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Hossain, Mohamed Faruque. "The nitrogen economy of rice based cropping systems in Bangladesh." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248241.
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Sarkar, Bimal. "Remittances and its impact on some important macroeconomic variables in the economy of Bangladesh." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2016. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2619.
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Jomaraty, Mosfeka. "Firm growth by women-owned Small and Medium Enterprises in a developing economy setting." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2015. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/96339.
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The growth experiences of women-owned Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the context of a developing economy are examined through the lens of pragmatism. This approach views a businesswoman’s ‘belief’, ‘habit’ and ‘doubt’ as critical for researching gender related issues in entrepreneurship. This study explains the growth aspects of women-owned manufacturing and services SMEs of Bangladesh with the aim of addressing two neglected research issues. One is the scarcity of studies on growth oriented women entrepreneurs in developing countries. The other is the lack of focus on very successful high-growth women-owned firms in the context of a strong male-dominated economy. This study adopts a framework developed out of the Diana International Project to evaluate the factors influencing the growth of these successful, growing, Bangladeshi women-owned businesses. In order to evaluate the growth process itself, this framework was then modified with growth resources and actions as explained by Edith Penrose in her 1959 seminal book The Theory of Growth of the Firm. This allows for the investigation of the effects of managerial and entrepreneurial abilities in growth, and the identification of how firms achieve growth. A multiple-case design is adopted, covering sixteen successful growth-oriented firms in the manufacturing and services sector. SMEs were studied as the basis for firm growth from initial venture creation, while the sector concentration on manufacturing and services reflects the urban nature of the study in examining firms that exist in the capital city of Dhaka. Data from in-depth interviews and supporting documents were used for the case studies and integrated with the theoretical framework. Themes were categorised and patterns compared against the framework. The results of this research suggest that SME growth is a process which is gradual and iterative, comprising a series of growth strategies and approaches. The framework identifies interactive connection between different growth variables and highlights how industry sector and the national context of a growing economy facilitate growth of women-owned SMEs. The case study based research seeks to advance scholarship in relation to women’s entrepreneurship globally and contribute to the understanding of growth oriented women’s entrepreneurship. Building upon existing knowledge, this research endeavours to generate new insights and advance theoretical discourse by providing richness and subtlety to the knowledge of growth process and opening up new avenues for future research.Doctor of Philosophy
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Islam, Shafiqul. "Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Bangladesh: A Political Economy Perspective." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/393635.
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Climate-related natural disasters are increasing, leading to devastating physical, environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Among the efforts to address these impacts, disaster risk reduction (DRR) is one of the major approaches. The disaster risk reduction (DRR) approach strives for reducing disaster risk through systematic and comprehensive efforts to address the causal factors of disasters (UNISDR, 2016). Climate change is widely acknowledged for increasing the scale and intensity of disasters. Therefore, a growing body of literature stresses the necessity to link climate change adaptation (CCA) with DRR. the climate change adaptation (CCA) approach strives for adjustment to climate change stimuli or their effects, in order to reduce their adverse impacts or exploit beneficial opportunities (IPCC, 2014). DRR and CCA share common objectives in reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience. Effective linkages should help to ensure coherent, effective and efficient responses to current and future climate-related disasters. However, integrating interventions for DRR and CCA remains a challenge because these concepts originated from, and are articulated by, distinct researchers and practitioners. DRR and CCA works are often undertaken in isolation, resulting in overlapping effort and inefficient use of resources. Moreover, this is particularly problematic for resource-constrained countries, because they are constantly struggling with the challenge of scarce resources, and inconsistent arrangement of a diverse range of policies, actors, and institutions surrounding DRR and CCA.
These complex challenges can be better understood from the perspective of political economy, which mainly deals with the influence of powerful decision makers, resource distribution mechanisms, and government’s interactions with stakeholders. The political economy analysis would enhance understandings of how actions and funding allocation decisions of DRR and CCA by different value-reach institutions and actors are motivated or influenced by different interests, incentives and ideas. By extension, it can also help to identify the social, political and economic factors underpinning the success of each action. Thus, taking a political economy perspective will not only improve understanding of the complexity surrounding decision making on DRR- and CCA-related policies, and different governance and planning systems, but also be useful for exploring the challenges of and solutions to facilitating the integration of both.
An extensive literature review shows that a significant knowledge gap exists surrounding how DRR and CCA can be integrated in different contexts. No study has examined the political economy interplay surrounding DRR, CCA and their integration in resource-constrained least developed countries., such as Bangladesh. For all these reasons, the current research conducted an empirical investigation of the challenges of and opportunities for integrating DRR and CCA in Bangladesh from a political economy perspective.
A mix of qualitative and quantitative methods was applied to the Bangladesh case study. The quantitative data from statistical reports, official documents of funding distribution, and questionnaire survey were analysed and integrated using panel data regression analysis and structural equation modeling to identify the determinants of DRR- and CCA-related funding distributions to districts of Bangladesh. The qualitative data from policy documents, government reports and 38 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with stakeholders of DRR and CCA at national, district and subdistrict levels were analysed through thematic and content analysis to explore the challenges and opportunities confronting integration of DRR and CCA.
The panel data regression analysis found that some political economy characteristics: (a) the electoral cycle, and (b) number of votes received by the party in power influence CCA-related fund transfers by the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund to districts of Bangladesh. SEM identified that particular political economy factors, specifically, the power and authority, interests and incentives, institutions, values and ideas of the influential decision makers, influence decisions regarding DRR-related fund distributions in Bangladesh. These findings suggest that political economy factors will also influence integration of DRR and CCA efforts.
Review of 28 DRR- and CCA-related policies revealed that significant progress has been achieved in the integration of DRR- and CCA-related policies and regulatory frameworks. However, integration of DRR and CCA is currently much less evident in environment-related policies and other sectoral policies. Interestingly, CCA-related documents significantly incorporated disaster risk, whereas current DRR policy instruments mostly focus on post-disaster impacts rather than on climate change vulnerability.
From the in-depth interviews, SEM and panel data analysis, key challenges to effective DRR and CCA integration were: i) resources and funding mechanisms; ii) lack of coordination and collaboration; iii) implementation and mainstreaming; iv) scale mismatches; v) lack of effective governance; vi) political, social and cultural structures; vii) competing actors and institutions; viii) inadequate information-, communication-, and knowledge sharing; ix) lack of community involvement; x) policy gaps; and xi) difficulty in distinguishing DRR-CCA from development works. IDIs along with SEM and panel data analysis also confirmed that political economy factors—interests and incentives, institutions, and values ideas— influence the distribution of public funds of DRR and CCA, as well as selection of location and beneficiaries.
Adverse use of political economy factors leads to resource control capture by elite actors, resulting in overlapping efforts and inefficient use of resources.
