Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economie environnementale'
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David, Maia. "Economie des Approches Volontaires dans les Politiques Environnementales en Concurrence et Coopération Imparfaites." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000855.
Full textKaranfil, Fatih. "Relation énergie-économie et régulation environnementale en présence de l'économie non-enregistrée." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354460.
Full textRoque, Olivier. "La gestion environnementale de l'espace, du secteur au territoire : analyse de deux expériences dans une zone ardéchoise en déprise." Grenoble 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE21020.
Full textBased on a theorical corpus connecting economics of conventions and of environment, this thesis questions how concluded the best agreements with space using activities, in order to urge them to behave in favour of the environment. Two experiences are studied in a neglected area, the cevennes and boutieres in the department of ardeche. The first one approach environmental management from the point of view of agricultural organizations, the second one from the action of local municipalities. Identifying the institutional mechanisms of these experiences, first we show the conventions, both sectorial and territorial, which allow the coordination of the participants. Then, studying the impacts in terms of social participation and land maintenance, we try to establish which convention is the most efficient to manage the environment in this neglected area. The results tend to quality the hypothesis of higher effectiveness of the territorial convention compared to the sectorial one. Only the land maintenance is more coherent, whereas the social participation is quantitatively very deficient
Boschet, Christophe. "La dimension politique de la coordination environnementale à l'échelle locale : une analyse économique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT4014/document.
Full textThis thesis adopts a political economy perspective to address the institutional and political constraints influencing the implementation of environmental policies at a local level. A central focus of the analysis is on assessing the continued relevance of Environmental Institutional Devices (EIDs) as solutions for addressing French political and administrative fragmentation. The thesis pursues two core lines of inquiry. First, proposals developed within an environmental federalism tradition, which state that centralization of power is preferable in cases when environmental problems generate spillover, are evaluated against the realities of local community interests. Through carrying out an econometric test based on local elected representatives' votes, the thesis compares the contents of a watershed policy project in Gironde estuary with the types of issues representatives face on a daily basis, in particular from economic interest groups. Second, the thesis analyses incentives contained in EIDs. Transaction costs theory provides the tools for interpreting EIDs as relational contracts based on an actor's specificity and his/her respective positioning vis-à-vis others. Through this reconstruction of an environmental governance network on the Gironde estuary, I reveal the prevalence of public actors. A statistical analysis of network formation integrates this feature by focusing on the politician-bureaucrat relationship. The results show how political, administrative and economic dimensions of environmental coordination mitigate against the usefulness and the incentive-compatibility of EIDs as tools for environmental policy implementation at local level
Le, Frioux Romuald. "Analyses des Environnements Urbains : évaluation des coûts de la pollution de l'air liée au trafic routier et délimitations algorithmiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1338.
Full textThis economics thesis offers an in-depth analysis of urban environments, focusing on the economic and environmental impacts of air pollution caused by road traffic. Through innovative methodological approaches, it combines integrated modeling and algorithmic delineation to evaluate the effects of various emission reduction policies in specific urban contexts. Although its foundation is in economics, it draws on methodologies and models from different fields, such as environmental sciences, engineering, geomatics, and geography.The first chapter focuses on La Réunion. The study develops an integrated chain of models, including traffic simulation, pollutant emissions, atmospheric dispersion, and population exposure. This framework allows for the quantification of the economic costs of transport-related pollution. The scenarios evaluated include replacing conventional vehicles with electric ones and introducing flexible working hours. The results show that these measures reduce exposure to pollutants, generating significant economic gains through the reduction of health impacts.The second chapter explores the effects of speed limit policies on air quality in Île-de-France, a region characterized by a high population density and intense road traffic. The METRO-TRACE model, used to simulate the impact of speed restrictions, allows for the analysis of variations in pollutant concentrations and residents' exposure based on the implemented policies. The results indicate that targeted reductions in maximum speed can significantly decrease NOx, PM2.5, and CO2 emissions, thereby reducing the health-related costs of air pollution in the region.The third chapter broadens the scope of the analysis to a global scale by developing an algorithmic mapping method to identify and compare urban areas worldwide. This method, innovative in its approach to homogeneous comparison of urban zones, enables the tracking of urbanization trends and the identification of areas where emission reduction efforts need to be intensified. It thus provides a framework for analyzing urban dynamics and the relationships between urban density, air pollution, and the associated costs.By integrating detailed simulation models and an algorithmic mapping approach, this thesis makes a significant contribution to understanding the economic costs of transport-related air pollution. It also offers tools for evaluating public policies on air quality and suggests pathways for sustainable urbanization. By providing models applicable to various contexts, it contributes to research on urban sustainability and the reduction of environmental inequalities, while promoting the well-being of populations
Friot, Damien. "Comptabilité environnementale et mondialisation. Quels défis ? Quels modèles pour y répondre ? Application d'un modèle Economie-Environnement-Impacts à l'évaluation des impacts environnementaux en Chine induits par l'Europe, et aux taxes carbone aux frontières de l'UE." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00527496.
