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Journal articles on the topic 'Economy of Edwardian Britain'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Trentmann, Frank. "Wealth Versus Welfare: the British Left Between Free Trade and National Political Economy Before the First World War*." Historical Research 70, no. 171 (February 1, 1997): 70–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00032.

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Abstract The convergence of Free trade liberalism and radicalism was a central feature of British political culture after Chartism. This article explores the emergence of alternative visions of political economy on the left in the late Victorian and Edwardian period. Against the conventional view of a shared liberal Free Trade culture, it finds a plurality of languages. An interpretation of how Labour, social democrats, socialists and Fabians understood Britain's development under Free Trade reveals an alternative spectrum of popular ideas about society and economy. In the Independent Labour Party, opposition to protectionism was linked to support for some trade regulation and a more balanced economy. It was tied to a cultural and economic critique of competitive exchange, social dislocation and commercial dependence under Free Trade capitalism. The economic critique co‐existed with political internationalism and turned Labour's position into one of socialist‐radical dualism. This is compared to nationalist and imperialist socialist positions in Britain and abroad. The movement towards national political economy provided a link between older radical notions of moral economy and co‐operation and more collectivist notions of economic order and state regulation. It marked a step in the evolution from mid Victorian popular liberalism to social democracy and from Free Trade to the welfare state.

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2

Thomas, Matthew. "Anarcho-Feminism in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain, 1880–1914." International Review of Social History 47, no. 1 (April 2002): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859001000463.

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This article seeks to interpret the synthesis between anarchism and feminism as developed by a group of late nineteenth and early twentieth-century British women. It will demonstrate that the woman who embraced anarchism made a clear contribution to the growth of feminism. They offered a distinctive analysis of the reasons for female oppression, whether it was within the economic sphere or within marriage. The anarcho-feminists maintained that if an egalitarian society was ever to be built, differences in roles – whether in sexual relationships, childcare, political life or work – had to be based on capacity and preference, not gender. By combining these questions they developed a feminism that was all embracing at a time when the struggle for the vote was becoming the main question for women.

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3

Pollard, Sidney. "Reflections on Entrepreneurship and Culture in European Societies." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 40 (December 1990): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679166.

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The theme which I have been asked to consider refers to the whole of Europe, but the terms on which it has been defined made it clear that the focus of interest was still to lie in Britain. I shall bear that focus in mind.After a brief review of the debate relating to entrepreneurship and culture in Britain in the late Victorian and Edwardian period, the period with which I shall be more specifically concerned, and a similarly cursory examination of the role of entrepreneurship in economic theory and in the writings of economic historians in recent decades, I shall turn to the main theme, entrepreneurship and its cultural setting in the decades before World War I in the rest of Europe. A return to the British problem will complete the paper.

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4

Koven, Seth. "The “Sticky Sediment” of Daily Life: Radical Domesticity, Revolutionary Christianity, and the Problem of Wealth in Britain from the 1880s to the 1930s." Representations 120, no. 1 (2012): 39–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2012.120.1.39.

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This essay examines an early twentieth-century Christian revolutionary habitus—a “technique of Christian living”—based on the conviction that everyday life was an essential site for reconciling the claims of individual and community, the material and the spiritual. The pacifist-feminist members of London’s first “people’s house,” Kingsley Hall, linked their vision of Jesus’s inclusive and unbounded love for humanity to their belief in the ethical imperative that all people take full moral responsibility for cleaning up their own dirt as part of their utopian program to bring social, economic, and political justice to the outcast in London, Britain, and its empire. In imagining what a reconstructed post-World War I Britain might become, Kingsley Hall’s cross-class band of workers used mundane practices to unmake and remake the late-Victorian and Edwardian philanthropic legacy they inherited.

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5

Hosgood, Christopher P. "“Mercantile Monasteries”: Shops, Shop Assistants, and Shop Life in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain." Journal of British Studies 38, no. 3 (July 1999): 322–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386197.