Based on the IDIs and the other findings, key opportunities and recommendations for effective integration of DRR and CCA for national and local government and other stakeholders include: i) managing more funds and ensuring better funding mechanisms; ii) using an improved governance framework; iii) maintaining active coordination and collaboration; iv) developing innovation and adaptation; v) integrating and updating policies; vi) integrating DRR-CCA within development work; vii) involving communities and listening to local voices; viii) developing a new platform for integrating DRR-CCA; ix) using political will and leadership; x) harmony prevailing in power relations; xi) research-, information- and knowledge-sharing.
The current research has contributed to the knowledge of DRR, CCA, and the integration of their efforts through investigation of a country-level case study in Bangladesh. It provides concrete examples of the issues and challenges confronting integration of DRR and CCA in Bangladesh. This research has also demonstrated the utility of examining these challenges from a political economy perspective. Further, it lays the groundwork for future research and action towards effective linking of these approaches. Finally, the findings and recommendations of this study could inform policy and practices to promote DRR-CCA integration for more efficient use of resources.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Khan, N. A. "A political economy of forest resource use : case studies of social forestry in Bangladesh." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637786.
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The political economy of forest use in Bangladesh provides the context for an analysis of social forestry (hereafter, SF) programmes of the government. SF is viewed in this thesis within the wider history of forest use and not as an isolated technical strategy for afforestation. The history is marked by a progressive emphasis on commercial interests. The consequences have been: the monetization of forest use; downgrading of the scope for community management of forests; the curtailment of local rights; and the systematic alienation of local people from forest management. These particular attributes of commercialization have added fuel to conflict between the state and local communities. Public antipathy to the state's role in forest commercialization undermined the state's attempt to continue public sector forestry management singlehandedly. Some form of public participation was required. SF was launched with the stated goal of empowering local communities in forest management and as an answer to alienation problem. But SF's achievements have been insignificant. Its marginal performance can be attributed to an unfavourable political-economic environment (referred to in the thesis as 'the frame'). The 'frame' includes the rural power structures; public policies and government offices; local government institutions; land ownership and tenurial arrangements; market (for forests products) and commercial agents; and international donor agencies. SF's performance is regulated by these variables, which are generally not conductive to achieving its lofty goals. Although the stated goals remain largely unrealised, SF does, however, further certain strategic but nonetheless tacit interests of the national government and international donors.
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Khan, S. A. "The state, village society and the political economy of agricultural development in Bangladesh : 1960-1985." Thesis, University of York, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373287.
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Das, Shilpi. "An investigation of corporate Internet reporting in an emerging economy : a case study of Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2015. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/5703/.
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The main objective of the present study is to identify the extent of corporate internet reporting practices in an emerging economy through the extent of disclosing mandatory and voluntary information on the internet. It also addresses the determinants of such reporting practices. It uses sample from Bangladesh, an emerging capital market with few disclosure studies regarding corporate internet reporting. To measure the extent of mandatory and voluntary disclosure two self constructed checklists were used. The results of the checklist are analysed in total and by different categories. By using a sample size of 234 companies, both bivariate and multivariate analysis is performed to identify the determinants of mandatory and voluntary disclosure on the internet. The result indicates that about 90.70% companies have websites and all of them disclose a small amount of corporate information. While the extent of mandatory reporting is 66.24%, the extent of voluntary reporting is 35.46%. The telecommunication sector discloses the highest amount of mandatory information and the banking sector discloses the highest amount of voluntary information on the internet. The tannery sector discloses the lowest amount of mandatory and voluntary information. The result also reveals that audit firm’s international link, independent directors in the board and dual leadership structure have significant positive association and profitability measured by ROE has significant negative association with the level of disclosing of mandatory and voluntary information by the Bangladeshi companies. Although firm size, multinational parent, and industry type have significant positive association with the level of disclosing voluntary information, they are non-significant in mandatory disclosure. In addition, board size, ownership structure and company age has non- significant association with the level of both mandatory and voluntary disclosure. By providing the current status of disclosing mandatory and voluntary information on the internet, this study contributes to reduce the existing gap in the literature relating to emerging economies and helps to identify the need for international standards for this type of reporting.
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Islam, Qamarullah Bin Tariq. "Financial liberalisation, bank excess liquidity and lending : a bank-level study for the economy of Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7271/.
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One of the main aims of financial liberalisation was to increase banking sector competition. Different policies were prescribed for this with one of the ultimate objectives being that banks would be able to lend without any constraint. If banks are able to lend their deposits fully then there will be no excess liquidity in the banking sector; even a significant increase of lending will imply reduction in excess liquidity. However, it is observed that although the process of financial liberalisation started around the early 1990s for most of the developing economies, still there is substantial excess liquidity problem in the banking sector in these countries, including Bangladesh. This study examined the possible reasons for excess liquidity and lending in Bangladesh using bank-level data of 37 banks for the period of 1997-2011 applying panel estimation methods. The first empirical chapter analysed how financial liberalisation affected the excess liquidity situation in banks. The second chapter examined how excess liquidity was related with business cycle and the recent financial crisis. The final empirical chapter looked at how financial liberalisation was related to lending. One key contribution of this study is that it applied an index of financial liberalisation to identify the process and its effect more comprehensively. Another important contribution of this research is to see if there were any definite patterns for different bank typologies. To address this, four bank-specific characteristics of ownership, size, mode of operation and age were used. Financial liberalisation was found to have significant positive relationship with excess liquidity as well as for lending for all types of banks. It was also observed that business cycle had a significant positive impact on excess liquidity. However less significant relationship between the financial crisis and excess liquidity showed the resilience of the banking sector in Bangladesh during the crisis. When bank-specific characteristics were analysed, the results showed that public banks had higher growth of excess liquidity and lower lending than private banks and new banks had lower growth of excess liquidity and higher lending than old banks. No definite differences could be observed between Islamic and conventional banks. It was also observed that public banks acted less procyclically than the private banks while large and new banks acted more procyclically than their counterparts. For the recent financial crisis, it is concluded that large and new banks had more excess liquidity than their counterparts while other typologies were found to be indifferent. Analysis of significant positive impact of financial liberalisation on both lending and excess liquidity suggested that prudent lending by banks to avoid loan default in the face of increased risk was a key for this parallel movement. Differences in interest rate according to bank-specific characteristics are found to be influential for the significant variations according to bank typologies.
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Ahmed, T. "Decentralisation and the local state under peripheral capitalism : a study in the political economy of local government in Bangladesh." Thesis, Swansea University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.635859.
