
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The modern healthcare system involves complex interactions among microbes, patients, providers, and the built environment. It represents a unique and challenging setting for control of the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. We examine an extension of the perspectives and methods from ecology (and especially urban ecology) to address these unique issues, and we outline 3 examples: (1) viewing patients as individual microbial ecosystems; (2) the altered ecology of infectious diseases specifically within hospitals; and (3) ecosystem management perspectives for infection surveillance and control. In each of these cases, we explore the accuracy and relevance of analogies to existing urban ecological perspectives, and we demonstrate a few of the potential direct uses of this perspective for altering research into the control of healthcare-associated infections.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;1507–1512
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Riis, Tenna, Mary Kelly-Quinn, Francisca C. Aguiar, Paraskevi Manolaki, Daniel Bruno, María D. Bejarano, Nicola Clerici, et al. "Global Overview of Ecosystem Services Provided by Riparian Vegetation." BioScience 70, no. 6 (May 6, 2020): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa041.
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Abstract Fluvial riparian vegetation (RV) links fluvial and terrestrial ecosystems. It is under significant pressure from anthropogenic activities, and, therefore, the management and restoration of RV are increasingly important worldwide. RV has been investigated from different perspectives, so knowledge on its structure and function is widely distributed. An important step forward is to convert existing knowledge into an overview easily accessible—for example, for use in decision-making and management. We aim to provide an overview of ecosystem services provided by RV by adopting a structured approach to identify the ecosystem services, describe their characteristics, and rank the importance of each service. We evaluate each service within four main riparian vegetation types adopting a global perspective to derive a broad concept. Subsequently, we introduce a guided framework for use in RV management based on our structured approach. We also identify knowledge gaps and evaluate the opportunities an ecosystem service approach offers to RV management.
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Jucevičius, Giedrius. "Knowledge Ecosystem Approach to Addressing the Wicked Problems." European Conference on Knowledge Management 23, no. 1 (August 25, 2022): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/eckm.23.1.810.
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Knowledge ecosystem is a relatively recent notion, which is primarily associated with the development of new knowledge through joint research and collaboration. They encompass the different actors that come together and search for new solutions and value propositions leading to the generation of new knowledge (Dattée, Alexy and Autio, 2018; Järvi, Almpanopoulou and Ritala, 2018). Knowledge ecosystems represent the networks of geographically co-located actors responsible for generating knowledge at the stage of pre-commercial engagement (Clarysse, 2014). The paper argues that the concept of knowledge ecosystems should not remain focused on public R&D-driven initiatives, but can be extended into the more complex social fields, such as addressing the “wicked problems” in multi-stakeholder environments. Wicked problems are characterized by the lack of clear problem definition and causality. They contain many inherent contradictions, complex stakeholder perspectives, and uncertain outcomes of intervention. The extant traditional research on addressing the wicked problems is dominated by the agent perspective (e.g. design thinking approach to resolving complex issues). In this paper, we argue that the effective tackling of the wicked problems owes primarily to the existence of effective ecosystems as platforms for accessing and managing the diverse social knowledge. We contrast the ecosystem-as-affiliation vs. ecosystem-as-structure approaches (Adner, 2017), and prefigurative vs. partial form of knowledge ecosystem (Järvi, Almpanopoulou, Ritala, 2018). The discussion presented in the paper shows that ecosystem-as-affiliation view and prefigurative form of KE is more suitable for addressing the complexity of wicked problems. On the other hand, the ecosystem-as-structure view and partial form of knowledge ecosystem is more appropriate for large corporate and public actors in search of the transdisciplinary solutions in a predefined area of expertise.
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D’Alpaos, Chiara, and Andrea D’Alpaos. "The Valuation of Ecosystem Services in the Venice Lagoon: A Multicriteria Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 9485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179485.
