Academic literature on the topic 'Economy of functionality'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economy of functionality"
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McMichael, Philip. "Multi-functionality vs food sovereignty?" SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no. 87 (June 2009): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2008-087005.
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- This paper examines the conditions under which the two strategic concepts of "multi-functionality" and "food sovereignty" have emerged, refocusing the development narrative toward a politics of sustainability. Both multi-functionality and food sovereignty represent sustainable alternatives to neo-liberal political economy. The author argues about the necessity of a paradigmatic shift regarding the meaning of human development in order to revalue food and agriculture as foundations of civilization, in the epistemological sense, and as vectors both of social and ecological sustainability and of public health.Key words: multi-functionality; food sovereignty; food regime; sustainability; food regime transition.
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Pershinа, L., and O. Makarenko. "EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONALITY AND ECONOMY WHEN CHOOSING THE SHEET TILES." Scientific Bulletin of Civil Engineering 95, no. 1 (2019): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29295/2311-7257-2019-95-1-170-176.
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Myasnikova, Olga Yu. "THE SPECIFICS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONALITY IN THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 5/8, no. 146 (2024): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.05.08.031.
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The paper reviews the management problems in the context of some changes in the role and place of social capital in the processes of socio-economic development. Social capital is positioned as an important resource of modern society as a whole and organizations focused on innovative strategies. It is revealed that social capital is a phenomenon that initially has regulatory and limiting functions, including resource, economic, network, and socio-psychological. It is shown that the specificity of social capital, the imperatives of which form the normative-legislative, administrative-organizational and value-normative determinants of management, and their complementarity ensure the balance of society and/or the activities of various social communities, state institutions, institutions, business companies and other state and/or commercial organizations.
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Nakhate, Pranav, and Yvonne van der Meer. "A Systematic Review on Seaweed Functionality: A Sustainable Bio-Based Material." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 6174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116174.
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Sustainable development is an integrated approach to tackle ongoing global challenges such as resource depletion, environmental degradation, and climate change. However, a paradigm shift from a fossil-based economy to a bio-based economy must accomplish the circularity principles in order to be sustainable as a solution. The exploration of new feedstock possibilities has potential to unlock the bio-based economy’s true potential, wherein a cascading approach would maximize value creation. Seaweed has distinctive chemical properties, a fast growth rate, and other promising benefits beyond its application as food, making it a suitable candidate to substitute fossil-based products. Economic and environmental aspects can make seaweed a lucrative business; however, seasonal variation, cultivation, harvesting, and product development challenges have yet not been considered. Therefore, a clear forward path is needed to consider all aspects, which would lead to the commercialization of financially viable seaweed-based bioproducts. In this article, seaweed’s capability and probable functionality to aid the bio-based economy are systematically discussed. The possible biorefinery approaches, along with its environmental and economic aspects of sustainability, are also dealt with. Ultimately, the developmental process, by-product promotion, financial assistance, and social acceptance approach are summarized, which is essential when considering seaweed-based products’ feasibility. Besides keeping feedstock and innovative technologies at the center of bio-economy transformation, it is imperative to follow sustainable-led management practices to meet sustainable development goals.
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Riegler, J. "Eco-social market economy as an European innovation." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 3 (February 29, 2012): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5272-agricecon.
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The paper presents fundamental ideas of European social market economy that are to be applied to formulate the “European Model of Agriculture”. In connection with the needs of further development of the Common Agricultural Policy, food strategy and regional policy, some challenges to the modern and perspective strategy of agriculture and food production in the EU are formulated. A new European challenge to strengthen the principle of solidarity, sustainability, multi-functionality and subsidiarity is an appreciable point of departure to solve the problems in Czech agriculture.
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Seliger, G., A. Buchholz, and U. Kross. "Enhanced product functionality with life cycle units." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 217, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440503322420124.
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Cycle economy is not only ecologically reasonable but also a chance for new business. Selling utilization instead of selling products is advantageous once additional costs for information processing and logistics are less than costs for underutilized capacity. A competitive provider offers product functionality in quality, time and location as required by the user. Lifetime component monitoring is conditional for this performance. Modern microelectronic technology enables the acquisition of component deterioration with sensorial devices, information processing and storing with microcontrollers and initiating appropriate actions such as maintenance. The architecture of a microsystem called the life cycle unit (LCU) for product and component monitoring is introduced and specified. Product examples illustrate some application areas.
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Prokopenko, Natalia. "DRIVERS OF ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN PROVIDING FUNCTIONALITY OF STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT DESIGN OF NATIONAL ECONOMY." Economic Analysis, no. 30(1, Part 2) (2020): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.01.02.125.
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Introduction. The main participants in the transformation processes of the national economy are representatives of government, community and business. Producers and providers of economic products and services act on the business side, and consumers of economic goods and services act on the community side. The government expresses its complicity in the formation of mechanisms of transformational processes of the national economy in the form of normative-legislative and social-regulatory influence on the formation of economic phenomena and processes. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the drivers of economic transformations in ensuring the design functionality of the strategic development of the national economy .. Methods (methodology). The general scientific methods, in particular theoretical generalization - for generalization of drivers of economic transformations in maintenance of functionality of design are applied in research; system economic analysis - to substantiate the model of influence of economic drivers on transformation processes in the context of design management. Results. According to the results of the research, the types of economic activity and economic processes that are the main drivers of national economy development are identified, which are proposed to be divided into two groups depending on strategic objectives, namely: drivers of economic growth and drivers of economic transformations. Drivers of economic growth are industries and types of economic activity, the growth of which stimulates economic growth in other sectors of the economy and directly affects the corresponding GDP growth. At the current stage of development, the main drivers of growth of the national economy are: the development of transport and logistics infrastructure, the information and communications sector and agriculture.
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Naeem, Mahpara, and Tariq Rafiq. "FUNCTIONALITY BETWEEN ECONOMIC INDICATORS AND DEBT CRISIS OF AN ECONOMY: A CAUSAL STUDY ON PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY (2002-2017)." Journal for Business Education and Management 1, no. 01 (June 30, 2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56596/jbem.v1i01.18.
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The economy of Pakistan has been facing depressed economic conditions for several years since many years. Debt to GDP has marked its peaks of Rs 21408.7 billion in 2017. The state of Pakistan has taken measures to reduce it. Various economic policies with amendments are being introduced by state authorities to make the favorable economic conditions but still, there are some factors that are creating economic instability in Pakistan such as an increase in Public Debt Burden is one of them. So, this study primarily focuses on the exploration of a causal relationship between public debt and economic indicators of Pakistan. Secondarily it focuses on analyzing the relationship between public debt and economic indicators such as market capitalization, reserves, exchange rate, and fiscal deficits. The study has employed both type analysis qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative data is analyzed through statistical software EVIEWS. 16 years of data of Public Debt and economic indicators of Pakistan from 2002 to 2017 has been analyzed. Standardized criteria were adopted to accept or reject the hypothesis. Based on inferences, policies and implications are given in the shape of recommendations for corrective measures.
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Jeníček, V. "Sustainable development of landscape and village – the criterion of multi-functionality." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 5 (March 1, 2012): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5397-agricecon.
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Description of village and landscape sustainable development: ecosystems in the landscape, types of the territory utilisation, protection of natural resources, way of living. As to the sustainable development of country regions, we can consider these priorities: the renewal and development of villages, the protection and the preservation of the heritage of countryside, the development and the improvement of infrastructure, the support of tourism and crafts, services for country economy and finance. The development of multifunctional agriculture and forestry should be concentrated: in the less favourable regions and the regions with worse natural conditions (LFA), necessary agroenvironmental arrangements for zones with ecological restrictions, afforestation projects, the protection of water resources, the improvement of life environment and its protection, the preservation of landscape, the improvement of the care of animals.
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Berdichevskaya, V. O. "Accounting system development in the digital economy." Vestnik NSUEM, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/2073-6495-2022-1-138-147.
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The article considers the evolution of the accounting system in the context of the development of the digital economy. The reasons for the decline in the functionality of accounting in modern conditions and the factors determining its further development are marked out. The content of the main directions of transformation of accounting is revealed, they include the following: the emergence of new types of accounting and a change in their significance for the purposes of managing an organization; changes in accounting methodology; reorganization of the organization and improvement of individual accounting processes; the emergence of new accounting objects; changes in the requirements for the competencies of accounting personnel.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economy of functionality"
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Carvalho, Brasilio de Moura Paulo. "Prospérité et Résilience : la place de la ville dans le développement économique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ0011.
