Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Économies d'énergie – Simulation, Méthodes de'
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Zoghaib, Maria. "Étude et simulation de méthodes de refroidissement des bandes d'acier défilantes." Paris, ENMP, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENMP0032.
The main scope of this dissertation is to ameliorate the cooling process of the steel strips in continuous annealing and galvanizing lines. Cooling in continuous annealing and galvanizing lines is of great metallurgical interest. Insufficient cooling capacity can result in inadequate steel grades. Cooling by impinging gas jets over the steel surface is first investigated. The heat transfer rates of this process are limited on one side by the blowing device power consumption and on the other by the occurring non stationary phenomena for high impingement velocities. On one side, the blowing device configuration and blown gas properties are analyzed in order to increase the cooling rates while keeping the power consumption at its lowest. The study is undertaken throughout literature, experimental measurements, and numerical results. An optimized configuration is defined. On the other, a numerical model is developed to simulate the fluid-structure interaction that generates the detrimental oscillations of the strip. A configuration of oblique jet impingement is compared to normal impingement. It was proven to confer more stability. However, the maximum cooling rates reached by gas convection are insufficient regarding the cooling rates to obtain special steel grades. A more efficient technique based on boiling heat transfer is investigated. Due to phase change that occurs in boiling heat transfer, high heat fluxes are dissipated for small flow velocities. In order to sidestep the oxidation problems encountered with water, another liquid coolant is chosen, Pentane. For homogenous cooling patterns and savings in flow requirements, spray nozzles are used to impinge Pentane over the hot surface. An experimental bench is then set-up to characterize the cooling rates of a pentane spray for high surface temperature, i. E. Film boiling regime. The effect of the spray hydrodynamic parameters on the heat transfer process is analyzed and a correlation is developed. T he correlation predicts the evacuated heat flux from the hot surface as a function of the surface temperature and spray hydrodynamic parameters. The developed correlation is implemented in a simulation model in order to predict the cooling rate of a Pentane spray cooling section. The latter is then compared to gas jet cooling section for the same terms of reference. Aside from yielding higher cooling rates, Pentane spray cooling results in savings in power consumption
Kouki, Meriem. "Maîtrise énergétique des systèmes de production : proposition d'un outil d'aide à la conception de modèles de simulation à évènements discrets intégrant l'énergie." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4072.
Todays, industries are compelled to innovate and improve their sustainability under economic, political and social pressure in a highly competitive market and within an increasing societal conscience towards environmental issues. In this context, several initiatives have been carried out at both academic and industrial levels to improve energy performance in the production phase. In parallel with technological advances, energy savings by production organization are not always exploited because of a lack of comprehension on the energy behavior of manufacturing systems. To solve this problem, Discrete Event Simulation is a reliable solution, but several barriers still prevent its industrial use: literature approaches lack genericity and reliable procedures for integrating energy consumption data in complex cases. The objective of our work is to propose a simulation tool allowing to predict the energy consumption of manufacturing systems, it serves as a tool to help decision-making to enhance energy performance and productivity usually considered as conflicting goals. This tool is designed following a generic and flexible approach to model and simulate workflows and energy flows in a single platform. In addition, a methodology for integrating complex energy consumption data, based on a stochastic approach, is proposed. Validation of our approach and our tool is carried out in the field of polymer processing
Li, Jun. "Instruments de politiques publiques pour la maîtrise de l’énergie dans les pays émergents : le cas de l’habitat en Chine." Paris, ENMP, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005310.
More than one billion square meters of housing should be built in Chinese cities by 2020. At the same time, demand for energy services of Chinese households is very likely to increase as a result of continually improved living standards. Space heating already accounts for almost 40% of energy consumption in the residential sector in China. Thus the energy performance of buildings in Chinese cities represents a major challenge for ensuring energy supply security and combating climate change in the next decades. Several regulations relating to the requirement of the thermal performance of housing entered into force in China successively since the 1990s, the long term consequences of failure in enforcement and implementation have been examined from both energy security and climate protection perspectives. Nevertheless, few of studies in literature have addressed the issue from the perspective of economic investment decision. None of previous studies have studied the extent to which the current decision on more or less efficient standards in the large-scale urban infrastructure like buildings will have ultimately impact on the financing capacity in transforming the society toward low-carbon energy supply and consumption model, and the role the energy efficiency in buildings will play in enabling the public authority to harness the benefits resulting from reduced operation costs in early stage to facilitating the investment in new technology research and development and deployment in the future. The thesis seeks to answer two fundamental questions: 1. Is there an optimal development pathway to buildings energy performance standards in the context of extremely rapid urbanisation in China? 2. If so, what are political and economic instruments to put in place to limit growth in energy demand and CO2 emissions in this sector by taking the economic and institutional characteristics into account? Based on a modelling approach, we compare a variety of strategies to manage energy demand in buildings and their economic costs in a Chinese city by 2030. Our quantitative analysis in the first part of thesis shows that the adoption of current Chinese BEE standards not only fails to achieve an optimal level from societal point of view, but would also be the most costly amongst the technical options available today even without taking into account any cost of environmental externalities. Inclusion of carbon price will certainly favour the high-efficiency construction technology. More importantly, the city-level long-term modelling results show that even partial non-compliance of building energy efficiency today will result in tremendous difficulty in transforming the whole infrastructure under climate and economic constraints. Financing the new generation of low-carbon supply technologies such as renewable heating and carbon capture and storage (CCS) require taking into account the buildings thermal quality without any delays, otherwise the whole urban infrastructure would be saddled with high operation costs dilemma for several decades because both retrofitting and alternative energy supply in this case would be extremely costly and difficult to undertake. Therefore we strongly recommend that serious attention must be attached to efficiency issue today, and the current thermal regulations should be strengthened significantly and quickly to avoid irreversible carbon lock-in deadlock in the next two decades. Indeed, financial shortage appears not to be the insurmountable barriers to upgrading the current efficiency standards based on our modelling results, instead the institutional aspect may be the main obstacle to the no-lose strategy that allows benefits creation and redistribution. Several economic and policy instruments are analysed in the second part to accompany the actions of buildings performance amelioration with removal of institutional barriers. We develop three main models to accompany the learning of high-efficiency construction technology and processing industry : 1). Establishment of a carbon financing system via the integration of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol into the construction sector ; 2). Flexibility of land use regulations on property developing and city zoning ; 3). Creation of economic incentives to facilitate third-financing of energy efficiency in buildings, including the involvement of municipal heat companies. In this regard, district heating pricing reform must be carried out accordingly
Bourdoukan, Paul. "Etude numérique et expérimentale destinée à l'exploitation des techniques de rafraîchissement par dessiccation avec régénération par énergie solaire." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS247.