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Coastal ecosystems are among the most economically valuable and highly threatened on Earth; they provide valuable ecosystem services (ESs) but are severely exposed to climate changes and human pressure. Although the preservation of coastal ecosystems is of the utmost importance, it is often sub-optimally pursued by Governments and Societies because of the high costs involved. We consider salt-marsh ecosystems in the Venice Lagoon as an example of a threatened landscape, calling for innovative, integrated management strategies, and propose an application-driven methodological framework to support policymakers in the identification of cost-effective incentive policies to ecosystem preservation. By combining group decision-making and Value-Focused-Thinking approaches, we provide a multiple-criteria decision model, based on pairwise comparisons, to identify which ESs are top-priority policy targets according to a cost-effective perspective. We implemented an online Delphi survey process and interviewed a pool of experts who identified “recreation and tourism”, “coastal protection from flooding”, “carbon storage”, “biodiversity and landscape”, and “nursery habitats for fisheries” as the five most relevant ESs for the Venice Lagoon taking into consideration the Environmental, Economic, and Social perspectives. Our results suggest that the Environmental perspective is the most important criteria, whereas “biodiversity and landscape” is acknowledged as the most important ES.
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Pillay, Deena. "Ecosystem Engineering by Thalassinidean Crustaceans: Response Variability, Contextual Dependencies and Perspectives on Future Research." Diversity 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11040064.
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Ecological functions in marine sedimentary habitats are greatly influenced by bio-engineering organisms. Thalassinidean crustaceans are particularly important in this regard, given their density, spatial occupancy and burrowing depths. These features coupled with high per capita engineering rates (bioturbation mainly) and the ability to modulate multiple resources simultaneously, place thalassinids amongst the most influential of ecosystem engineers in marine ecosystems. Research on these organisms has focused on mechanisms by which engineering effects are propagated, whilst drawing attention to the impact of ecosystem modification on ecological processes. However, disparities in the outcomes of global research suggest that complex dependencies underpin ecological responses to thalassinideans that we do not yet fully understand. It is in this context that this review draws attention to some of the dependencies in question, specifically by using existing models and hypotheses to (i) demonstrate how these dependencies can alter ecological responses to ecosystem engineering by thalassinids, and (ii) explain variability observed in outcomes of existing research. This review also shows the potential for explicit inclusion of such dependencies in future research to generate new knowledge on thalassinidean ecosystem engineering, from both fundamental and global change perspectives. More broadly, this review is a contribution towards advancing a predictive and mechanistic understanding of thalassinidean ecosystem engineering, in which biotic and abiotic dependencies are integrated.
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Freire-Gibb, L. Carlos, and Geoff Gregson. "Innovation systems and entrepreneurial ecosystems: Implications for policy and practice in Latin America." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 34, no. 8 (December 2019): 787–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094219896096.
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This paper examines the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems and the more established concept of systems of innovation and considers their application in Latin America, where many countries are currently experiencing political and economic upheaval. The paper finds that current entrepreneurial ecosystem literature is not directly applicable to most of Latin America, as it takes for granted features of an advanced economy, while the innovation system literature favours studies of well-functioning economies and innovation in high-technology sectors. Findings suggest that network and institutional perspectives may enrich both concepts in theoretical and analytical term and complementary innovation system and entrepreneurial ecosystem perspectives appear well suited in further defining the needs and demands of local production structures and existing resource and knowledge capabilities. The paper suggests the need for measurable transformations in Latin American production and support structures that include embracing social, organisational, and interactional innovation and socially oriented entrepreneurial activity. The paper encourages further research to identify the drivers and economic consequences of distinctive Latin American entrepreneurial ecosystems and for researchers to adopt an evolutionary perspective that acknowledges historical trajectories in different regions, where local social, political, and economic regimes will influence the trajectory and success of future innovation policy initiatives.
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Yablonsky, Sergey. "A multidimensional platform ecosystem framework." Kybernetes 49, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 2003–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2019-0447.