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Cette thèse explore le rôle central des villes dans les réponses aux défis sociaux et environnementaux contemporains, soulignant leur importance dans l'architecture sociale et économique mondiale. Elle met en évidence comment les villes, qui abritent plus de la moitié de la population mondiale et produisent 70 % du PIB global tout en couvrant seulement 2 % de la superficie terrestre, font face à d'importants défis de durabilité et d'équité, notamment en raison de la pauvreté affectant 85 % des citoyens et de leur contribution majeure aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre et des déchets produits.S'appuyant sur la temporalité et la dynamique de l'économie industrielle de Marshall, la thèse adopte une approche hétérodoxe pour répondre aux conventions de l'économie traditionnelle et soutient que la prospérité et la résilience devraient servir à reconsidérer les modèles d'organisation productive urbaine. Elle intègre également la perspective de l'économie circulaire et fonctionnelle dans une démarche transdisciplinaire, visant à explorer de nouvelles pistes de recherche et à approfondir la compréhension du rôle économique des villes.Structurée en deux parties comprenant chacune deux chapitres, la première partie de la thèse contextualise les défis urbains et reconsidère le concept de ville à travers une fragmentation théorique dans l'analyse urbaine. La deuxième partie examine la dynamique urbaine et le développement économique, se concentrant sur la prospérité et la résilience face aux défis sociétaux. Cette partie introduit également une réorganisation de la fragmentation théorique, en adoptant une approche transdisciplinaire, dénommée « théorie de la ville ».Enfin, la thèse analyse l'impact de la crise du COVID-19 et les réponses formulées selon la « théorie de la ville ». En complément, elle met en avant la structuration d'un projet basé sur la « théorie de la ville » et labellisé par le programme France 2030 ainsi que le 4e Programme d'investissements d'avenir (PIA). Ce projet vise à revitaliser les quartiers prioritaires et à promouvoir l'initiative « Démonstrateurs de la ville durable »This thesis, structured in two parts each containing two chapters, proposes a heterodox approach in response to the conventions of traditional economics. This orientation stems from the desire to explore alternatives to the status quo. The first part of the thesis focuses on contextualizing urban challenges and redefining the concept of the city while revisiting the foundations of economic spatialization and highlighting theoretical fragmentation in urban analysis.To support an alternative perspective, it was crucial to deepen the analysis of the influences and perspectives of Marshall's industrial economics, emphasizing the temporality and dynamics of economic models, thus laying the necessary groundwork for the second part of the thesis. This part addresses the main discussion on urban dynamics, economic development, and the concepts of prosperity and resilience in the face of societal challenges. It examines the role of the city and its interaction with the state. The need to consolidate these theoretical fragments gives rise to what I call the "city theory."This reorganization through the "city theory" does not claim to establish a new theory but aims to bridge theoretical gaps, identify new research paths, and apply transdisciplinarity to rethink productive activity in an urban context. The fourth chapter of the thesis examines the crisis and post-crisis of COVID-19 by applying the "city theory." It also discusses the orientation of a project based on the "city theory" within the framework of the France 2030 program and the 4th Future Investments Program (PIA), involving various ministries and partners, to promote innovative solutions to revitalize priority neighborhoods, particularly the "Sustainable City Demonstrators" initiative
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Longueira, Roxanne. "Exploring the functionality of the South African education quintile funding system." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60952.
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South African education has undergone many changes in the past two decades. In an attempt to educate all South African children and provide as many prospects as possible, a funding system was adopted with the intention of achieving "redress, equity and quality" (DoE, 2006). The goal of redress was important to begin solving system discrepancies between different social groups in the country whereas the goal of equity is one of the means to attain redress. The Quintile Funding System has been considered the means to achieve equity and redress. This tiered system directs more funding to those learners in need of financial support than more affluent learners. By increasing funding to learners of a lower socio-economic status (SES), learners who would otherwise be disadvantaged, could possibly reap the benefits of more opportunities through good quality education.
This study aims to investigate the functionality and relevance of the quintile funding system. By using the preProgress in International Reading Literacy Study (prePIRLS) 2011 reading literacy test results and background survey questionnaire data, the SES of each quintile is examined. The reading literacy achievement is also used as a proxy for education quality and, by examining the differences in prePIRLS 2011 reading literacy achievement of the quintiles, the levels of quality may be established. The SES and reading achievement enables a comparison between quintiles to justify the use of a five-tiered funding system. An effective funding system should ensure that the largest number of learners in the country reap the most benefits from a good quality education.Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Science, Mathematics and Technology Education
MEd
Unrestricted
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Otto, Kevin, Victor Tang, and Warren Seering. "Establishing Quantitative Economic Value for Features and Functionality of New Products and New Services (CHAPTER N)." PDMA Toolbook II, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/3821.
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This chapter has two key themes: (1) a list of customer needs is interesting, but insufficient for many development decisions, (2) establishing a quantified, dollar value for each requirement is more helpful. To that end, we present an approach and method to establishing the quantitative monetary value for new product features and performance. This approach is targeted to product development managers and engineers engaged at the “front-end” of the product development process when the decisions about selection and trade-off of product functions and features are made. This approach examines the customer’s business operations and essentially establishing their business case for your product down to the feature and performance levels. This provides for much better trade-off decisions in new product development. This approach also helps to identify whitespace opportunities, those new product and/or service opportunities that are not being served by any current product. Moreover, because the methodology is fine grained, the whitespace opportunities are resolved into clear and actionable product development projects.Center for Innovation in Product Development
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Handra. "Application and economic feasibility of functionally graded composite for lead-bismuth service." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45390.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-60).
Use of materials in liquid Pb/Pb-Bi systems in the higher temperature (550°C-700°C) in advanced liquid metal cooled advanced reactor systems is limited by their corrosion resistance. To address this issue, an Fe-12Cr-2.55Si alloy system is being developed and researched, and when used along with T91 (9Cr-lMo) as base material, it will be applicable in tubes production mainly for advanced LBE (Lead-Bismuth Eutectic) reactor systems. An analysis was carried out on this new technology's benefits and its commercialization to evaluate whether or not the technology has economic feasibility if it then is used and commercialized in LBE nuclear industry. The results indicate that this new material has potential to be favored. Before coming to this conclusion, factors such as examination of IP landscape & competing technologies, current and potential of competitiveness of the LBE reactors and the new materials, and a simple business strategic & entry market analysis have been conducted.
by Handra.
M.Eng.
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Bisiaux, Justine. "La transition vers l'innovation soutenable pour les entreprises industrielles : une approche par les business models : application au domaine du génie industriel." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2216/document.
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Ces dernières décennies ont été marquées par l’apparition d’un nouveau contexte en faveur du développement soutenable, dans lequel de nouveaux modes de consommation et de production émergent. Ce nouveau contexte tend à se substituer à l’innovation intensive, les entreprises industrielles à réorienter leur business model vers l’innovation soutenable. Cependant ce changement nécessite des bouleversements stratégiques et organisationnels que certaines entreprises ne parviennent pas à surmonter. Ces situations d’entreprises révèlent un double enjeu : la nécessité de caractériser l’innovation soutenable d’une part et l’intérêt de définir une stratégie d’évolution et de diffusion de l’innovation soutenable au sein des entreprises d’autre part. Afin de caractériser l’innovation soutenable, trois notions sont mobilisées : le business model, la soutenabilité et la fonctionnalité. Les résultats de cette exploration suggèrent l’utilisation du business model comme objet intermédiaire afin de favoriser la co-construction et l’évolution de business models. L’étude de la soutenabilité du business model conduit à la proposition de l’association de l’économie de fonctionnalité - business model serviciel - à l’éco-conception - modèle de conception environnemental - comme déclinaison de l’innovation soutenable. L’analyse de la fonctionnalité révèle une complémentarité de ces deux démarches. Celles-ci permettent de définir de nouvelles offres du point de vue des valeurs d’usage et permettent d’intégrer l’utilisateur dans la définition de l’offre. L’exploration de ces trois notions conduit également à la proposition d’un changement de paradigme en faveur du paradigme soutenable suivi du développement de trajectoires de business models afin de garantir aux entreprises l’atteinte à long terme des plus hauts niveaux de l’innovation soutenable. Ces résultats théoriques servent ensuite au développement d’une méthode d’aide à la décision : Business Model Explorer for Sustainability (BMES). La méthode BMES permet aux entreprises de concevoir de nouveaux business models soutenables et de définir des trajectoires vers ces business models soutenables comme stratégie de diffusion de l’innovation soutenable à long terme. Elle s’appuie sur la notion d’upgradabilité comme déclinaison opérationnelle de l’innovation soutenable. La méthode est développée et testée avec les deux industriels partenaires du projet IDCyclUM : Neopost et Rowenta. Une des principales perspectives de recherche proposée consiste à engager des travaux visant à poursuivre la définition de l’innovation soutenable qui reste un concept ambigu pour lequel il n’existe pas de consensus à l’heure actuelleOver the past decades, a new context in favor of sustainable development emerged. New models of consumption and production are developed. This shift from intensive innovation to sustainable innovation leads some companies to rethink their business model. However, this business model evolution requires strategic and organizational changes that some companies fail to overcome. These companies’ situations reveal a double challenge : the need to characterize sustainable innovation on the one hand and defining a strategy for disseminating sustainable innovation on the other hand.To characterize sustainable innovation, three notions are mobilized : the business model, sustainability and functionality. The results of this exploration suggest the use of the business modelas an intermediary object to promote the co-construction and the evolution of business models. The study of sustainable led us to associate functional economy - servicial business model - to eco-design- environmental design - as a declination of sustainable innovation. Functionality concept analysis revealed the complementarity of functional economy and eco-design approaches. This allows us to define new offers from the use-values point of view. The exploration of these three notions also leads to propose a paradigm shift in favor of sustainable paradigm. This paradigm shift is followed by the development and characterization of business models trajectories. These trajectories guide companies in achieving the highest levels of sustainable innovation on the long term. These theoretical results were used to develop a method called Business Model Explorer for Sustainability (BMES). The BMES method allows companies to develop sustainable business models and to define trajectories toward these business models. The method is based on the upgradability concept as operational application of sustainable innovation. The method was developed and tested with the two industrial partners of IDCyclUM project : Neopost and Rowenta. One of the main proposed research perspectives is to continue defining sustainable innovation. This concept remains indeed ambiguous and there is still no consensus about its definition at present
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Nguegang, Asaa Prosper. "L'agriculture urbaine et périurbaine à Youndé: analyse fonctionnelle d'une activité montante en économie de survie." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210392.
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RESUME :Comme la plupart des villes africaines, Yaoundé, capitale du Cameroun, est confrontée aux phénomènes d’urbanisation croissante. Cette urbanisation rapide n’est pas accompagnée d’une croissance économique. En fait, le pouvoir d’achat extrêmement bas, le chômage, le sous-emploi, la pauvreté, voire la misère, ont amené une frange importante de la population à inventer de nouvelles solutions pour s’assurer un revenu. C’est alors qu’apparaît le phénomène d’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine. La caractérisation de cette agriculture a mis en évidence une interaction entre les catégories d’acteurs, les types d’espaces, les types de cultures, les produits obtenus et les revenus moyens générés. Il ressort de l’analyse des résultats que cette forme d’agriculture emploie près de 2000 personnes, pour la plupart des jeunes et, surtout, des femmes, dont la moyenne d’âge est de 35 ans. C’est une activité basée principalement dans les bas-fonds marécageux, le bas des pentes, les abords des routes avec une forte pression sur l’espace. Les cultures sont diversifiées et sont à dominance maraîchère, vivrière et floricole. Elles varient en fonction des trois espaces étudiés, à savoir l’auréole urbaine, la zone périurbaine et l’hinterland rural.