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It is now over twenty years since Geoffrey Crossick first urged historians to investigate the English lower middle class. On that occasion he suggested that small business interests and white-collar employees be designated the two wings of a residual lower middle class. Historians speculated that the members of this class were bound together by their marginality to the social, cultural, and economic world of the middle class and by their pathetic attempts to ape the gentility of their superiors. Such an analysis confirmed the unheroic nature of the lower-middle-classmentalitéand explains Crossick's conclusion that this group “claimed no vital social role.” Crossick's more recent work, in collaboration with Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, offers a reevaluation of this earlier position and concludes that white-collar and small business interests should not be considered to occupy the same social station. Crossick and Haupt's work is significant because both authors make it clear that they now credit the petite bourgeoisie of small business families in Europe with a greater spirit of independence than they had earlier acknowledged. They argue convincingly that the petite bourgeoisie created their own social and cultural world, centered on the interrelationship between enterprise and family life, which enabled them to react more purposefully to outside social forces and agencies.By hiving off these small business interests from the old lower middle class, we are left with a rump of white-collar workers who collectively formed a lower middle class that shared many common experiences and hence is attractive to historians as a potentially more cohesive social body.

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6

Ryan, Liam. "Nonconformity and socialism: the case of J. G. Greenhough, 1880–1914." Historical Research 92, no. 258 (October 9, 2019): 771–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.12285.

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Abstract This article examines the life, thought and activism of the prominent Baptist minister John Gershom Greenhough. Existing scholarly and popular narratives generally focus on the key role played by Nonconformity in nurturing the labour movement in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain. Using Greenhough as a case study this article posits an alternative interpretation of this relationship, contending that the individualistic religious culture of Nonconformity was often deeply hostile to socialism. This hostility motivated Greenhough, and others like him, to abandon their historical allegiance to the Liberal party in the early twentieth century in favour of the Conservatives. More broadly, this article investigates the process of political and ideological conversion and challenges dominant historical readings that characterize anti-socialism as being synonymous with middle-class economic self-interest.

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7

Waddington, Keir. "“We Don't Want Any German Sausages Here!” Food, Fear, and the German Nation in Victorian and Edwardian Britain." Journal of British Studies 52, no. 4 (October 2013): 1017–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2013.178.

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AbstractThis essay brings together aspects of the history of science, food, and culture, and applies them to the study of Anglo-German relations and perceptions by examining how between 1850 and 1914 the German sausage was used as a metaphor for the German nation. The essay shows how the concerns that became attached to German sausages not only provide a way of understanding Britain's interaction with Germany but also reveal further dimensions to popular anti-German sentiment. Alarm about what went into German sausages formed part of a growing strand of popular opposition to Germany, which drew on increasing insecurity about Britain's position on the world stage and the perceived economic threat that Germany and German immigrants presented. Such sentiment was translated into how Germans were caricatured and onto material objects—in this case, the “deadly mysteries” that were feared to go into German sausages. Cultural and gastronomic stereotypes overlapped in a discourse that linked Germany and Germans to their national diet and aggressive nature, as well as associated German sausages with fears about diseased meat, adulteration, and the risks that eating them entailed. The result was that the German sausage was used as a staple for satirical comic representations of Germany, as representative of dishonesty in food production, and as a xenophobic slur. Around the German sausage, anti-German sentiment and questions of food safety merged and became mutually reinforcing.

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8

Harris, Jose. "Enterprise and Welfare States: a Comparative Perspective." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 40 (December 1990): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679167.