Full textPoirier, Julie. "Quatre essais en Economie de l'Environnement empirique." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO22003/document.
Full textThis dissertation is interested in two areas of the environmental economics field: monetary valuation of environmental goods and services and environmental innovation. Even if those two fields are studied separately in this dissertation, they both aim at contributing to a common objective: fight against climate change. This dissertation ranges into five chapters. The first one is a general introduction, which depicts the two fields of the dissertation and their relevance towards climate change. Environmental valuation serves public decision through monetary valuation of environmental goods. This is useful not only for the implementation of projects directed to environmental protection, but also for the quantification of environmental damages. Environmental innovation may encourage technological transfers, but also a greener growth, in a will that our societies develop themselves following a sustainable path. Chapters 2 and 3 are interested in the choice experiments method in order to value local residents’ willingness-to-pay for water quality improvements at a specific river basin in France. Using a choice experiment with different management regimes for the river basin, we find that residents are willing-to-pay for an improved water quality. Despite this positive result, we observe a significant proportion (20%) of protest bids in our sample. Protest bids are respondents that state a zero willingness-to-pay, even though their true value for the good is positive. In order to take into account the existence of protest bids, we estimate a cross-nested logit model in chapter 3. We then obtain larger willingness-to-pay, which proves that the cross-nested logit model best fits the peculiarity of our data. Chapters 4 and 5 try to identify the drivers of environmental innovation. Using world patent data and data from the world economic forum survey, we study the impact of environmental public policies on innovation in clean technologies directed to water and air pollution, and waste. We find that both general innovative capacity and environmental policy stringency have a positive role on environment-related innovation. Chapter 5 looks at the influence of co-authorship of scientific publications on wind energy-related innovation. We use both the world patent database and the “Scopus” database, which contains lots of scientific literature references. We highlight the existence of knowledge spillovers between OECD and NON-OECD countries. Therefore, we show that knowledge transfers, regarding wind energy-related innovation, between OECD and NON-OECD countries contribute to improve NON-OECD countries' innovative capacity
Cauchard, Lionel. "Les collèges d’experts et la fabrique de la normalisation technique. Hybridation Normative et Performation de la Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE) des Bâtiments en France." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST3009/document.