L’analyse du système de commercialisation a mis en évidence trois types de circuits à travers lesquels les produits transitent des producteurs aux consommateurs. Ce sont notamment les circuits longs, les circuits courts et les circuits directs. Dans ces circuits de commercialisation, la régulation du marché se réalise au niveau de tous les intervenants. Cela signifie que les prix des produits ne sont pas fixés d’avance, mais varient en fonction de la demande. En ce qui concerne la rentabilité, l’analyse sur les comptes d’exploitation des cultures de céleri, de ndolé et de morelle noire indique que cette agriculture est rentable avec un gain moyen journalier de près de trois euros pour les producteurs. C’est la raison pour laquelle certains maraîchers estiment qu’à la place d’un travail salarial de près de 75euros / mois, ils préfèrent rester dans leur jardin.
Cependant, aucun cadre juridique et réglementaire lié à l’exercice de cette activité n’est disponible. Aucun article de loi ne l’autorise. Nous avons noté également de nombreuses autres contraintes liées à l’organisation des producteurs, aux pratiques, à la structuration et la mise en marché des produits. Ces résultats ont alors d’importantes implications quant à la compréhension des interactions entre les agriculteurs en ville et le monde politique de Yaoundé. Les fonctions multiples de cette activité tel que l’emploi pour les jeunes, les revenus substantiels pour les couches des populations les plus vulnérables, la gestion des déchets urbains et la beauté du paysage étant autant d’attraits qui concourent à son encouragement.
Les stratégies qui visent à susciter l’implication des producteurs urbains dans le développement de la ville de Yaoundé ont été mises en œuvre à travers la CAUPA (Coalition pour la promotion de l’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine en Afrique). L’intégration de ces stratégies dans les schémas directeurs d’aménagements urbains, pourrait contribuer à concilier les défis d'une amélioration du bien-être des populations en quête de survie. Cette thèse met en évidence la nécessité d’une médiation entre les différentes catégories d’acteurs pour une agriculture urbaine et périurbaine de qualité. Les résultats pourront permettre aux décideurs et administrateurs des villes de disposer d‘informations utiles sur l’importance de cette forme d’agriculture qui est, non seulement montante, mais aussi controversée.
SUMMARY:
As in most African cities, Yaounde, the capital city of Cameroon, is faced with the phenomenon of urbanization. This leads to socio-economic problems especially in food supply and acquisition of basic necessities. The extremely low purchasing power, unemployment, underemployment, poverty - say misery, brought a significant proportion of the population to invent new solutions to ensure basic income through urban and peri-urban agriculture. The characterization of this agricultural system highlights the interaction between various stakeholders, types of spaces and crops, productivity and average revenue generated. Results show that this agricultural system has generated employment for about 2000 people, mainly youths and especially women, with 35 years average age. The activity is based mainly in lowland floody zones, low slope, landscaping roads with increase land pressure. Vegetables, gardening and flowers are dominant diversified crops noticed in the area. These crops vary from urban, peri-urban and rural areas, three landscape which were studied.
The analysis of the marketing chain show three main types of distribution chains through which products pass from producers to consumers. These include long distribution, short distribution and direct channel. In these channels, the regulation of the market is achieved at the level of all stakeholders. This means that the prices of the products are therefore fixed in advance, and also are functions of demand. Regarding profitability, the analysis on the farmer’s accounts of Celery, Bitter leaf and Black nightshade indicates that this agriculture is profitable with an average daily gain of almost 3 euro per producers. That's why some gardeners believes that instead of a salary of almost 75 euro per month, they prefer to stay in their farm.
However, no legal and regulatory framework related to this activity is available in the case of Yaounde. Also, there are many other constraints related to the organization of producers, practices, structuring and implementation of products in the markets. These results have important implications to the understanding of the interaction between farmers and policy makers. The multiple functions of this activity such as youth employment, income for substantial segments of the most vulnerable populations, urban waste management and the beautification of the landscape is as much attraction that contribute to its promotion.
A strategy to encourage the implication of urban producers in the development of the city of Yaounde has been implemented through CAUPA. The integration of these strategies in urban planners, could help for the challenges of improving people’s welfare. Subsequently, this thesis brings forth the need for a mediation between different stakeholders and contributes to good quality of peri-urban agriculture. The results can therefore enable decision-makers and policy to provide useful information on the importance of this form of agriculture which is not only rising, but also controversial.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Taylor, Stephen. "The performance of South African schools : implications for economic development." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5150.
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Thesis (PhD (Economics)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLSIH ABSTRACT: At the time of South Africa‟s transition to democracy the school system was envisaged to be a powerful vehicle for nation-building and transformation. The chronic low performance of the South African school system has subsequently become the subject of widespread public concern. This thesis examines the distribution of cognitive achievement amongst South African children and the factors influencing it, especially socio-economic status, and asks what the implications of this are for future economic development. The methodologies employed are predominantly quantitative as various sources of data are examined in order to collect evidence pertaining to the question above. Chapter 1 lays down a conceptual framework for understanding the role of schooling in economic development. The point is made that although education is often envisaged as a vehicle for development and mobility out of poverty, the home socio-economic status of children impacts significantly on their educational outcomes. Chapter 2 reviews recent and relevant literature to establish main currents of thinking regarding the influence of socio-economic status on educational outcomes. Chapter 3 follows this with an empirical examination of the influence of socio-economic status on reading achievement amongst South African children. The results indicate that the relationship between socio-economic status and educational achievement in South Africa is particularly strong by international standards. Furthermore, the historical divisions within the school system remain key to understanding continuing inequalities in educational outcomes. The socio-economic status of students is crucial in determining which part of the school system students enter; then for those entering the historically disadvantaged system the chances of achieving high quality educational outcomes are small, regardless of their home background. The main priority in the latter part of chapter 3 and thereafter is the attempt to identify factors that improve cognitive achievement, given the socio-economic context of schools and their students. In chapter 4, this search is taken up by examining a rich collection of data regarding school and teacher practices in South African primary schools. In chapter 5 this is done by analysing trends in the ability of high schools to convert demonstrated grade 8 achievement into matric outcomes. An additional perspective is provided through a comparison of the performance of South Africa‟s independent and public schools in Chapter 6. The final chapter summarises the results from these various approaches and highlights several key areas on which, it is recommended, attempts to improve South Africa‟s schools should focus. These include the management of school resources, teacher work ethic, time management and planning within schools, curriculum coverage, the accuracy of assessment and feedback to students, and parent commitment to education. Improving these areas within the large and struggling part of the South African school system will be decisive for the country‟s economic development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten tye van Suid-Afrika se demokratiese oorgang is die skoolstelsel as ʼn sterk instrument vir nasiebou en transformasie gesien. Die kroniese swak vertoning van die Suid-Afrikaanse skoolstelsel het sedertdien tot wye openbare besorgdheid gelei. Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die verdeling van kognitiewe prestasie onder Suid-Afrikaanse kinders en die faktore wat dit beïnvloed, veral sosio-ekonomiese status, asook die implikasies daarvan vir toekomstige ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Die metodologie wat gebruik word, is hoofsaaklik kwantitatief, want verskeie databronne word ondersoek om getuienis in te win rakende bogenoemde vraagstuk. Hoofstuk 1 stel ʼn konseptuele raamwerk daar om die rol van onderwys in ekonomiese ontwikkeling te verstaan. Die punt word gemaak dat, alhoewel onderwys dikwels as ʼn instrument vir ontwikkeling en uitstyging uit armoede gesien word, die sosio-ekonomiese status van kinders se huislike omgewing hulle onderwysuitkomste beduidend beïnvloed. Hoofstuk 2 bied ʼn oorsig van onlangse en relevante literatuur om die hoofstrome van denke oor die invloed van sosio-ekonomiese status op onderwysuitkomste aan te dui. Hoofstuk 3 volg dit op met „n empiriese ontleding van die invloed van sosio-ekonomiese status op leesvaardigheid onder Suid-Afrikaanse kinders. Die resultate dui daarop dat die verband tussen sosio-ekonomiese status en onderwysuitkomste volgens internasionale standaarde in Suid-Afrika besonder sterk is. Verder is die historiese verdelingslyne binne die skoolstelsel van sleutelbelang om voortgesette ongelykheid in onderwysuitkomste te verstaan. Die sosio-ekonomiese status van studente bepaal grootliks tot watter deel van die skoolstelsel kinders toegang kry. Vir daardie kinders wat in die histories-afgeskeepte deel van die stelsel beland, is die waarskynlikheid van hoë gehalte onderwys klein, ongeag hulle gesinsagtergrond. Die klem in die laaste gedeelte van hoofstuk 3 en daarna val daarop om faktore te identifiseer wat kognitiewe uitkomste verbeter, gegewe die sosio-ekonomiese konteks van skole en studente. In hoofstuk 4 word hierdie speurtog voortgesit deur ʼn ryk verskeidenheid data rakende skole en onderwysers se praktyke in Suid-Afrikaanse laerskole te ondersoek. In hoofstuk 5 word dit gedoen deur ʼn analise van die vermoë van hoërskole om graad 8-vlak prestasie in graad matriekuitkomste te omskep. ʼn Vergelyking van die prestasie van Suid-Afrika se onafhanklike skole met openbare skole in hoofstuk 6 bied verdere perspektief hierop. Die finale hoofstuk som die bevindinge van hierdie verskillende benaderings op en belig sekere sleutelaspekte waarop pogings om Suid-Afrika se skole te verbeter klem behoort te lê. Dit sluit in bestuur van skoolhulpbronne, onderwysers se werksetiek, tydsbestuur en beplanning binne skole, dekking van die kurrikulum, die akkuraatheid van assessering en terugvoer daaroor aan studente, en ouers se betrokkenheid by onderwys. Verbetering op hierdie gebiede binne die groot, sukkelende deel van die Suid-Afrikaanse skoolstelsel sal deurslaggewend wees vir die land se ekonomiese ontwikkeling.