In the perspective to protect the environment and to reduce building energy consumption, solar desiccant cooling appears as an alternative to vapour compression systems. This technology associates different elementary changes of moist air and presents its highest potential during sunny days. In this work we conducted an experimental and a numerical investigation of a desiccant plant powered by solar vacuum tube collectors. Experimental results showed a high potential for moderately humid climates and the possibility to proceed solely by solar energy with an overall efficiency of the solar installation of 0. 5. When comparing the total energy consumption of the desiccant system and that of a traditional vapour compression system for the same operating conditions and same cooling capacity we obtained a reduction by a factor of 2. Numerical investigation of the system for the conventional and the recirculation configurations showed that the first is interesting for relatively moderately humidity while the second is recommended for elevated humidity. The elaboration of the supply conditions lines yielded a proposal of a dimensioning method. We proposed a control strategy for the system that was able to keep the building conditions in the comfort zone. The investigation of solar energy use in the desiccant process showed that vacuum tube collectors have a solar fraction over 90% and an overall efficiency of 0. 5. Finally the life cycle assessment conducted on the experimental desiccant plant in comparison with the vapour compression system showed that desiccant cooling is a relevant process in the perspective of the energy savings and the protection of the environment protection
Bourgeois, Denis J. "Detailed occupancy prediction, occupancy-sensing control and advanced behavioural modelling within whole-building energy simulation." Doctoral thesis, Québec : Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22706/22706.pdf.
Ebuy, Habtamu Tkubet. "Design and development of a Co-simulation Platform to study the impact of occupant behavior on building performances." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0251.
Building performance is impacted by several factors, including physical characteristics, envelope, system maintenance, indoor air quality and climate. However, it is important to remember the behavior of the occupants which determines the overall performance of the building. The operational phase is the phase that consumes the most energy from a building, as it involves technical systems, equipment and occupants. The difference between actual energy and predicted energy has been identified as a main knowledge gap in the literature. One of the main reasons for this difference is related to a misunderstanding of the stochastic nature of their occupants: their presence, current activities, activity-dependent characteristics and the resulting implications for perceived comfort. The focus of previous studies has been on energy-related occupant behavior (OB) investigations in residential buildings. This research involves the development and validation of stochastic models within existing academic buildings. Specific models used in the study areas are occupancy, activities, shading, window openings, thermostat and lighting usage. In current conventional simulation tools, occupant behavior is modeled as occupation patterns. The objective of this study is to identify the direct and/or indirect impacts of occupant behavior on the overall performance of the building. The dynamic behavior of the occupants is modeled and simulated along with the thermal aspects of a building. Consequently, to support this study, a chronological review of the literature on OB and its effects on building performance was conducted. This thesis describes our principle validation platform which integrates stochastic occupant models into a multi-agent simulation platform (SimOcc), which communicates directly with the building simulation. Subsequently, building simulations were completed for the buildings using real data and TRNSYS software tools. SimOcc is validated through a co-simulation platform in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the built-in stochastic behavior model of occupants in educational buildings. A belief-desire-intention model is used to develop a set of objectives and plans that an agent should follow to influence the environment based on their beliefs about current environmental conditions. SimOcc uses multi-agent-based modeling to learn how to react to building processes and agents are able to choose strategies without the need for context-specific rules. Using these complementary techniques, the integration of occupant presence and behavior in a single platform to support comprehensive simulation support that can be easily interfaced with various building performance simulation programs is a key contribution of this thesis
Servel, Clément. "Potentialités de la pervaporation dans les procédés hybrides de séparation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0234/document.
The potential economical interest of using pervaporation, a membrane separation process, in hybrid processes (with separation or reaction unit) has been investigated. The main objective is to determine benefits and limitations of its use for an industrial application. The determination of the interest is predicted by simulation which requires a good understanding and a good representation of the elementary phenomenon of mass transfer and thermodynamic. A multilevel pervaporation modelling is developed, which takes into account the system variability (membranes and compounds) and allows choosing the number of fitted parameters according to the available experimental data. Two different industrial applications are studied. First, the recuperation of butanol from a fermentation medium is exposed. This case study has shown the gain on fermentation productivity when pervaporation, equipped with hydrophobic membrane, is used in direct coupling with fermenter. Next, the dehydration of acetic acid is studied with the aim of reduction the energy consumption of the conventional process. The configuration which has been selected involves a distillation column followed by a pervaporation module, equipped with a hydrophilic membrane. Performances of four membranes have been experimentally determined by for this application. Finally, a simulation methodology is developed, which can be applied to determine the membrane performances that need to be achieved to replace conventional processes with a hybrid process while respecting industrial specifications
Thiers, Stéphane. "Bilans énergétiques et environnementaux de bâtiments à énergie positive." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004692.
Delille, Gauthier Marc Aimé. "Contribution du Stockage à la Gestion Avancée des Systèmes Électriques : approches Organisationnelles et Technico-économiques dans les Réseaux de Distribution." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00586088.
Wan, Hang. "Matériaux communicants : modélisation et gestion de la consommation d’énergie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0131.
With the popularization of the Internet of Things, more and more intelligent products appear in our daily life. The McBIM project (Materials communicating with the Building Information Modelling) aims to design a new type of “communicating concrete”: concrete elements equipped with embedded wireless sensor network (WSN). This communicating concrete can measure the physical environment, store the information and exchange data with BIM platforms. One objective is to demonstrate the usefulness of the concept over the whole building lifecycle and the energy management is one of the facing challenges. Meanwhile, the product, user information as well as the large amount of monitoring data bring challenges regarding data management. To solve both issues, this work proposes to couple the physical communicating concrete to an external, digital and intelligent system in order to extend network lifetime. In this thesis, these physical and digital parts are both studied. In the physical part, energy saving methods are reviewed, to understand how to extend the network lifetime. Network routing, in-network data processing and time synchronization are considered to build an energy model for periodic data collection. This energy model is validated with an Arduino-XBee based platform. The experiment shows that the analytic energy estimation model provides an approximate but accurate remaining energy level. It can be used online by nodes or remotely by user to the remaining energy. Energy-related data and collection modes can be managed by the digital part, based on a multi-agent system (MAS). The MAS can not only store monitoring data of communicating elements but also provide energy efficient data collection or organization strategies. Composition of communicating elements may happen in construction or exploitation lifecycle’s phase to reduce energy consumption. A recursive multi-agent architecture is proposed to meet high flexibility requirements. This multi-agent system is implemented on a 3D simulation platform to visualize the communicating concrete and verify the usefulness of our analytic energy model. The recursive multi-agent architecture provides energy efficiency solutions to extend network lifetime and respond to environmental changes
Leconte, Antoine. "Identification de caractéristiques réduites pour l'évaluation des performances des systèmes solaires combinés." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661209.
Darnis-Rebec, Gaelle. "Développement de méthodes de classification et d'identification d'appareils électriques du secteur résidentiel." Toulon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUL0001.
El, Khoury Georges. "Etude et simulation de systèmes de climatisation adaptés aux véhicules hybrides." Paris, ENMP, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENMP1357.
