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Journal articles on the topic 'Economy of transports'
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1
Smirnov, Sergey A., and Olga Yu Smirnova. "Magnetic Levitation Cargo Ransport Role in World Economy." Transportation Systems and Technology 5, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201952106-117.
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Background: Currently, the car, water, railway, air and pipe transports are used for cargo and goods transportation. Each kind of cargo transport has its own specific competitive advantages that provide its most effective application at various stages of logistics chain. The economic efficiency of cargo transportation influences the overall economic efficiency, in particular, the gross domestic product. The quality of economic growth as applied to transport branch and its input to the national economy is relevant, since with the current organisation of different transport modes interaction, there are still high transaction costs.
Aim: Study of influence of various modes of transport, including maglev transport, on the economy and economic growth.
Methods: Theoretical and empirical. The paper considers the influence of various modes of transport, that operate in the cargo transport sphere, on the countrys economy. The comparison of existing modes of transport with the maglev transport from the point of view of desired effects is made.
Results: The maglev transport possesses new properties and advantages, which makes it possible to view is as viable and able to provide a qualitative economic growth and resource-based economy if realised.
Conclusion: The most efficient use of resources, the consumption of which should at least not increase and at most decrease, is achieved with the introduction of maglev transport into the transport system, as its economic properties already now excel those of the majority of other types of transport. It is obvious, as to the experts, that in transition to resource-based economy the maglev transport will be major transport for both cargo and passenger transit.
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Radjabov, Ozodbek. "Railways of Uzbekistan in a new era." E3S Web of Conferences 402 (2023): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340206004.
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In the current era of globalization, the life and development of the peoples of the world cannot be imagined without the movement of vehicles. Automobiles, railways and air transports, which are the achievements of modern science and technology, have connected all continents in such a way that no field can be imagined without modern means of transport. It is known from the experience of the leading countries in the world economy that achieving global competitiveness and entering world markets, first of all, consistent economic reform and structural changes are all related to the development of transport infrastructure. This article analyzes the reforms that took place in the railway sector during the years of independence and their results.
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Anerud, von Hofsten, and Eliasson. "An alternative supply system for stump biomass – coarse grinding combined with sieving of the produced hog fuel." International Journal of Forest Engineering 27, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2016.1166917.
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Transport costs are one of the major costs in the supply chain of stumps for fuel. Stump parts are bulky and it is impossible to achieve full tonnages on trucks and trailers even though the load space is completely full. The transport economy for stumps is also negatively affected by the large amount of contaminants in the loads. Grinding the stumps at the landing and sieving of the produced hog fuel has the potential to increase load weights and reduce both the amount of contaminants and the transport costs. To evaluate such a system a series of studies were made. Results show that coarse grinding and sieving reduced both moisture and ash content in the produced fuel, thus increasing the heating value per ton delivered fuel and transforming a soil contaminated material to an acceptable fuel. Transport payloads increased substantially compared to transports of stump parts, but a transport distance of 110 km was needed before the coarse grinding system provided lower cost than the standard system with transports of stump parts and grinding at the heating plant. Further studies are needed to evaluate the total energy efficiency in the two systems. Coarse grinding and sieving is a feasible way to increase fuel quality and improve transport economy. However, total costs will in most cases be higher than for the loose stump system which renders the method preferable only in cases where the sieving process converts a non-acceptable material into an acceptable fuel.
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D., Corduneanu. "The Economy of Romanian Naval Transports in the period 1950 – 1990." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXI, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-18-i2-013.
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This article analyses, the development and evolution of the most important elements of naval infrastructure which laid the base of The Economy of the Romanian Naval Transports, during the period: 1950 – 1990. Also, this article attempts to determine the total value of assets on the main components of the system infrastructure, following the next issues: Ways of Communication on the Water; River and Sea Ports; Naval Industry; National Merchant Fleet- river, maritime and oceanic fishing fleet. We mention that our analysis base on statistical data that was published in different sources, archives data and own calculation for the main economic and technical indicators.
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C., Popa. "The Economy of Romanian Naval Transports during interwar period (1919 – 1939)." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXI, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-18-i2-012.
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This article analyses, in the unitary conception, the forming and evolution of the most important elements of naval infrastructure which laid the base of The Economy of the Romanian Naval Transports, during the inter-war period: 1919 – 1939. Also, this article attempts to determine the total value of assets on the main components of the system infrastructure, following the next issues: Sea lines of Communication; Maritime and Riverine Harbors; Naval Industry; National Civilian Fleet- river, maritime and oceanic fishing fleet. We mention that our analysis base on statistical data that was published in different sources, archives data and own calculation for the main economic and technical indicators.
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Corduneanu, Dumitru. "The Economy of Romanian Naval Transports in the Period 1990 – 2000." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0052.
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Abstract This article analyses the restructuring and evolution of the most important elements of naval infrastructure which laid the base of The Economy of the Romanian Naval Transports, during the transition period: 1990 – 2000. Also, this article attempts to determine the total value of assets on the main components of the system infrastructure, following the next issues: • Ways of Communication on the Water; • River and Sea Ports; • Naval Industry; • National Merchant Fleet-river, maritime and oceanic fishing fleet. We mention that this article is the latest in a series of four articles that analyses, in a unitary conception, the formation and evolution of the main elements of the Naval Transportation System of the last century, at the level of four reference periods: the pre-war period (1900-1914); the interwar period (1919-1939); socialist period (1950-1990) and transition period (1990-2000).
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Nanobashvili George, Nanobashvili George. "Transit Potential and Role of Georgian Railways in the Development of Georgian Economy." Economics 105, no. 09-10 (November 24, 2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/9-10/2022-131.
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The railway is an important sector of the economy of Georgia. Despite its small share in the gross domestic product of the country, its role in the socio-economic development of the country is large. "Georgian Railway" is the only railway operator in Georgia. The company mainly provides services related to cargo transportation and transports various types of cargo from Central Asia to the Black Sea. The Georgian Railways also provides passenger transport. The company has a vertically integrated business model, owning and managing tracks, stations, terminals, other railway infrastructure and rolling stock covering the entire railway system across Georgia. The main railway network of "Georgian Railways", together with the railway of Azerbaijan, forms the Caucasus Railway Corridor, which is a key segment of the Europe-Caucasus-Asia transport corridor (TRACECA). The main railway network of "Georgian Railways" is the shortest way connecting the Caspian Sea region and Central Asia with the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The mentioned location uniquely contributes to the positioning of Georgian Railways in the trade system of Europe, the Caspian Sea region and Central Asia. Therefore, its economic growth and sustainable development largely depends on the effective use of the potential of a transit country. In this regard, it is necessary for the railways to be able to offer profitable conditions to customers and their practical implementation, for which it is necessary to create a powerful modern infrastructure, which ensures guaranteed protection of cargoes, their fast transportation and reduction of transport costs. Priority is given to scientific and technological directions, which should expand the use of advanced inventions in railway transport and increase the competitiveness of Georgian transport services in the market. It is necessary to modernize the railways by planning innovative projects, which in turn are associated with large investments. Keywords: Management, transport, railway transport, competitiveness.
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Aziz, A. A., and W. R. W. Ahmad. "Train Obstacle Detection System Using Avr Microcontroller and SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v9.i3.pp650-654.
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<p>In Malaysia, railway is considered as the backbone of transport, connecting people from all across the country. With the current state of economy, more people prefer to choose train as main transportation especially in big city area such as Kuala Lumpur. With lower cost and relatively the safest form of transports compared to the other transports, like cars, motorcycles or busses, it is a wise choice to use train as daily commute transport. Nowadays, the rail traffic network in Malaysia are getting busier with trains traveling at higher speeds and carrying more passengers with heavier axle loads than before. With the increase of passenger, the risk involved in daily train operation will significantly increase. An improved safety system is required to keep up with the ever growing train loads. The proposed safety system is applied to alert the train operators. The whole system is comprised of an ultrasonic sensor connected to a database and an Atmega328P microcontroller mounted on a custom PCB board. It is found that the train in this country requires a distance of 77 meter in order to completely stop the train with regards to a few assumptions on the average mass and the speed of the train.</p>
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Harrir, Mohamed Mounir, and Lamia Sari-Triqui. "Optimization of transport costs and CO2 emissions reduction policies in a continuous cycle supply chain: case study." E3S Web of Conferences 336 (2022): 00060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233600060.