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Zenkteler, Matthew. "Planning and city policy responses to remote work in urban environments." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/213156/8/Matthew%20Zenkteler%20Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines the impact of emerging practices of remote work and working-from-home on cities. While the study adopts a global perspective, empirical data from a case study of the City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, is analysed. Insights from the thesis inform several recommended strategies guiding urban planning and design practitioners to consider the evolution of residential neighbourhoods towards mixed live/work urban environments. While the majority of data analysed in the thesis was collected before the COVID-19 outbreak, some implications for post-pandemic cities were also able to be discussed.
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Frasser, Lozano Cristian Camilo. "Essays on liquidity-based asset classification and illegal means of payment : an economic and philosophical approach." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E014.
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La thèse vise à répondre à deux questions principales concernant certaines caractéristiques de la classification des actifs fondée sur la liquidité. Une première question porte sur la validité d'une telle classification : la classification des actifs fondée sur la liquidité identifie-t-elle un type naturel ? Je soutiens que le type «actifs liquides» est uni par la propriété fonctionnelle de la liquidité qui peut être réalisée de deux manières véritablement différente : les opérations monétaires et les opérations de crédit. Je soutiens également que le type « actifs liquides » gagne son accréditation de type naturel en jouant un rôle épistémique dans les modèles économiques. Je souligne enfin que la dépendance à l’esprit ne menace pas le réalisme sur le type «actifs liquides». La deuxième question concerne l'extension des catégories résultant de la classification des actifs fondée sur la liquidité : existe-t-il une frontière nette entre les catégories d'actifs classées en fonction de leur liquidité ? J'utilise le cas de «monnaie» pour discuter s'il est possible de trouver une distinction sans ambiguïtés entre les catégories de «monnaie» et de «non-monnaie». Je soutiens qu'un tel point de vue ne peut réussir que si, à la suite de l'essentialisme traditionnel, il existe un ensemble de propriétés intrinsèques qui sont nécessaires et suffisantes pour appartenir au type naturel désigné par le terme «monnaie». Cependant, d'après la connaissance actuelle en économie monétaire, il n'y a ni ensemble de propriétés intrinsèques ni caractéristiques nécessaires et suffisantes que l'on pourrait utiliser pour séparer sans ambiguïtés «monnaie» de «non-monnaie»The thesis aims to address two main questions regarding certain features of liquidity-based asset classification. A first question is about the validity of such a classification: Does liquidity-based asset classification pick out a natural kind? I use the case of the category ‘liquid assets’ to show that liquidity is a functional property that can be realized in two genuinely different ways: monetary trades and credit trades. Accordingly, ‘liquid assets’ can be regarded as a functional kind with multiple realizations. I also argue that the kind ‘liquid assets’ earns its credential of natural kind by playing an epistemic role in explanatory economic models. I finally point out that mind-dependence does not threaten realism about the kind ‘liquid assets’. The second question is about the extension of the categories resulting from liquidity-based asset classification: Is there a sharp boundary between categories of assets that are classified based on their liquidity? I use the case of ‘money’ to discuss if it is possible to find an unambiguous distinction between the categories ‘money’ and ‘non-money.’ I argue that such a view can be successful only, if following traditional essentialism, there is a set of intrinsic properties that are necessary and sufficient for membership in the natural kind designated by the term ‘money.’ However, based on what is currently known by monetary economists, there is neither set of intrinsic properties nor necessary and sufficient characteristics that one could use to separate ‘money’ unambiguously from ‘non-money.’
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Bisiaux, Justine. "La transition vers l'innovation soutenable pour les entreprises industrielles : une approche par les business models : application au domaine du génie industriel." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2216.
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Ces dernières décennies ont été marquées par l’apparition d’un nouveau contexte en faveur du développement soutenable, dans lequel de nouveaux modes de consommation et de production émergent. Ce nouveau contexte tend à se substituer à l’innovation intensive, les entreprises industrielles à réorienter leur business model vers l’innovation soutenable. Cependant ce changement nécessite des bouleversements stratégiques et organisationnels que certaines entreprises ne parviennent pas à surmonter. Ces situations d’entreprises révèlent un double enjeu : la nécessité de caractériser l’innovation soutenable d’une part et l’intérêt de définir une stratégie d’évolution et de diffusion de l’innovation soutenable au sein des entreprises d’autre part. Afin de caractériser l’innovation soutenable, trois notions sont mobilisées : le business model, la soutenabilité et la fonctionnalité. Les résultats de cette exploration suggèrent l’utilisation du business model comme objet intermédiaire afin de favoriser la co-construction et l’évolution de business models. L’étude de la soutenabilité du business model conduit à la proposition de l’association de l’économie de fonctionnalité - business model serviciel - à l’éco-conception - modèle de conception environnemental - comme déclinaison de l’innovation soutenable. L’analyse de la fonctionnalité révèle une complémentarité de ces deux démarches. Celles-ci permettent de définir de nouvelles offres du point de vue des valeurs d’usage et permettent d’intégrer l’utilisateur dans la définition de l’offre. L’exploration de ces trois notions conduit également à la proposition d’un changement de paradigme en faveur du paradigme soutenable suivi du développement de trajectoires de business models afin de garantir aux entreprises l’atteinte à long terme des plus hauts niveaux de l’innovation soutenable. Ces résultats théoriques servent ensuite au développement d’une méthode d’aide à la décision : Business Model Explorer for Sustainability (BMES). La méthode BMES permet aux entreprises de concevoir de nouveaux business models soutenables et de définir des trajectoires vers ces business models soutenables comme stratégie de diffusion de l’innovation soutenable à long terme. Elle s’appuie sur la notion d’upgradabilité comme déclinaison opérationnelle de l’innovation soutenable. La méthode est développée et testée avec les deux industriels partenaires du projet IDCyclUM : Neopost et Rowenta. Une des principales perspectives de recherche proposée consiste à engager des travaux visant à poursuivre la définition de l’innovation soutenable qui reste un concept ambigu pour lequel il n’existe pas de consensus à l’heure actuelleOver the past decades, a new context in favor of sustainable development emerged. New models of consumption and production are developed. This shift from intensive innovation to sustainable innovation leads some companies to rethink their business model. However, this business model evolution requires strategic and organizational changes that some companies fail to overcome. These companies’ situations reveal a double challenge : the need to characterize sustainable innovation on the one hand and defining a strategy for disseminating sustainable innovation on the other hand.To characterize sustainable innovation, three notions are mobilized : the business model, sustainability and functionality. The results of this exploration suggest the use of the business modelas an intermediary object to promote the co-construction and the evolution of business models. The study of sustainable led us to associate functional economy - servicial business model - to eco-design- environmental design - as a declination of sustainable innovation. Functionality concept analysis revealed the complementarity of functional economy and eco-design approaches. This allows us to define new offers from the use-values point of view. The exploration of these three notions also leads to propose a paradigm shift in favor of sustainable paradigm. This paradigm shift is followed by the development and characterization of business models trajectories. These trajectories guide companies in achieving the highest levels of sustainable innovation on the long term. These theoretical results were used to develop a method called Business Model Explorer for Sustainability (BMES). The BMES method allows companies to develop sustainable business models and to define trajectories toward these business models. The method is based on the upgradability concept as operational application of sustainable innovation. The method was developed and tested with the two industrial partners of IDCyclUM project : Neopost and Rowenta. One of the main proposed research perspectives is to continue defining sustainable innovation. This concept remains indeed ambiguous and there is still no consensus about its definition at present
Books on the topic "Economy of functionality"
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Pokamestov, Il'ya, Anna Gamilovskaya, Mihal Lednev, Viktoriya Frolova, and Grigoriy Chvanov. Refinancing of trade loans - technologies and financial models. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2144525.
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The monographs outline the theoretical and methodological foundations of refinancing trade loans, researching technologies and financial models of such transactions in the innovative economy of various sectors. The features of trade loans, methods of assessing and managing risks in operations of this kind and combating fraud in the trade finance system are highlighted. Rating models and risk management algorithms are used in this area, in particular in factor transactions and functionality.
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Paton, B. Functionalism and cognitivism: Two hypotheses of literacy and development. Ottawa, Ont., Canada: University of Ottawa, Institute for International Development and Co-operation, 1985.
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Börzel, Tanja A. The disparity of European intergration: Revisiting neofunctionalism in honour of Ernst B. Haas. New York: Routledge, 2005.
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Kazakova, Nataliya. Financial security of the company. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1908969.
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The textbook provides theoretical and practical training of business analysts on the financial security of companies. Considers the regulatory legal and methodological basis for the diagnosis of bankruptcy of organizations, as well as corporate fraud as a type of economic crimes; analytical tools for assessing the level of financial security based on a risk-oriented approach, the basics of building an internal financial security control system, including monitoring of the company's business processes affecting its financial security, as well as methods for assessing the risks of corporate fraud. The methods of diagnostics of the processes of companies' activities that contribute to improving their financial security through the introduction of a comprehensive digital environment, predictive analytics and big data technology into the control and diagnostic processes of business management are considered. Each chapter includes knowledge assessment questions, tests and situational tasks.
It complies with the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation, is focused on the competence model of the main professional educational programs, and also provides the functionality (requirements for labor functions) of employees laid down in the state professional standard "Business Analyst".
For master's degree students studying in the areas of 38.04.01 "Economics", 38.04.02 "Management", 38.04.08 "Finance and Credit".
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(Editor), Lucian M. Ashworth, and David Long (Editor), eds. New Perspectives on International Functionalism (International Political Economy). Palgrave Macmillan, 1998.
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Majumdar, Sumit K. Final Thoughts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641994.003.0009.