Full textThis research discusses the emergence, the formalization and the institutionalization processes of the Environmental High Quality (HQE) Buildings' standard in France.In 1992, the Environmental High Quality (HQE) approach was initiated in a workgroup of the Ministry of Housing and supported by public administration sector. An HQE Association was created in 1996 to promote and develop the approach. It was conceived as a “standard-based organization with the purpose of supporting one certain standard” (Brunsson & Jacobsson 2000: 50). Thus the HQE association's first mission was to create a reference defining environmental building quality that, in turn, would allow for a common language among actors in this field. The first version of the HQE standard is published in 1997 by the Association. It specified building characteristics, its tools and other elements of the building process, controlling the exterior environmental impacts and creating healthy conditions inside houses. In 2005, the certification of the HQE approach is launched. Progressively the certification of the HQE approach met a great success both in the public and private se ctors. Finally, in less than fifteen years this approach became the French standard of the Environmental Quality of Buildings.Standardization is not just a technical process but “thoroughly political process” (Olshan 1993: 320). Standards set the question about the political role played by experts in the performation of markets (Callon 1998). We claim that a research focused on the standardization-making is relevant to explain knowledge dynamics and markets innovation.Following the emergence of new environmental rules in the French building sector allows us to analyse the process of “standardization-making” by collective professional actors. Three main conclusive findings can be stressed :- The process of « standardization-making » don't essentially take place within the official standardization Agencies (as AFNOR). Collective professional actors take an important part in the process of “standardization-making” by operating as “institutional entrepreneurs” in emerging fields.- Within the process of “standardization-making”, collective professional actors fix new jurisdictions to shape the system of profession (notably the jurisdiction of Architect is reduced by the HQE advisors).- Standardization performs the markets by introducing and legitimating new rules and creating new Business Models (notably with the certification process)
Roman, Philippe. "L’analyse des transferts d’eau inter-bassins au défi des conflits et de la justice environnementale. Le cas du fleuve São Francisco (Nordeste du Brésil)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV004/document.
Full textThe analysis of massive inter-basin water transfers has been scarcely developed within the discipline of economics. Though, this kind of hydraulic engineering is bound to be ever more widepsread in the 21st century, in particular in developing and emerging economies. We propose an analysis of a water transfer project in Norhteastern Brazil from an ecological economic point of view. We especially investigate the socio-environmental conflicts that take place around this megaproject. In the first place, we characterise Brazil's current style of economic development at the turn of the century, as well as the dynamics of water sector reforms. From such an analysis, we draw a stylised presentation of the water-economy nexus which we deem necessary for the understanding of the project. We then discuss the scope and limits of economic approaches (welfare economics, sustainability economics) to the assessment of large scale water projects. We put an emphasis on the specific features of massive inter-basin water transfers and we propose a suitable economic framework. In a third part, we analyse the socio-environmental conflicts that took place in relation with the transfer project. We propose an environmental justice analysis as well as an institutionalist modeling of the conflict and its impacts
Youssef, Nicolas. "Mise en place d’une brique géopolymère pour la construction durable : études géotechnique, environnementale et économique." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECLI0005.
Full textAfter the economic crisis in 2008, construction activity in France grew rapidly. The increase in demand for building materials was accompanied by an increase in the quantities of construction waste and emitted CO2. In 2018, CO2 emissions from human activities reached a world historic level of 37.1 billion tons. This encourages the development of building materials that meet the changing needs of today's and tomorrow's society. Geopolymers, prepared by alkaline activation, present an opportunity to produce new, more efficient and environment-friendly materials in the construction sector. On the other hand, industrialization and robotization are emerging in the construction sector, with many benefits such as increased productivity, reduced waste, cost and arduous work, as well as improved quality and safety.This doctoral thesis is being conducted to address these scientific challenges and issues. These are divided into three research directions: the development of new geopolymer brick formulations, the integration of geopolymer materials into the industrialization and robotization of construction processes, and finally the environmental and economic assessment of the new automated manufacturing system
VELASQUEZ, MONSALVE ELKIN. "Contribution méthodologique à la prise en compte du milieu physique dans la planification environnementale du territoire en zone montagneuse de Colombie." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10077.
Full textCauchard, Lionel. "Les collèges d'experts et la fabrique de la normalisation technique. Hybridation Normative et Performation de la Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE) des Bâtiments en France." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593753.
Full textYang, Yuting. "Economic Studies on Energy Transition and Environmental Regulations." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10010.