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DO ‘welfare states’ enhance or subvert economic enterprise, civic virtue, private moral character, the integrity of social life? Though these questions have a piquantly contemporary ring in modern British politics, they are nevertheless old quandaries in the history of social policy. Since the seventeenth century, if not earlier, practitioners, theorists and critics of public welfare schemes have argued for and against such schemes in contradictory and adversarial terms; claiming on the one hand that social welfare schemes would supply a humanitarian corrective to the rigours of a market economy; and on the other hand that they would support and streamline market forces by enhancing individual and collective efficiency. Similarly, for several hundred years models of civic morality which emphasize independence and self-sufficiency have jostled with alternative models which emphasize paternalism, altruism and organic solidarity. Few phases of social policy in Britain and elsewhere have not contained elements of more than one approach. Even the New Poor Law, notorious for its subordination to market pressures, nevertheless harboured certain residual anti-market principles and often lapsed into practices that were suspiciously communitarian; whilst Edwardian New Liberalism, famous for its philosophy of organic solidarism, in practice tempered social justice with the quest for ‘national efficiency’. These varying emphases have all been reflected in the fashions and phases of welfare state historiography—fashions and phases that appear to have been at least partly determined by the vagaries of prevailing political climate. Thus, in the aftermath of the Second World War, historians tended to portray the history of social policy as a series of governmental battles against private vested interests—battles in which the mantle of civic virtue was worn by an altruistic administrative elite, while civic vice was embodied in the motley crew of doctors, landlords, employers and insurance companies who viewed social welfare as a commodity in the market.

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9

GAZELEY, IAN, and ANDREW NEWELL. "Poverty in Edwardian Britain." Economic History Review 64, no. 1 (January 4, 2011): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00523.x.

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10

Clapson, Mark, and Brian Short. "Land and Society in Edwardian Britain." American Historical Review 104, no. 5 (December 1999): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649497.

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11

Coetzee, Frans. "The Edwardian Crisis: Britain, 1901–1914." History: Reviews of New Books 25, no. 4 (July 1997): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1997.9952884.

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12

Murray, Bruce K., and Brian Short. "Land and Society in Edwardian Britain." Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 30, no. 2 (1998): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053595.

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13

Freeman, Mark. "The provincial social survey in Edwardian Britain." Historical Research 75, no. 187 (February 1, 2002): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00141.

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Abstract This article examines three social surveys carried out in English provincial towns after Seebohm Rowntree's study of York and before A. L. Bowley's sample surveys of five towns. The authors emphasized specific local circumstances and suggested local voluntary and municipal remedies for the social problems they described. Their focus was on the community, and although informed by the discourses of ‘national efficiency’ that also lay behind Rowntree's researches, the solutions to the problems of juvenile life and casual labour that compromised national efficiency were to be found in local endeavour. Poverty was viewed in the context of its impact on the community rather than on the individual.

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14

Hayward, Rhodri. "Demonology, Neurology, and Medicine in Edwardian Britain." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 78, no. 1 (2004): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2004.0019.

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15

DELAP, LUCY. "THE SUPERWOMAN: THEORIES OF GENDER AND GENIUS IN EDWARDIAN BRITAIN." Historical Journal 47, no. 1 (March 2004): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x03003534.

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This article examines the development of the idea of the ‘superwoman’ among British Edwardian feminists and contextualizes it within the aristocratic political thought of the day. I examine the idea of the ‘genius’ and the ‘superman’ in order to shed light on why, for some Edwardian feminists, the ideal feminist agent was to be an elite, discerning, remote figure. I argue that Edwardian feminism witnessed an ‘introspective turn’, marked by an interest in character, will, and personality as the key components of emancipation. The focus of political change was firmly located within women themselves. This belief was widespread, even though only a minority chose the language of the ‘superwoman’ to elaborate it. References to the ‘superwoman’ indicates the impact of Nietzschean and egoist ideas upon the women's movement. The ‘superwoman’ was used to position feminism as a movement not just for political rights but for wider social regeneration, and represents a characteristically Edwardian belief in the power of the ‘exceptional individual’ to promote social change.

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16

Matsunaga, Tomoari. "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Edwardian Britain." Journal of Policy History 29, no. 4 (September 15, 2017): 614–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089803061700029x.

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17

Tachibana, Setsu, Stephen Daniels, and Charles Watkins. "Japanese gardens in Edwardian Britain: landscape and transculturation." Journal of Historical Geography 30, no. 2 (April 2004): 364–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-7488(03)00049-5.

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18

PURVIS, J. "Women Teachers in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain." Twentieth Century British History 8, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/8.2.266.