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The chapter sums up the evidence and concludes that India’s industrial performance has been sub-par. Given India’s uninspiring industrial performance, three ameliorative reforms, an administrative reform, a structural reform, and a behavioral reform, are put forward. Since talent management is a critical administrative functionality of capitalism, an Indian Management Service would fill key strategic management positions in State firms to deepen the human capital pool for strategic management in the State sector. State sector firms’ ownership could be restructured. An autonomous India Public Investment Authority would be the agency for share-vesting and portfolio management. The India Public Investment Authority would own controlling stakes, while granting strategic and operational autonomy to the firms. A message of economic nationalism, on the theme that a productive industrial India will be a prosperous India, has to stir a consciousness for Indians to change behavior to achieve the efficiency needed for India’s economy to prosper.
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Lopotenco, Viorica. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ARCHITECTURE AT THE NATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEMS LEVEL. RS Global S. z O.O., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal/027.
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The fundamental purpose of this paper is to analyze the transformations in the international financial architecture and their impact on the national financial system. The analysis of the international financial architecture's functioning mechanism suggests its similarity with the software system structure. It is static in the way the system functionality is decomposed and divided into implementation teams. The efficiency of international financial architecture's functioning depends mainly on how balanced and interconnected its elements are. Thus, according to systems theory, only by overcoming the deformation of the international financial architecture at all its levels, it is possible to increase the financial system's overall performance. In this regard, maintaining a dynamic balance in the development of the international financial architecture as an integral unit of its structural elements and functions is becoming of urgent importance. This aspect of the research allows the creation of an instrumental and methodological basis for forecasting the directions for further developing the international financial architecture in the context of the globalization of the world economy at the national financial systems level. This study concludes that the complex solution of the international financial architecture challenges involves creating the foundations for implementing progressive structural changes in the economy and contributing to sustainable economic development.
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Bentivegna, Thomas. Innovation Network Functionality: The Identification and Categorization of Multiple Innovation Networks. Springer Gabler. in Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, 2013.
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Innovation Network Functionality The Identification And Categorization Of Multiple Innovation Networks. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH &, 2013.
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Kokkinos, Theodore. Economic Structure-functionalism In European Unification And Globalization Of The Economies. Peter Lang Pub Inc, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Economy of functionality"
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Miguel, Cristina, Esther Martos-Carrión, and Mijalche Santa. "A Conceptualisation of the Sharing Economy: Towards Theoretical Meaningfulness." In The Sharing Economy in Europe, 21–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86897-0_2.
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AbstractThe sharing economy aims to redistribute existing goods (e.g., tools, cars) across the population in order to maximise their functionality. Within sharing economies, there can be monetary exchange (e.g., Airbnb, BlaBlaCar), or the exchange can be altruistic (e.g., Timebanking, CouchSurfing). Nevertheless, sharing economy platforms mainly function as digital marketplaces where supply and demand are matched. The rise of sharing economy practices is followed by a torrent of publications. As a result, there is conceptual confusion about the sharing economy concept. This chapter aims to provide an answer to this challenge by following the framework for theoretical meaningfulness. Through two levels of literature analysis, the chapter aims to shed light on the conceptualisation of the sharing economy.
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Zhuravleva, Irina A. "Ecosystem of Tax Administration as an Element of the Digital Economy in the Functionality of “Smart Government”: An Integral-Systemonomic Approach." In Digital Transformation: What are the Smart Cities Today?, 237–50. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49390-4_17.
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Güngör, Bengü, and Gerald Leindecker. "Digital Technologies for Inventory and Supply Chain Management in Circular Economy: A Review Study on Construction Industry." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 700–709. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57800-7_65.
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AbstractThe characteristics of supply chains in the construction industry give rise to several information and collaboration system needs, such as system affordability and adaptability. The presence of several companies from a variety of industries in supply chains for the construction industry sets them apart. Information sharing and system integration therefore require cooperation and trust. In the manufacturing industry, a lot of efforts are being made to create tools, technologies, and strategies that would allow supply chain actors to communicate with one another and work together. However, it is more challenging to establish a solid environment for inventory and data management in the construction industry. The Internet and information technology are now being used in the construction industry to strengthen cross-organizational relationships. The employment of these tools in this industry is occasionally hampered by limitations like security worries, a lack of managerial commitment, high costs, and deployment rigidity. Additionally, a dynamic configuration of supply chains is required to integrate with more adaptable business models, increase internationalization, and enhance coordination. For this reason, this study primarily explores the inventory and supply chain tools currently in use in the construction industry and evaluates their functionality from a business and consumer perspective. Other areas of study are based on either inventory management for circular buildings or cross-organizational cooperation, and they include secure data storage, information exchange among stakeholders, and their modification. In the end, it aims to emphasize the key problems with data and inventory management in the construction industry, as well as inform about the potential technology solutions to make a guidance of academic and industry specialists within this study.
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Gravagnuolo, Antonia, Martina Bosone, Serena Micheletti, Mariarosaria Angrisano, and Luigi Fusco Girard. "Towards Participatory, Dynamic, Co-evolutionary Evaluation for Circular Adaptive Reuse of Cultural Heritage: The Experimentation of Salerno Circular City of Health." In Adaptive Reuse of Cultural Heritage, 349–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67628-4_13.
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AbstractAdaptive reuse describes the process of giving “new life to old buildings” through new uses and functions compatible with the existing building/site. This process can be implemented in cultural heritage sites that have lost their functionality for many reasons, and lay in a state of abandonment or underuse. The recovery of the rich cultural heritage in abandonment, from religious heritage buildings not used anymore in today’s society, to ancient fortifications, civic buildings, lighthouses, commercial sites, can be a leverage for the regeneration of urban areas and rural landscapes, enhancing the attractiveness of cities and regions. Moreover, as discussed in this volume, the functional reuse of cultural heritage can be an opportunity to recover unused resources implementing the principles of the circular economy: reuse, recovery, refurbishing, restoration, regeneration. Sustainable and circular adaptive reuse of cultural heritage should focus on ecosystems regeneration, social and cultural regeneration, and economic benefits for communities. Attention to the formation of “heritage communities” caring for cultural heritage and contributing to its maintenance and conservation, a careful knowledge of the urban and territorial system on which the assets insist, the sustainable valorisation of the intangible heritage as a tool for understanding the tangible one, represent tools that can reasonably orient the transformation processes in line with a virtuous operational practice. The aim of this chapter is to present the CLIC dynamic and co-evolutionary evaluation methodology for participatory circular adaptive reuse of cultural heritage. The methodology was applied in Salerno, Italy to support the adaptive reuse of four large historic buildings in a state of abandonment
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Hodgson, Bernard. "Functionalism and the “Systems Approach”." In Studies in Economic Ethics and Philosophy, 97–118. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04476-6_7.
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Boyd, Sylvia, and Karina Marcus. "The economic addition of functionality to a network." In High-Performance Computing and Networking, 688–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0031640.
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Sofronievska, Liljana Dimevska, Milos Knezevic, Meri Cvetkovska, Ana Trombeva Gavriloska, and Teodora Mihajlovska. "Key Indicators for Evaluating the Energy Efficiency Improvement of the Renovated Building Facades." In Creating a Roadmap Towards Circularity in the Built Environment, 319–29. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45980-1_26.
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AbstractAdopting the circular economy (CE) principles in building sector can reduce the quantity of materials used for the renovation of existing buildings, improve their energy performance and sustainability and minimize harmful emissions embodied in building materials. The main key indicators for energy performance evaluation of buildings, related to CE principles are: transmission losses, heating and electricity energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), thermal comfort and financial costs for building maintenance. The building stock from the sixties and seventies is still in use, but from the aspect of energy efficiency, it shows a low level. From that reason, all these buildings have to be renovated. The effects of the renovation can be followed by the values of the key indicators. A simulation of a renovated scenario of an existing building was carried out and the results are presented in this paper. The analyzed building was built only in nature concrete without any facade thermal insulation. One of the renovation conditions was the appearance of the building should not be changed. An aerogel thermal plaster, which is nanomaterial with high thermal properties, was applied on the building facade. The results shows that the energy performance of the building is significantly improved in terms of reducing the heating energy consumption by 65%, electrical energy consumption by 40%, CO2 emissions by 55%, PM10 particles by 46%, and the financial costs by 49%. According to the key indicators, it is found out that the renovation with appropriate material can significantly improve the building functionality.
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van Ham, Peter. "Economic Interdependence: The Functionalist View on East-West Economic Relations." In Western Doctrines on East-West Trade, 21–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12610-1_2.
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Wróbel, Anna. "The Functionality and Dysfunctionality of Global Trade Governance: The European Union Perspective." In The Future of Global Economic Governance, 161–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35336-0_11.
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Sahoo, Sangram K., Benu Gopal Mohapatra, Sanjaya Kumar Patro, and Prasanna K. Acharya. "Influence of Functionally Graded Region in Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) Layered Composite Concrete." In Circular Economy in the Construction Industry, 29–35. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003217619-5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Economy of functionality"
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MALIENE, Vida, and Ruta DICIUNAITE-RAUKTIENE. "FACTORS INFLUENCING CITIES PEDESTRIAN STREET FUNCTIONALITY AND SUSTAINABLE LAND USE." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.052.
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The public space encourages social exchange, develops and maintains social groups and allows the exchange of public messages. When the public space and public life are not supported in the community, there is no one to communicate with, people become isolated, less inclined to help or support each other. Public space is the scene of public life that promotes a sense of community, sense of place, human connection and communication as well as dependence sensation. High-quality and well-managed public space is a benefit to the city's economy, creating shelter from the car-centred life and move to a more natural environment as well as significant urban land use. Therefore, in recent times, in order to establish the right conditions in cities for different human needs, great attention is paid not only to the development of physical infrastructure, but also to other aspects that will help to create sustainable balance of social, economic and environmental aspects. One of the quality of life in the city return ways is the release of urban spaces for pedestrians. Until these days the pedestrian zones are extended little by little, resulting in disposal of the car parking-lots and improved cycling and other transport facilities. Sustainable use of urban pedestrian zones would provide economic, social, environmental and cultural benefits only if these aspects are combined with each other. The aim of the article is to distinguish and critically analyse (on the basis of a literature review) factors influencing the functionality and sustainable development of pedestrian streets. Article object – cities pedestrian street. The study was conducted using scientific publishing content analysis and synthesis techniques. This article is an overview.