This dissertation aims at analyzing the impact of the air-conditioning system on hybrid vehicles by using data of the additional fuel consumption due to MAC operation. Those data are obtained on roll benches (UTAC and CRF) and test benches (CEP and VALEO) dedicated to mobile air conditioning systems. Tests on Prius I show that energy savigs due to hybridization are compromised when the air conditioning system is driven by a mechanical compressor, which requires operation of the engine when the vehicle is stopped. Electrical and hybrid compressors have been tested. Air conditioning loops integrating those compressors are simulated via a set of MACLIB routines developed during this thesis in Matlab/Simulink language. MACLIB is then integrated in the ADVISOR simulator in order to evaluate additional fuel consumptions of the different air conditioning systems installed on a reference hybrid vehicle. Some simulations have been validated by tests performed on roll benches at UTAC, on the Prius II equipped with an electric compressor. Once MACLIB has been validated, comparative analyses of air conditioning systems either mechanical, or electrical, or hybrid (mechanical/electrical) installed on the reference vehicle, have been performed. Those analyses end by the evaluation of the annual additional fuel consumption of mobile air conditioning systems operating under two European climatic conditions
Kara-Zaitri, Mounir. "Modélisation et guidage robuste et autonome pour le problème de rendez-vous orbital." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1026/.
In this thesis, two fundamental steps of the orbital rendezvous are studied: the relative navigation and the minimum-fuel guidance. The first part is devoted to the modeling of spacecraft relative motion under linear assumptions. A comprehensive bibliography review and a novel method of relative motion model design are given in this part as well as a mapping between the various state space variables forms. These developments are undertaken in order to provide reliable and accurate navigation tools in the presence of orbital perturbations. The guidance is considered in the second part through the development of several algorithms for solving the fixed-time rendezvous problem. Each algorithm is developed using different theoretical tools such as indirect methods for solving optimal control problems based on the maximum principle or direct techniques exploiting the discretizing of optimal control problems and linear programming. Various objectives are considered through the use of these tools, including minimization of fuel consumption and robustness toward the navigation errors. Other algorithms are designed in order to improve their practical implementation thanks to the use of orbital mechanics theory. A set of validation tests and comparisons is made, where examples from academic literature and real missions are solved using the different algorithms. This is achieved in order to highlight the most relevant theoretical and practical aspects of the proposed algorithms
Légaré, Benjamin. "Modèles modulaires pour la simulation phénoménologique de circuits de broyage de minerais : mise en équations, calibrage des paramètres et étude de cas pour la commande." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68241.
Augier, Patricia. "Une proposition d'approche des problèmes macro-économiques posés par la transformation des économies planifiées." Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX2A001.
Broc, Jean-Sébastien. "L'Evaluation ex-post des operations locales de maitrise de la demande en energie : Etat de l'art, méthodes bottom-up, exemples appliqués et approche du développement d'une culture pratique de l'évaluation." Paris, ENMP, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENMP1446.
Energy end-use Efficiency (EE) is a priority for energy policies to face resources exhaustion and to reduce pollutant emissions. At the same time, in France, local level is increasingly involved into the implementation of EE activities, whose frame is changing (energy market liberalisation, new policy instruments). Needs for ex-post evaluation of the local EE activities are thus increasing, for regulation requirements and to support a necessary change of scale. Our thesis focuses on the original issue of the ex-post evaluation of local EE operations in France. The state of the art, through the analysis of the American and European experiences and of the reference guidebooks, gives a substantial methodological material and emphasises the key evaluation issues. Concurrently, local EE operations in France are characterized by an analysis of their environment and a work on their segmentation criteria. The combination of these criteria with the key evaluation issues provides an analysis framework used as the basis for the evaluation methods composition. This also highlights the specific evaluation needs for local operations. A methodology is then developed to complete and adapt the existing material to design evaluation methods for local operations, so that stakeholders can easily appropriate. Evaluation results thus feed a know-how building process with experience feedback. These methods are to meet two main goals: to determine the operation results, and to detect the success/failure factors. The methodology was validated on concrete cases, where these objectives were reached
Marc, Olivier. "Étude expérimentale, modélisation et optimisation d'un procédé de rafraîchissement solaire à absorption couplé au bâtiment." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00867005.
El, kadri Khadija. "Contribution à la conception d'un générateur hybride d'énergie électrique pour véhicule : modélisation, simulation, dimensionnement." Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2036.
The work detailed in this thesis is part of a research project conducting at L2ES lab and supported an industry grant from DGA. The ECCE project aims at designing a mobile platform for assessing the different components of an electrical power train. The proposed study defines and evaluates a system using two main power sources which are integrated in a high performance heavy vehicle. The description and validation of hybrid generator were done using the simulations and benchmarks included in the platform featuring 120 kW. To understand and analyze how the system operates we developed a multi-blocks tool that models a vehicle with a focus on the two power sources. A model of the different components of the power train has been first defined. Then, several simulations have been used with the goal to highlight certain phenomena such as resonance as well as coupling related problems of energy sources. A special attention has been given to the storage system consisting of a battery. Part of the experiment we conducted was dedicated to the battery. Our goal was to master the protocol we used and to identify the different attributes of the underlying model. For the development of any electrical system and with the objective to conform to safety standards and procedures related to the high voltage used in the vehicle, we gave a special attention to electrical hazards. Some enhancements have been made related to the different procedures that regulate the usages of high voltage and that describe the consequences in terms of protection of the human personnel and equipments
Ribault, Clément. "Méthode d'optimisation multicritère pour l'aide à la conception des projets de densification urbaine." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI084/document.
The world’s population is facing an expansive urbanization. This urban sprawl, which is often not well managed, is endangering the environment as well as human health, quality of life and food security. It can be controlled by favouring urban densification. Nonetheless, the complexity of the phenomena involved in such a context leads us to think that supervisors of urban densification operations need some tools to help them make the most relevant choices. This thesis begins with a literature review that shows the ideal tool does not exist, and explains why multi-objective optimization using a genetic algorithm is a suitable technique for building design aid. Then we clarify the desirable features of an assistance method for urban densification projects designers. We recommend to base this method on the coupling of a genetic algorithm with a district-scale dynamic thermal simulation (DTS) tool. We compare capabilities of EnergyPlus (E+) and Pleiades+COMFIE (P+C) DTS software with these requirements, then we present a first urban densification project optimization test associating EnergyPlus with a genetic algorithm. The platform under development in the ANR MERUBBI project can offset certain shortcomings of this method. Hence, in a second phase we analyze the results of a comparative study of P+C, E+ and the MERUBBI tool, carried out using a high-density district densification project as a test case. It shows that the latter is reliable and particularly relevant to precisely assess interactions between buildings. In a third phase we address the problematic of reducing the computing time, a major issue to make our design aid method truly accessible to building professionals. We propose a way of reducing the operating period length and present it in detail. Finally, our optimization method is used to solve various design problems of the above-mentioned project, using E+. We show how the use of the MERUBBI platform will enrich this approach before concluding with development ideas to make our method more user-friendly and interactive
Choy, Laurent. "Vers un paradigme de programmation orienté workflow pour la résolution de méthodes d'algèbre linéaire sur des plateformes de calcul global à faible consommation énergétique." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Choy.pdf.
Bontemps, Stéphanie. "Validation expérimentale de modèles : application aux bâtiments basse consommation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0337/document.