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In this paper we analyze a distribution network and a waste collection network that adopt the same fleet of vehicles. This fleet is owned by a company that provides logistics and transport services in the Algerian territory. The objective of this work is to propose a logistics chain in circular economy (continuous cycle) by combining the transports of the two studied networks, taking advantage of the empty returns, in order to minimize the travel costs and to reduce the CO2 emissions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of optimal vehicle usage in distribution networks and its influence on total supply chain costs and environmental effects.
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Tsvetkov, V. A., K. Kh Zoidov, and A. A. Medkov. "Modern Trends in the Innovative Development of Transport Modes as the Backbone of a Transition Economy in the Eurasian Space." Economics and Management 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-1-4-15.
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The presented study identifies modern trends in the innovative development of transport modes as the basis for the formation of a transition economy in the Eurasian space.Aim. The study aims to determine directions for the innovative development of transport modes based on the formation of a unified digital transport and logistics environment, and to find the most efficient ways of regulating financial flows from the transit passage of goods.Tasks. The authors develop and implement mechanisms for generating, distributing, and redistributing income from the functioning of a transit economy in the Eurasian territory in the context of automation, robotization, digital transformation, implementation of artificial intelligence, and transition towards paperless and unmanned technology.Methods. This study uses the methods of systems analysis, evolutionary-institutional theory, the theory of engineering and manufacturing balance, and historical approach.Results. The following directions for the automation and digital transformation of rail cargo transport in the Eurasian space are determined: reduction of the time spent on completing procedures at borders and stations; innovative development of the railroad infrastructure in the neighboring countries; automation of transportation, implementation of unmanned technologies; overcoming negative trends in the transportation of perishable items. Directions for the development and production of an innovative rolling stock for cargo transit are identified. Directions for the innovative development of road, sea, and air transport in the Eurasian space are analyzed, including the development of piggyback (raidroad) transport and uberization of the road cargo transport market. It is found that construction and commissioning of ice-class container ships is an innovative direction in the development of sea transport that transports cargo between Asia and Europe. The main direction in the development of air transport involves expanding consolidation and distribution cargo operations when flying over the Eurasian territory.Conclusions. Innovative transit transport systems (ITTS) are developing rapidly, which calls for the development and implementation of a mechanism for generating, distributing, and redistributing income from the transit of goods and passengers. This should be a corporate mechanism, i.e. it should be implemented via public-private partnership. The Eurasian Transit Transport Company could act as such a corporate structure in the Eurasian space. The most efficient way of distributing income from the functioning of a transit economy among the majority of economic agents is to develop the associated and related production of goods and services on a high-tech basis and to form a vast innovative industrial trade-route belt.
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Трофименко, Юрий, Yuri Trofimenko, В. Комков, and V. Komkov. "Risk Assessment of the Paris Climate Agreement Ratification for the Transport Complex of Russia." Safety in Technosphere 7, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c7e33727f2390.67085675.
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The key topics of the Paris Agreement on climate change prevention by way of greenhouse gases emissions regulation, and the risks for the transport industry in case of this agreement ratification have been considered. Using the developed methodology and forecast assessments of the number and structures of vehicle fleets and transport work, has been carried out the assessment of potential reduction for greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions by all means of transport for the period up to 2030, and measures to this reduction achievement. It has been established that GHG emissions by transport in 2030 can be reduced in comparison with 2015 from 286.0 to 261.2…282.0 million tons of CO2-eq. that is 20…26% more than in 1990. To achieve the target level of GHG emissions by transport in 2030 (70…75% of the 1990 level) is possible only if the entire car fleet of Russia (66.3…73.6 million units) will consist by half of hybrid vehicles and by half of electric ones. The main measures for reaching the stabilization path of GHG emission volumes by the transport complex, and then reducing these volumes by 5…12% in 2030 are follows: introduction of a carbon-based transport tax on all types of vehicles; introduction and tightening of specific (per unit mileage) standards for fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of single vehicles; measures for substitution of transport whose age exceeds 10 … 15 years, by electric cars, hybrids, and vehicles that run on alternative fuels, the use of carbon-free transports in the vehicle fleet. The formed system of GHG emissions regulation should foresee a differentiated approach to various sectors of the economy (taking into account objective differences in their development level, and technological possibilities on GHG emissions reducing), and should not thwart goals of intensive development for economy with gross domestic product growth rates exceeding the world average ones.
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Bess, Michael K., David Lipset, Kudzai Matereke, Stève Bernardin, Katharine Bartsch, Harry Oosterhuis, Samuel Müller, Frank Schipper, Benjamin D'Harlingue, and Katherine Roeder. "Book Reviews." Transfers 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2017.070211.
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Penny Harvey and Hannah Knox, Roads: An Anthropology of Infrastructure and Expertise (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015), 264 pp., 16 illustrations, $26.95 (paperback)Noel B. Salazar and Kiran Jayaram, eds., Keywords of Mobility: Critical Engagements (New York: Berghahn Books, 2016), 196 pp., $90 (hardback)Lutz Koepnick, On Slowness: Toward an Aesthetic of the Contemporary (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 336 pp., 43 illustrations, $40 (hardback)Gérard Duc, Olivier Perroux, Hans-Ulrich Schiedt, and François Walter, eds., Histoire des transports et de la mobilité: Entre concurrence modale et coordination (de 1918 à nos jours) [Transport and mobility history: Between modal competition and coordination (from 1918 to the present)] (Neuchâtel: Editions Alphil-Presses Universitaires Suisses, 2014), 462 pp., $54 (paperback)Kimberley Skelton, The Paradox of Body, Building and Motion in Seventeenth- Century England (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015), 204 pp., 60 illustrations, £70 (hardback)Ruth Oldenziel, Martin Emanuel, Adri Albert de la Bruhèze, and Frank Veraart, eds., Cycling Cities: The European Experience—Hundred Years of Policy and Practice (Eindhoven: Foundation for the History of Technology, 2016), 256 pp., 100 illustrations. €37.50 (hardback)Glen Norcliffe, Critical Geographies of Cycling: History, Political Economy and Culture (London: Routledge, 2015), 290 pp., 24 illustrations, $119.95 (hardback)Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman, Driverless: Intelligent Cars and the Road Ahead (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016), 328 pp., 31 illustrations, $29.95 (hardback)Mathieu Flonneau, Léonard Laborie, and Arnaud Passalacqua, eds., Les transports de la démocratie: Approche historique des enjeux politiques de la mobilité [The transport of democracy: A historical approach to the political issues of mobility] (Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014), 224 pp., €19 (paperback)Erik M. Conway, Exploration and Engineering: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Quest for Mars (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015), 416 pp., 21 illustrations, $32.95 (paperback)Hariton Pushwagner, Soft City (New York: New York Review Books, 2016), 160 pp., $35 (hardback)
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Ramel, Alicia, Agnieszka Bezat-Jarzębowska, and Sebastian Jarzębowski. "EPIC approach as a tool for comparison of transport infrastructure in Poland and France." Ekonomika i Organizacja Logistyki 1, no. 2 (July 17, 2016): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiol.2016.1.2.16.
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The EPIC structure allows to know strengths and weaknesses of each part of the world and of several countries in each part. It helps decision-makers, in accordance with their problem, to choose the best option of development and investments. It is a tool to have more information about economy, politics, infrastructure and competence. The goal of the paper is to compare the infrastructure in Poland and France by using of the EPIC approach. Poland is one of very good investment destinations for companies targeting both western and eastern as well as northern and southern parts of Europe. Unfortunately the transportation infrastructure in Poland is still poor if you compare with countries in the Western Europe, even if internationals routes have been developed and modernized. France is a very good investment destination for companies. The French government invests in repairs of the railway, maintenance of all the transports, development of ecological transport and the building of some new roads and new logistics area.
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Kiselev, Andrey, Elena Magaril, Romen Magaril, Deborah Panepinto, Marco Ravina, and Maria Chiara Zanetti. "Towards Circular Economy: Evaluation of Sewage Sludge Biogas Solutions." Resources 8, no. 2 (May 8, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8020091.