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Hafiz, Al, and Dolly Irfandy. "The effect of nose surgery on the functionality of the nose and middle ear in Minangkabau ethnic." In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BIO-BASED ECONOMY FOR APPLICATION AND UTILITY. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128843.
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Bran, Florina, Alexandru Dumitru Bodislav, Carmen Valentina Radulescu, and Amelia Diaconu. "Value economics - an element of novelty for future generations." In International Scientific Conference “30 Years of Economic Reforms in the Republic of Moldova: Economic Progress via Innovation and Competitiveness”. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975155618.06.
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Professor Paul Bran gave the Romanian Economic School the opportunity to grow in the midst of the transition between the traditional economy and the modern economy by understanding the functionality of human, natural and financial capital involved and by complex-multifaceted shaping of the value economy, corroborated by laws non-neutrophils that were originally outlined by Georgescu-Roegen. Books printed editions examined and reconfigured over would undoubtedly be described in three words as economic and political in nature. As a social science, frugal might be a good choice for four words. Prof. Bran's work focuses on the shifting of economic and noneconomic borders in a methodological framework. To understand the notion, you need to understand how political economy became an economic system by way of desocialization, dehistoricization of harmful science, and how economics was separated from other social sciences in early twentieth-century Europe.
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Bunici, Sergiu. "Agile Transformation In Banking: Optimising Management Processes For Maximum Performance." In 27th International Scientific Conference “Competitiveness and Innovation in the Knowledge Economy”. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/cike2023.51.
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The purpose of adopting the Agile methodology in banking is to help banks, regardless of size and legacy, optimize their processes to operate like agile startups. The Agile methodology enables banks to form dedicated teams to rapidly introduce new functionality, collaborate across functions to identify future growth directions, and provide technology leaders with the tools necessary to ensure that the IT infrastructure scales efficiently to support the ever-increasing diversity of business needs.
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Elobaid, Elnaim, Bruno Welter Giraldes, Hamad Al-Kuwari, Jassim Al-Khayat, Fadhil Sadooni, and Ekhlas Elbary. "Towards Sustainable Management of Coastal and Offshore Islands in Arabian Gulf Typology: Sensitivity Analysis, Ecological Risk Assessment of Halul and Al-Alyia Islands." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0035.
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The great majority of marine ecosystems in Qatar are in fast decline and nearing collapse, where most ecosystem has lost the biological and economic functionality. Aiming to support the decision makers in the management and restoration strategies for recovering the biological and economic functionality of the ecosystems/natural resources of Qatar, we conducted 1) a typology mapping of the main components of the ecosystem of two islands, 2) a sensitivity and vulnerability assessment according to the known guidelines and standards. Highlighting the potential ecological risk and required recommendations for sustainable management plans, within the frame of Qatar National Vision 2030 (QNV 2030). The Islands present different anthropogenic pressure. As expected, Al Alyia the coastal Island is under real risk, with critical areas of sensibility but still presenting a potential for recovering its economy and ecological functionality, highlighting the collapsed stage of the very sensitive coral reefs, the vulnerability of oyster beds and seagrass and the functionality of the mangrove (expanding) and Sabha with massive birds nesting. The offshore Island Halul presented in the typology mapping the coral reefs as the main ecosystem but with the presence of seagrass, algae bed, sandy beach, and Sabha. The coral reef still presents a certain functionality, with corals covering several hard substrates, however with high sensitivity and high vulnerability, especially the coral in the shallow areas with scattered colonies, and the vulnerable nesting of marine turtles on beaches. As the management, we recommend increasing the restoration effort of targeted ecosystems, mainly involving coral reefs for increasing the marine biodiversity in general and restoring the oyster beds for recovering the filtration service. Strategies must be made for recovering the ecosystems’ functionality and restore the productivity of the Qatari fishing stock. We recommend applying this mapping method and sensitivity classification for all marine areas around Qatar for supporting the management plans.
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Harth, Florian M., Brigita Hočevar, Blaž Likozar, and Miha Grilc. "A Novel Process to Produce Adipic Acid by Catalytic Dehydroxylation of Biomass-derived Mucic Acid." In International Conference on Technologies & Business Models for Circular Economy. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fkkt.3.2022.1.
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The heterogeneously catalyzed dehydroxylation of mucic acid to produce adipic acid, a highly relevant polymer precursor, was investigated. The use of methanol as solvent is particularly important since it not only acts as reducing agent but also protects the carboxylic acid functionality by esterification. Re/C was found a well-suited catalyst for this reaction and not only showed high activity but was also reusable with suitable reactivation procedure. Under optimized reaction conditions, 98 % of dehydroxylated products could be obtained from mucic acid. Moreover, combining Re/C with a suitable hydrogenation catalyst (e.g. Pd/C) and performing the reaction under H2 atmosphere steers the reaction towards adipic acid ester. Therefore, it could be shown that adipic acid derivatives are available from biomass-accessible mucic by this novel and renewable approach.
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Urozhaeva, T. P. "SPORTS FACILITIES IN THE CITIES OF THE IRKUTSK REGION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE REFORMED ECONOMY (1998–2008)." In Х Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция. Nizhnevartovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/fks-2020/64.
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The article deals with the development of sports infrastructure as a priority task of regional and local authorities. The importance of applying technological innovations in the construction and equipment of sports facilities in the cities of the Irkutsk region, which help reduce construction costs, accelerate the construction of sports facilities, improve their quality, functionality, and capacity of sports facilities, is updated.
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Morozov, Aleksandr. "Characteristics of the activity and functions of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Russia." In Current problems of jurisprudence. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02058-6/218-226.
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In this article, the author attempted to characterize the activities of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation. During the study, the essence of this organization was considered, its functionality was studied, and the positive impact on both the national economy in general and the development of entrepreneurship in particular was revealed.
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Joshi, Satyum, Erik Koehler, Mufaddel Dahodwala, Michael Franke, and Jeffrey D. Naber. "Controls Development and Vehicle Drive Cycle Analysis of Integrated Turbocompounding, Electrification and Supercharging System (ITES)." In ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9703.
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Integrated Turbocompounding, Electrification and Supercharging (ITES) is a novel approach for integrated implementation of technologies aimed at reduction of fuel consumption in a single unit. The ITES system optimally manages the power flow between the turbocompound turbine, secondary compressor, 48V electric motor/generator and engine by employing a planetary gear set. The unified approach delivers a substantial reduction in both expense and space claim while improving the overall system efficiency in comparison to the independent implementation of each of these individual technologies. As part of a previous development effort the ITES system functionality was validated through engine drive cycle simulation primarily utilizing the 48V motor generator unit for power split turbocompounding, power split supercharging and engine torque assist. In this latest development phase, the functionality of ITES system has been evaluated on a vehicle level model through a vehicle drive cycle simulation. First, a supervisory control strategy was developed for the ITES system to facilitate start-stop, regenerative braking and engine torque assist functionality using the ITES motor/generator unit. Next, a GT-Suite engine model developed for a downsized engine with the ITES unit applied, along with an appropriate control strategy, was integrated in to a class 6/7 vocational vehicle 1D model. The model was then simulated over the GHG Phase 2 ARB cycle and the fuel economy was compared to that of vehicle model with only the baseline engine configuration. Finally, the battery capacity was optimized to maximize vehicle fuel economy and battery life.
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Fernando, B. S. C. "Creating realistic and safe "Dummy Props" for medical drama and action scenes." In Awakening the economy through design innovation. Department of Integrated Design, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/idr.2023.5.
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The film industry, as a captivating visual medium, thrives on its ability to intertwine reality and fiction, captivating audiences with compelling storylines. At the heart of film production lies the significance of props, instrumental in bringing characters to life and shaping the narrative. These inanimate objects serve as the backdrop to characters, establish settings, time periods, and cultural contexts, and often act as powerful symbols influencing societal trends. This research delves into the creation of realistic medical props for medical drama (films) scenes, where real props are not viable due to safety concerns. The challenge lies in crafting dummy props that convincingly mimic real objects, ensuring the safety of actors while maintaining an immersive experience for audiences. While international film industries rely on specialized design agencies and facilities, the Sri Lankan film industry faces limitations in accessing such resources and dedicated design institutes. Therefore, the creation of low-cost yet authentic props becomes a significant obstacle. To address this, the research combines technical expertise, medical knowledge, technical skills, and hands-on experience to develop props adhering to safety standards while upholding a high level of realism. These props enhance storytelling in medical dramas (films), providing a compelling and immersive experience. Creating realistic and safe props commences with a meticulous analysis of the film’s script and scene requirements. For medical drama scenes, extensive research into medical equipment, procedures, and terminology ensures accuracy and authenticity. Consultation with medical experts provides valuable insights during the design process, while material selection ensures the dummy props closely resemble their real counterparts in appearance and texture. Medical sequences demand props that can withstand physical interactions without endangering actors. Throughout the creation process, continuous collaboration between prop designers, directors, and actors is crucial to ensure seamless integration of props into the film’s narrative and performances. Visual representations and simulations aid in refining functionality and appearance, resulting in a coherent visual style aligned with the film’s vision. In conclusion, this research successfully demonstrates the creation of realistic and safe props for medical drama (films) in the Sri Lankan film industry. The fusion of technical expertise, medical knowledge, and creative ingenuity has produced props that elevate the cinematic experience while prioritizing actor safety. By overcoming limitations in accessing specialized design agencies, this research offers a practical and cost-effective solution catering to the unique needs of the Sri Lankan film industry, contributing to its growth and development.
Reports on the topic "Economy of functionality"
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Price, Roz. Climate Adaptation: Lessons and Insights for Governance, Budgeting, and Accountability. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.008.