Construction of low, passive and positive energy buildings is generalizing and existing buildings are being renovated. For this reason, it is essential to use simulation in order to estimate, among other things, energy and environmental performances reached by these new buildings. Expectations regarding guarantee of energy performance being more and more important, it is crucial to ensure the reliability of simulation tools being used. Indeed, simulation codes should reflect the behavior of these new kinds of buildings in the most consistent and accurate manner. Moreover, the uncertainty related to design parameters, as well as solicitations and building uses have to be taken into account in order to guarantee building energy performance during its lifetime.This thesis investigates the empirical validation of models applied to a test cell building. This validation process is divided into several steps, during which the quality of the model is evaluated as far as consistency and accuracy are concerned. Several study cases were carried out, from which we were able to identify the most influential parameters on model output, inspect the influence of time step on the empirical validation process, analyze the influence of initialization and confirm methodology’s ability to test the model
Brou, N'guessan Bahet Stanislas. "Modélisation et commande d’un système de cogénération utilisant des énergies renouvelables pour le bâtiment." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLE003/document.
The current environmental and energy context requires various policies of energy management whose final objective is a best use of available energy resources. Particularly in France, the building sector is the most energy-consuming and also the largest energy saving deposit and probably one of the largest emission reduction of greenhouse gasses. Deal with this major issue, combined heat and power plant is an excellent solution to meet the energy needs of this sector. It is in this framework that we develop, in association with the ENS2R Company, a numerical simulator of energy behavior CHP plant coupled with a building. First, the numerical models of various components have been developed and validated and secondly control rules have been developed and tested and all were integrated in the Simulink environment. Using this decision support tool, dynamics simulations were performed in a first step to evaluate the performance of one configuration of BATIMAC plant coupled to a building and to judge it the satisfaction of the occupants with regard to the operating strategy adopted then parametric studies led to an optimized configuration of this plant according to different operating modes
Popovici, Emil. "Contribution à l'analyse du cycle de vie des quartiers." Paris, ENMP, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENMP1340.
Studies regarding the environmental quality of buildings have shown the importance of decisions at the settlement scale and of assessing the relevance of various architectural and technical solutions at this level. A settlement life cycle assessment (LCA) software tool was developed, providing a decision support to: project developers, designers, contractors and owners/residents, in order to design and manage a settlement in a sustainable way. This achievement was possible by linking a thermal simulation tool with a LCA tool at building level and complementing them with supplementary elements (e. G. Networks, open spaces, etc. ). Several environmental indicators are evaluated allowing comparisons of various alternative designs. First evaluations of three European settlements are presented in order to illustrate the application of the tool. This work aims to contribute in linking urban, architectural and technical design, according to an integrated design approach
Minjeaud, Sebastian. "Raffinement local adaptatif et méthodes multiniveaux pour la simulation d'écoulements multipĥasiques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00535892.
Charpentier, Fabrice. "Modélisation d'ouvrages de retenue en bois." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12348.
Gogu, Ada. "Dimensionnement des réseaux RCSF sous des contraintes énergétiques : modèles mathématiques et méthodes d'optimisation." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2028.
In this thesis, we focused on the development of optimal methods regarding WSN dimensioning problems, mostly encountered during the planning phase. These were instantiated basically into three combinatorial optimization problems. The network deployment scheme which seeks to place the sensors in a such way that the cost of communication operations is minimized. The network configuration problem that asks to find a strategy for dividing the network such that some criteria are satisfied. In the problem’s model we took into account the data aggregation constraint and the discrete values of power transmission. For both problems we proposed a resolution method, based on dynamic programming, which permitted us to solve them optimally. Finally, the joint problem of scheduling and power assignment, consisted in finding a feasible scheduling under SINR constraints and a power assignment scheme to guarantee successful concurrent transmissions. As the problem is shown to be NP-hard we propose a greedy heuristic. The resolution method for the power assignment strategy, an iterative algorithm based on linear programming, provides optimal solutions
Chami, Mouhcine. "Modélisation et simulation des systèmes multi-physiques à l'aide des réseaux dynamiques hybrides à composants : application à la conversion d'énergie et au transport électrique terrestre." Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESA2011.
The objective of this work is the modeling and simulation of multi-physical systems (electric, mechanical, hydraulic,. . . ) and hybrid systems (characterized by interactions between continuous part and discrete one). To achieve this gaol, we studied two models : The hybrid Bond graph and Component Hybrid Dynamic Nets (CHDN). We find that the last one is particularly adapted to simulation because it integrates the studied system topology and does not pre-processing required for extracting system equations. In addition, the discrete part is represented by Petri nets. For all this reasons, the CHDN is used for SimRDHC conception. The simulator is implemented in a Windows environnement with the DELPHI programming language. SimRDHC is composed in three modules : Graphic interface " Tschema" / Simulator "Srdhc" / Graphic representation "Tcourbe". The three modules are realized so that the conception of simulation tool combines performance and usability. Indeed, the user has a data base in which the components are represented in a graphic form. When the circuit is completed, It can modify the parameters of each component in an interactive way and launch simulation. It can then display the results by choosing the variables in the specific window. Our tool is tested using two applications : An electrical vehicle associating a fuel cell and supercapacitors and an elevator using supercapacitors for power smoothing and power restitution. The results are validated thanks to a comparison with commercial software like MATLAB and SIMPLORER
Hoang, Thanh Tung. "Récupération et valorisation d'énergie thermique sur gaz chauds- Approche expérimentale et numérique." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESMA0016/document.
The aim of the thesis is to analyze the heat recovery on hot gases at intermediate temperature range (250°C - 450°C). For this purpose, the thermosyphon heat exchanger recuperation technology has been chosen. The choice of a working fluid adapted to these temperature levels is one of the crucial points. A literature review identified naphthalene as a potentialfluid for this temperature range. However, because of the lack of information about naphthalene heat pipes, the development of a fundamental test-rig was necessary to fully characterize the thermal behavior and transport capacities of this fluid.A thermosyphon heat-pipe charged with naphthalene in the shape of a smooth stainless steel tube with a diameter of 23.9mm, a length of 1 m (evaporator zone: 20 cm, condenser zone: 20 cm) has been manufactured and tested. The experimental results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of such system in this temperature range and for the thermal powers required.They reveal an unusual behavior of the thermosyphon during the start-up process. In steady state, the analysis deals with the influence of the saturation temperatures, the transferred heat power and the thermosyphon inclination. In terms of performances, the thermal conductance (evaporator, condenser, system) increases with the vapor temperature and decreases with the heat power supplied to the evaporator. The heat flow rate can be applied from 0.2 to 1.5 kW, or 1 to 8W/cm² at the evaporator. During the tests, the system is found to be less sensitive to inclination (0° to 78°), but more important for 84°. In the horizontal position, the thermosyphon operates, but its heat transfer remains high even far away from the thermosyphon mode. A theoretical model has been developed in which the local heat transfer coefficients(evaporator and condenser) are evaluated by different correlations from literature. The comparison with the experimental results allowed to validate the models retained with good agreement, and to make it possible to predict the heat pipe operation for other solicitations.Thus, and finally, a first thermosyphon charged naphthalene recuperator prototype was designed, manufactured and coupled to the "hot gas" line designed and performed in the laboratory. The first results obtained from the complete system allowed us to develop a strategy for heat recovery system on the exhaust line of an automotive application
Rivalin, Lisa. "Vers une démarche de garantie des consommations énergétiques dans les bâtiments neufs : Méthodes d'évaluation des incertitudes associées à la simulation thermique dynamique dans le processus de conception et de réalisation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM007/document.