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Today it is obvious that the existing linear model of the economy does not correlate with the principles of sustainable development. The circular economy model can replace the current linear economy whilst addressing the issues of environmental deterioration, social equity and long-term economic growth. In the context of effectively implementing circular economy objectives, particular importance should be attributed to wastewater treatment sludge management, due to the possibility of recovering valuable raw materials and using its energy potential. Anaerobic digestion is one of the methods of recovering energy from sewage sludge. The main goal of this study is to make a preliminary evaluation of possible sewage sludge biogas and biomethane solutions using a computation model called MCBioCH4 and compare its results with laboratory tests of sewage sludge fermentation from the northern wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Ekaterinburg (Russian Federation). Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the volume and qualitative composition of biogas produced throughout anaerobic fermentation of raw materials coming from the WWTP. The specific productivity of samples ranged between 308.46 Nm3/tvs and 583.08 Nm3/tvs depending if mesophilic or thermophilic conditions were analyzed, or if the experiment was conducted with or without sludge pre-treatment. Output values from the laboratory were used as input for MCBioCH4 to calculate the flow of biogas or biomethane produced. For the case study of Ekaterinburg two possible energy conversion options were selected: B-H (biogas combustion with cogeneration of electrical and thermal energy) and M-T (biomethane to be used in transports). The results of the energy module showed a net energy content of the biogas between 6575 MWh/year and 7200 MWh/year. Both options yielded a favorable greenhouse gas (GHG) balance, meaning that avoided emissions are higher than produced emissions. The results discussion also showed that, in this case, the B-H option is preferable to the M-T option. The implementation of the biogas/biomethane energy conversion system in Ekaterinburg WWTP necessitates further investigations to clarify the remaining technical and economic aspects
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Yakupova, G. A., I. V. Makarova, L. A. Gubacheva, P. A. Buyvol, K. A. Magdin, and G. A. Parsin. "REDUCING THE ROAD TRANSPORT’S INFLUENCE ON THE ENVIRONMENT BY OPTIMIZING TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT." Ecology. Economy. Informatics.System analysis and mathematical modeling of ecological and economic systems 1, no. 5 (2020): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-395x-2020-1-5-224-231.
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The state’s transport system, which ensures the movement of goods and people, is an essential component of its economy, but at the same time one of the main sources of negative environmental impact. The main task of designing, creating and maintaining the transport systems’ sustainability in urban areas is to address their safety, reliability and environmental friendliness. The urbanized territory parameters (size, layout, etc.) have a significant impact on the any activity’s development, including transport and logistics. By analysing the influence of various factors on the transport system’s sustainability and identifying common patterns, it is possible to build rational management of the transport system and increase its reliability and security. The article is devoted to the motor transports’ environmental problems in small cities, where it is impossible to apply large and expensive solutions. The study’s goal is to develop tools for organizing traffic in the conditions of the vehicles fleet rapid growth. To this end, we have proposed an intelligent traffic control system, the intellectual core of which is simulation models of road network problem areas. Using specific examples, it is shown that in some cases there is no need to apply expensive solutions to reduce the negative vehicles impact on the environment’s ecological state, and, often, rational management can lead to the desired result. Performing a computer experiment on the constructed simulation models showed that there is considerable potential for improving the traffic flows parameters in these areas and reducing the negative impact on the environment.
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Sousa, Cristina, and Evaldo Costa. "Types of Policies for the Joint Diffusion of Electric Vehicles with Renewable Energies and Their Use Worldwide." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 7585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207585.
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A large reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be needed in the coming decades to keep global warming well below 2 °C. Together, energy and transport sectors are responsible for around ¾ of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions worldwide. The transition to a low-carbon economy involves an increase in the share of renewable energies in power grid and the electrification of the transports thus demanding policies focused on the joint diffusion of the two technologies This study adopted a hybrid methodology to examine several types of policies and their implications in the use and diffusion of the electric vehicles charged with renewables. We argue that it is not enough to have policies to expand electric mobility with renewable sources. The results reveal that production and technology represent ⅓ of electric vehicles and renewables policies. Broad coverage of policies does not translate into market gains since 20% of the countries that encourage electric vehicles have a low market share. Policies need to be broad, consistent, reach more countries and promote synergies between renewables and electric mobility to provide the conjoint diffusion of both technologies and allow the CO2 emission mitigation targets for 2030 to be achieved. This study contributes to research on sustainable policies and innovations to decarbonizing the energy and transport sectors.
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Gnap, Jozef, Juraj Jagelčák, Peter Marienka, Marcel Frančák, and Mária Vojteková. "Global Assessment of Bridge Passage in Relation to Oversized and Excessive Transport: Case Study Intended for Slovakia." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12041931.
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The development of an economy and, in particular, the construction of new infrastructure as well as industrial enterprises creates demand for the road transport of oversized freight that exceeds the maximum permissible total mass of vehicle combinations with its share on the axles. Failure to comply with the defined technological processes and a deficiency in the assessment of permitting such forms of transportation can have a large adverse effect, predominantly on the lifetime of bridges in a road network, which can have international implications as well. There is no legislation adopted by the EU Member States, which would at least partially unify the authorisation procedures of these forms of transportation and, therefore, it results in problems when crossing borders and leads to differences related to the assessment of bridge passages. If there is no systematic inspection of this kind of transportation, it can lead to permanent damage of these bridges as well. Currently, and not only in Slovakia but also in other states, the assessment of bridge passage for certain routes is used for heavy and oversized transportation. It means that if we use 100 transports, 100 assessments of individual routes are needed, although some are the same routes or the same vehicles/vehicle combinations used for a number of transports. Thus, the authors designed a global assessment for bridge passage in relation to heavy and oversized road transport while verifying it in the conditions of the EU Member State from Central Europe–Slovakia. Roads are full of different types of vehicles/vehicle combinations for which the axle loads and distances of the axles (wheelbases) are important. Thus, there were vehicle/vehicle combinations parameters (big data) observed, for which the routes relating to heavy and/or oversized transportation were assessed from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020 in Slovakia. The global assessment of bridge passage introduces an entirely new approach within the procedure for obtaining a special permission for road use as well as within transport use itself. Given the low presence of freight with an abnormal axle load or enormous total mass, it is appropriate to define the limited conditions under which it would be possible to implement the global assessment in practice as well.
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Quercia, Potito. "Accounting and insurance in the early modern age." De Computis - Revista Española de Historia de la Contabilidad 17, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26784/issn.1886-1881.v17i1.373.
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This article aims to offer, through the use of sixteenth-century accounting sources, a contribution on a crucial issue for the development of Mediterranean transports and trades of the early modern age, such as the maritime insurance. The research focuses on the importance and high information potential of accounting records, even in this real economy sector. It analyzes a business case in one of the main maritime centers of the Mediterranean area, the city-state of Ragusa (present-day Dubrovnik), and is concerned with investigating the insurance activity of a Dubrovnik merchant. Through the analysis of the accounting records, in addition to the business dynamics and the economic and fiduciary relationships occurred between the merchant and the other actors of the security contract, aspects related to the insurance management, profits and losses of the same are taken into consideration. In addition, the relevance and close connection of insurance with the businesses and the ship owners’ interests of the company is also considered.
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Białoń, Paweł M. "An Online Stream Monitoring Algorithm for Fraud Detection in the Transport of Goods." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 4 (December 30, 2020): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2020.146620.
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The process of monitoring vehicles used in road transports plays an important role in detecting fraud committed by drivers. Algorithm designers face a number of challenges, including large number of vehicles monitored, demands related to online calculations, and ability to easily explain fraud alarms triggered to supervisors who make final decisions about actions to be taken. In this paper, we propose rather general, lightweight stream, online heuristics. The vehicle’s position is periodically controlled by a GNSS device. The algorithm detects potential illegal activities along the route between the origin and the destination. Anomalies in the vehicle’s trajectory are detected, based on a multi-resolution analysis of the economy of routes. The economy metric is easily understood and verifiable by controllers. The solution is also capable of identifying clearly suspicious trajectories that popular geofencing approaches would overlook. The scale on which the solution may be adopted is obtained thanks to the stream – like nature of the algorithm: essentially, the resources used do not increase along with the size of the input stream (the number of GNSS frames generated for the vehicle). An experiment illustrating the algorithm’s viability is presented as well.
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Wang, Jushang, Biyun Guo, Zhaokang Ji, Yingliang Che, and Venkata Subrahmanyam Mantravadi. "Effects of Typhoon Chanthu on Marine Chlorophyll a, Temperature and Salinity." Atmosphere 14, no. 10 (September 28, 2023): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101505.