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This rapid review draws on literature from academic, policy and non-governmental organisation sources. There is a huge literature on climate governance issues in general, but less is known about effective support and the political-economy of adaptation. A large literature base and case studies on climate finance accountability and budgeting in governments is nascent and growing. Section 2 of this report briefly discusses governance of climate change issues, with a focus on the complexity and cross-cutting nature of climate change compared to the often static organisational landscape of government structured along sectoral lines. Section 3 explores green public financial management (PFM). Section 4 then brings together several principles and lessons learned on green PFM highlighted in the guidance notes. Transparency and accountability lessons are then highlighted in Section 5. The Key findings are: 1) Engaging with the governance context and the political economy of climate governance and financing is crucial to climate objectives being realised. 2) More attention is needed on whether and how governments are prioritising adaptation and resilience in their own operations. 3) Countries in Africa further along in the green PFM agenda give accounts of reform approaches that are gradual, iterative and context-specific, building on existing PFM systems and their functionality. 4) A well-functioning “accountability ecosystem” is needed in which state and non-state accountability actors engage with one another. 5) Climate change finance accountability systems and ecosystems in countries are at best emerging. 6) Although case studies from Nepal, the Philippines and Bangladesh are commonly cited in the literature and are seen as some of the most advanced developing country examples of green PFM, none of the countries have had significant examples of collaboration and engagement between actors. 7) Lessons and guiding principles for green PFM reform include: use the existing budget cycle and legal frameworks; ensure that the basic elements of a functional PFM system are in place; strong leadership of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and clear linkages with the overall PFM reform agenda are needed; smart sequencing of reforms; real political ownership and clearly defined roles and responsibilities; and good communication to stakeholders).
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Vaillant, Marcel. Asymmetries and Disparities in the Economic Integration of a South-South Customs Union. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011149.
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This article has two objectives. The first one is to analyze the possible changes that should be carried out in MERCOSUR in order to enhance its functionality. These changes should involve circulation of goods as well as customs revenues and the way they are allocated. The second objective is to evaluate the impact that changes in these the rules would have on disparities among the countries, considering the economic asymmetries now present.
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Wu, Yingjie, Selim Gunay, and Khalid Mosalam. Hybrid Simulations for the Seismic Evaluation of Resilient Highway Bridge Systems. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ytgv8834.
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Bridges often serve as key links in local and national transportation networks. Bridge closures can result in severe costs, not only in the form of repair or replacement, but also in the form of economic losses related to medium- and long-term interruption of businesses and disruption to surrounding communities. In addition, continuous functionality of bridges is very important after any seismic event for emergency response and recovery purposes. Considering the importance of these structures, the associated structural design philosophy is shifting from collapse prevention to maintaining functionality in the aftermath of moderate to strong earthquakes, referred to as “resiliency” in earthquake engineering research. Moreover, the associated construction philosophy is being modernized with the utilization of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques, which strive to reduce the impact of construction on traffic, society, economy and on-site safety. This report presents two bridge systems that target the aforementioned issues. A study that combined numerical and experimental research was undertaken to characterize the seismic performance of these bridge systems. The first part of the study focuses on the structural system-level response of highway bridges that incorporate a class of innovative connecting devices called the “V-connector,”, which can be used to connect two components in a structural system, e.g., the column and the bridge deck, or the column and its foundation. This device, designed by ACII, Inc., results in an isolation surface at the connection plane via a connector rod placed in a V-shaped tube that is embedded into the concrete. Energy dissipation is provided by friction between a special washer located around the V-shaped tube and a top plate. Because of the period elongation due to the isolation layer and the limited amount of force transferred by the relatively flexible connector rod, bridge columns are protected from experiencing damage, thus leading to improved seismic behavior. The V-connector system also facilitates the ABC by allowing on-site assembly of prefabricated structural parts including those of the V-connector. A single-column, two-span highway bridge located in Northern California was used for the proof-of-concept of the proposed V-connector protective system. The V-connector was designed to result in an elastic bridge response based on nonlinear dynamic analyses of the bridge model with the V-connector. Accordingly, a one-third scale V-connector was fabricated based on a set of selected design parameters. A quasi-static cyclic test was first conducted to characterize the force-displacement relationship of the V-connector, followed by a hybrid simulation (HS) test in the longitudinal direction of the bridge to verify the intended linear elastic response of the bridge system. In the HS test, all bridge components were analytically modeled except for the V-connector, which was simulated as the experimental substructure in a specially designed and constructed test setup. Linear elastic bridge response was confirmed according to the HS results. The response of the bridge with the V-connector was compared against that of the as-built bridge without the V-connector, which experienced significant column damage. These results justified the effectiveness of this innovative device. The second part of the study presents the HS test conducted on a one-third scale two-column bridge bent with self-centering columns (broadly defined as “resilient columns” in this study) to reduce (or ultimately eliminate) any residual drifts. The comparison of the HS test with a previously conducted shaking table test on an identical bridge bent is one of the highlights of this study. The concept of resiliency was incorporated in the design of the bridge bent columns characterized by a well-balanced combination of self-centering, rocking, and energy-dissipating mechanisms. This combination is expected to lead to minimum damage and low levels of residual drifts. The ABC is achieved by utilizing precast columns and end members (cap beam and foundation) through an innovative socket connection. In order to conduct the HS test, a new hybrid simulation system (HSS) was developed, utilizing commonly available software and hardware components in most structural laboratories including: a computational platform using Matlab/Simulink [MathWorks 2015], an interface hardware/software platform dSPACE [2017], and MTS controllers and data acquisition (DAQ) system for the utilized actuators and sensors. Proper operation of the HSS was verified using a trial run without the test specimen before the actual HS test. In the conducted HS test, the two-column bridge bent was simulated as the experimental substructure while modeling the horizontal and vertical inertia masses and corresponding mass proportional damping in the computer. The same ground motions from the shaking table test, consisting of one horizontal component and the vertical component, were applied as input excitations to the equations of motion in the HS. Good matching was obtained between the shaking table and the HS test results, demonstrating the appropriateness of the defined governing equations of motion and the employed damping model, in addition to the reliability of the developed HSS with minimum simulation errors. The small residual drifts and the minimum level of structural damage at large peak drift levels demonstrated the superior seismic response of the innovative design of the bridge bent with self-centering columns. The reliability of the developed HS approach motivated performing a follow-up HS study focusing on the transverse direction of the bridge, where the entire two-span bridge deck and its abutments represented the computational substructure, while the two-column bridge bent was the physical substructure. This investigation was effective in shedding light on the system-level performance of the entire bridge system that incorporated innovative bridge bent design beyond what can be achieved via shaking table tests, which are usually limited by large-scale bridge system testing capacities.
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Gunay, Selim, Fan Hu, Khalid Mosalam, Arpit Nema, Jose Restrepo, Adam Zsarnoczay, and Jack Baker. Blind Prediction of Shaking Table Tests of a New Bridge Bent Design. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/svks9397.
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Considering the importance of the transportation network and bridge structures, the associated seismic design philosophy is shifting from the basic collapse prevention objective to maintaining functionality on the community scale in the aftermath of moderate to strong earthquakes (i.e., resiliency). In addition to performance, the associated construction philosophy is also being modernized, with the utilization of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques to reduce impacts of construction work on traffic, society, economy, and on-site safety during construction. Recent years have seen several developments towards the design of low-damage bridges and ABC. According to the results of conducted tests, these systems have significant potential to achieve the intended community resiliency objectives. Taking advantage of such potential in the standard design and analysis processes requires proper modeling that adequately characterizes the behavior and response of these bridge systems. To evaluate the current practices and abilities of the structural engineering community to model this type of resiliency-oriented bridges, the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) organized a blind prediction contest of a two-column bridge bent consisting of columns with enhanced response characteristics achieved by a well-balanced contribution of self-centering, rocking, and energy dissipation. The parameters of this blind prediction competition are described in this report, and the predictions submitted by different teams are analyzed. In general, forces are predicted better than displacements. The post-tension bar forces and residual displacements are predicted with the best and least accuracy, respectively. Some of the predicted quantities are observed to have coefficient of variation (COV) values larger than 50%; however, in general, the scatter in the predictions amongst different teams is not significantly large. Applied ground motions (GM) in shaking table tests consisted of a series of naturally recorded earthquake acceleration signals, where GM1 is found to be the largest contributor to the displacement error for most of the teams, and GM7 is the largest contributor to the force (hence, the acceleration) error. The large contribution of GM1 to the displacement error is due to the elastic response in GM1 and the errors stemming from the incorrect estimation of the period and damping ratio. The contribution of GM7 to the force error is due to the errors in the estimation of the base-shear capacity. Several teams were able to predict forces and accelerations with only moderate bias. Displacements, however, were systematically underestimated by almost every team. This suggests that there is a general problem either in the assumptions made or the models used to simulate the response of this type of bridge bent with enhanced response characteristics. Predictions of the best-performing teams were consistently and substantially better than average in all response quantities. The engineering community would benefit from learning details of the approach of the best teams and the factors that caused the models of other teams to fail to produce similarly good results. Blind prediction contests provide: (1) very useful information regarding areas where current numerical models might be improved; and (2) quantitative data regarding the uncertainty of analytical models for use in performance-based earthquake engineering evaluations. Such blind prediction contests should be encouraged for other experimental research activities and are planned to be conducted annually by PEER.
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Seroussi, Eyal, and George Liu. Genome-Wide Association Study of Copy Number Variation and QTL for Economic Traits in Holstein Cattle. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7593397.bard.