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19

Delap, Lucy. "Feminist and anti-feminist encounters in Edwardian Britain*." Historical Research 78, no. 201 (August 2005): 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.2005.00235.x.

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20

Mitchell, Ian. "Ethical shopping in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 7, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 310–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-08-2014-0021.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the significance and limitations of ethical shopping in Britain in the period between the 1880s and 1914 and, in particular, the use of white lists as a means of encouraging consumers only to buy goods produced in satisfactory working conditions. Design/methodology/approach – A brief survey of earlier examples of ethical shopping provides the context for a discussion of the published prospectus of the “Consumers” League’. Unpublished records of the Christian Social Union (CSU), supplemented by newspaper reports, are used to examine the rationale for white lists, their creation and effectiveness. Findings – The paper demonstrates that, contrary to what has generally been thought, consumers’ leagues originated in Britain not the USA. The CSU was not ineffective but provided an ethical and religious rationale for consumer activism. It was also responsible for the creation of white lists in several towns and cities in Britain and promoted the concept of preferential buying. CSU activity helped shape public opinion, but sustained improvements to working conditions also required effective trade unions and government intervention. Research limitations/implications – Relatively few CSU branch records survive and this precludes a comprehensive survey of its role in ethical shopping. Originality/value – The British consumer movement in this period has been little studied and often dismissed. By making use of archives, particularly CSU branch records, that have generally been ignored, the paper demonstrates that ethical shopping mattered and deserves more attention. It also highlights the importance of setting this in a wider context, particularly trade unionism and co-operation.

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21

Wright, David, and Cathy Chorniawry. "Women and Drink in Edwardian England." Historical Papers 20, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030935ar.

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Abstract In Victorian England excessive drinking was seen as almost exclusively a male prob- lem, but around 1900 the issue of female intemperance began to be widely discussed. In the first years of the twentieth century concern about women's drinking habits was voiced by an otherwise disparate group which included temperance workers, eugeni- cists, social reformers, imperialists and members of the medical profession. It is by no means certain that women were in fact using and abusing alcohol to a significantly greater extent than before: the evidence was and remains inconclusive. The Edwardian outcry against female intemperance derived its intensity less from the known dimen- sions of the problem than from the broader concerns of the time. Foremost among these were doubts about Britain's economic and imperial future, fears that her urban-based population was in the process of physical decline, and uncertainties in the face of challenges to traditional nineteenth-century assumptions about the place of women in society.

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22

THACKERAY, DAVID. "RETHINKING THE EDWARDIAN CRISIS OF CONSERVATISM." Historical Journal 54, no. 1 (January 31, 2011): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x10000518.

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ABSTRACTThis article reconsiders the culture of popular Conservatism in Edwardian Britain, when it has often been claimed that the Unionist parties underwent a profound crisis. According to Ewen Green, for example, in the immediate years before the First World War, Conservative leaders failed to offer policies that could unite their party or enable it to develop an effective popular appeal. Consequently, the party appeared to be drifting towards potential disaster and disintegration. Whilst historians are correct to argue that deep divisions emerged within the Unionist ranks, inhibiting their electoral prospects, the vibrancy of rank-and-file Conservatism in Edwardian Britain nevertheless tends to be underestimated. By embracing a variety of populist causes in 1913–14, the Conservative party appeared to have found a way to overcome its electoral malaise. Moreover, by taking important steps to widen their social appeal, the Conservatives laid the foundations for post-war success during these years of supposed ‘crisis’.

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23

Purvis, June. "The prison experiences of the suffragettes in Edwardian Britain." Women's History Review 4, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612029500200073.

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24

Ellis, H. "Wilhelmine Germany and Edwardian Britain: Essays on Cultural Affinity." English Historical Review CXXIV, no. 511 (November 5, 2009): 1528–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cep337.