Full textThis thesis investigates several topics regarding energy transition and environmental regulations, and each of the three chapters is a self-contained paper. It aims to contribute to the design of environmental regulations and to provide suggestions topolicy makers. The first chapter studies the optimal public safety provision under imperfect taxation. An important objective of many publicly-financed environmental projects is to reduce mortality. In this paper, we examine theoretically the effect of tax system imperfections on the optimal public investment in mortality risk reduction (or public safety).We compare three tax systems, namely first-best, uniform tax and income tax. Moreover, we consider several sources of imperfection, namely individuals’ heterogeneity in wealth and in risk exposure, and labor supply distortion. We show that the effect of imperfect taxation critically depends on the source of imperfection as well as on the individual utility and survival probability functions. We conclude that imperfect taxation cannot generically justify less public safety. There is thus no fundamental reason to always adjust downwards the value of statistical life (VSL) because of imperfect taxation, nor to assume a marginal cost of public funds systematically greater than one for the benefit-cost analysis of environmental projects. The second chapter examines the environmental impact of electricity trade. Electricity interconnection has been recognized as a way to mitigate carbon emissions by dispatching more efficient electricity production and accommodating the growing share of renewables. We analyze the impact of electricity interconnection in the presence of intermittent renewables, such as wind and solar power, on renewable capacity and carbon emissions using a two-country model. We find that in the first-best, interconnection decreases investments in renewable capacity and exacerbates carbon emissions if the social cost of carbon (SCC) is low. Conversely, interconnection increases renewable capacity and reduces carbon emissions for a high SCC. Moreover, the intermittency of renewables generates an insurance gain from interconnection, which also implies that some renewable capacity is optimally curtailed in some states of nature when the SCC is high. The curtailment rate and the corresponding carbon emissions increase for more positively correlated intermittency. We calibrate the model using data from the European Union electricity market and simulate the outcome of expanding interconnection between Germany-Poland and France-Spain. We find that given the current level of SCC, the interconnection may increase carbon emissions. The net benefit of interconnection is positive, with uneven distribution across countries. The third chapter extends on the second chapter, to investigate the optimal unilateral carbon policy design for electricity trade with intermittent renewable energy. We consider policy instruments including a carbon tax, border adjustment tax, and renewable subsidies. In turn, we analyze the effect of such policies on market equilibrium prices, renewable investment, and global emissions. Using a two-country model of electricity trade, we characterize the conditions under which different combinations of policy instruments implement the optimal energy mix. We find that with a unilateral carbon tax, the border adjustment tax turns out to be effective only when renewables are producing. Moreover, renewables must be subsidized to be exported, in which case carbon emissions should be taxed more than the Pigouvian level to avoid excessive consumption
Pontoni, Federico. "Essays on water economics." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100053/document.
Full textThe thesis is structured as a collection of four papers and it is ideally divided into two parts: the first one, composed of just one paper, is an efficiency analysis of the Italian integrated water sector; the second part, made of the other three papers, is thematic and studies hydropower production in terms of rent generation and environmental impacts.The first paper – What determines efficiency? An analysis of the Italian water sector – offers an original evaluation of the efficiency of the biggest sample ever gathered of Italian water companies over a period of four years.The first paper of the thematic part – Hydropower rent in Northern Italy: economic and environmental concerns in the renewal procedure – has two objectives: the first one is to estimate the hydropower rent in Italy, which has never been done before; the second one is to investigate the trade-off between rent seizing and environmental improvements.The second thematic paper – Estimating a performance-based environmental fee for hydropower production: a choice experiment approach – develops a performance-based environmental fee able not only to internalize the environmental costs that hydropower causes, but also to stimulate producers to outperform existing environmental regulation: the more they outperform, the less they pay.Finally, the third thematic paper – Cheaper electricity or a better river? Estimating fluvial ecosystem value in Southern France – applies the DCE approach to study the potential trade-off between revenue-sharing and environmental improvements in the Aspe valley, located in the French Pyrenees, where more than 100 MW of hydropower capacity are installed
Deymier, Antoine. "Essais sur l'influence des ONG environnementales." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD021/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the influence of green NGOs. It studies situations where theses organisations interact with other actors and try to change their behavior. The first chapter looks at the competition between several NGOs in order to get the attention both the population and the governement. The second chapter studies the relation between the NGO activities and their media coverage. It focuses on the media market forces which lead to differences in coverage of NGO activities. The third chapter focuses on activits mobilization against a public project with environmental externalities
Grimaud, Guilhem. "conception des scénarios de recyclage pilotée par l’évaluation des performances des procédés." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0005/document.