Before the construction of a building, an energy performance guarantee consists in predicting the energy required for user comfort. To do that, it is necessary to state a contractual consumption and identify the key parameters to pay special attention to. Thus, for new buildings, consumption is calculated under design phase, when several data are uncertain. Thus, the dynamic thermal simulation is carried out with hypothetical data, without having the possibility to calibrate with measures.This PhD thesis aims to develop a method of uncertainty quantification during the design step and construction process of a new building. These uncertainties are classified into three categories: those associated with the calculation methods used for building and system modeling, those related to the lack of knowledge of model parameters and those due to the real use conditions of the building (occupancy and weather).To achieve this goal, uncertainties associated with the calculation methods are addressed, to identify some practices limiting the number of errors and the associated uncertainties. Then, a methodology is defined to choose the critical parameters used for the probabilistic study and to associate them with a distribution according to the available knowledge. The central part of this PhD thesis is dedicated to an exhaustive comparison of methods to select a fast uncertainty propagation and sensitivity analysis method. Finally, after illustrating the overall contracting approach and discussing the inclusion of financial risks, the method is applied on a real case, on which an adjustment formula is added to take into account actual weather and usage
Olioso, Albert. "Simulation des échanges d'énergie et de masse d'un couvert végétal, dans le but de relier la transpiration et la photosynthèse aux mesures de réflectance et de température de surface." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20109.
Malet-Damour, Bruno. "Contribution à l'étude des dispositifs de guides lumineux tubulaires (D.G.L.T.) appliqués au bâtiment : expérimentation, modélisation et validation." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0026/document.
Designing a building with comfort and energy conservation concerns is a key issue. In the alarming global context, both on energy-climate that the building sector is singled out. In France, the lighting is among the poor performers compared to other European countries. The country lags behind in quality tertiary or residential lighting in terms of energy performance, visual comfort or health. The organization of "2015, Année de la Lumière en France" by the ONU, UNESCO and the CNOP shows a change which tends to take place in the popular consciousness. Reunion Island, considering its strong solar radiation, is a land of choice to experiment with innovative devices in the contribution of daylight in buildings. For this purpose, the physical approach of the phenomenon provides prediction prospects, where the theoretical study of today will be tomorrow's building. Starting with a generalist approach, this PhD thesis aims to be as comprehensive as possible in the literature review, experimental and modelling study of the TDGS (Tubular Daylight Guide Systems) applied to the building. Our bibliographic survey has revealed that, this process is commonly marketed and installed internationally on the buildings concerned about their environmental impact or well-being of their occupants. However, the literature also shows they are poorly studied, and the approaches cannot be applied to all types of climates. In this context, a full-scale experimental study, including many scenarios was conducted to understand the phenomena involved.The semi-empirical modelling has both strengths and weaknesses. With simplicity, it remains limited to a configuration or a particular climate. In this issue, this research offers a solution: a numeric tool of dedicated modelling environment, ensuring the generation of the models according to need, called HEMERA. It uses the power of genetic algorithms to provide an effective solution to a local problem. The computer code CODYRUN is the support of the validation of the model developed as part of this work, and adjusted specifically for the climate of Reunion Island. This software profits an experience and a development of over 20 years in the PIMENT laboratory
Mouley, Sami. "Stratégies des banques centrales et crédibilité de la politique monétaire : essai sur les nouveaux enjeux théoriques de la stabilisation et implications empiriques dans les économies en développement." Aix-Marseille 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX24015.
Dantec-Nédélec, Sarah. "Evaluation multi-échelle des bilans d'énergie et d'eau du modèle ORCHIDEE sur la Sibérie et leur réponse à l'évolution du climat." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV009.
The natural evolution of the climate, disturbed since the industrial revolutions, is strongly marked in the high latitudes especially in Siberia where a temperature anomaly of +0.8°C has been observed since the 2000s against an average anomaly of + 0.4°C for The mid-latitudes. Siberia is covered by permafrost, giving it particularities, especially for the hydrological regimes of rivers. Climatic projections predicting up to +5°C warming by 2100, it is essential to evaluate their impacts. Physical-based numerical modeling is an interesting tool to answer these questions. Thus, in order to evaluate the hydrological response to climate change in Siberia we worked on the multi-scale evaluation of energy and water balances with the ORCHIDEE model. This model was adapted to the characteristics of cold environments, with an improvement of the representation of the snow, a consideration of the freezing of the soil water and a map of vegetation more representative of the Siberian vegetation. An evaluation in forced mode i.e. without coupling with the atmosphere was carried out initially. Thus, we evaluated ORCHIDEE at the present time (1979-2009) at the site scale, concentrating on the soil moisture and soil temperature data available. A sensitivity analysis of the model allowed to identify the most influential parameters on the balance of energy and water in the soil. Their on-site calibration allowed to show that the ORCHIDEE model is able to correctly simulate the vertical transfers of heat and water and the resulting water and soil temperature contents. We then extended the evaluation to the Siberian region by comparing simulation results with remote sensing data, allowing an evaluation over a substantial time series and over a large area. We collected a large number of observations such as albedo data, water equivalent for snow ..., on which we compared the simulation results. This work allowed to show that the model simulates satisfactorily the energy and water balance in Siberia, but also to highlight the importance of the choice of climatic forcing. Thus, the use of a second climatic forcing enabled to show the importance of rain/snow partitioning and the possible underestimation of precipitation in forcing. The validated model was then used to carry out impact studies, using 2 climatic forcings on the future time (2005 to 2099) under scenario of emission of greenhouse gases RCP8.5. Thus, we were able to evaluate the variability related to forcing and the impact of climate change on the variables of energy and water balance. A boundary around latitude 60°N has been defined in the analysis of future precipitation and chosen to orient our analysis in two zones on either side of the boundary. We analyzed the seasonal cycles of the surface variables allowing us to highlight the impacts of global warming in relation to the increase in the air temperature and their spatial differences. We have shown that the melting of the snowpack is earlier in the South and generates a temporal advance of the spring flood peak for the Lena and the Amur. On the Ob and Yenisei, changes have also been shown (a decrease in flow over time for the Ob and an increase for the Yenisei, without any change in temporal phasing), which could lead to socio-economic impacts Important for local populations. This study also allowed us to show that the new climatic conditions are more favorable to vegetation. We also showed the coherence of the two climate projections studied
Merabtine, Abdelatif. "Modélisation Bond Graphs en vue de l'Efficacité Énergétique du Bâtiment." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0121/document.