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A typhoon is a severe weather process in tropical oceans. Typhoon transit is often accompanied by strong convective weather, such as gales and rainstorms, which threatens fishery, property, and human safety. In this study, the effects of typhoon Chanthu on chlorophyll a (Chl a), temperature, and ocean surface salinity are analyzed using remote sensing data. The results illustrate that before the transit of Chanthu (6–12 September), the mean concentration of Chl a and sea surface salinity (SSS) are low (0.74 mg/m3, 30.59 psu, respectively), while the mean sea surface temperature (SST) is high (29.01 °C). After the typhoon transits (13–30 September), the mean Chl a concentration and salinity increase (1.29 mg/m3, 30.87 psu respectively), while the mean SST decrease (27.43 °C). The Ekman pumping transports nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface layer, promotes the photosynthesis of surface phytoplankton, and increases the concentration of sea surface Chl a. Typhoon Chanthu causes the mixing and entrainment of the upper ocean, which causes the deep cold water of the ocean to rise into the mixed layer and cause the SST to decrease. Severe vertical mixing transports deep high-salt water to the surface, causing SSS to rise. The results of this study have important scientific significance and application value for developing coastal economy, aquaculture, and fishery.
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Almatar, Khalid Mohammed, and Abdulaziz I. Almulhim. "The Issue of Urban Transport Planning in Saudi Arabia: Concepts and Future Challenges." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 16, no. 7 (November 30, 2021): 1317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160712.
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Sustainable mobility is a growing field that allows researchers to pay attention to the problem of public transit and its constraints. In spite of this, many developing countries often overlook this aspect of the question and focus on monetary issues instead. This causes an imbalance between a variety of sources of impact, such as the local economy, environmental problems, and even social interactions. The case of Riyadh, one of the essential transports and financial arteries of Saudi Arabia, was important because it showed that the city administration is yet to invest more resources in the existing Metropolitan Transportation Plan (MTP) and improve other non-quantifiable factors. The method applied for this research was a detailed review of the current plan that was completed in an attempt to highlight the biggest weaknesses and identify the opportunities to capitalize the future local transport planning. It was proposed to implement the Social Impact Assessment (SIA) method and formulate clearer objectives regarding how metro and bus stations should be located and maintained in order to make it easier for the citizens of Riyadh to reach all necessary destinations. A renewed framework is proposed to help the city administration cope with the increasing agglomeration and unemployment rates.
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Rivero-García, Alexandra, Iván Santos-González, Cándido Caballero-Gil, Jezabel Molina-Gil, Candelaria Hernández-Goya, and Pino Caballero-Gil. "Blockchain-Based Ubiquitous Transport and Logistics Monitoring System." Proceedings 31, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019031009.
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Logistics and transport have become an increasingly important topic in recent years. In this kind of scenario, being able to offer added value to users means an important improvement in the services offered by the different companies. Different actors take part in the process of sending, transportation and collection of the different products through roads, ports and airports. During this process different aspects of security must be taken into account, since an error in one of them can cause major problems for public health, nature or even the economy of a country. With all this in mind, this work proposes a new system that allows us, through the use of wireless technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification, Global Positioning System, Wi-Fi Direct and mobile communication technologies, to automate the process of authentication and tracking of different products and goods. The proposed scheme allows through the use of the cloud the creation of a ubiquitous communications system for monitoring, control and even automation of repositioning orders automatically. In addition, the use of a system based on blockchain allows to carry out the whole process in an optimal way that guarantees the privacy and immutability of the data referring to the transports and merchandise. This work allows to reduce costs and improve the quality of the processes of sending, transport and reception of products for the different companies involved in the supply chain.
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CHIȚAC, Georgiana-Cătălina. "CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN MODERN SOCIETIES – PROTECTION, SAFETY, SECURITY." STRATEGIES XXI - Command and Staff College 17, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-2028-21-51.
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Abstract: Nowadays, the modern security environment has it foundation based on some vital pilons, that are also important for the normal functionality of the modern society. This paper will offer a new perspective on critical infrastructure protection, defining the relationships that take place freely in a modern society. The international security could be analyzed from functional (systemic) and structural points of view. From the systemic point of view, the global security is characterized by five major systems: political, economic, social (socio-demographic), cultural and ecological. From the structural point of view, besides the above systems there are other ones: military, intelligence, communications and infrastructure (the critical infrastructure, health, financial, culture, education and research). There are certain infrastructures such as: telecommunications, transports, systems of power or water supply, IT systems, diverse systems and emergency services, that are actually fundamental to a prosperous economy and therefore critical to the development of human society. Telecommunications, power systems and transport infrastructures are essential infrastructures that ensure not only the mobility, but also the adequate performance of the armed forces, which is one more reason for which these infrastructures are critical. The degree of development and resilience of national and European critical infrastructures is essential for the economic growth and for ensuring the security and welfare of society on the whole. Therefore, the modern national security, seen as a system or a structure, has been passing through a reform and modernization process in order to adapt to the challenges of the 21st Century and the requirements triggered by North Atlantic Treaty Organization and European Union memberships, and not only. In this context there is a need for some security politics and strategy which could increase the national security condition.
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Alvarez-Castro, M. Carmen, Davide Faranda, and Pascal Yiou. "Atmospheric Dynamics Leading to West European Summer Hot Temperatures Since 1851." Complexity 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2494509.
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Summer hot temperatures have many impacts on health, economy (agriculture, energy, and transports), and ecosystems. In Western Europe, the recent summers of 2003 and 2015 were exceptionally warm. Many studies have shown that the genesis of the major heat events of the last decades was linked to anticyclonic atmospheric circulation and to spring precipitation deficit in Southern Europe. Such results were obtained for the second part of the 20th century and projections into the 21st century. In this paper, we challenge this vision by investigating the earlier part of the 20th century from an ensemble of 20CR reanalyses. We propose an innovative description of Western-European heat events applying the dynamical system theory. We argue that the atmospheric circulation patterns leading to the most intense heat events have changed during the last century. We also show that the increasing temperature trend during major heatwaves is encountered during episodes of Scandinavian Blocking, while other circulation patterns do not yield temperature trends during extremes.
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Padlowska, Anna. "THE MANAGEMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL TRANSPORT IN CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 23, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2182.
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Transport, which is considered the most important part of the logistics chain, has experienced many changes in recent years. During the global pandemic, the transport of various goods in many countries was severely restricted or entirely blocked. The restrictions were most noticeable in the areas most affected by the coronavirus especially. The management and organisation of each mode of transport required the implementation of new measures. The medical transport industry was of particular importance, as the demand for which has increased significantly.The research was conducted in companies involved in the 45 transportation of medical products.The undertaken research topic is particularly important in the current market situation, which is characterized by high instability in many economic areas. Especially transport, which has always been characterized by the possibility of unexpected circumstances caused by, for example, unfavorable weather conditions, had to adapt to the new standards and difficulties introduced today. Therefore, the comparison of changes taking place especially in this field of transport is, according to the author of the article, very important in terms of research and development. This article may be the basis for other further research. The main objective of the study is to analyse the changes occurring in the management of logistic processes such as shipping and transport in times of the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. This article presents the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic on international long-distance transport. The number of long-distance transports over the past 20 years has been studied. All modes of transport have been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic situation, which has introduced huge changes and restrictions to all modes of transport. The transport situation during the global crisis caused by the pandemic was also analyzed on the basis of the pharmaceutical industry, which played a significant role during the pandemic. This article presents the aspect of long-distance transportation of medical products in times of the global pandemic. Transport is the most important element in the area of logistics, which should now be studied and analyzed for scientific purposes assessing the impact of a pandemic on the economy. Never before in the modern world have such far-reaching threats to the health and life of citizens arise, which have spread all over the world in such a short time. The pandemic is considered to be something special that cannot be dealt with by any country around the world, and therefore, according to the author, it is an element of social novelty that must be analyzed in a scientific article. The situation in domestic and international markets is now something worthy of study and analysis to avoid mistakes in the future
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D’Orazio, Marco, Elisa Di Giuseppe, and Marta Carosi. "Life Cycle Assessment of Mortars with Fine Recycled Aggregates from Industrial Waste: Evaluation of Transports Impact in the Italian Context." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 3221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043221.