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25

Tislenkova, Irina Aleksandrovna, Viktoria Viktorovna Tikhaeva, Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Glebova, Irina Vladimirovna Bgantseva, Ekaterina Yuryevna Ionkina, and Aleksej Vladimirovich Stramnoy. "Irony in communicative behaviour of Elite in Edwardian Britain." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-E (August 2, 2021): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-e1208p.405-413.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of little-studied specific in functioning of irony in the speech of English social elite. The aim of the study is to conduct sociolinguistic analysis of Julian Fellowes’s TV series script "Downton Abbey" to identify the language markers of irony, used by English aristocrats in the early XXth century, describe tactics and types of speech acts attached to irony, its impact on communicants. The main methods used in the study include sociolinguistic analysis of character's speech by means of sociolinguistic categories. Analysis of the contexts, where irony is used, allowed us to come to conclusion that the information plan of the ironic statement is expressed implicitly, includes methods of labeling, devaluation of interlocutor’s merits, humiliation, and mockery by means of hyperbolic metaphor, ironic pejorative, allusion and antithesis. The data, obtained in the process of research, can be used in the course of intercultural communication, stylistics, translation and semiotics.

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26

French, Michael, and Jim Phillips. "Sophisticates or Dupes? Attitudes toward Food Consumers in Edwardian Britain." Enterprise & Society 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 442–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700012672.

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In this article, we explore how reformers, manufacturers, and traders perceived British food consumers and the significance of those perceptions in debates about food quality and regulation. By considering basic commodities, our analysis extends a literature on consumption that is otherwise derived primarily from the study of luxury commodities, and it identifies conflicting images of the interests, competence, and concerns of early twentieth-century consumers. We find that discussions of appropriate policy involved competing interpretations of modernity and its implications for food consumers, and these discussions anticipated later twentieth-century debates.

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27

VANINSKAYA, ANNA. "SOCIALISTS AND SOCIAL REFORMERS IN LATE VICTORIAN AND EDWARDIAN BRITAIN." Historical Journal 56, no. 2 (May 3, 2013): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000113.

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28

Adams, R. J. Q. "The National Service League And Mandatory Service In Edwardian Britain." Armed Forces & Society 12, no. 1 (October 1985): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x8501200103.

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29

French, M. "Sophisticates or Dupes? Attitudes toward Food Consumers in Edwardian Britain." Enterprise and Society 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 442–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khg022.

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30

Booth, Alan. "Connecting Domestic and Foreign Policies in Victorian and Edwardian Britain." History: Reviews of New Books 36, no. 4 (July 2008): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/hist.36.4.129-134.

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31

Thomson, M. "Review: Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain * Dan Stone: Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain." Twentieth Century British History 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/15.2.208.

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32

Gerson, Gal. "The Economy of Holidays: System and Excess in Edwardian Liberalism." European Legacy 7, no. 4 (August 2002): 453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770220150753.

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33

Ferland, Jacques, and Roger Davidson. "Whitehall and the Labour Problem in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain." Labour / Le Travail 20 (1987): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25142887.

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34

Laqueur, Thomas W., and John Wolffe. "Great Deaths: Grieving, Religion, and Nationhood in Victorian and Edwardian Britain." Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 34, no. 4 (2002): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4054706.

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35

Davidson, Roger. "Treasury Control and Labour Intelligence in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain." Historical Journal 28, no. 3 (September 1985): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00003393.

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36

TONOOKA, CHIKA. "REVERSE EMULATION AND THE CULT OF JAPANESE EFFICIENCY IN EDWARDIAN BRITAIN." Historical Journal 60, no. 1 (May 16, 2016): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x15000539.

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ABSTRACTThis article considers a particular moment in world history when an instant of epoch-making triumph in the non-West – Japan's defeat of Russia in 1905 – coincided with a period of intense national anxiety in Britain in the wake of the South African War (1899–1902). One outcome of this historical intersection was the emergence in Britain of a euphoric ‘cult of Japan’ that saw many Edwardians, obsessed with the idea of ‘efficiency’, deploy Japan as both a referent for British shortcomings and a model for reform. The article asks why proponents of ‘efficiency’ – most of them ardent imperialists – deemed it acceptable, even strategically advantageous, in such domestic debates to draw upon examples from Japan – an ‘Oriental’ race and former protégé – in apparent contradiction of Western supremacism. The article contends that Britain's emulative attitudes were underpinned by an emergent plural conception of ‘civilization’, which appraised Japan's attainment of civilization as consistent with Western standards whilst at the same time recognizing elements of Japanese particularity – an outlook that justified reciprocal learning.