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Conventional social sciences literature usually presents decentralisation as a means of achieving development and democracy. The present thesis, however, argues that the significance of decentralisation and local government is rooted in the specific material conditions of a society which in turn are reflected in the nature of the state stemming out of it. In a developed capitalist society, the local state helps to reduce the variable costs of accumulation to private capital through its 'social investments' and 'social expenditures' and legitimises bourgeois institutions as humane and benevolent providers of social services. Nevertheless, in the developed capitalist societies, because of the development of the productive forces and the existence of an organised working class, the local state can also be used as an arena of class struggle against the hegemonic bourgeois class. While decentralisation and local government support the process of private accumulation and political legitimation in the peripheral capitalist societies as well, the difference in the material conditions of society there and the corresponding class nature of the state make for substantial differences in the character and functions of local government. The absence of a single hegemonic class brings different fractions of contending classes into coalition in order to control the state because control of the state is central to the whole process of accumulation. Local government in these societies provides the central state with an institutional basis on which to forge and extend the class alliance on which the state is based. As peripheral capitalist accumulation is not dependent on the indigenous production system, the provision of social investment and social expenditure is not intended to support the reproduction of labour power in general, but rather to secure the support of class alliance. State-induced development initiatives are designed as a patronage distribution system for the local power structure in order to serve their support to the central power bloc. Local government in Bangladesh since 1958 has been used by military-bonapartist regimes to create local support through a patron-client network. Because of this the potential of local government institutions to act as a viable means of progress and social change has been arrested. However, the potential still remains if progressive social and political forces could be realigned for enlarging the class consciousness of the rural majority, enabling it to participate authentically and more fully in the political process at local and national levels.
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Kabeer, Naila. "The functions of children in the household economy and levels of fertility : a case study of a village in Bangladesh." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295634.
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Profeta, Michela. "Pre-primary education policy between formulation and implementation : the case of Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51112/.
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Why does the implementation of policies for educational improvement often disappoint? The literature suggests that pitfalls in the formulation stage can hamper successful implementation. This research aims to develop insights into the process of policy formulation in order to establish how this may affect subsequent policy implementation using a case study of Pre-Primary Education in Bangladesh. Uniquely, I have been able to study the development of PPE policy when it was taking place since I was directly involved in the process as a professional advisor working for a donor. The first research question investigated how the pre-primary policy was formed. This had two parts in terms of i) developing understanding of the phases of policy formulation and the stakeholders involved, and ii) analysing the discourses that informed the policy. The second research question enquired into the development of the implementation strategy and its feasibility, and compared expectations with the data available on the characteristics and impact of the initial implementation. This enabled the identification of aspects of policy formulation that shape current and future implementation. Special attention was given to the development of policy that prioritised underprivileged children throughout the process, because of the extent of unequal provision and because this was a high profile goal for educational development. The analysis of policy development derived from relevant policy documents and keyinformant interviews highlighted charismatic and politicised approaches to educational reform, which lacked the involvement of beneficiaries and those tasked with implementation. This has consequences for subsequent impact and the sustainability of the new policy. The initial implementation was generally considered inadequate and uneven by the respondents. It reflected aspirational planning linked to the EFA goals, with ambitious aims to provide a "quantitative breakthrough" in access and attainment without a realistic assessment of the resources available and the capacity to mobilise them. When the implementation strategy was updated and included in the third national programme of primary education (PEDP III), a more phased and comprehensive approach to planning was introduced. However, reports on programme implementation have identified delays and difficulties in starting PEDP III, albeit improvements between year 1 and 2 have been noted. In particular, the implementation strategies identified were insufficiently detailed and different stakeholders' needs were not properly assessed. More equitable delivery to underprivileged children remains poorly articulated. Part of the reason appears to be diminished political will and inconsistent leadership. Finally, opportunities to collaborate with the NGO service providers have not been fully exploited and the implementation planning for PEDP III appeared to have relied excessively on external expertise, with implications for the ownership and continuity of the policy on pre-school. Based on these findings, suggestions are offered to the development partners, the Government and the NGOs to improve the integration of policy and implementation strategies to increase the probability of sustained improvements in Pre Primary provision.
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Siddiki, Jalal Uddin. "Economic liberalisation and growth in Bangladesh, 1974-1995." Thesis, Kingston University, 1999. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20638/.
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This thesis investigates, theoretically and empirically, the impact of financial (FL) and trade liberalisation (TL) on the rate of economic growth in Bangladesh using annual data from 1975-1995. This thesis also explores the determinants of unofficial market (UM) exchange rates in Bangladesh using quarterly data from 1976q2-1995q2. The literature survey in chapter two argues that both FL and TL raise the rate of economic growth. After reviewing financial and trade policies in Bangladesh in chapter three, a theoretical model has been developed and applied to Bangladesh in chapter four in order to examine the effect of FL on the rate of economic growth. This model incorporates per capita real income, investment in both physical and human capital, financial deepening and real interest rates. The theoretical and empirical models reveal that investment in human capital, financial deepening and interest rate liberalisation positively affect the rate of economic growth. However, the impact of interest rates is very low. The simultaneous impact of financial development and TL on the rate of economic growth in Bangladesh is also explored theoretically and empirically in chapter six. Results reveal that both FL and TL jointly raise the rate of economic growth. Finally, the determinants of UM exchange rates are identified in chapter eight in order to examine the causes of distortions in the foreign exchange markets and to explore the roles of both FL and TL policies in removing these distortions. It is observed that trade restrictions with overvalued exchange rates and an increase in money supply generate UMs for foreign exchange in Bangladesh.
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Mohsena, Masuda. "Socio-economic association and trends of nutritional status of mother-child pairs in Bangladesh over the period of 1996 and 2007." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607924.
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Mathbor, Golam Mohammed. "Dynamics and prospects of non-farm employment in the coastal regions of Bangladesh." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22711.
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The coast of Bangladesh, comprising the complex delta of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system has immense resources for development. In the concept of present development efforts, this zone is among the most neglected in Bangladesh. It is very often affected by natural calamities and the situation is further aggravated by some man-made hazards, which cause heavy casualties in human lives, cattle, in reducing the size of the coastal areas and in severe damage of properties worth billions of dollars. This thesis envisages looking into the particular issue of non-farm employment. This is more important in an economy in which the land-person ratio is continuously on the decrease and dissemination of intensive crop culture has limitations. This study is exploratory in nature and uses both quantitative and qualitative methods, employing survey interviews for 80 households, 20 key informant interviews and a case study on an organization in order to assess the dynamics and prospects of non-farm employment in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. Findings of the study indicate that practically all of the non-farm field of the entire coastal belt is not yet a government priority. As such, there is need for some persuasive work in formulating some policies to develop sustainable harvests from the abundant maritime resources of the area. This will create provision for non-farm employment as well as producing a vast quantity of exportable commodities for the national well-being. It is expected that it will benefit the people of the area in particular and the entire country in general.
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PANDOLFO, CLAUDIA. "Cette Afrique de bangladeshi! Economia, lavoro e politica a Mauritius." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/245727.