Full textThe planet is in a particularly worrying state of degradation of ecosystems, depletion of resources, demographic tension and a climate emergency. The decoupling of the consumption of raw materials with economic activity is a relevant action lever. By reducing the pressure on the scarcity of raw materials, the circular economy can participate in the fight against climate change. Although recycling alone cannot solve resource depletion, it is essential to implement solutions to regenerate the materials present in our waste. However, the current organization of the end-of-life sector does not seem to meet the needs of the world economy.The first challenge in deploying recycling solutions in the circular economy is based on evaluating the performance of recycling scenarios. The proposed methodology is based on several analytical tools: Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cost Costing (LCC) in a technical reference framework based on the evaluation of environmental technologies (ETV). This work applies in partnership with the company MTB. Three performance axes were chosen: technical, economic and environmental.This multi-criterion assessment, integrated into the MTB design process, allows communication in the form of key performance indicators (KPI). By providing additional performance indicators it is possible to quickly quantify the eco-efficiency, to support decision-making by designers during the development of the recycling pathway
Purcel, Alexandra-Anca. "Economic Development and Environmental Quality Nexus in Developing and Transition Economies." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD013.
Full textThis thesis tackles one of the most debatable and in vogue topics in economics, namely the economic development and environmental quality nexus. Notably, it studies the economic development's effects—in terms of its economic, social, and political dimensions—on the environmental quality for developing and transition economies. Chapter I, which is divided into three key phases, namely theoretical review, empirical exercise, and empirical review, contributes to the literature by giving various insights regarding the link between economic growth and environmental pollution in developing and transition economies. Overall, it reveals that the recent empirical studies, indeed, succeeding to curtail some of the deficiencies suggested by theoretical contributions, might indicate a certain consensus regarding pollution-growth nexus and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis validity. Chapter II examines the pollution-growth nexus in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, adding to the related empirical literature using the extended EKC hypothesis as a theoretical background. On the one hand, it unveils an increasing nonlinear link between GDP and CO2 at the aggregate level, which is powerfully robust to different estimators and control variables. On the other hand, the country-level analysis reveals that the relationship between GDP and CO2 is characterized by much diversity among CEE countries. Thus, despite an aggregated upward trend, some CEE countries managed to secure both higher GDP and lower CO2 emissions. From a policy perspective, EU policymakers could pay more attention to these countries and amend the current unique environmental policy to account for country-heterogeneities to support economic growth without damaging the environment. Chapter III investigates the aggregated and sector-specific CO2 emissions' responsiveness following exogenous shocks to growth and urbanization, considering a transmission scheme that incorporates two of the widely used instruments in mitigating environmental degradation—renewables and energy efficiency. First, robust to several alternative specifications, the results indicate that output, urbanization, and energy intensity increase the aggregated CO2 emissions, while renewable energy exhibits an opposite effect. Moreover, regarding the CO2 responsiveness in the aftermath of output and urbanization shocks, the pattern may suggest that these countries are likely to attain the threshold that would trigger a decline in CO2 emissions. However, the findings are sensitive to both countries' economic development and Kyoto Protocol ratification/ascension status. Second, the sector-specific analysis unveils that the transportation, buildings, and non-combustion sector exhibits a higher propensity to increase the future CO2 levels. Generally, this chapter may provide useful insights concerning environmental sustainability prospects in developing states. Chapter IV explores the effects of political stability on environmental degradation, giving a renewed perspective on this topic in developing states. It shows that a nonlinear, bell-shaped pattern characterizes the relationship between variables at the aggregate level. Moreover, while this result is robust to a broad set of alternative specifications, significant heterogeneities are found regarding countries' distinct characteristics and alternative pollution measures. Besides, the country-specific estimates unveil contrasting patterns regarding the relationship between CO2 and political stability. Broadly speaking, the findings suggest that both the formal and informal sides of political stability play a vital role in mitigating CO2 pollution in developing countries, and may provide meaningful insights for policymakers. (...)