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An LCA study (based on ISO 14040, ISO 14044, and EN 15804 + A2 standards) was performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of two mortars incorporating recycled materials (composite and carbon dust) from industrial waste as fine aggregates. They were compared to “reference” mortars, with the same strength performance, entirely composed of raw natural materials. The aim was to advance knowledge on the performance of mortars with composite materials, especially deepening the impact of the phase of materials’ transport on life-cycle behavior. In this regard, the work was conducted in three phases. Firstly, the LCA was performed in a specific “local” production scenario. Then, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the influence of the uncertainty of input data on the variance of LCA outcomes. Considering the high sensitivity of results to transport distances, the LCA was finally extended considering several scenarios with increasing distances of aggregates’ transport. The results demonstrate that, for all of the eleven impact categories considered, mortars with recycled aggregates perform better than reference mortars, mainly due to the higher weight of natural aggregates. Even considering an extreme scenario, where natural aggregates are produced in the mortar factory (aggregates’ transport distances set to 0 km, for reference mortars), mortars with recycled aggregates are still convenient from an environmental point of view, if distances for providing industrial waste are lower than 200 km. The promotion of a circular economy perspective, with the settlement of a network of local recycled materials’ providers and users can then generate important environmental benefits.
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Md. Mahmudul Hassan and Wang Xuefeng. "The Challenges and Prospects of Inland Waterway Transportation System of Bangladesh." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.12.1.17.
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Bangladesh is crisscrossed by rivers and inland waterways have been playing a significant role to the transportation of goods. For nation’s economic prospects it is very important to develop the inland waterways transportation systems in Bangladesh. But inland waterways in Bangladesh are facing challenges due to many problems in spite of having good prospects. Therefore, the objective of the study is to examine the present IWT systems, its challenges and how it can contribute more than others transportation systems to our national economy. this paper is mainly based on secondary data. The data is collected from journal papers, internet, newspaper, books, and articles. Data is also gathered from different maritime authority’s website. The research findings indicate that the Bangladeshi inland waterways have huge prospects, but lack of knowledge gap of current condition of inland navigability, not conducting hydrographic survey after 1989, lack of poor management, inadequate inland port facilities, low quality vessel and poor inland connectivity are the reasons for all of this problem. Inland waterways transports are environmentally friendly than others transportation systems and many local business person, exporter, importer will be benefited by using IWT. But authority should have to utilize the inland water ways in a right manner. Adequate the depth and air draft should have to be maintained and the inland port facilities improvement and infrastructure development are necessary for IWT.
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Hindratmo, Astria, M. Hasan Abdullah, and Navik Kholili. "PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH PASAR DESA KUNJANG KABUPATEN KEDIRI BERBASIS CIRCULAR ECONOMY SYSTEM DAN TEKNOLOGI ECO FRIENDLY [MARKET WASTE PROCESSING IN KUNJANG VILLAGE, KEDIRI REGENCY BASED ON CIRCULAR ECONOMY SYSTEM AND ECO FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY]." Jurnal Sinergitas PKM & CSR 5, no. 3 (December 20, 2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/jspc.v5i3.4661.
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<p><em>Kunjang Village Market is located on Jl. Soekarno-Hatta, Kunjang Kidul Hamlet RT.02 RW.02 Kunjang Village, Kunjang District, Kediri Regency. The location of the Kunjang Village Market is about 30 km from the city center. There are 338 traders in Kunjang market tradisional in total. However, with the large number of traders, it raises several problems, namely the amount of garbage that accumulates causing unpleasant odors and the handling of waste is carried out by burning so that the smoke spreads everywhere which disturbs the surrounding environment, especially residential areas. In addition, there is no garbage truck that transports it to the central waste collection center of Kediri Regency so that the waste is burned in an open place located behind the market. The purpose of this service is to improve waste management that is more environmentally friendly, as well as obtain by-products from waste processing to increase market income. The methods used in this service are training and assistance in processing waste into solid and liquid organic fertilizers, as well as processing inorganic waste (plastic waste) into shredded plastic and liquid fuel or oil processed by means of pyrolysis. The results of this service produce by-products in the form of solid and liquid organic fertilizers, marketable shredded sticks and liquid fuel (oil), as well as reducing environmental impacts due to the smoke from burning waste.</em></p><p><strong>BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: </strong>Pasar Desa Kunjang terletak di Jl. Soekarno-Hatta, Dusun Kunjang Kidul RT.02 RW.02 Desa Kunjang, Kecamatan Kunjang, Kabupaten Kediri. Lokasi Pasar Desa Kunjang terletak sekitar 30 km dari pusat kota. Total pedagang di pasar tradisional Kunjang sebanyak 338 pedagang. Namun dengan banyaknya jumlah pedagang, maka menimbulkan beberapa permasalahan yaitu jumlah sampah yang menumpuk sehingga menimbulkan bau tak sedap dan penanganan sampah dilakukan dengan dibakar sehingga asap menyebar ke mana-mana yang mengganggu lingkungan sekitar terutama pemukiman penduduk. Selain itu tidak adanya truk sampah yang mengangkut ke penampungan sampah pusat kabupaten Kediri sehingga sampah di bakar pada tempat terbuka yang terletak belakang pasar. Tujuan dari pengabdian ini yaitu untuk memperbaiki pengelolaan sampah yang lebih ramah lingkungan, serta mendapatkan produk sampingan hasil pengolahan sampah untuk menambah pendapatan pasar. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengabdian ini yaitu pelatihan dan pendampingan pengolahan sampah menjadi pupuk organik padat dan cair, serta pengolahan sampah anorganik (sampah plastik) menjadi plastik cacah dan bahan bakar cair atau minyak hasil proses dengan alat pirolisis. Hasil pengabdian ini menghasilkan produk sampingan berupa pupuk organik padat dan cair, pastik cacah yang layak jual dan bahan bakar cair (minyak), serta mengurangi dampak lingkungan akibat asap pembakaran sampah.</p>
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Al-Rahman, Seddiq Q. Abd, Sameeh Abdulghafour Jassim, and Ali Makki Sagheer. "Design a mobile application for vehicles managing of a transportation issue." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 2263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i4.2918.
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The movement of people between cities is leading to a recovery in the economy that transportation companies have begun to dominate. These companies start providing the best services to customers and promoting them through workers to earn money properly. From this basis, this paper presents a system designed to manage a company that transports people and goods between a group of cities. Database management was used across the web to enable data exchange between workers. The database is designed to be accessible to workers. It has also been suggested that the elliptic curve can be used to generate public and private keys for all parties while the company's management generates a prime number every day to ensure the confidentiality of the exchanged data. In this proposal, the rivest-shamir-adleman (RSA) algorithm is used to encrypt transferred data. It uses technology to exchange information if the recipient is not connected to the network. The proposed system performs a good service for the company’s management in securing the transferred data where smartphone applications are designed to work on it.
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Lee, Changui, and Seojeong Lee. "Overcoming the DDoS Attack Vulnerability of an ISO 19847 Shipboard Data Server." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2023): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11051000.
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The maritime industry, which transports approximately 90% of the world’s goods, plays a crucial role in the global economy. However, increasing reliance on digital technologies has made the industry vulnerable to cybersecurity threats that may compromise the safety and security of maritime operations, thereby potentially affecting global supply chain integrity and public safety. This study examines the vulnerability of the ISO 19847:2018 standard shipboard data server to distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks and proposes a method to mitigate this vulnerability. To this end, we propose modifications to the MQTT v5 protocol used by the shipboard data server, which provides streaming data-transfer services, and conduct verification experiments. These modifications allow the shipboard data server to control the frequency of messages published by the MQTT publisher, thereby preventing it from being overwhelmed by massive amounts of traffic in the event of a DDoS attack. Therefore, the proposed method can enhance the overall cybersecurity of the maritime sector by preventing the misuse of onboard MQTT publishers and reducing the impact of DDoS attacks.
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Seager, Richard, Nathan Lis, Jamie Feldman, Mingfang Ting, A. Park Williams, Jennifer Nakamura, Haibo Liu, and Naomi Henderson. "Whither the 100th Meridian? The Once and Future Physical and Human Geography of America’s Arid–Humid Divide. Part I: The Story So Far." Earth Interactions 22, no. 5 (March 1, 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-17-0011.1.