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La mia ricerca indaga il rapporto tra politica, economia e lavoro a Mauritius, una piccola isola al centro del vasto sistema di interrelazioni economiche dell'Oceano Indiano. In una prospettiva storica, vengono presentati i sistemi di reclutamento della manodopera che si sono avvicendati sullisola, a partire dalla schiavitù, il lavoro forzato, il sistema di reclutamento a contratto noto come engagisme, fino agli odierni lavoratori migranti internazionali a contratto, provenienti principalmente da Bangladesh, India, Cina e Madagascar. Dopo l'indipendenza, nell'ambito del programma di diversificazione delleconomia promosso da una ampia coalizione politica di interesse nazionale, il governo mauriziano ha istituito una zona industriale franca orientata allesportazione (Export Processing Zone) per attirare capitali e investitori stranieri, fornendo loro le strutture e infrastrutture necessarie allinstallazione di una produzione sull'isola. Fu un successo. contrariamente alle aspettative, infatti, Mauritius non solo raggiunse la piena occupazione dei mauriziani, ma ben presto iniziò nuovamente ad importare manodopera straniera. Oggi il quadro è molto mutato: i datori di lavoro preferiscono i lavoratori migranti ai mauriziani, a causa del loro basso costo salariale. Né il governo mauriziano né i loro paesi di origine proteggono i diritti dei migranti. Tenendo conto delle prospettive dei diversi attori coinvolti in questi processi, la ricerca prende in considerazione i sistemi e le reti di reclutamento del lavoro, le politiche di indebitamento e di confinamento spaziale utilizzate per controllare il lavoro migrante e la posizione dei sindacati nei confronti del lavoro migrante. La lunga durata del bisogno di manodopera economica che caratterizza leconomia dellisola ha dato vita ad una società multietnica nella quale un mercato del lavoro etnicizzato riflette la doppia eredità proveniente dalle esperienze coloniali di schiavitù e di engagisme. La rappresentazione del lavoro e dei lavoratori, basata su una complessa categorizzazione degli individui e dei gruppi che compongono la società e che legittima le attuali strategie di approvvigionamento del lavoro, è un elemento fondamentale per comprendere la stabilità sociale, economica e politica delle Mauritius durante i suoi quasi 400 anni di storia. My research investigates the relationship between politics, economy and labour in Mauritius, a small island at the center of the wide system of economic interrelations of the Indian Ocean. In a historical perspective, I study changing forms of labour supply such as slavery, forced labour, the indenture system, and the contracts that today regulate international migrant labour, mostly from Bangladesh, India, China, Madagascar. After independence, under the program of diversification of the economy, Mauritian government established an Export Processing Zone (EPZ) to provide facilities to foreign companies that installed their production on the island. It was a success story that after having achieved the full employment of Mauritians, started to import foreign labour. Today, the picture is different: employers prefer migrants to Mauritians, because of their low wage cost. Neither the Mauritian government nor their countries of origin protect the rights of these migrants. Taking into account the perspectives of the different actors involved in these processes, I shall consider systems and networks of labour recruitment, the policies of debt and spatial confinement used to control migrant labour, and the position of Unions towards migrant labour. The long term need for cheap labor that characterizes Mauritian economy gave life to a multi-ethnic society in which an ethnicized labor market reflects the double heritage coming from the colonial experiences of slavery and engagisme. The representation of work and workers, based on a complex categorization of people and society, which continues to justify the strategies of labor supply and legitimizes the status quo, is a pivotal element to understand the social, economic and political stability of Mauritius during its quite 400 years of history.
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Selim, Gul Rukh. "Peasant political practice in Bangladesh : an analysis of changing relations of appropriation." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63256.
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Satu, Shammi Akter. "Foreign aid and capacity building of municipal government selected case studies of Bangladesh /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41680078.
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Ahmed, A. K. M. Zasheem Uddin. "Industrialisation and economic growth : a case study of Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249883.
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González, Dávila Osiel. "Economic behaviour and groundwater contamination in Bangladesh and Mexico." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2016. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/22779/.
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In this research the economic behaviour associated with the consumption of arsenic and fluoride contaminated groundwater and the use of arsenic and fluoride removal technologies in affected areas of Bangladesh and Mexico is analysed using a number of tools of economic analysis including analysis of household surveys and stated preference methods. In the first section, a health production function approach is used in order to estimate the economic costs of arsenicosis in rural households of Shahrasti, Bangladesh. Then, experimental data from rural communities in Bangladesh are used to assess the adoption of groundwater arsenic removal technologies in relation to risk and time preferences. The identification of such preferences is important because they determine people's propensity to use arsenic removal technologies and their ability to avoid arsenic related illnesses. Further, time inconsistent preferences can trigger self-control related problems like procrastination in the use of water filters. In the second section, a contingent valuation survey is used to elicit household willingness to pay responses for safe drinking water in Zacatecas, Mexico. The objective is to investigate households' willingness to pay for improved water quality through the installation of a new filtration system to remove fluoride and arsenic from groundwater. It was found that individuals' subjective perceptions of contamination might change their attitude towards the installation of water purification systems, thereby changing the effective price of potable groundwater that they are willing to pay. Different types of contamination (by arsenic and fluoride in this case) had differing effects on values. Value estimates also changed as the socioeconomic profiles of survey respondents changed. Further interdisciplinary research was conducted in order to achieve a better understanding of the problem of environmental contamination with arsenic, fluoride and heavy metals in Mexico.
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Ahmed, Nesar. "Socio-economic aspects of freshwater prawn culture development in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1497.
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This thesis is concerned with social and economic aspects of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture development in converted paddy field gher systems in SW Bangladesh, based on economic features of prawn production and social impacts within and around prawn farming communities. Based on a sample of 400 farmers from the four different zones in Bagerhat district in SW Bangladesh, 345 (86.25%) cultured prawn with fish and rice in their gher. The culture period is typically nine months, wild fry are stocked when available in May-June and harvested from November to January. A variety of feeds are used but the preferred material is the freshwater snail, Pila globosa. Productivity is variable, averaging 432 kg ha-!. The freshwater prawn is a highly valued product for international markets and is therefore almost all exported. All farmers in all zones and different gher size categories made a profit, with seed and feed dominating variable costs. Considerable variation in production costs and profitability was observed. The culture of prawn in gher systems is technically possible in a variety of conditions though expanding small scale of farming mainly depends on reducing production costs. Future targets could be to integrate with other agricultural activities especially dike cropping and rice production in the monsoon. The livelihoods of a large number of people are associated with prawn farming. Four different fry, snail and prawn markets were surveyed, including a sample of 60 fry catchers, 40 fry traders, 75 snail collectors, 40 snail traders and 40 prawn traders. A sample of 200 women, associated with gher farms was also surveyed. In spite of socio-economic constraints, most of the households of farmers (81 %) have improved their status through prawn farming where prawn have brought out clearly positive changes of economic activities and generated new employment. All appeared to have gained from their activities, women have enhanced their position in families and societies. However, concerns arise about the long-term sustainability of prawn farming due to high production costs, low supply of wild fry and snail meat, poor natural resources, poor institutional support and inadequate extension services, all of which have affected sustainable livelihoods of farmers and associated groups. It may necessary to establish local ingredients feed industries, prawn hatcheries and to provide low-interest credit with institutional and policy support for sustainable gher farming.