Nadel, Simon. "Changements organisationnels, structures industrielles et innovations environnementales : le cas des firmes industrielles françaises." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU10033/document.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the determinants of environmental innovations at the firm level. It reviews the economic literature underlying the analysis of environmental innovation. Then it operationalizes the main concepts of this literature from three empirical angles. The first study explores the firm-level determinants of environmental innovations for all French industrial firms according to their three strategic orientations, i.e. regulation-oriented, supply-oriented or demand-oriented. The second study examines the complementarities between environmental innovations and organizational changes and emphasizes the organizational dynamics triggered by the adoption of an Environmental Management System. The third study highlights the coevolution of environmental innovation behavior at the firm level and sectoral systems of innovation. Ultimately, the thesis demonstrates that environmental innovations always result from specific combinations of internal and external rationales at the micro economic firm level. These specifications involve intra-organizational complementarities and interactions processes with industrial structures
Poinet, Lucie. "Normes locales et fournitures privées de biens publics environnementaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU3015.
Full textThis thesis investigates the influence of local norms on pro-environmental behavior. A meta-analysis of social norm nudge interventions was conducted to compare the differential impact of local and global social norm nudges. The sample on which the meta- analysis is based does not permit the identification of a significant distinction between the two norms. It is proposed that further work is required in order to reinforce the database and to refine the results. Subsequently, a model of local reciprocity within a network of individuals situated in groups, designated as communities, was constructed, and a laboratory experiment was conducted to corroborate the results of the model. The findings demonstrate that individuals contribute in a complementary manner to their neighbors and that when two individuals from each group are able to observe each other, a partial diffusion of behavior can occur between groups. Finally, employing the discrete choice method, our study conducted in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, demonstrated that individuals exhibited a preference for local norms for sorting organic waste. A stronger sense of belonging to the local reference group may contribute to this result. The findings of the thesis thus emphasize the necessity of adapting public interventions to local groups, reinforcing the sense of community belonging, and integrating local reciprocity strategies into public goods management policies
Pasquier, Jean-Louis. "Analyse eco-energetique et economie ecologique : fondements, methodes et applications." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999VERS1A08.
Full textThe eco-energy analysis shows a real ability to take into account the interface between economic systems and their natural environment. Here we focus specifically on two evaluation methods: emergy analysis and extropy analysis (chapter i). The former is based on a particular way to express embodied energy. And the latter belongs to the entropy analysis. Each of those two methods implies a conception of the economy-environment interface (chapter ii). The first one - eco-energy externality - which is specifically linked with the emergy analysis, is a way to evaluate the economic contribution of the natural environment. The second one, that we use here only with the extropy analysis, pertains to the industrial ecology which characterizes relations between economy and ecology in terms of industrial metabolism. In this chapter, we also call the reader's attention on to economists who, in the 18th century and 19th century, already made the first steps leading to those conceptions. This thesis deals neither with subtitution between energy evaluations and monetary ones nor with the definition of an energy theory of economic value. What we try to establish are biophysical indicators able to identify in energy terms ecological constraints of economic activities. The second part illustrates this aspect with different applyings. Some of them are based upon a biofuel production process (chapter iii). And the other ones concern the french ecological economic system (chapter iv). At this stage, the emergy analysis enables us to present an eco-energy approach of the environmental terms in international trade
Dahmani, Manel. "Analyse 4E (Energétique, Exergétique, Environnementale et Economique) de systèmes de valorisation énergétique de biomasses." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1165/document.
Full textThe fossil fuels depletion and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions encourage the search for new energy sources that are renewable and less polluting. Thanks to its abundance, biomass appears as an interesting sector of replacement of fossil fuels. The objective of this work is to perform a 4E analysis (Energy, Exergy, Environmental and Economic) of an electricity production system via the gasification of palm waste. Palm watse constitutes one of the most abundant vegetable wealth in Tunisia and which today, remain very little exploited. A fixed bed gasifier coupled to an internal combustion engine is considered to produce330 kW of electricity. The Cold Gas Efficiency of the process is 58.58%. The results show that the energy and exergy yields of the system are 22.6% and 19.22%, respectively. The environmental performance of the system is evaluated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The economic evaluation is carried out in order to evaluate the cost of electricity production by the gasification plant. The results give a cost of 3.88 ct€ for 1kWh
Dahmani, Manel. "Analyse 4E (Energétique, Exergétique, Environnementale et Economique) de systèmes de valorisation énergétique de biomasses." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1165.