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Abstract John Wesley Powell, in the nineteenth century, introduced the notion that the 100th meridian divides the North American continent into arid western regions and humid eastern regions. This concept remains firmly fixed in the national imagination. It is reexamined in terms of climate, hydrology, vegetation, land use, settlement, and the agricultural economy. It is shown there is a stark east–west gradient in aridity roughly at the 100th meridian that is well expressed in hydroclimate, soil moisture, and “potential vegetation.” The gradient arises from atmospheric circulations and moisture transports. In winter, the arid regions west of the 100th meridian are shielded from Pacific storm-related precipitation and are too far west to benefit from Atlantic storms. In summer, the southerly flow on the western flank of the North Atlantic subtropical high has a westerly component over the western plains, bringing air from the interior southwest, but it also brings air from the Gulf of Mexico over the eastern plains, generating a west–east moisture transport and precipitation gradient. The aridity gradient is realized in soil moisture and a west-to-east transition from shortgrass to tallgrass prairie. The gradient is sharp in terms of greater fractional coverage of developed land east of the 100th meridian than to the west. Farms are fewer but larger west of the meridian, reflective of lower land productivity. Wheat and corn cultivation preferentially occur west and east of the 100th meridian, respectively. The 100th meridian is a very real arid–humid divide in the physical climate and landscape, and this has exerted a powerful influence on human settlement and agricultural development.
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Mustafa, Aziam. "The Effect of Marketing Strategies on the Performance of Travel Insurance." International Journal of Business and Management 2, no. 5 (October 25, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26666/rmp.ijbm.2018.5.1.
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: Travel Insurance is a trade of complexity involving variety of independent components such as hotels, transports, tour operators, travel agents, various governments and private bodies. Hence, the demand for travel insurance is influenced by various factors: economy, institution, society and demographic. The objective of this research is to discern the effect of marketing strategies upon travel insurance services in Malaysia. Organizations own a marketing department that is responsible for the progress of sales volume, development of new products and adequacy of customer satisfaction and maintenance of market share. This department establish marketing strategies to attain the objectives of organization. Thus, the study is attempting to identify the effect of marketing strategies on the efficacy of travel insurance companies. Marketing strategies are referred to the 4Ps: product, place, promotion and price. The study is commenced at Ace Jemeh Insurance Bhd, Tune insurance company, Etiqa Insurance and Takaful Insurance in Shah Alam involving majority of the staff body. The results presented a significant relation between marketing strategical factors (product and sales promotion) and achievement in terms of sales volume, cost management, innovation and creativity and customer satisfaction of travel insurance company
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Mammadali, Maharramov Amil, and Khasiyev Bahruz Gabil. "Transport Infrastructure as a Factor of Economic Growth in Azerbaijan." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 8, no. 3 (December 13, 2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v8i3.1973.
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The nature of the transport infrastructure has been shown as an important factor in the socioeconomic development of its countries. Here, in our country, the developmental possibilities of the transportation system and the basic directions of the state policy towards the development of the transportation infrastructure have been shown. Some aspects of the transport's role in the country's economy have been reviewed. Basic indicators of the development of the transport infrastructure and information on the current state of transport infrastructure for the various countries of the world are provided. Some provisions regarding the effect of the development of transportation infrastructure on the economic growth, the development of the economy are mentioned. A number of expected economic impacts have been shown from investments made to improve the transport infrastructure at the end.
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Li, Xiao-Feng, Jianping Li, and Yun Li. "Recent Winter Precipitation Increase in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Valley since the Late 1970s: A Response to Warming in the Tropical Indian Ocean." Journal of Climate 28, no. 9 (May 1, 2015): 3857–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00701.1.
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Abstract The middle–lower valley of the Yangtze River (MLY), located in the middle of eastern China, has been one of the largest economic centers of China since ancient times. Winter precipitation variability over the MLY is important for China because of its significant influence on the local economy. However, few studies have focused on the long-term variability of winter precipitation over the MLY. This study reports a significant wetting trend over the MLY in winter during the three decades since the late 1970s, forming a “mid-east-China winter wetting” pattern, which has become an important feature of precipitation change under the weakening East Asian winter monsoon. This wetting trend in the MLY also implies the poleward extension of the precipitation belts of southern China. Further investigation reveals that the increasing sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) is the dominant factor responsible for recent increases in precipitation over the MLY. The thermal forcing driven by warming of the TIO SST gives rise to an anomalous cyclonic circulation along the coast of eastern China. This transports more water vapor onto the Chinese mainland, shifts and causes anomalous convergence over the MLY, and generates the increase in precipitation there. As such, the increasing SST in the TIO induces over 80% of the observed wetting trend over the MLY. This mechanism was verified by results obtained from two sets of sensitivity experiments using a numerical spectral atmospheric general circulation model. Thus, increasing SST in the TIO has made a dominant contribution to the recent winter precipitation increase over the MLY.
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Wilde, G. L. "A New Approach to the Design of the Large Turbofan Power Plant." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 209, no. 2 (April 1995): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_277_02.
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The lower direct operating costs of the Big Twin subsonic transports encourage the building of ever larger turbofan engines installed on the wings. The steadily improving reliability of the turbofans and the good safety statistics of twin-engined aircraft over many years encourages this trend. Fuel economy is still the dominant factor in determining the design layout of turbofan engines. It requires the combination of the highest possible thermal efficiency of the gas generator core of the engine with optimum propulsion efficiency of the power plant as a whole in cruise flight, allowing for engine nacelle drag and nacelle to wing interference drag. High thermal efficiency and high propulsion efficiency together, lead to relatively small volume flow rate gas generators and high volume flow rate propulsion fans. The resulting geometrical mismatch between the compressors and turbines of the principal turbomachinery components within the engine, introduces losses that penalize the performance gains expected from theoretical considerations of thermodynamics cycle and component efficiencies alone. The paper presents two possible turbofan design layouts intended to overcome the limitation of current turbofan power plant designs. The aim is to design a power plant with the highest thrust per unit frontal area combined with the highest air miles per gallon in cruise flight.
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Abbas, Huda Abdulameer, Hayder Abbas Obaid, and Ali Abdul Ameer Alwash. "Enhanced Road Network to Reduce the Effect of (External – External) Freight Trips on Traffic Flow." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 2573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-11-015.
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The transportation system is often described as the lifeblood of modern society. Roads constitute a fundamental part of this system for both passenger and freight transports, a well-functioning freight transportation system is an essential element in any successful economy. Hilla is one of the most densely populated cities in Iraq. The road network in Hilla city is under additional load due to (external - external) trips, especially freight trips by trucks passing through the city's main entrances to cross into neighboring districts and provinces. This is due to the city's strategic location, which connects Baghdad with the southern provinces, making it an important transit route. The objective of this research is to study a proposal for modifying and developing the road network in the city of Hilla by adding new roads to the current network in order to reduce the negative impact of freight trucks passing through the city, especially (external - external) trips, by using Trans CAD and ArcGIS software network analysis. The result of network analysis shows that the suggested roads will reduce the total (travel time and distance) for the same origin and destination points by 9%, and 30%, compared with the current distance and time, respectively, while improving the level of service from D to C at peak hours for freight vehicles. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-11-015 Full Text: PDF
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Haas, Tobias. "Die politische Ökonomie der Energie- und Verkehrstransformation." Politische Steuerung von Transformation ‒ Das Beispiel der Energiepolitik 12, no. 2-2019 (December 12, 2019): 266–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/dms.v12i2.06.
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Die deutsche Energiewende wird in dem Beitrag als umkämpfter Prozess interpretiert. Mittels einer politökonomischen Analyseperspektive werden die komplexen Artikulationsverhältnisse von ökonomischen Entwicklungen, zivilgesellschaftlichen Auseinandersetzungen und staatlichen Politiken analysiert. Das zentrale Argument des Beitrags ist, dass in den letzten Jahren die Dynamiken hin zu einem regenerativen Energieregime im Strombereich abgebremst wurden. Damit hat sich der Charakter der Energiewende von einem stark umkämpften, bestehende Macht- und Herrschaftsverhältnisse in Frage stellenden Prozess hin zu einem Prozess des geordneten, im Rahmen des auf Exportmärkte ausgerichteten deutschen Modells eines „Koordinierten Kapitalismus“ verbleibenden Übergangs verschoben. Im Verkehrsbereich hingegen ist die Dominanz fossiler Energieträger ungebrochen. Die Potentiale und Restriktionen des Wandels hin zu einem post-fossilen Mobilitätsregime sind zu berücksichtigen, um ein umfassenderes Bild der Energietransformation zu zeichnen.
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KRUSZYŃSKI, MICHAŁ, and PAWEŁ ANDRZEJCZYK. "TRANSPORT AND ECONOMY." sj-economics scientific journal 30, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v30i3.113.