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Shamsad, Sadah. "Socio-economic dynamics of microcredit programs in informal settlements the case of Khulna city, Bangladesh /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41680145.
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Rahman, A. F. M. Ashrafur. "The transformation of spaces for home based income generation: an approach towards economic subsistencefor the urban poor at Khulna slums." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4501422X.
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Dodson, Belinda Jean. "The socio-economic impact of a minor flood control project in rural Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/261238.
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This dissertation examines how the construction of an embankment has altered the life of a village in Bangladesh. Once the academic context of the work has been established, the geographical and historical context of the project itself is outlined. There then follows a discussion of the formulation and execution of the research methodology. This comprised a comparative analysis of the results from a household questionnaire survey conducted in two villages, one inside and one outside the project area, as well as a comparison of the post-project data thus collected with data collected by the project funding agency before the embankment's construction.
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Parry, Michael. "The role of accounting in the economic development of Bangladesh." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375973.
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Hossain, Mohammad A. "Trade liberalisation and economic performance : analytics and empirics from Bangladesh /." [St. Lucia, Qld. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16799.pdf.
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Jitu, Jasika Alam. "Women Economic Empowerment and SMEs : A Case Study on Bangladesh." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-82471.
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Low income countries such as Bangladesh are among many of the developing countries in the world where people suffer from poverty which affect their living conditions, especially the empowerment, more specifically economic empowerment of rural and/or indigent women. Many actors such as non-government organizations (NGOs) aspire towards working on means which will improve the empowerment status of rural women in the economy of Bangladesh. It is hoped to thereby reduce poverty levels which in turn they hope will impact the society and its economy positively. One of the methods which many developing countries have chosen in order to increase economic empowerment of rural women is through encouraging their participation in the operation of small scale and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Bangladesh is thus trying to increase the power and control women have at different levels of society by exerting a significant role on the use of SMEs to generate empowerment among rural women and to transform the economic condition of these impoverished women and their families by providing them means of earning income and hence making them economically more stable. However, there are still many impediments which hinder the success of SMEs in empowering women in Bangladesh; such as entrenched gender inequalities, lack of knowledge and access to livelihood resources, unbalanced power structures, etc.. These impediments are even more prevalent among rural women and affect the impact that SMEs have on the lives of rural Bangladeshi women. If these issues can be resolved rural/indigent women of Bangladesh can be better empowered through the activities of women-owned enterprises to offer better standards of living for rural women. This study identified various ways that SMEs positively impact the lives of indigent women in Bangladesh and change their social and economic conditions, drawing on theories and concepts of empowerment, power, and alternative development. The connection between empowerment and livelihood resources have important implications for women economic empowerment. This connection was in turn used to discover the reasons behind why so many rural women suffer from lack of empowerment, power and social and political invisibility despite the push by NGOs and the government to make women a part of the paid workforce through women empowerment initiatives.
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Halim, Sadeka. "Invisible again : women and social forestry in Bangladesh." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ64569.pdf.
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Ahammed, A. K. M. Rafique. "Development of environmental impact assessment in Bangladesh." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09enva285.pdf.
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Hossain, Mahabub Akhtar. "Inflation, economic growth and the balance of payments in Bangladesh : a macroeconomic study /." New Delhi ; Oxford ; Bombay(in.) : Oxford university press, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37461725s.
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Afsar, Rita. "Causes, consequences and challenges of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha258.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 331-404) Attempts to contribute toward greater understanding of the urbanization process in Bangladesh. Focuses particularly on the rural-urban migration process, explaining the causes of mobility and stability and the consequences flowing from that movement for the wellbeing of migrants and their families.
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Debass, Thomas. "Economic Impact Assessment of IPM CRSP Activities in Bangladesh and Uganda: A GIS Application." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34999.
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The purpose of this study is to assist planners and scientists in assessing the economic implications of the USAID-funded Integrated Pest Management-Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CRSP) research activities. The study presents a framework and a set of procedures for documenting, evaluating and communicating aggregate economic impacts of IPM technologies within targeted areas and across agro-ecological regions.
Performing an economic impact assessment involves consideration of many factors, from the adoption patterns of IPM technologies to the level of benefits and costs producers and consumers can reap from their adoption. Adopting the framework and procedures outlined in this study will help ensure that economic benefits of IPM CRSP activities are consistently and comprehensively evaluated and documented. The assessment process involves identifying and defining alternative pest management strategies, data and information collection, and analytical procedures.
Two case studies are carried out to demonstrate the functionality and practical nature of the framework. Partial budgeting and ex-ante economic surplus analysis are employed to estimate the aggregate benefits of IPM CRSP strategies in Bangladesh and Uganda. In Bangladesh, an altered schedule of hand weeding in cabbage production and Neem leaf powder as an insecticide for eggplants were selected for assessment. In Uganda, the maize variety Longe-1 and seed dressing with Endosulfan for management of bean fly and root rot on beans, are evaluated. Also, a Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to project the transferability of IPM CRSP strategies beyond the primary sites. Data on production, consumption, prices, price elasticities for demand and supply, and experiment costs are gathered and refined to derive aggregate benefits for each country. Expert questionnaires were developed to determine adoption rates, and to elicit information about yield and cost changes due to the adoption of these technologies. Agro-ecological and socio-economic data were collected to facilitate the spatial framework and examine adoption rate patterns. The GIS analysis gives insight into the spatial dimension of economic analysis and complements the effort of the IPM CRSP to globalize its activities.
The research findings show that the IPM practices investigated gave a substantial amount of benefits discounted over thirty years to both consumers and producers. This study has shown that IPM CRSP-induced pest management practices in Bangladesh and Uganda are viable and more profitable production practices than existing farmer practices. Efforts to promote the adoption of these technologies will likely result in more efficient production and greater economic rewards for the farmers, consumers, and in turn for the country as a whole. Finally, the study presents recommendations for further research relating to gender and cross-border trade issues to strengthen the functionality of the framework.
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Salmon, Claire. "Pouvoir syndical et développement : théorie et application au Bangladesh." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF10198.