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37

Whyte, W. "Great Deaths: Grieving, Religion, and Nationhood in Victorian and Edwardian Britain." English Historical Review 117, no. 474 (November 1, 2002): 1287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/117.474.1287.

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38

Brown, K. D. "Modelling for War? Toy Soldiers in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain." Journal of Social History 24, no. 2 (December 1, 1990): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/24.2.237.

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39

Field, Clive D. "“The Faith Society”? Quantifying Religious Belonging in Edwardian Britain, 1901-1914." Journal of Religious History 37, no. 1 (February 26, 2013): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.12003.

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40

Olby, Robert. "Social imperialism and state support for agricultural research in Edwardian Britain." Annals of Science 48, no. 6 (November 1991): 509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00033799100200421.

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41

Fisher, F. "The Edwardian Sense: Art, Design, and Performance in Britain, 1901-1910." Journal of Design History 25, no. 4 (October 9, 2012): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jdh/eps039.

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42

SUGG, D. "The Edwardian House: The Middle-Class Home in Britain 1880 1914." Journal of Design History 7, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jdh/7.2.141.

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43

Masood, Ehsan. "Britain embraces ‘knowledge economy’." Nature 396, no. 6713 (December 1998): 714–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/25424.

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44

Green, S. J. D. "The Religion of the Child in Edwardian Methodism: Institutional Reform and Pedagogical Reappraisal in the West Riding of Yorkshire." Journal of British Studies 30, no. 4 (October 1991): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385990.

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Much has been written in recent years about the history of childhood in Edwardian Britain. To some extent, that concentration of scholarly effort reflects a profound shift in academic concerns away from the superficially extraordinary and noteworthy to the apparently mundane and neglected that has characterized much of the so-called new social history, and from which redirection of academic attention the history of childhood in modern Britain has been only one of many beneficiaries. But perhaps to a greater extent, the outpourings of recent historiography on the changing nature and changing significance of childhood in Britain during the first decade of the twentieth century and in the years immediately leading up to the outbreak of the Great War reflect an intellectual preoccupation that would have been perfectly comprehensible to the Edwardians themselves: a preoccupation, during the first decade of the twentieth century, with the discovery of “child life,” that is, with a form of mental, emotional, and psychological life peculiar to the child.Precisely what that life consisted in, how it was discovered, and what, having unearthed it, the Edwardians made of it, is a subject too vast to be explored here. This article draws attention to only one aspect of that life and of the Edwardian discovery of and uses of it that has been largely neglected in modern historical writing. This is the religious life, religious education, and religious development of the child, particularly of that life as it was lived, nurtured, and brought (or not brought) to fruition in the Sunday schools of Edwardian England.

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45

Purvis, J. "“Deeds, not words” The Daily Lives of Militant Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain." Women's Studies International Forum 18, no. 2 (April 1995): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(94)00064-6.

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46

Johnson, Paul. "Conspicuous Consumption and Working-Class Culture in late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 38 (December 1988): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440100013141.

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Purvis, June. "Emmeline Pankhurst (1858–1928), Suffragette Leader and Single Parent in Edwardian Britain." Women's History Review 20, no. 1 (February 2011): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2011.536389.

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Purvis, June. "Gendering the Historiography of the Suffragette Movement in Edwardian Britain: some reflections." Women's History Review 22, no. 4 (April 8, 2013): 576–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2012.751768.

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Kay, Joyce. "It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain." International Journal of the History of Sport 25, no. 10 (July 30, 2008): 1338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271.

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Bradshaw, D. "Review: Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain." Review of English Studies 55, no. 218 (February 1, 2004): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/55.218.145.

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