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Purpose Ecosystems that support digital businesses maximize the economic value of network connections. This forces a shift toward platforms and ecosystems that are collaborative by nature by applying business models with multiple actors playing multiple roles. The purpose of this study is to show how the main concepts emerging from research on digital platform ecosystems (DPEs) could be organized in a taxonomy-based framework with different levels or dimensions of analysis. This study discusses some of the contingencies at these different levels and argues that future research needs to study DPEs across multiple levels of analysis. While this integrative framework allows the comparison, contrast and integration of various perspectives at different levels of analysis, further theorizing will be needed to advance the DPE research. The multidimensional framework proposed here involves the use of a multimethodological approach that incorporates a synergy of businesses, technological innovations and management methods to provide support for research in interrelationships across platform ecosystems (PEs) on a regular basis. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes a new PE framework by constructing a formal taxonomy model that explains a vast group of phenomena produced by the PEs. Findings In addition to illustrating the PE taxonomy framework, this study also proposes a clear and precise description and structuring of the information in the ecosystem domain. The PE framework assists in identification, creation, assessment and disclosure research of platform business ecosystems. Research limitations/implications Because of the large number of taxonomy concepts (over 200), only main taxonomy fragments are shown in the paper. Practical implications The outcomes of this research could be used for planning, oversight and control over ecosystem management and the use of ecosystem’s knowledge-related resources for research purposes. Originality/value The PE framework is original and represents an effective tool for observing PEs.
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Duan, Carson, Kamaljeet Sandhu, and Bernice Kotey. "Understanding immigrant entrepreneurship: a home-country entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 24, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-05-2020-0013.
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PurposeGiven the importance of immigration and immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies, the authors take an entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective to study the home-country benefits possessed by immigrant entrepreneurs and how home-country entrepreneurial ecosystem factors affect immigrant entrepreneurial motivations, activities and outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThis conceptual research paper follows McGaghie, Bordage and Shea's (2001) four-step new theory creation process, which suggests that new theories can be created through facts extraction from the extant literature.FindingsThe authors propose that although immigrant entrepreneurs are unable to take full benefit of the host-country entrepreneurial ecosystem due to blocked mobility, they do have capabilities to access and use their home-country entrepreneurial resources and opportunities. The authors further propose that home-country entrepreneurial capital can be systemically analyzed through the framework of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The results imply that immigrant entrepreneurship as a social and economic phenomenon can be studied more holistically from both host- and home-country perspectives compared to the traditional research boundary of the host-country only.Research limitations/implicationsThe research focuses on the identification of home-country effects on immigrant entrepreneurship through the lens of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Testable propositions provide directions for future empirical research on the field of immigrant entrepreneurship from a home-country perspective. The research concludes that a holistic immigrant entrepreneurship study should consider dual (host- and home-country) entrepreneurial ecosystems.Practical implicationsImmigrant entrepreneurs benefit from both host- and home-country entrepreneurial ecosystems. This paper suggests co-effects of dual entrepreneurial ecosystems lead to a high rate of entrepreneurship and business success within some immigrant groups. Policymakers can increase economic activities by developing and deploying programs to encourage immigrants to embed in host- and home-country entrepreneurial ecosystems.Originality/valueBased on the framework of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, this paper brings a novel perspective to examining home-country effects on immigrant entrepreneurship. It theoretically conceptualizes that immigrants have higher entrepreneurship rates than native-born populations because they have access to extra home-country entrepreneurial capital.
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Kang, Dae-Seok. "Emergy Perspectives of Ecosystem Restoration in Korea." Ocean and Polar Research 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2002): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4217/opr.2002.24.1.087.
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ZHENG Hua, 郑华, 李屹峰 LI Yifeng, 欧阳志云 OUYANG Zhiyun, and 罗跃初 LUO Yuechu. "Progress and perspectives of ecosystem services management." Acta Ecologica Sinica 33, no. 3 (2013): 702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5846/stxb201205280786.
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Xu, Wei, Zhiyuan Ma, Xin Jing, and Jin-Sheng He. "Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality: advances and perspectives." Biodiversity Science 24, no. 1 (2016): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.2015091.
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Long, Jonathan W., Frank K. Lake, Ron W. Goode, and Benrita Mae Burnette. "How Traditional Tribal Perspectives Influence Ecosystem Restoration." Ecopsychology 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/eco.2019.0055.