Full textThe fossil fuels depletion and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions encourage the search for new energy sources that are renewable and less polluting. Thanks to its abundance, biomass appears as an interesting sector of replacement of fossil fuels. The objective of this work is to perform a 4E analysis (Energy, Exergy, Environmental and Economic) of an electricity production system via the gasification of palm waste. Palm watse constitutes one of the most abundant vegetable wealth in Tunisia and which today, remain very little exploited. A fixed bed gasifier coupled to an internal combustion engine is considered to produce330 kW of electricity. The Cold Gas Efficiency of the process is 58.58%. The results show that the energy and exergy yields of the system are 22.6% and 19.22%, respectively. The environmental performance of the system is evaluated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The economic evaluation is carried out in order to evaluate the cost of electricity production by the gasification plant. The results give a cost of 3.88 ct€ for 1kWh
Roussillon, Béatrice. "Trois essais sur les programmes de labellisation environnementale." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22013/document.
Full textThis thesis has for goal to study environmental labeling programs. In the first chapter, I use a self-selection model to study environmental labelling program in a context of multiproduct monopoly. I show that the manner by which information is conveyed affects the firm strategies. I prove that programs, which disclose continuous information such as report cards, can lead to self-selection issues within the monopoly product line, whereas those which give discrete information such as the EU flower allow the monopoly perfectly discriminating among consumers. In the second chapter, joint with J. Maxwell and R. Harbaugh, we relax the assumption that consumers know the exact standard that the product has to meet to be labelled. The uncertainty over the standard leads the consumers to jointly estimate the product quality and the standard difficulty. This undermines the ability of voluntary certification to reduce information asymmetry. In the third chapter, joint with J. Rosaz and F. Poinas, we analyze belief updating behaviors with imperfect signals in an experimental setting. The novelty of the paper is to consider a signal that restricts the set of the possible states of the nature. One of the objectives of this chapter is to study the consumer updating behaviors when they observe a label on a product but with the methodologies developed in the Bayesian updating literature. We show that this kind of signals increases the correctness of the subject estimations. However these signals can also let the subjects very uncertain about their estimation which can conduct to adverse effects
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Kirat, Yassine. "Economic and environmental impacts of natural resources abundance." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E056.
Full textThis thesis examines how societies use and sustain the natural resources that fundamentally shape human well-being, the environment and the economy. The links between economic prosperity, resources and environmental preservation are complex and diverse. This implies that, if all dimensions are not taken into account in public policy making, any progress in achieving objectives in these areas can be hindered by undesirable outcomes. A key issue in development studies is how natural resource wealth affects long-term economic growth. In order to address this question, the first chapter examines the impact of non-conventional resource development on the US manufacturing sector over the period 1997-2013. In the same veine, chapter 3 examines the impact of abundant natural resources on the economy by exploiting the volatility channel of natural resources rent on a panel of 103 countries between 1985-2014. Moreover, the extraction and processing of natural resources are often energy-intensive activities that involve large-scale ecosystem alterations. Chapter 2 of the thesis investigates the impact of natural resource abundance on CO2 intensity in developed countries over the period 1995-2014
Abbes, Nader. "L'impact du volet environnemental de la loi sur les nouvelles régulations économiques (NRE) sur le management des entreprises." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100088.