Our works focus on the setting of reliable tools able to analyze the interaction between the building envelope and HVAC systems. The developed approach is based on Bond Graphs methodology, a graphical modeling language which is particularly suitable for energy exchanges. A numerical model gathering, under the same simulation environment, sub-models representing the building envelope, the solar gains, the floor heating, the chilled ceiling and the ventilation system, is developed in order to predict the energy interactions between these sub-systems. The multi-zone building model is developed in order to simulate and analyze the overall building thermal behavior. Then, the solar gains model is also included to predict the solar radiation exchanges in a way close to reality. The model of the heating and cooling system, combining the floor heating and the chilled ceiling, is developed in order to improve the thermal comfort of the building. Afterwards, the ventilation system is modeled in order to represent the air exchange inside the building. The experimental validation is carried out on the tri-generation unit integrated with a thermal solar system (platform ENERBAT). Furthermore, the parametrical study was realized in order to gain a better understanding according to the impact of some factors in the energy performance of the single-family building located in Meurthe-et-Moselle region (France). Optimization of several measures, such as insulation of the building envelope, type of glazing, building orientation and ventilation system, is performed to respond to the requirements of the French thermal standard (RT2012)
Avrillaud, Gilles. "Génération et transfert sous vide de hautes puissances pulsées : conception et mise en oeuvre d'un générateur à stockage inductif de 640 kJ d'énergie stockée, associé à un commutateur à ouverture de plasma contrôlé magnétiquement." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EPXX0071.
Lefevre, Benoit. "La soutenabilité environnementale des transports urbains dans les villes du sud : Le couple « transport – usage des sols » au cœur des dynamiques urbaines." Paris, ENMP, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3538/01/BLEFEVRE_THESEFINALE_DEF.pdf.
The objective of this PhD dissertation is to explore if, in view of rapid demographic growth and limited financial capacities, the technologies accessible to poor cities can decrease trajectories of energy consumption and CO2 emissions due to urban transportation. Chapter 1 reviews what we already know of the determinants involved, and their recent evolutions. Chapter 2 analyzes conceivable transport and land-use solutions that would allow southern cities to attain sustainable development trajectories. The conclusions drawn from the first two chapters led us to analyze the interactions between the transport system and land-use system on a particular city, Bogota (Colombia). Chapter 3 studies the functional relations in the “Transport – Land Use” couple and its impact on urban space structuring processes in the long term, from the foundation of Bogota to the end of the 20th century. Chapter 4 focus on the impact of a new transportation infrastructure – the TransMilenio Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) – on real-estate and housing markets, on urban structure and the Origin-Destination trip matrix. Chapter 5 reviews the existing prospective tools able to simulate various combinations of realistic policies, and to measure their consequences on the levels of energy consumption and CO2 emissions related to urban transportation. The integrated urban “Transport – Land Use” model, TRANUS, is chosen and completed with a module of of energy consumption and CO2 emissions quantification, called “Energy Signature of Urban Transportation” (SETU). Chapter 6 tests the capacity of these combinations of policies to affect the trajectories of the energy consumption of urban transportation through the application of TRANUS-SETU on a case study, Bangalore (India)
Chen, Langshi. "Méthode de Krylov itératives avec communication et efficacité énergétique optimisées sur machine hétérogène." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10114/document.
Iterative methods are frequently used in extremely large scale linear problems, such solving linear systems or finding eigenvalue/eigenvectors of matrices. As these iterative methods require a substantial computational workload, they are normally deployed on large clusters of distributed memory architectures communicated via MPI. When the problem size scales up, the communication becomes a major bottleneck of reaching a higher scalability because of two reasons: 1) Many of the iterative methods rely on BLAS-2 low level matrix vector kernels that are communication intensive. 2) Data movement (memory access, MPI communication) is much slower than processor's speed. In case of sparse matrix operations such as Sparse Matrix Vector Multiplication (SpMV), the communication even replaces the computation as the dominant time cost. Furthermore, the advent of accelerators/coprocessors like Nvidia's GPU make computation cost more cheaper, while the communication cost remains high in such CPU-coprocessor heterogeneous systems. Thus, the first part of our work focus on the optimization of communication cost of iterative methods on heterogeneous clusters. Besides the communication cost, power wall becomes another bottleneck of future exascale computing in recent time. Researches indicate that a power-aware algorithmic implementation strategy could efficiently reduce the power dissipation of large clusters. We also explore the potential energy saving implementation of iterative methods in our experimentation. Finally, both the communication optimization and energy efficiency implementation would be integrated into a GMRES method, which demands an auto-tuning framework to maximize its performance
Bois, Jérémy. "Outil d’aide à la décision pour la conception de maisons solaires à énergie positive." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0679/document.
With energy-related and environmental climate change challenges, energy sobriety and local energy production are yet to become a mainstream practice for new buildings construction by 2020. This works focuses on single-family houses which in France represent half of new buildings constructions with 200000 new units new units each year. Near zero energy single-family houses with 100 % solar energy consists on compromising between performance of building envelope which defines energy needs and the ability for equipments to value free solar energy. Hence solar energy must be able to cover space heating and domestic hot waterdemands but also provide enough energy for lightning and other specific uses such as domestic appliances.After a literature review of near zero energy house concepts, an analysis was undertaken to providea clear view of solar combi-systems technical solutions with the ability to provide enough energyfor both needs : space heating and domestic hot water. Using Dymola environment a detailed modelwas developed and its consistency was checked by inter-comparison at component scale. An innovative control algorithm has been worked out to maximize the solar system’s global performance. Afirst parametric study has shown that the system was able to cover close to 80 % of house heat requirement. However sizing of a solar combi-system is a complex task and requires to find compromises between building sobriety, solar thermal energy efficiency, and photovoltaics solar energy sizing. Because of the problem’s complexity, a decision aid tool with an appropriate multi-criteria optimizationalgorithm is required.To that end a chapter is dedicated to the development of a multi-criteria optimization algorithm based on artificial bee colony behavior. This approach has proved to be quite effective to solve the problem and to handle continuous, discrete and qualitative decision variables. Chosen solution was constrained to have a positive energy balance and must maximize solar space heating and domestic fraction in a view to reduce total energy consumption. A validation process has also been set up and the developed optimization algorithm has proved its ability to solve standard problems with a fairlyshort number of evaluations. Adopted methodology was illustrated by two applications of the design phase of a near zero energydetached house. First one is located at Bordeaux an second one in Strasbourg. Selected climate conditions emphasize the ability of the proposed approach to identify a wide range of optimal solutions showing differences within the building’s performance as well as the solar system sizing. Lastly a decision aid tool allows to explore optimal front in a convenient way to shape adapted solutions
Zayane, Chadia. "Identification d'un modèle de comportement thermique de bâtiment à partir de sa courbe de charge." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00590810.
Contrairement aux études existantes, la démarche menée ici ne nécessite pas d'instrumentation du bâtiment. De même, nous considérons des bâtiments en occupation normale, en présence de régulateur de chauffage : inconnue supplémentaire du problème. Ainsi, nous identifions un système global du bâtiment muni de son régulateur à partir de :
données de la station Météo France la plus proche ; la température de consigne reconstruite par connaissance sectorielle ; la consommation de chauffage obtenue par système de Gestion Technique du Bâtiment ou par compteur intelligent ; autres apports calorifiques (éclairage, présence de personnes...) estimés par connaissance sectorielle et thermique. L'identification est d'abord faite par estimation des paramètres (7) définissant le modèle global, en minimisant l'erreur de prédiction à un pas. Ensuite nous avons adopté une démarche d'inversion bayésienne, dont le résultat est une simulation des distributions a posteriori des paramètres et de la température intérieure du bâtiment.
L'analyse des simulations stochastiques obtenues vise à étudier l'apport de connaissances supplémentaires du problème (valeurs typiques des paramètres) et à démontrer les limites des hypothèses de modélisation dans certains cas.