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Xu, Shuna, and Yanfang Liu. "Associations among ecosystem services from local perspectives." Science of The Total Environment 690 (November 2019): 790–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.079.
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Hughes, Jennifer B., and Owen L. Petchey. "Merging perspectives on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16, no. 5 (May 2001): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02127-9.
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Middleton, Beth, and Jim Grace. "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Synthesis and Perspectives." Restoration Ecology 12, no. 4 (December 2004): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.120401.x.
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Fu, Bojie, Shenggong Li, Xiubo Yu, Ping Yang, Guirui Yu, Renguo Feng, and Xuliang Zhuang. "Chinese ecosystem research network: Progress and perspectives." Ecological Complexity 7, no. 2 (June 2010): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2010.02.007.
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Stephens, Carolyn, Margot W. Parkes, and Healani Chang. "Indigenous Perspectives on Ecosystem Sustainability and Health." EcoHealth 4, no. 4 (November 20, 2007): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-007-0140-2.
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Francis, Robert A., Dov Corenblit, and Peter J. Edwards. "Perspectives on biogeomorphology, ecosystem engineering and self-organisation in island-braided fluvial ecosystems." Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 3 (June 2, 2009): 290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-009-9182-6.
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Lindenmayer, David, Christian Messier, Alain Paquette, and Richard J. Hobbs. "Managing tree plantations as novel socioecological systems: Australian and North American perspectives." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 10 (October 2015): 1427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0072.
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Novel ecosystems occur when new combinations of species appear within a particular biome. They typically result from direct human activity, environmental change, or the impacts of introduced species. In this paper, we argue that considering commercial tree plantations as novel ecosystems has the potential to help policy makers, resource managers, and conservation biologists better deal with the challenges and opportunities associated with managing plantations for multiple purposes at both the stand and landscape scales. We outline five inter-related issues associated with managing tree plantations, which are arguably the largest form of terrestrial novel ecosystem worldwide. This is to ensure that these areas contribute significantly to critical ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation, in addition to their wood production role. We suggest that viewing tree plantations as novel socioecological systems may free managers from a narrow stand-based perspective and having to compare them with natural forest stands. This can help promote the development of management principles that better integrate plantations into the larger landscape so that their benefits are maximized and their potential negative ecological effects are minimized.
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Pinto, Hugo, Sílvia Ferreira, and Jorge André Guerreiro. "The emergence of a Social Innovation Ecosystem in Portugal: An exploratory approach based on the perspective of strategic stakeholders." European Public & Social Innovation Review 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31637/epsir.21-2.2.
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The concept of ecosystem has been used to describe a dynamic set of relationships, services and interdependencies that potentiate the creation, renewal and growth of organizations. Social innovation is largely influenced by ecosystem conditions. The Portuguese social innovation ecosystem is a particularly interesting case study, as it assumes a hybrid structure that expresses a variety of policy schemes, networks and support structures. This article debates the concept of social innovation ecosystem and presents an exploratory approach to its mapping. Based on interviews with strategic stakeholders in the social and solidarity economy and social enterprises, the study elaborates on the specificities of the social innovation ecosystem. The Portuguese ecosystem is comprised of three sub-ecosystems that show different weights, limited connections and overlapping: social economy, social business, and the social solidarity ecosystem. The article concludes with an overview of the current state of social innovation, emphasizing the perspectives of stakeholders on recent experiences that the Portuguese state has developed in establishing dialogue within organizations integrating social innovation dynamics.
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Adiputra, Sofwan, and Mujiyati Mujiyati. "Play therapy in perspective theory of eco systemic therapy." TERAPUTIK: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling 1, no. 2 (November 7, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.26539/1222.
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Play therapy is a counseling approach for children applying toys, games, and other play media to communicate to the children "language." One of the Play therapy models that combine ecosystems as being formed by an inseparable reciprocal relationship between living things, and their environment is Eco systemic Play Therapy (EPT). Ecosystem Play Therapy as a hybrid model that integrates the concepts of science biology, several models of child psychotherapy, and developmental theories. This model is not eclectic. Rather, it is the integration of several models to create an independent model that is different from the sum of its parts. The focus of EPT is on the process of optimizing the implementation of the child's function as the context of the child's ecosystem or world. EPT is developed from a phenomenological philosophical perspective, in contrast to traditional perspectives.