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Des études récentes ont mis en évidence l’existence d’un fort pouvoir syndical sur le marché du travail des pays en développement (P. E. D. ). Ce pouvoir peut sembler paradoxal dans des économies où le sous-emploi est structurel. Développée dans un contexte de pays industrialisés, la littérature théorique sur le rôle des syndicats ne permet pas de résoudre aisément ce paradoxe. L’objet de cette thèse est donc de s’interroger sur la notion de pouvoir syndical dans les P. E. D. , en ayant recours à une démarche théorique, d’une part, et à une démarche appliquée, d’autre part, fondée sur le cas du syndicalisme Bengalais. Le premier axe de recherche retenu au cours de ce travail consiste à mettre en évidence les caractéristiques du pouvoir syndical dans les P. E. D. Une revue de la littérature et l’étude particulière du rôle des syndicats des P. E. D. Exercent une influence positive sur les salaires, la productivité et les conditions de travail. Le second axe consiste, ensuite, à montrer que ce pouvoir est justifiable par la théorie économique. Les fondements du pouvoir syndical dans les P. E. D. Sont alors déduits d’une discussion des principaux modèles théoriques de la littérature sur les négociations salariales. Il apparaît en fait que l’interaction entre l’état et les syndicats est l’une des sources majeures du pouvoir syndical dans ces pays. Quelques pistes de réflexion sont alors proposées, au cours d’un troisième axe, pour une approche plus politique de l’action syndicale. Est alors développé dans ce cadre un modèle de capture de rente expliquant l’impact des politiques d’ajustement structurel sur le pouvoir syndical. Un modèle de théorie des jeux montre, par ailleurs, que la confusion des rôles de l’état, tout à la fois agent économique et agent politique, renforce le pouvoir syndical et permet d’expliquer l’émergence simultanée d’un cycle politico-budgétaire et d’un cycle des grèvesRecent studies have shown that labour markets in developing countries may be characterized by a strong bargaining power. Union’s power in developing countries seems to be paradoxal as their labor markets are characterized by a high level of under-employment. Their has been a great deal of research on unionized labor markets in industrialized countries but almost none in developing countries. This thesis aims at proposing a framework for understanding union power in developing countries. It uses an empirical and theorical approach, based on the case of Bangladesh unionism. The primary focus of this thesis is to determinate the main characteristics of bargaining power in developing countries. We show that unions have a positive impact on wages, productivity and labor conditions. These conclusions result from both a survey of the recent literature dealing with this topic and a study based on Bangladesh data. The second objective of this thesis is to show that we can improve the understanding of bargaining power in developing countries simply by using the traditional micro-economic framework. We show, through a discussion of the main model of this literature, that unions in developing countries draw their power from their privileged relationship with the government. In the third axis of our work, we emphasize the political role of trade unions and we propose a political approach of their action. In this context, we first develop a rent-seeking model to explain how structural adjustment policies may have played a role in reducing the observed level of bargaining power in developing countries. Then, we propose a model based on game theory, which emphasizes the fact that the confusion of government objectives, both political and economic, may result in an increase in union power. It also explains how may occur both a political budget cycle and a strike cycle in developing country
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Rahman, Masadur. "Exploring the socio-economic impacts of tourism : a study of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/2564.
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This study evaluates the socio-economic impact of tourism development on the local community in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The country wants to utilize tourism as an economic development tool to reduce poverty and stimulate socio-economic wellbeing. Tourism has profound impact on the local community of the destination as it brings economic and socio-cultural changes. The significant positive economic impacts are increased employment and earning opportunities, enhanced standard of living, more investments, infrastructural development, and new business linkages and opportunities. However some negative economic impacts been identified, like increased income disparity, increased land price and rent, price hike of essential goods and services, seasonality effects and leakage of earnings. A frustrating finding is that majority of the tourism assets and well-paid jobs are enjoyed by non-locals whereas the local community does not enjoy its rightful share due to uneven benefit distribution. The positive socio-cultural impacts include women empowerment, more participation in education, limited outward migration, and enhanced social safety and security. Some negative socio-cultural impacts are displacement of poor from their land, increased social gap, frustration, social disorder and loss of cultural originality. Unfortunately the local community is not fully aware of the value of their cultural heritage and so they try to imitate tourist’s socio-cultural traits. A major difference from other tourism impact studies is tourism does not contribute in raising crime, gambling, and prostitution in Cox’s Bazar. The local community is involved in tourism activities but has minimal involvement in the decision making process. This study reveals that the local community is totally excluded from the policy formulation process and policy makers do not consider the socio-economic impacts of tourism development on the local community. Local community is benefiting from tourism development but significant scope exists to increase their active participation and equitable benefit sharing. Some recommendations are made for the Development of Tourism in Cox’s Bazar to maximize positive impacts and minimize negative impacts along with some insights for further research in this field.
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Begum, Afroza. "Social Determinants of Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents in Rural Bangladesh." Licentiate thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41182.
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Background and Objective: Suicide is a leading cause of death and a critical public health problem among adolescents worldwide. However, adolescent suicidal behaviour is a neglected public health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries, such as Bangladesh. There is evidence from developed countries showing that suicidal ideation (SI) among adolescents is related to social indicators as well as individual risk factors. Scarce evidence from studies inlow- and middle-income countries suggests that social factors may influence adolescent SI. In Bangladesh, only a few studies have focused on the social determinants of suicide, and the present study is the first to examine the prevalence and social determinants of suicidal ideation among adolescents in rural Bangladesh. Therefore, the present thesis assessed the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on adolescent SI. Methods: The present thesis is based on two studies, which used data from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2013 among 2,476 adolescents aged 14-19 years selected randomly in arural community in Bangladesh. An adapted version of the WHO/SUPRE-MISS questionnaire was used to collect data in the Raiganj sub-district, an area surveyed within the Injury Prevention Program of the Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB). Study I estimated the prevalence of suicidal ideation among adolescents and investigated what factors were associated with suicidal ideation. Study II examined the relationship between parental socio-economic factors and suicidal thoughts among adolescents. Results: Study I showed that life time prevalence of suicidal ideation was 5% among adolescents. The majority of adolescents with suicidal ideation were female (67, 5.3%), unmarried (106, 5.5%) and students (86, 6.2%). Suicidal ideation was significantly associated with age, education, occupation and living with parents or others. Respondents aged 18-19 years, had a Secondary school certificate (SSC) and Higher Secondary school certificate (HSC) or higher, were day labourers, living without parent had odds ratios of 2.31 (CI 1.46-3.65), 2.38(CI 1.51-3.77), 4.15 (CI 2.41-7.14), .28 (CI 0.13-0.60) and 1.80 (CI 1.07-3.03), respectively. In study 2, results demonstrated that suicidal ideation was more common among adolescents with parents from the low-income group (5.5%). In addition, adolescent SI was found to be significantly associated with parental education, marital status and house ownership. Adolescents whose parents received an SSC or higher had an SI odds ratio of 2.10 (CI 1.21-3.64) and 1.92 (CI 1.15-3.23) for mothers and fathers respectively. Suicidal ideation among adolescents with single parents was higher with an odds ratio of 3.00 (CI 1.75-5.19) in comparison to adolescents who had both parents. Adolescents whose parents owned a house had an odds ratio of 0.14 (0.05, 0.35). Conclusion: The thesis found that the prevalence of lifetime suicidal ideation among adolescents is moderately high in a rural community of Bangladesh. Furthermore, it was observed that personal characteristics such as parental marital status, education and homeownership were statistically significantly associated with suicidal ideation among adolescentseven after adjusting for potential confounders.