Zayane, Chadia. "Identification d'un modèle de comportement thermique de bâtiment à partir de sa courbe de charge." Phd thesis, Centre de géosciences (Fontainebleau, Seine et Marne), 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00590810.
In a context of permanent concern of energy saving, the importance of developing strategies to minimize the energy consumption of a building is not to be any more demonstrated. Whether these strategies consist in recommending building insulation, suggesting the modification of the management of heating/air conditioning systems or advising the change of certain occupants' habits, a preliminary step of characterizing the thermal behavior of the building turns out inevitable. Contrary to the previous studies, the approach developed here does not require instrumentation of the building. Also, we consider buildings in normal occupation, that is in the presence of heating regulator, which is an additional unknown of the problem. So, we identify a global system of the building together with its heating system from: meteorological data of the closest Meteo France station; reference indoor temperature reconstructed by sector-based knowledge; heating consumption collected either from Building Management Systems or from smart meters; other heat supply (like lighting or presence of persons) estimated by sector-based and thermal knowledge. The identification is made at first by estimation of the parameters (7) defining the global model, by minimizing one step prediction error. Then we adopted an approach of bayesian inversion which provides a simulation of the posterior distributions of parameters and building indoor temperature. The analysis of the stochastic simulations aims at studying the contribution of additional knowledge of the problem (typical values of the parameters) and at showing the limits of the modeling hypotheses in the case of certain real data sets
Wanza, Weloli Joël. "Modélisation, simulation de différents types d’architectures de noeuds de calcul basés sur l’architecture ARM et optimisés pour le calcul haute-performance." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4042.
This work is part of a family of European projects called Mont-Blanc whose objective is to develop the next generation of Exascale systems. It addresses specifically the issue of energy efficiency, at micro-architectural level first by considering the use of 64-bit Armv8-A based compute nodes and an associated relevant SoC topology, and examine also the runtime aspects with notably the study of power management strategies that can be better suited to the constraints of HPC highly parallel processing. A design space exploration methodology capable of supporting the simulation of large manycore computing clusters is developped and lead to propose, design and evaluate multi-SoC and their associated SoC Coherent Interconnect models (SCI). This approach is then used to define a pre-exascale architecture allowing to globally reduce the complexity and cost of chip developments without sacrifying performances. The resulting partitioning scheme introduces interesting perspectives at technology level such as the integration of more compute nodes directly on an interposer based System-in-Package (SiP), possibly based on 3D Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) using High Memory Bandwidth (HBM). Energy efficiency is addressed more directly in second instance by studying current power management policies and proposing two strategies to help reducing power while preserving performances. The first one exploits finer application execution knowledge to adjust the frequency of extensive parallel threads and better balance their execution time. The second strategy reduces core frequencies at synchronisation points of jobs to avoid running the cores at full speed while it is not necessary. Experiment results with these strategies, both in simulation and real hardware, show the possibilities offered par this approach to address the strong requirements of Exascale platforms
Arnault, Axel. "Simulation et optimisation de l'intégration de matériaux à changement de phase dans une zone thermique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28549/28549.pdf.
Chlela, Fadi. "Développement d'une méthodologie de conception de bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00271813.
L'objectif de ce travail est de développer une méthodologie pour réaliser des études de conception de bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie. La méthodologie consiste à déterminer des modèles polynômiaux pour l'évaluation des performances énergétique et du confort thermique d'été des bâtiments, à l'aide de la méthode des plans d'expériences et des outils de simulation numérique. Ces modèles polynômiaux permettent de simplifier les études paramétriques, en apportant une réponse alternative aux outils de simulations numériques pour la recherche de solutions afin de concevoir des bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie. La méthodologie est appliquée sur un bâtiment tertiaire à savoir un immeuble de bureaux.
Dans le premier chapitre, nous présentons l'état de l'art des bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie et à énergie positive, dans le but de dresser un bilan de connaissances sur le contexte énergétique français, sur les labels mis en place en France et à l'étranger, sur les projets réalisés et sur les techniques utilisées pour concevoir des bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie.
Ensuite, nous nous focalisons dans le second chapitre, sur le développement de modèles numérique nécessaires à l'élaboration de la méthodologie. Les modèles sont développés dans l'environnement MATLAB/SIMULINK et intégrés dans la bibliothèque SIMBAD, dédiée à la simulation numérique en thermique du bâtiment afin de participer à son développement. De plus, nous présentons des études d'évaluation énergétiques de systèmes spécifiques aux bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie qui illustrent l'utilisation des modèles numériques développés.
Un cas d'étude est défini dans le troisième chapitre ainsi que les contextes climatiques à considérer, les principes de base de la méthode des plans d'expériences et un exemple de son application. Le cas d'étude considéré est un immeuble de bureaux, nommé Beethoven, dont les caractéristiques de base seront choisies selon les exigences de la réglementation thermique. Ces caractéristiques constituent la configuration de référence qui est améliorée en suivant la méthodologie développée. L'analyse des huit zones climatiques définies par la réglementation thermique et l'évaluation des performances énergétiques du bâtiment pour la configuration de référence par rapport à ces climats, permettent de sélectionner trois climats représentatifs pour la suite du travail. Enfin, un exemple d'application de la méthode des plans d'expériences pour une optimisation énergétique de la configuration de référence permet de justifier le choix de cette méthode.
Le début du quatrième chapitre est consacré au développement des modèles polynômiaux pour l'évaluation des performances énergétique et du confort thermique d'été du bâtiment Beethoven. Nous débutons ce chapitre par une évaluation des limites de la méthode des plans d'expériences pour déterminer ces modèles polynômiaux. Il en découle une méthodologie générale d'application de la méthode des plans d'expériences afin de développer des modèles polynômiaux pour réaliser des études de conception de bâtiment à basse consommation d'énergie. Ensuite, nous effectuons, à l'aide de ces modèles, une étude de sensibilité pour le bâtiment Beethoven et une analyse de solutions pour concevoir un bâtiment à basse consommation d'énergie selon divers critères énergétiques.
Dans le dernier chapitre, nous présentons un exemple d'application des modèles polynômiaux développés pour identifier des solutions pour la conception de l'enveloppe et des systèmes du bâtiment Beethoven, afin d'obtenir un bâtiment à basse consommation d'énergie, selon les critères du label Français Effinergie et du label Allemand Passivhaus. Les configurations basse consommation d'énergie obtenues sont comparées par rapport à la configuration de référence en termes de performances énergétiques, de confort thermique d'été et d'émissions CO2.
La méthodologie que nous proposons permet d'identifier, de manière simple et rapide, des solutions pour concevoir des bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie. Les solutions sont sélectionnées à l'aide d'abaques définis avec les modèles polynomiaux développés. Le niveau de précision constaté par rapport à la simulation numérique est appréciable. Le choix des solutions est effectué parmi des millions de configurations de facteurs, déterminées à l'aide des modèles polynômiaux. La détermination de toutes ces configurations serait difficile voire impossible à réaliser directement à l'aide de la simulation numérique, sans avoir recours à des modèles polynomiaux, d'où l'avantage d'une telle méthodologie.