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Milner-Gulland, E. J. "EDITOR'S PERSPECTIVE: New perspectives on harvesting as one driver of ecosystem dynamics." Journal of Applied Ecology 45, no. 1 (July 20, 2007): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01455.x.
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Orlando, Laura F., Anthony J. DePinto, and Kiri Joy Wallace. "Ecohealth Villages: A Framework for an Ecosystem Approach to Health in Human Settlements." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 7053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127053.
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As life emerged on Earth, it began to affect its environments. It still does. The complex interactions between living things and their environments mediate the character of both. Today, this is apparent in the global impacts humans have made on ecosystems, with resultant reciprocal impacts on human health. This paper is concerned with that reciprocity, which may be considered as a link between ecosystems and human populations. We will distinguish an ecosystem approach to human health—or ecohealth—from One Health and planetary health perspectives. We will also propose a conceptual framework that can be used to distinguish human settlements as Ecohealth Villages. Broadly defined, an Ecohealth Village is a settlement that recognizes the interactions between healthy ecosystems and the health of people who live, work, learn, and play in it. The key principles of an Ecohealth Villages are as follows: community ownership, ecological restoration, sustainability, social and gender equity, integrated perspectives, and traditional practices and knowledge. Together, they support a holistic, ecosystem approach to health in human settlements, as demonstrated in case studies from Mexico and Aotearoa New Zealand.
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Benis, Arriel, Oscar Tamburis, Catherine Chronaki, and Anne Moen. "One Digital Health: A Unified Framework for Future Health Ecosystems." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): e22189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22189.
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One Digital Health is a proposed unified structure. The conceptual framework of the One Digital Health Steering Wheel is built around two keys (ie, One Health and digital health), three perspectives (ie, individual health and well-being, population and society, and ecosystem), and five dimensions (ie, citizens’ engagement, education, environment, human and veterinary health care, and Healthcare Industry 4.0). One Digital Health aims to digitally transform future health ecosystems, by implementing a systemic health and life sciences approach that takes into account broad digital technology perspectives on human health, animal health, and the management of the surrounding environment. This approach allows for the examination of how future generations of health informaticians can address the intrinsic complexity of novel health and care scenarios in digitally transformed health ecosystems. In the emerging hybrid landscape, citizens and their health data have been called to play a central role in the management of individual-level and population-level perspective data. The main challenges of One Digital Health include facilitating and improving interactions between One Health and digital health communities, to allow for efficient interactions and the delivery of near–real-time, data-driven contributions in systems medicine and systems ecology. However, digital health literacy; the capacity to understand and engage in health prevention activities; self-management; and collaboration in the prevention, control, and alleviation of potential problems are necessary in systemic, ecosystem-driven public health and data science research. Therefore, people in a healthy One Digital Health ecosystem must use an active and forceful approach to prevent and manage health crises and disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Yang, Chunyu, Na Gong, Huanzhou Hong, and Biying You. "The “Spatial Equilibrium” Evolution of the Tourism Ecosystem and Theoretical Construction from a Multidisciplinary Perspective." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (August 23, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9004097.
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The evolution of the tourism ecosystem is characterized by its complexity, imbalance, and spatial heterogeneity. As a result, it has been the focus of academic attention across a wide range of disciplines, including geography, ecology, economics, management, sociology, and philosophy. Firstly, this article explores the connotations and characteristics of the spatial evolution of tourism ecosystems, subsequently proposing that the spatial evolution of tourism ecosystems is essentially different and “mutually inclusive.” To do so, it searches through the relevant research results on “spatial equilibrium” in ecosystems from the perspectives of different disciplines and analyzes their different core concepts, theoretical systems, and research methods. Second, the coupling force acts as a key character and exerts an influence on “spatial equilibrium” in ecosystems as a dynamic mechanism, internal stability mechanism, and dynamic mechanism. Third, nonlinear, dynamic, evolutionary, systematic thinking, and axiomatic theories are combined to construct an internal stable evolution mechanism and abstract tourism ecosystem model to form an explanatory theoretical system. The results of the research show that the construction of the “spatial equilibrium” of the tourism ecosystem model should pertain to the initial state of the comprehensive environmental carrying capacity of the tourism ecosystem as it evolves to form a tourism ecosystem based on the coupling relationship between the internal and external elements of the “spatial equilibrium” state. Finally, the future research approaches in this field are summarized and assessed. The methodology and theoretical exploration discussed in this article will contribute to a better understanding of how to sustainably develop tourism destinations.