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McGregor, J. Allister. "Poverty and patronage : a study of credit, development and change in rural Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Bath, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306835.
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Mishra, Sanjiv. "An Ex-Ante Economic Impact Assessment of Bt Eggplant in Bangladesh, the Philippines and India." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34955.
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This study projects the economic impact of adoption of Bt eggplant in India, Bangladesh
and Philippines. The welfare benefits from adoption of Bt eggplant are projected to be positive in all three countries. The welfare gains from adoption (discounted at 5 percent) are projected to be US $ 411 million for India, US $ 37 million for Bangladesh and US$ 28 million for the Philippines. Consumers gain about 57% of the welfare benefits, while the
producers gain 43% of the total surplus.
Simulation results indicate that India is in a
position to make significant investments in the development and diffusion of the Bt eggplant
technology, while the Philippines and Bangladesh are likely to benefit from the transfer and adoption of technology from India.The simulations assumed a low seed premium, which would help in increasing the rate of adoption of the technology by the farmers. The findings suggest that potential economic benefits from Bt eggplant are high and efforts should be continued to develop and integrate the Bt eggplant with other IPM practices for effective pest management.Master of Science
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Coirolo, Cristina. "Climate change and livelihoods in Northwest Bangladesh : vulnerability and adaptation among extremely poor people." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45225/.
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Ngan, Ching-ching Dora, and 顔菁菁. "Alleviating poverty of rural landless women: paths taken by Bangladesh and the Philippines." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195229X.
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Mohammad, Ariful Islam. "An Economic Study on the Efficiency and Welfare Impact of Modern Rice Production in Bangladesh." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/227639.
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Cortijo, Marie Jo A. "Rural poverty in Bangladesh : a comparative study of determinants of economic well-being and inequality." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270509.
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The thesis explores policy relevant issues within poverty debates with reference to Bangladesh. The core questions addressed include: what are the determinants of (income) poverty and income levels? Do these determinants vary according to the degree of poverty? Why is poverty reduced at different rates in different areas? What are the determinants of income inequality? What role has inequality had in the decline of poverty? These are addressedu sing a 1995 census survey in two sets of villages. These villages have experienced drastic declines in (income) poverty, but to very different degrees. The thesis aims to understand the underlying reasons and dynamics behind this difference. These villages are not representative of the country as a whole, but the conclusions are of interest in that they highlight issues pertinent to poverty reduction strategies in Bangladesh. Outcomes of the various analyses undertaken consistently point to certain conclusions as to why these sets of villages have evolved so differently. For the first, richer group, non-agricultural opportunities have boosted the economy and reduced poverty, despite widespread landlessness. The development of the agricultural sector (through irrigation and the use of High Yielding Varieties) has stimulated the emergence of a vibrant non-agricultural sector. Lower levels of irrigated land and High Yielding Varieties adoption and the resulting lower agricultural productivity in part explain the less impressive performance on poverty reduction of the second group of villages. The thesis also makes a contribution to poverty analysis by applying a very diverse range of techniques, the outcomes of which together provide a fuller picture of the processes at work.
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Md, Gholam Kibria. "Socio-economic study of trade union movement in Bangladesh with special reference to jute industry." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/218.
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Tighe, Eleanor G. "Stakeholder capitalism and workers' rights in the Bangladesh garment industry." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/377151/.
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This thesis provides an original contribution to understanding of stakeholder capitalism and applications of stakeholder capitalism to labour governance in globalised clothing production networks. Specifically, this thesis draws on primary qualitative and ethnographic field-data collected in Dhaka, Bangladesh to provide new insight to the challenge of poor working conditions and workers’ rights in the global garment industry. The research presented here questions the potential of retail-led stakeholder capitalism to contribute positive development outcomes to the lives of workers employed in cut and stitch garment manufacture. Adopting the Global Production Network’s (GPN) framework, the thesis argues that the ability of stakeholder capitalism to engage and advance the voice of workers in clothing and retail GPNs is influenced by the nature of the relationship and strategic coupling between transnational retailers and their localised factory suppliers. It argues that civil society demands for labour standards have generated a compliance-based response to stakeholder capitalism whereby expectations and acceptance of labour standards are negotiated between retailers and their suppliers. While these negotiations appear discursive, the voices of workers in these negotiations appear largely absent. Thus, it makes an original contribution to understanding relational processes in clothing production systems, moving away from top-down, buyer-driven linear approaches,to conceive power relations in retail production networks as dynamic, subjective and negotiated. This thesis argues that how these power relationships are negotiated and the impacts and interactions of these relations needs to be understood and accounted for if stakeholder capitalism is going to have a serious impact on improving the lives of workers in globalised production systems.
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Khondker, Bazlul Haque. "Analysis of tariff and tax policies in Bangladesh : a computable general equilibrium approach." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1996. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36239/.
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The prime objectives of the study are to analyse the effects of tax and tariff policies in Bangladesh. Toward this end, different variants of computable general equilibrium models are developed and used to assess the distributional consequence of tax reform and to examine the resource allocation and income distribution effects of tariff liberalisation within the paradigm of both 'traditional' and 'new' trade theories. A computable general equilibrium model of the Bangladesh economy is developed to assess the distributional consequences of the indirect tax reform which involves the introduction of a value added tax system. The model captures specific features of a consumption-type and destination principle-based value added tax system which has been adopted in Bangladesh. An alternative model of the Bangladesh economy is also developed to analyse the effects of tariff liberalisation on resource allocation and income distribution under both competitive and non-competitive assumptions. The model explicitly incorporates 'market structure' variables such as marginal costs, the number of domestic firms, the excess profit condition, the market demand elasticities for domestic firms and increasing returns to scale. The models are static in nature and are calibrated to a 1988/89 data set compiled within the framework of a social accounting matrix (SAM). The social accounting matrix integrates different data sources and the input-output table to depict the major macroeconomic relations and provides a consistent macroeconomic data set for policy modelling. Such a framework is particularly useful for a country such as Bangladesh with sparse and conflicting data sources. The SAM is an attractive framework for locating inconsistencies and for resolving them in best the possible ways. The incidence effects of the indirect tax system under pre-VAT and VAT systems are based on two approaches: a simple approach and a computable general equilibrium approach. Two sets of policy experiments are carried out. First, excise duties of domestic production activities and sales taxes on imports are replaced by a revenue-neutral single rate of value-added tax. In the second experiment, the VAT system is extended to the service sector with a revenue-neutral VAT rate. The results of policy experiments indicate that because of exemptions on subsistence agricultural products, and because of the progressive structure of the tariffs, the overall indirect tax system would remain progressive even after the introduction of a single rate VAT. However, the overall indirect tax incidence appears to be less progressive under the VAT system compared with the pre-VAT system. The effects of tariff liberalisation on resource allocation and income distribution are also examined in this study. It is observed that the results of tariff liberalisation are sensitive to the way the model is specified. It is also observed that in the competitive and constant returns to scale model variant, resources move from the heavily protected sector to the less protected sectors as a result of tariff liberalisation. In contrast, the heavily protected manufacturing sectors turn out to be the main beneficiary of liberalisation when imperfect competition is introduced. Expansion of manufacturing output appears to come from the pro-competitive effects of tariff liberalisation. On the other hand, almost all the manufacturing sectors show much larger output growth with the incorporation of increasing returns to scale. The larger expansion of output of manufacturing sectors is due to a reduction in unrealised scale economies. The income distribution effects of tariff liberalisation are captured through the changes in income levels of the six household groups and changes in factor income and factor returns. The redistribution of income under liberalisation appears to favour the low income household groups. However, it appears that the relative progressivity and regressivity in the distribution of household income depend on the relative changes of capital and labour income. The association between market structure variables and profitability in the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh is also analysed in this study. This exercise provides some evidence on the association between industrial structure and profitability and assesses the importance of foreign and domestic factors on industry profitability. Two alternative measures of concentration namely concentration ratio and Hirschman-Herfindahl index and two foreign competition variables such as import shares and effective tariff rates are used to examine this association. The results of this exercise indicate that profitability is significantly related to concentration levels in the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh. It also reports that foreign competition variables play a significant role in affecting profitability in domestic industries. It is observed that the profitability is higher in those industries where concentration levels are high and import shares are low and effective tariff rates are high.