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The aim of this study was to illustrate relations between transport and national economy created by its other branches. In order to achieve the main research goal, the monographic method was used, as well as the method of system analysis of secondary sources. The sources were based on data , obtained from the general statistics of Poland and the European Union. The work uses the available literature of the subject. The obtained results were presented using a descriptive method and graphic methods.
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Jha, Abhishek. "Custom Clearance Processing Time Analysis and Factors Affecting Clearance Time for Goods in Birgunj Custom of Nepal." Journal of Advanced Research in Civil and Environmental Engineering 07, no. 3&4 (November 27, 2020): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2393.8307.202006.
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Trade plays a fundamental role in shaping the country’s economy and for this imported goods must be delivered to the market in the quickest possible time without unnecessary delay. This study covers the freight vehicles, which clears the custom clearance process for Kathmandu and transports the same goods to Kathmandu from Birgunj. In this study average processing time in Birgunj customs areas (Birgunj customs, Birgunj Inland Clearance Depot (ICD) and Birgunj Integrated Check-Post (ICD)) as well as factors affecting processing time in Birgunj customs area has also been explored. Custom Clearance time at the particular points was collected using the trained enumerators. Key Informant Interview (KII) was carried out to explore the factors affecting the processing time and the questionnaire survey was done to identify the factors affecting clearance time. The average processing time for vehicles in Birgunj customs, ICD and ICP for different types of, vehicles, goods and lanes assigned for goods were analyzed. Various factors that are affecting the processing were identified. In Birgunj customs, ICD and ICP in average approximately 30.1 hours, 2.8 hours and 19.2 hours respectively, extra time is being spent by freight vehicle inside the custom yard, other than actual processing time, which shows that there is mainly delay in-between the process other than in actual processing unit and the major factors for this are: owner not clearing the goods on time, due to lack of enough number of agents and unseen syndicate within the freight transportation system.
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Mesarec, Beno, and Marjan Lep. "COMBINING THE GRID‐BASED SPATIAL PLANNING AND NETWORK‐BASED TRANSPORT PLANNING." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1392-8619.2009.15.60-77.
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Border regions of EU countries are confronted with changes of spatial and economical development. The lack of border crossing strategic information system for regional planning purposes reflects in non‐intense cooperation in the field of regional development strategies harmonization. The article presents the methodology developed during Interreg III B project REDECON. Grid‐based database with GIS interface, merging socio‐economic, environmental and spatial data with vector‐based network accessibility data, what enable the public planning departments to analyze and simulate different policy measures concerning transport. The article is focused on the modifications of (during project REDECON) developed methodology, which enable besides cross‐border spatial analysis also analysis of current status of public transport demand and supply for finding the areas, where the supply of public transport services does not reach the demand for public transport services. It describes the methodology for selecting the main indicator thematic groups for different public transport demand types, the characterization (evaluation) of suitability of locations in respect to the balance between public transport supply and demand. At the end of the article the results of methodology application are presented on the regional pilot project concerning accessibility of pilot area, regional public transport demands and regional optimization of the public transport supply. Santrauka Aprašoma Redecon metodika, sukurta vykdant tarptautinio projekto Interreg III B metu. Tinklelinė duomenų bazė, paremta geografinėmis informacinėmis sistemomis, suvienijo socialinius ir ekonominius, aplinkosaugos, erdvinius ir vektorinius pasiekiamumo duomenis. Visa tai leido viešojo transporto planuotojams lengviau analizuoti ir modeliuoti transporta skirtingomis priemonėmis. Straipsnyje aprašomoji sukurtos metodikos modifikacija, padedanti nagrineti transporto sistemos paklausa, parodo, kuriose teritorijose viešojo transporto aprūpinimas nepakankamas ir pan. Pabaigoje svarstoma, kokiam regionui galima pritaikyti šią metodiką, to regiono viešojo transporto paklausą ir optimizavimą.
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Ghosh, Prabir Kumar, and Soumyananda Dinda. "Revisited the Relationship Between Economic Growth and Transport Infrastructure in India: An Empirical Study." Indian Economic Journal 70, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00194662211063535.
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This study empirically re-examines the relationship between transport infrastructure and economic growth in India for the period 1990–2017. Multivariate dynamic models are applied to estimate the relationship between economic growth and different modes of transport infrastructure namely road, rail and air transports in the vector error correction model framework. The results reveal that road and air transports have significant positive contribution to economic growth in the long-run while rail transport is insignificant. This study further examines the said issue using unit free index variables and has constructed a composite index of transport infrastructure using principal component analysis to analyse the nexus between aggregate transport infrastructure and economic growth in India in the post globalisation era. The results of the study indicate the bidirectional causality between aggregate transport infrastructure and economic growth. Results of this study suggest incorporating feedback issue in policy formulations. JEL Codes: C22, O18, R4
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Mandalkar, S. S., and Prathamesh R. Bobhate. "A STUDY ON CONSUMER PREFERENCE TOWARDS DIGITAL WALLETS DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC." SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES 8, no. 65 (March 25, 2021): 15087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21922/srjis.v8i65.1352.
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The ongoing spread of COVID-19 has become one of the biggest threats to the global economy and financial markets. To contain the impact of coronavirus outbreak, India, just like many countries across the globe, is taking several measures; including a nationwide lockdown, limiting movement of the entire population, shutting down public places and transports, urging the public to stay indoors, maintaining social distancing and developing work from home culture. During the period of lockdown, usage of digital wallets has increased. The digital wallet is a leading concept in India that has been beating credit card handling and is gradually beginning to swap the old traditional payment methods. The Digital wallets are virtual wallets; where one can easily store cash for making offline and online payments. Digital wallet app growth point outs the increasing need for efficient payment methods. These offer a much more secure and faster way for engaging transactions. The start- ups and large corporate businesses are also continuously on the lookout for customer-friendly technologies, thereby giving more value and convenience to the customers; especially during COVID-19 era, to retain old and attract new customers. This study was carried out to find out the factors, which affect consumer preference and frequency of usage towards digital wallets. Using a structured questionnaire with the help of ‘Google form’, the primary data was collected from a sample of 115 respondents. ANOVA and frequency analysis were used to find out the factors that affect the consumer preference and impact of various factors on consumer preference towards digital wallets were also analyzed.
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Stanković, Milica. "ТHE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION SECTOR." KNOWLEDGE - International Journal 47, no. 1 (August 16, 2021): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij4701143s.
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In a global economy, the economic opportunities and economic success of a country or region are linked to the mobility of people and goods, with the intensive use of information and communication technology. The connection between the quantity and quality of transport infrastructure and the level of economic development is obvious. The transport sector plays an important role in today’s economy and society and has a major impact on the economy of a country or region. An efficient transport sector is a critical component of economic development. Certainly, the development of the country's transport sector is an indicator of its economic prosperity and success. Developed transport infrastructure and connected transport networks are positively correlated with a high level of economic development. When transport systems are efficient, they provide economic and social opportunities and benefits that result in positive effects such as better access to markets, employment and additional investment. When transport systems are underdeveloped and unreliable, they can cause economic costs such as reduced or missed market opportunities and lower quality of life. Assessment of the socio-economic efficiency of transport projects should be mandatory when making a decision regarding their implementation. Transport is the basis of trade infrastructure, it has a significant impact on the competitiveness of certain industries in countries and regions. Imperfections in the transport system negatively affect the efficiency of the economy as a whole. Conversely, the accelerated development of transport infrastructure and the improvement of transport and logistics systems can have a significant impact on economic growth and ultimately on the population well-being. The quality of transport services has a great impact on the quality of people lives. On average, 13.2% of the budget of each household is spent on transportation of goods and services. The transport sector significantly contributes to the economy of a country by providing jobs for a large number of people involved in vehicle production, traffic safety control, vehicle management, which enables safe and efficient movement of people and goods. In short, transport networks are the heart of the supply chain and the foundation of every country's economy. The transport sector also facilitates international trade. In the conditions of globalization, where no country can fully function in isolation from other countries, the transport sector is crucial for the development of trade. Without adequate transport infrastructure, national and international trade would be almost impossible, and developing countries would find it significantly more difficult to integrate into the global economy. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of the development of transport and transport systems for the economy at the national and global level.