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Hessen, Dag O., and Vigdis Vandvik. "Buffering Climate Change with Nature." Weather, Climate, and Society 14, no. 2 (April 2022): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-21-0059.1.
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Abstract It is increasingly evident that climate sustainability depends not only on societal actions and responses, but also on ecosystem functioning and responses. The capacity of global ecosystems to provide services such as sequestering carbon and regulating hydrology is being strongly reduced both by climate change itself and by unprecedented rates of ecosystem degradation. These services rely on functional aspects of ecosystems that are causally linked—the same ecosystem components that efficiently sequester and store carbon also regulate hydrology by sequestering and storing water. This means that climate change adaptation and mitigation must involve not only preparing for a future with temperature and precipitation anomalies, but also actively minimizing climate hazards and risks by conserving and managing ecosystems and their fundamental supporting and regulating ecosystem services. We summarize general climate–nature feedback processes relating to carbon and water cycling on a broad global scale before focusing on Norway to exemplify the crucial role of ecosystem regulatory services for both carbon sequestration and hydrological processes and the common neglect of this ecosystem–climate link in policy and landscape management. We argue that a key instrument for both climate change mitigation and adaptation policy is to take advantage of the climate buffering and regulative abilities of a well-functioning natural ecosystem. This will enable shared benefits to nature, climate, and human well-being. To meet the global climate and nature crises, we must capitalize on the importance of nature for buffering climate change effects, combat short-term perspectives and the discounting of future costs, and maintain or even strengthen whole-ecosystem functioning at the landscape level. Significance Statement Natural ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, and heaths are key for the cycling and storage of water and carbon. Preserving these systems is essential for climate mitigation and adaptation and will also secure biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. Systematic failure to recognize the links between nature and human well-being underlies the current trend of accelerating loss of nature and thereby nature’s ability to buffer climate changes and their impacts. Society needs a new perspective on spatial planning that values nature as a sink and store of carbon and a regulator of hydrological processes, as well as for its biodiversity. We need policies that fully encompass the role of nature in preventing climate-induced disasters, along with many other benefits for human well-being.
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Messer, Tiffany, Kyle Douglas-Mankin, Natalie Nelson, and James Randall Etheridge. "Wetland Ecosystem Resilience: Protecting and Restoring Valuable Ecosystems." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 6 (2019): 1541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13578.
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HighlightsWe provide context and perspectives on articles in the Wetland Ecosystem Resilience collection.Insights gained on wetland resilience to sea-level rise and climate change, land use and drainage, and nutrients. Abstract. The objective of this article is to introduce a collection of articles that explore current research and scientific thought on wetland ecosystem resilience. The collection contains articles on wetland resilience to climate change, agricultural land use-driven change, and recreational land use, along with evaluations of wetland resilience through high-resolution monitoring and modeling tools. Wetland settings in the U.S. span tidal marshes and coastal plain non-riverine wetlands in North Carolina, prairie potholes in Iowa, Appalachian floodplain wetlands, and floating treatment wetlands in the Midwest. The studies in this collection found vertical accretion rates of 0.7 to 4.0 mm year-1 in a tidal marsh, a wide range of potential wetland hydroperiod responses to climate change, substantial decreases in inundation period, crop yield, and surface-water nitrate (but increases in phosphorus) in artificially drained potholes, and nitrate removal in carbon-amended floating treatment wetlands. Further work is needed to better understand how to design and enhance wetland systems in agricultural regions, better preserve wetland ecosystem services in areas affected by land use and climate change, and provide technical standards for the wide range of designs currently used for wetland treatment systems. Keywords: Agricultural wetlands, Resiliency, Temporal data, Treatment wetlands, Water chemistry, Water quality, Water treatment
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Lovelock, Catherine E., and Carlos M. Duarte. "Dimensions of Blue Carbon and emerging perspectives." Biology Letters 15, no. 3 (March 2019): 20180781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0781.