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Alamgir, Abul. "Rights of Indigenous People in Bangladesh : A Case Study in CHTs (Chittagong Hill Tracts)." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-340774.
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The CHT peace accord signed between the Government of Bangladesh and the PCJSS (Parbatya Chattyagram Jana Sanhati Samiti) in 1997 which recognized the re-establishment of the rights of indigenous people with the formation of local and regional councils as controlling and supervisory bodies over land and land management, law and order, civil administration, development programs; food, health, education, water and sanitation, forest and environment and many more. After more than a decade of signing the peace accord, it did not implement as historically the people are exploited. Human rights have been severely violated in the region for many years of the peace accord though the area is economically sound. In relating to the peace accord, the main argument of this thesis is to present the nature of the exclusion, deprivation, protect and prospects, economic rights of the ‘adivasi’ people especially Chakma in the CHTs in food and social security, health, water and sanitation, education and income via social policy perspective through using both of qualitative and quantitative method. In concerning to the objectives, the study has exposed that the income of the Chakma people in Sonai and Mayni is lower than the rest of the people of the country. They excluded from social safety net program and they have lack of social security. The study has also evidenced that the people have no access to safe drinking water and hygienic sanitation. They live in the fragile houses where have no any necessary household chores or furniture. In comparing to the education of the country, their literacy rate is lower than the mainstream people. In the Sonai and Mayni, health related service providing quality is not so good. The indigenous people need more care and the ‘social policy’ perspective has helped to play vital role in such situation.
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Pryer, Jane Allison. "Socio-economic and environmental aspects of undernutrition and ill-health in an urban slum in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of London, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296768.
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Akpan, Iniobong Wilson. "The Grameen Bank model of microcredit and its relevance for South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002714.
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Among the reasons for financial exclusion is the fact that the poor, being largely illiterate and unemployed, are traditionally perceived as ‘bad credit risks’. This is the dominant perception of the poor in the formal credit markets – a perception that also exists in the microcredit sector. In other words, while information asymmetry is a recognized problem in lender-borrower relationships, lenders consider the problem particularly severe when they contemplate doing business with the poor. A contrasting paradigm, such as the one adopted by Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, views the poor as possessing economic potentials that have not been tapped – that is, as ‘good credit risks’. Grameen Bank’s microcredit features appear to have successfully mitigated the problems of information asymmetry and, to a large extent, made it possible for the poor to access microenterprise credit. Using the Grameen Bank model as a benchmark, this study examined the lending features of private sector microlenders in South Africa and those of KhulaStart (credit) scheme. The aim was to identify how the lending features affect microenterprise credit access. Primary data were obtained through interviews, while relevant secondary data were also used in the study. A key finding of the study was that while the Khulastart scheme was, like Grameencredit, targeted at the poor, the method of its delivery appeared diluted or unduly influenced by the conventional (private sector) paradigm that pre-classifies people as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ credit risks. As a result, the scheme was not robust enough to support microenterprise credit access. This has consequences for job-creation and poverty reduction. Based on the findings, the study maintains that a realistic broadening of microenterprise credit access will not occur unless there is a fundamental paradigm shift in microcredit practices, and unless measures designed to mitigate information asymmetries are sensitive to the historical, economic and sociocultural realities of the South African poor.
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Hristovska, Tatjana. "Economic Impacts of Integrated Pest Management in Developing Countries: Evidence from the IPM CRSP." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33238.
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Farmers around the world rely on IPM practices in order to increase their yields and reduce their losses due to pests. Assessing the impacts of previous IPM CRSP studies is crucial for successful continuance of the program and to provide meaningful recommendations to farmers. This thesis summarizes previous IPM CRSP impact studies, and provides additional impact assessments of IPM practices developed on the program. Scientist-questionnaires were sent to scientists in each IPM CRSP site around the world. Using the data from the questionnaire responses in combination with additional secondary information on elasticities, prices and quantities, economic surplus analyses were conducted. The tomato IPM program in Albania, the plantain IPM program in Ecuador, and the tomato IPM program in Uganda resulted in net present values of approximately $8 million, $7 million and $1 million, respectively. Sensitivity analyses for each case were also conducted, and net benefits ranged from $5 to 23 million in Albania, from $4 to 7 million in Ecuador, and from $0.03 to 3 million in Uganda. Additionally, an ordered probit analysis was conducted to determine the factors affecting adoption of IPM technologies in Bangladesh. The level of education, being a female, IPM training and awareness of pesticide alternatives were found to have positive and statistically significant impact on the adoption of IPM technologies in Bangladesh.Master of Science
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Saha, Nirmal Chandra. "An economic analysis of pond polyculture in Bangladesh : efficiency, comparative returns, and related environmental and poverty issues /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17133.pdf.
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Musa, Khalid Bin. "Identifying Land Use Changes and It's Socio-Economic Impacts : A Case Study of Chacoria Sundarban in Bangladesh." Thesis, Linköping : Linköping University. Department of Computer and Information Science, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:2076/FULLTEXT03.
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Siddiqui, Asif. "Microeconomic theory and foreign policy crisis decisions : Bangla Desh, 1971." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60684.
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This study analyzes the Bangladesh Crisis by building upon previous works that have applied microeconomic theory to international relations. One of the most innovative lines of inquiry from the realist school is to study international relations through analogy with microeconomic theory. Although used to analyze conflict, war, and the workings of the international system, a strict application of microeconomic theory to interstate crises is rare. This thesis will endeavour to contribute to this linkage.