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Janulevičius, Algirdas, Antanas Juostas, and Gediminas Pupinis. "TRACTOR ENGINE LOAD AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION WORKS." TRANSPORT 25, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.50.
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Tractor load influences engine work parameters having an influence on the working economy and productivity of the complete tractor aggregate. The operational economy and productivity of the tractor is mostly evident when its engine power is utilized at least at 80% and engine speed is as low as possible. The paper analyses the engine parameters of tractor Massey Ferguson MF 8480 during the operational period of road construction works. Control tests on the parameters of the engine load of the tractor engine in combination with the employed milling equipment WS 2500 produced by the company ‘Wirtgen’ were performed. The study was carried out using engine load tables and graphs collected and stored in the so called ECU Load Profileintegrated in Electronic Engine Control Units. Theoretical analysis was made and an equation presented to establish the relation between engine power, engine speed and the quantities of cyclic fuel consumption. The study results present the distribution graphs of work time and fuel consumption at different engine speed during the operational period. The paper also indicates engine load and fuel consumption graphs of the tractor in combination with milling equipment. The article has also disclosed that the analysis of engine speed and load modes using information obtained from tractor‐integrated digital microprocessors reveals the operation quality of the tractor.
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Hawlena, Joanna. "Determinants of air transport in the context of globalization of the economy." Współczesne Problemy Ekonomiczne 17 (2018): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/wpe.2018.17-01.
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Chy, Md Kalim Amzad, Abdul Kadar Muhammad Masum, Kazi Abdullah Mohammad Sayeed, and Md Zia Uddin. "Delicar: A Smart Deep Learning Based Self Driving Product Delivery Car in Perspective of Bangladesh." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010126.
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The rapid expansion of a country’s economy is highly dependent on timely product distribution, which is hampered by terrible traffic congestion. Additional staff are also required to follow the delivery vehicle while it transports documents or records to another destination. This study proposes Delicar, a self-driving product delivery vehicle that can drive the vehicle on the road and report the current geographical location to the authority in real-time through a map. The equipped camera module captures the road image and transfers it to the computer via socket server programming. The raspberry pi sends the camera image and waits for the steering angle value. The image is fed to the pre-trained deep learning model that predicts the steering angle regarding that situation. Then the steering angle value is passed to the raspberry pi that directs the L298 motor driver which direction the wheel should follow. Based upon this direction, L298 decides either forward or left or right or backwards movement. The 3-cell 12V LiPo battery handles the power supply to the raspberry pi and L298 motor driver. A buck converter regulates a 5V 3A power supply to the raspberry pi to be working. Nvidia CNN architecture has been followed, containing nine layers including five convolution layers and three dense layers to develop the steering angle predictive model. Geoip2 (a python library) retrieves the longitude and latitude from the equipped system’s IP address to report the live geographical position to the authorities. After that, Folium is used to depict the geographical location. Moreover, the system’s infrastructure is far too low-cost and easy to install.
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Santos, Maria Clara Aparecida do Rosário, Heron Ferreira Souza, and Marcia Eliana Martins. "O COOPERATIVISMO E O ASSOCIATIVISMO NOS ESTUDOS SOBRE TRANSPORTE ALTERNATIVO: UMA PESQUISA BIBLIOGRÁFICA." Cadernos Macambira 7, especial (April 15, 2022): 88–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.59033/cm.v7iespecial.684.
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O presente estudo buscou fazer uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema transporte alternativo e sua relação com o cooperativismo e o associativismo. Dessa forma, tem-se como objetivos: investigar quais os aspectos sobre cooperativismo/associativismo têm sido considerados nas pesquisas que abordam transporte alternativo de vans/kombis; identificar as fragilidades e potencialidades vividas por associados/cooperados nas experiências de trabalho com transporte alternativo; e identificar a visão dos motoristas de transporte coletivo em torno do cooperativismo. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa é bibliográfica, de caráter exploratório, tendo como base elementos da revisão sistemática. Como base de dados foram utilizados o Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e a Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), utilizando para a busca o termo ‘transporte alternativo’. A contar da fase de leitura de títulos, resumos, palavras-chaves e texto integral, foram totalizados quatro trabalhos selecionados. À análise feita, percebe-se que a formação de cooperativas de transporte alternativo é fundamental à consolidação econômica e política desse movimento de trabalhadores-motoristas diante dos conflitos enfrentados com o Poder Público e as empresas de transporte regulares. No entanto, do ponto de vista dos cooperados, o cooperativismo ainda tem espaço para melhorias em termos de administração, operação e gestão, que podem produzir resultados de curto prazo para consolidá-los no setor de transportes. ABSTRACT: The present study sought to carry out bibliographical research on the subject of alternative transport and its relationship with cooperativism / associativism. In this way, the objectives are: to investigate which aspects of cooperativism/associativism have been considered in research that addresses alternative transport of vans/kombis; to identify the weaknesses and potentialities experienced by associates/cooperators in work experiences with alternative transport; and to identify the vision of public transport drivers around cooperativism. In methodological terms, the research is bibliographical, exploratory in nature, based on elements of the systematic review. As a database, the Catalog of Theses and Dissertations of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) were used, using the term 'alternative transport' for the search. From the reading phase of titles, abstracts, keywords and full text, a total of four selected works. From the analysis made, it is clear that the formation of alternative transport cooperatives is fundamental to the economic and political consolidation of this movement of workers-drivers in the face of conflicts faced with the Government and regular transport companies. However, from the cooperative members' point of view, cooperativism still has room for improvement in terms of administration, operation and management, which can produce short-term results to consolidate them in the transport sector. Keywords: Alternative transport. Cooperativism. Alternative transport cooperative.
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Wang, Qiang, Shasha Wang, and Rongrong Li. "Determinants of Decoupling Economic Output from Carbon Emission in the Transport Sector: A Comparison Study of Four Municipalities in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (October 3, 2019): 3729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193729.
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Quantitative analysis on decoupling between economic output, carbon emission, and the driving factors behind decoupling states can serve to make the economy grow without increasing carbon emission in China’s transport sector. In this work, we investigate the decoupling states and driving factors of decoupling states in the transport sector of China’s four municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing) through combining the Tapio decoupling approach with the decomposition technique. The results show that (i) the decoupling state of Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin improved; Beijing stabilized in weak decoupling; Shanghai and Tianjin appeared to have strong decoupling, but the decoupling state of Chongqing deteriorated from decoupling to negative decoupling. (ii) The energy-saving effect was the primary contributor to decoupling in these four municipalities, promoting transport’s economic growth strongly decouple from carbon emission. The economic scale effect was not optimized enough in Chongqing, facilitating expansive coupling, and expansive negative decoupling emerged. But it had a rather positive impact on decoupling process in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, promoting economic growth to weakly decouple from carbon emission. (iii) The carbon-reduction effect promoted strong decoupling, which emerged in Shanghai’s transport sector, more so than in the other three municipalities, in which weak decoupling emerged. Finally, several relevant policy recommendations were offered to promote the decoupling of carbon emission from economic growth and low-carbon transport.
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Juraevich, Khidirov Kholmamat. "The Importance Of The Transport Sector In The Economy And Its Role." American Journal of Applied Sciences 02, no. 07 (July 30, 2020): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume02issue07-06.
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Nagy, H., A. A. Abdulkadr, and G. I. Neszmélyi. "The Role of Transport, ICT and Power Infrastructure in the Ethiopian Economy." Economy of regions 20, no. 1 (2024): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2024-1-16.
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Infrastructure development plays an important role in reducing poverty, assuring food security and sustainable development of a country. One of the key challenges hindering the economic growth of developing countries is the lack of proper transport, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and energy sector infrastructures. This research aims to examine the importance of transport, ICT and power sector in Ethiopia’s economic growth and identify the main challenges these sectors have been facing based on data obtained from different secondary sources such as websites of the World Bank and Trading Economics, official reports, and published works. Descriptive statistical analysis was implemented to describe the secondary data obtained, while graphs, tables, and charts were used to visualise the results. Despite the difficulties in establishing and sustaining necessary infrastructure, research indicates that the growth of Ethiopia’s economy is largely attributed to infrastructure development. Furthermore, year after year, progress has been made in each sector of development, though there are still obstacles to overcome. Poor quality of road, transport and ICT infrastructure have been key factors of poor development in the country. There is an imbalance between the power needed and the available power. Given Ethiopia’s abundance of resources, the country must continue to prioritise infrastructure development.