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Blue Carbon is a term coined in 2009 to draw attention to the degradation of marine and coastal ecosystems and the need to conserve and restore them to mitigate climate change and for the other ecosystem services they provide. Blue Carbon has multiple meanings, which we aim to clarify here, which reflect the original descriptions of the concept including (1) all organic matter captured by marine organisms, and (2) how marine ecosystems could be managed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and thereby contribute to climate change mitigation and conservation. The multifaceted nature of the Blue Carbon concept has led to unprecedented collaboration across disciplines, where scientists, conservationists and policy makers have interacted intensely to advance shared goals. Some coastal ecosystems (mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass) are established Blue Carbon ecosystems as they often have high carbon stocks, support long-term carbon storage, offer the potential to manage greenhouse gas emissions and support other adaptation policies. Some marine ecosystems do not meet key criteria for inclusion within the Blue Carbon framework (e.g. fish, bivalves and coral reefs). Others have gaps in scientific understanding of carbon stocks or greenhouse gas fluxes, or currently there is limited potential for management or accounting for carbon sequestration (macroalgae and phytoplankton), but may be considered Blue Carbon ecosystems in the future, once these gaps are addressed.
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Reis, Diego, Fábio Moura, and Iracema Aragão. "Entrepreneurship, intellectual property and innovation ecosystems." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 108–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss2.2879.
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This research aims to determine the relationship between entrepreneurship, intellectual property and innovation ecosystems at a global level. To assess the structural relationships between ecosystems, the unconditional quantile regressions using annual country data are estimated from two perspectives, namely: pooled data and data with fixed effects and time control. The Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI), the US Chamber International IP Index (IPI) and the Global Innovation Index (GII) are used as a proxy for the entrepreneurship, intellectual property and innovation ecosystem, respectively. The results indicate that the entrepreneurship and intellectual property ecosystems has a causal relationship with the global innovation ecosystem. However, when control of individual and fixed time effects is included, the relationship between ecosystems is confirmed in just a few quantiles. The sterile results require efforts from public, private and other agents to improve the performance of ecosystems, especially to increase the generation of innovative assets. This study looks at ecosystems from a different perspective, and the results are relevant to policymakers looking to improve the ecosystems of entrepreneurship, intellectual property and innovation. The originality of this article lies in bringing together issues that are generally dealt with in theoretical and empirical literature in separate domains. The study of the relationship between ecosystems from global indexes remains a little explored field, despite the various alternative approaches already investigated.
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Quero Gervilla, María José, Montserrat Díaz-Mendez, and Evert Gummesson. "Balanced centricity and triads: strategies to reach ecosystem equilibrium in the arts sector." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 35, no. 3 (November 21, 2019): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-12-2018-0389.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether triad structures, as the smallest unit of a network, can facilitate or inhibit the evolution into a service ecosystem. According to SD logic literature, the triad structure and the institutions that dominate the triads determine the evolution into ecosystem, remain as triad or die. “Balanced centricity” is considered a desirable institution that increases the possibility of transforming triads into ecosystems through marketing equilibrium. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply a conceptual approach to develop a framework for deepening understanding about triads’ structures from the institution’s perspective (balanced centricity). Qualitative case study research was conducted using different methods of data generation including personal interviews and netnography analysis in the arts sector. Three case studies were developed, one for each triad structure: Sothebýs, Patreon and Vibuk. Findings New business models start being a triad, and it is a strategic option to evolve into an ecosystem. In this sense, authors argue for considering balanced centricity as an institution that enables the ecosystems to arise. From this perspective, balanced centricity can be considered a strategy that helps to balance and reach positive relationships among actors, enabling the process to become a “balance triad structure”. Research limitations/implications The paper is a conceptual work that combines with an empirical approach. The empirical approach considers three success cases on the arts context. Considering other contexts as different from arts industry would be useful to add new perspectives to the theory development. Originality/value The present paper defines a new form of triad “balanced triad structure” (BTS) and identifies categories depending on the way balanced centricity institution is adopted, facilitating or inhibiting the future evolution into an ecosystem. Hitherto, previous papers have not put together these concepts that build on the triads and ecosystems theory to better understand triads management and facilitate the evolution of three-actor networks into ecosystems.