Enfin, cette méthodologie constitue une base robuste pour le développement d'outils d'aide à la décision, destinés aux différents acteurs du secteur du bâtiment pour la conception des bâtiments neufs et la rénovation thermique des bâtiments existants, selon les critères des bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie.
Broc, Jean-Sébastien. "L'évaluation ex-post des opérations locales de maîtrise de la demande en énergie - Etat de l'art, méthodes bottom-up, exemples appliqués et approche du développement d'une culture pratique de l'évaluation." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00164864.
En parallèle, les échelons locaux prennent une importance croissante dans la mise en oeuvre des activités de MDE, dont le cadre évolue (ouverture des marchés, nouveaux instruments d'intervention). Dans ce contexte, les besoins en évaluation ex-post augmentent, aussi bien pour des raisons réglementaires que pour aider à un nécessaire changement d'échelle. Notre thèse étudie la problématique originale de l'évaluation ex-post des opérations locales de MDE en France.
L'état de l'art, au travers de l'analyse des expériences américaines et européennes ainsi que des ouvrages de référence dans le domaine, fournit un matériau méthodologique conséquent et fait ressortir les questions clés liées à l'évaluation. En parallèle, les
opérations locales de MDE en France sont caractérisées par une analyse de leur contexte et un travail sur leurs critères de segmentation.
La combinaison de ces critères avec les questions clés de l'évaluation donne une grille d'analyse qui sert de base à la constitution de méthodes d'évaluation. L'étude des spécificités des opérations locales précise de plus les besoins associés en évaluation.
Une méthodologie est ensuite développée pour compléter et adapter les matériaux existants au cas des opérations locales afin de mettre au point des méthodes d'évaluation opérationnelles, facilement appropriables par les acteurs et permettant d'alimenter un processus de capitalisation d'expériences. Ces méthodes permettent de répondre aux deux objectifs principaux : quantifier les résultats obtenus, et détecter les facteurs de succès/échec. La méthodologie a été validée sur des cas concrets, pour lesquels ces objectifs ont été atteints.
Bilot, Nicolas. "Raisonner la filière de production de plaquettes forestières pour sa performance énergétique et l'exportation d'éléments nutritifs en forêt." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0033.
The increasing demand for energy wood requires a better knowledge about the production system. This work is about modelling the chain producing wood chips for energy.Growth and yield models are built by forest scientists, and some models can predict contents in biomass and nutrients in trees. The study of the chain of harvesting, transforming and transporting energy wood is made by a community of forest and wood scientists, relying on principles from process engineering. Fuel qualities from elemental composition are modelled in the field of energy sciences.By connecting and completing this knowledge, the thesis proposes an original approach to consistently integrate models from the different fields of science. This bottom-up approach conserves a high level of information about the system, and a high flexibility in the configuration of the simulated chain.Original models were developed for the chain. Model formulation was made respecting the most frequent level of detail found in literature. An original model was developed to predict fuel quality relying on nutrient content predicted with models developed in forest sciences.A software tool was developed to integrate these models. “ForEnerChips” calculates material fluxes from forest growth to heating plant via the whole chain. This allows for the assessment of energy balances, and nutrient exportations and restitutions, according to choices made in the configuration of the chain (scenario analysis). Its implementation into the CAPSIS software platform allows a potential connection to about 70 growth and yield models for different species, regions or management regimes.The simulator was connected so far to a particular growth and yield model for common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). A scenario representative of current management practices was studied and compared to alternative scenarios. Other ideas of potential uses are suggested
Caciolo, Marcello. "Analyse expérimentale et simulation de la ventilation naturelle mono-façade pour le rafraîchissement des immeubles de bureaux." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00583247.
Natural ventilation can contribute to the reduction of the air conditioning demand and to the improvement of thermal comfort in office buildings. In this thesis, a simple configuration of natural ventilation, namely single-sided ventilation, is studied experimentally and by simulation. The main phenomena contributing to air change, thermal effect and wind effect, are discussed. Thus, the validity and applicability of existing models to calculate the ventilation rate is evaluated, by comparing their results with those of experiments conducted in a room with a single opening. Thus, CFD results are compared with experimental ones in order to validate the use of CFD for the study of single-sided ventilation. Guidance on the performance of different types of turbulence models is provided. Results from a turbulence model, namely RANS RSM, are used to establish a new correlation for calculating the ventilation rate. This new correlation shows better performance than previously existing correlations, in particular in the case of leeward opening. Finally, this new correlation is coupled to a dynamic thermal model to evaluate the cooling potential of single-sided natural ventilation in new low-energy office buildings. In particular, we study the reduction of cooling requirements in air-conditioned buildings and the number of hours of discomfort without any air conditioning system. The influence of several parameters is considered: climate, orientation, thermal inertia, rate of glazed area, internal gains and ventilation strategy (daily, night and both daily and night ventilation). Simulations show a significant reduction of cooling demand, between 30 and 90%. Moreover, it is possible to achieve thermal comfort throughout the whole year without using air conditioning in offices, provided that high thermal inertia is used and internal and solar gains are reduced
Caciolo, Marcello. "Analyse expérimentale et simulation de la ventilation naturelle mono-façade pour le rafraîchissement des immeubles de bureaux." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00583247.
Do, Mai Thi. "Modélisation et optimisation d'un mur solaire avec vitrage dans un bâtiment résidentiel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28966/28966.pdf.
Stefanoiu, Ana. "Vers l'évaluation de la performance des bâtiments à haute efficacité énergétique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAA007/document.
In France, the building sector is the main energy consumer. Moreover single-family houses represent about 60% of annual dwelling construction. The construction of energy efficient buildings represents a big step into energy saving. However, even though various efforts are made within this field, there is still a lack of methodologies about how to evaluate the energy performance of these buildings. The performance evaluation of an energy efficient building should allow understanding factors that contribute to its energy performance and as well as identifying the causes of overconsumption, poor indoor conditions.This thesis seeks to contribute to this field, by proposing an approach towards evaluating the energy performance of a house. This is done by comparing the real performance and the expected performance, using monitoring and building performance simulation, from design to operational phases. The energy performance evaluation approach is carried out on different cases of studies, mainly on a single-family house, situated in a Mediterranean climate.First, in the design phase, we use building performance simulation models to study the dispersions in energy use related to occupant’s behavior. The goal is to analyze the influence of the occupancy scenario on the behavior of the building and to establish a range of values for energy demand, based on national statistics. This step study the building’s behavior based on different types of occupancy scenarios, appliances and lighting use and temperature set point.Then, the focus is on the global evaluation of the envelope’s performance. Within the present thesis an innovative in-situ dynamic test is developed to assess the real envelope’s performance. This test is adapted to occupied houses (as it only takes 2 days) while controlling the infiltration air flow. The comparison between theoretical results of steady state calculation and experimental results show a good precision of less than 10%.Finally, continuous monitoring of energy efficient houses is studied. First, a work is done to reduce the number of sensors required for monitoring, while minimizing the loss of information. Then, an instrumentation methodology is developed and applied to a single-family house. The follow-up of this house could be studied during the first six months of monitoring and allowed to explain the behavior of the building and its consumption with regard to its use and to make the link with the previsions made during the design phase