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Copy number variation (CNV) has been recently identified in human and other mammalian genomes and increasing awareness that CNV might be a major source for heritable variation in complex traits has emerged. Despite this, little has been published on CNVs in Holsteins. In order to fill this knowledge-gap, we proposed a genome-wide association study between quantitative trait loci (QTL) for economic traits and CNV in the Holstein cattle. The approved feasibility study was aimed at the genome-wide characterization of CNVs in Holstein cattle and at the demonstrating of their possible association with economic traits by performing the activities of preparation of DNA samples, Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), initial association study between CNVs and production traits and characterization of CNVSNP associations. For both countries, 40 genomic DNA samples of bulls representing the extreme sub-populations for economically important traits were CGH analyzed using the same reference genome on a NimbleGen tiling array. We designed this array based on the latest build of the bovine genome (UMD3) with average probe spacing of 1150 bases (total number of probes was 2,166,672). Two CNV gene clusters, PLA2G2D on BTA2 and KIAA1683 on BTA7 revealed significant association with milk percentage and cow fertility, respectively, and were chosen for further characterization and verification in a larger sample using other methodologies including sequencing, tag SNPs and real time PCR (qPCR). Comparison between these four methods indicated that there is under estimation of the number of CNV loci in Holstein cattle and their complexity. The variation in sequence between different copies seemed to affect their functionality and thus the hybridization based methods were less informative than the methods that are based on sequencing. We thus conclude that large scale sequencing effort complemented by array CGH should be considered to better detect and characterize CNVs in order to effectively employ them in marker-assisted selection.
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Wong, E. A., and Z. Uni. Modulating intestinal cellular maturation and differentiation in broilers by in ovo feeding. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.8134161.bard.
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Mortality in a broiler flock will typically range from 4-5% of the population over the course of 6- 7 weeks in the U.S. and 7-8% of the population in Israel. Suboptimal intestinal maturation and functionality are one of the major factors that contribute to early age mortality and hinder flock body weight uniformity. The development of absorptive and secretory functions is orchestrated by differentiation of cells that arise from stem cells. Supplying compounds by in ovo feeding (IOF) during late embryogenesis provides nutrients that may change the dynamics of stem cell differentiation. We hypothesize that the introduction of specific nutrients or probiotics to the late embryonic chick via IOF will result in an acceleration of the maturation of the small intestine as measured by villus/crypt morphology and the number and distribution of absorptive and secretory cells. A chick that can absorb nutrients more efficiently by increasing the number of cells expressing nutrient transporters and resist enteric pathogens by increasing the number of cells expressing mucin and host defense peptides will be healthier at hatch. This chick may have less need for antibiotics and may show reduced early mortality. The objectives of this proposal are to: 1) develop a model for the development of putative stem cells and absorptive/secretory cells in the small intestine of the late embryonic and early post hatch broiler. 2) determine the ability of IOF of nutrients to modulate the population of differentiated cells in the intestine. 3) determine the ability of IOF of probiotics to modulate the population of differentiated cells in the intestine. 4) reduce early mortality and increase body weight uniformity by IOF of selected nutrients or probiotics. This proposal combines the IOF expertise of Zehava Uni (Hebrew University) with the RNAscope in situ hybridization technique of Eric Wong (Virginia Tech). Previous studies using quantitative PCR to examine expression of genes in the intestine were unable to identify specific cells expressing these genes. RNAscope allows the ability to identify putative stem, absorptive and secretory cells in the small intestine. Thus, we will be able to investigate the effect of IOF on the presence of intestinal absorptive and secretory cells at the cellular level. Understanding the mechanisms for intestinal development and function are key to maintaining peak growth and health of chickens and thus would be of great economic benefit to the poultry industry.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Regulation of Early Events in Hyphal Elongation, Branching and Differentiation of Filamentous Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580674.bard.
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In filamentous fungi, hyphal elongation, branching and morphogenesis are in many cases the key to successful saprophytic and pathogenic fungal proliferation. The understanding of the fungal morphogenetic response to environmental cues is in its infancy. Studies concerning the regulation of fungal growth and development (some of which have been obtained by the participating collaborators in this project) point to the fact that ser/thr protein kinases and phosphatases are (i) involved in the regulation of such processes and (ii) share common structural and functional features between saprophytes and pathogens. It is our objective to combine a pharmaceutical and a genetic approach in order to identify, characterize and functionally dissect some of the regulatory factors involved in hyphal growth, branching and differentiation. Using an immunohistochemical approach, a ser/thr protein kinase involved in hyphal elongation in both Neurospora crassa and Colletotrichum trifolii has been localized in order to identify the physical arena of regulation of hyphal elongation. The analysis of additional kinases and phosphatases (e.g. Protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent kinase, lipid-activated protein kinase, components of the type 2A protein phosphatase) as well as a RAS-related gene (an additional key participant in signal transduction) has been performed. In order to succeed in advancing the goals of this project, we have taken advantage of available elongation/branching mutants in N. crassa and continuously combined the accumulated information obtained while studying the two systems in order to dissect the elements involved in these processes. The various inhibitors/effectors analyzed can serve as a basis for modification to be used as anti-fungal compounds. Understanding the regulation of hyphal proliferation is a key requirement for identifying novel target points for either curbing fungal growth (as in the case of pathogenesis) or affecting growth patterns in various biotechnological processes. The major objective of our joint project was to advance our understanding of regulation of hyphal growth, especially during early events of fungal germination. Towards achieving this goal, we have coupled the analysis of a genetically tractable organism (N. crassa) with a plant pathogen o economic importance (C. trifolii). As the project progressed we believe that the results obtained have provided a reinforcement to our basic approach which called for combining the two fungal systems for a joint research project. On the one hand, we feel that much of the advance made was possible due to the amenability of N. crassa to genetic manipulations. The relevance of some of the initial findings obtained in Neurospora have been proven to be relevant to the plant pathogen while unique features of the pathogen have been identified in Colletotrichum. Most of the results obtained from this research project have been published. Thus, the main volume of this report is comprised of the relevant publications describing the research and results obtained.
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Elizur, Abigail, Amir Sagi, Gideon Hulata, Clive Jones, and Wayne Knibb. Improving Crustacean Aquaculture Production Efficiencies through Development of Monosex Populations Using Endocrine and Molecular Manipulations. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613890.bard.
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Background Most of Australian prawn aquaculture production is based on P. monodon. However, the Australian industry is under intense competition from lower priced overseas imports. The availability of all-female monosex populations, by virtue of their large size and associated premium prize, will offer competitive advantage to the industry which desperately needs to counteract competitors within this market. As for the redclaw production in Israel, although it is at its infancy, the growers realized that the production of males is extremely advantageous and that such management strategy will change the economic assumptions and performances of this aquaculture to attract many more growers. Original objectives (as in original proposal) Investigating the sex inheritance mechanism in the tiger prawn. Identification of genes expressed uniquely in the androgenic gland (AG) of prawns and crayfish. The above genes and/or their products will be used to localize the AG in the prawn and manipulate the AG activity in both species. Production of monosex populations through AG manipulation. In the prawn, production of all-female populations and in the crayfish, all-male populations. Achievements In the crayfish, the AG cDNA library was further screened and a third AG specific transcript, designated Cq-AG3, had been identified. Simultaneously the two AG specific genes, which were previously identified, were further characterized. Tissue specificity of one of those genes, termed Cq-AG2, was demonstrated by northern blot hybridization and RNA in-situ hybridization. Bioinformatics prediction, which suggested a 42 amino acid long signal anchor at the N-terminus of the deduced Cq-AG2, was confirmed by immunolocalization of a recombinant protein. Cq-IAG's functionality was demonstrated by dsRNA in-vivo injections to intersex crayfish. Cq-IAGsilencing induced dramatic sex-related alterations, including male feature feminization, reduced sperm production, extensive testicular apoptosis, induction of the vitellogeningene expression and accumulation of yolk proteins in the ovaries. In the prawn, the AG was identified and a cDNA library was created. The putative P. monodonAG hormone encoding gene (Pm-IAG) was identified, isolated and characterized for time of expression and histological localization. Implantation of the AG into prawn post larvae (PL) and juveniles resulted in phenotypic transformation which included the appearance of appendix masculina and enlarged petasma. The transformation however did not result in sex change or the creation of neo males thus the population genetics stage to be executed with Prof. Hulata did not materialized. Repeated AG implantation is currently being trialed. Major conclusions and Implications, both scientific and agricultural Cq-IAG's involvement in male sexual differentiation had been demonstrated and it is strongly suggested that this gene encodes an AG hormone in this crayfish. A thorough screening of the AG cDNA library shows Cq-IAG is the prominent transcript within the library. However, the identification of two additional transcripts hints that Cq-IAG is not the only gene mediating the AG effects. The successful gene silencing of Cq-IAG, if performed at earlier developmental stages, might accomplish full and functional sex reversal which will enable the production of all-male crayfish populations. Pm-IAG is likely to play a similar role in prawns. It is possible that repeated administration of the AG into prawn will lead to the desired full sex reversal, so that WZ neo males, crossed with WZ females can result in WW females, which will form the basis for monosex all-female population.
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Strategic Opportunities for U.S. Semiconductor Manufacturing. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.chips.1000.
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Semiconductors are critical to our Nation’s economic growth, national security, and public health and safety. Revolutionary advances in microelectronics continue to drive innovations in communications, information technology, health care, military systems, transportation, energy, and infrastructure. The potential for microelectronics to create transformational change is growing exponentially as they become smaller, faster, and more sophisticated—delivering unprecedented performance. Next-generation systems, devices, and related technologies are critical to addressing society’s most urgent needs. The nation that leads in microelectronics research, development, and manufacturing will lead in defining and reaping the benefits from dynamic shifts in technology. The ability to cost-effectively manufacture complex next-generation microelectronics devices and integrate them in novel systems and packages is a growing challenge, compounded by ever-greater requirements for performance, functionality, and security. To strengthen the U.S. position in semiconductors, Congress authorized a set of programs known as the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act (CHIPS Act) as part of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2021 (Pub. L. No. 116-283). These programs would help restore U.S. leadership in microelectronics manufacturing and ensure America’s supply of leading-edge products by providing incentives and encouraging investment to expand production capacity and grow the innovation ecosystem for microelectronics research and development (R&D). Leveraging decades of experience in next generation devices, systems, and related technologies, NIST has a specific role authorized under the CHIPS Act to undertake critical metrology R&D that will strengthen the domestic semiconductor industry.