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Avram, Elena Galateanu, and Silvia Avasilcăi. "Business Ecosystems: Strategy Maps in Relation to Sustainable Development." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.603.
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Continuous economic and social changes led to the development of new concepts both in business as well as in academic environments. As a result, one of them is the concept of business ecosystem. This concept brought a new definition of an industry through clear delimitation of organizational roles and relationships which are evolving around a common strategy and through the vision of an industry as a community of interrelated organizations who work together for a common benefit. This paper aims to provide a conceptual framework for a business ecosystem with a view to measure its performance by means of strategy maps. The main purpose of strategy maps is to communicate the strategy throughout the organization and to ensure its proper and successful execution. From this point of view the findings should reveal how the organizations inside business ecosystems are adapting a common strategy and the importance of the value creation processes established inside the business ecosystem. In order to achieve this objective it will be identified the business ecosystems strategy along with specific features and it will be transposed in a Balanced Scorecard framework according to its four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes and learning and growth. Each perspective respond to organization needs and reflects the most important strategic objectives. The linkage and relations between each perspectives elements will be established by analyzing sustainable development influences as a new trend of organization development and as response to global concern to environment, social and economic evolution. This direction of analysis will provide, for various stakeholders, a new framework to implement the concepts of eco-innovation and eco-development as well as cooperation and co-evolution. Basically these concepts will be considered as key aspects of analysis as well as for the strategy implementation process and will provide knowledge about organizations mechanisms related to its role as a business ecosystem within the context of the internal and external environment. The main outcome, the foreseen result, is to create a strategy map template for a business ecosystem that could foster the importance of cooperation and co-evolution concepts for strategy implementation.
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Smol, John P. "Under the radar: long-term perspectives on ecological changes in lakes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1906 (July 10, 2019): 20190834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0834.
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Aquatic ecosystems are constantly changing due to natural and anthropogenic stressors. When dealing with such ‘moving targets’, one of the greatest challenges faced by scientists, managers and policy makers is to use appropriate time scales for environmental assessments. However, most aquatic systems lack monitoring data, and if a programme does exist, rarely have data been collected for more than a few years. Hence, it is often difficult or impossible to determine the nature and timing of ecosystem changes based on these short-term datasets. Furthermore, as environmental assessments are typically performed after a problem is identified, critical data regarding pre-disturbance (or reference) conditions are rarely available. Here, I summarize some recent studies employing lake sediment analyses (i.e. palaeolimnology) that have provided retrospective assessments of ecosystem changes that have been emerging slowly and often innocuously ‘under the radar’. My examples include the identification of legacy effects of acid rain and logging, namely long-term declines in calcium concentrations in softwater lakes, which have led to significant repercussions for ecosystem services. I then show that past trajectories of aerial pollution from the burgeoning oil sands operations of western Canada can be tracked using environmental proxies preserved in dated sediment cores, and how these data can be used to determine the relative contributions of natural versus industrial sources of pollutants. I conclude by reviewing how palaeolimnological analyses have linked climate change with the proliferation of harmful blue-green algal (cyanobacterial) blooms, even without the addition of limiting nutrients. Collectively, these studies show that effective ecosystem management, particularly for incremental environmental stressors, requires temporal sampling windows that are not readily available with standard monitoring, but can be supplemented with high-resolution lake sediment analyses.