Full textThe State missed a long time the management relationship of economy and law with the environment. Under the increasing pressure of a national and international mobilization and due to the increase of problems involving environment, several regulatory and economic measures in favor of the environmental protection were adopted by the whole of the Western countries. Initially, the public authorities started to worry about the general state of the environment and set up legislation, which intend to fight the insufficiencies of social equity and environmental concerns. Then, in response to a regulatory step, considered to be too constraining by the private actors, the State formulate a set of economic tools, reconciling society waits and companies’ development competitiveness objectives. Lastly, with the relative effectiveness of the various regulatory economic and environmental protection instruments, known as traditional, the State gradually transferred its responsibilities to the private actors by betting on the co-regulation and self-regulation. Our empirical work concerns the law impact on the new economic regulations (NRE) on the behavior of the companies concerning environmental reporting. The narrative contents of of the CAC 40 companies reports SD/CSR, is the object of our study. Our analysis will be led by two complementary approaches: a statistical and lexical analysis and an analysis set of themes, both, carried out using a textual analysis software, “Alceste”
Chiambretto, Anne-Sarah. "Approches volontaires et régulation environnementale : une perspective normative." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM2012.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three essays on the specific incentive structure that underlies regulation contexts in which the agents generating an environmental externality self-regulate in order to preempt the enforcement of a mandatory policy by a regulatory agency. The three essays take a normative perspective, i.e. investigate the way the regulatory agency may induce efficient proactive behavior by the mean of purposely designed threat and announcement effects. Such mechanisms fall under the common denomination of 'collective voluntary-threat policies' (CVTP). The three essays' results focus on the threat, formalized as a unit tax that is said to be implemented by the regulator if the environmental target is not reached voluntarily : first in a two-stage and static emission game (first essay) ; then in a differential extraction game (second essay) ; finally in a general participation game to the CVTP (third essay). In each framework, the tax is considered as endogenous, and thereby, the CVTP being studied as part of the Incentive-Based Regulatory Approaches
Abad, Arnaud. "Les enseignements de la micro-économie de la production face aux enjeux environnementaux : étude des productions jointes théorie et applications." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0035/document.
Full textThe exposition of this thesis is based on three parts. First, production technologies are analysed with respect toseveral axiomatic approaches. The B-disposability property is introduced in order to give a more general definition ofthe pollution-generating technologies. This methodological innovation aims to reveal pollution-generating technologiescompatible with a minimal set of assumptions. Then, a more general class of pollution-generating technologiessatisfying both convex and non-convex axioms, can be defined. Furthermore, this axiomatic contribution allows toconsider inputs and outputs partitions, which is of particular interest in empirical studies. The second part of thiswork concerns the measurement of technical efficiency. Then, generalised distance functions are introduced in B-disposable production sets. Following these results, several tests are suggested in order to characterize the structure ofB-disposable production technologies. Moreover, innovative duality results are proposed based on the B-disposabilityproperty. This considerably weakens classical duality results based upon usual disposal assumptions. In the thirdpart, productivity change is studied. Generalisation of additive and multiplicative complete eco-productivity measures,are introduced. Following non-parametric technologies, a procedure to implement the generalised eco-productivitymeasures is exposed. This process is based on the non-parametric estimation of the generalised distance functionssuggested in this work
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Hassan, Mahmoud. "Fiscalité environnementale, dette publique et croissance économique : une analyse macroéconomique." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0015/document.
Full textEnvironmental policies, especially those using fiscal instruments, have become more and more important in a large number of countries over the last three decades. All OECD countries have introduced environmentally related taxes, and a growing number of them are carrying out a so-called "green" reform of their taxation. The use of the tax as an instrument for environmental policy has sparked wide debate among researchers on its impacts on economic growth, but without reaching consensus on the nature of these effects. Some find a negative effect; while others show a positive impact. Two points raised our attention on this subject. First, the empirical studies that verify the validity of these results are very rare. Second, the majority of theoretical models that have studied the effect of environmental taxation on economic growth assume that the government finances its expenditures solely through taxes and that the state budget is balanced each period, thus avoiding any burden associated to repayment of public debt. Therefore, this thesis aims firstly to explore empirically the nature of the relationship between environmental taxation and economic growth, and whether this relationship is sensitive to the level of other variables in the economy. We examine then the channels through which this tax can affect economic growth, and whether the existence and level of public debt can modify this effect
Allio, Cédric. "Local policies, urban dynamics and climate change : development of a multiscale modeling framework." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1073.
Full textThe failure of the international community, pointed out in the successive annual Conferences of the Parties, to implement global climate policies has fostered supports for local initiatives, in particular at the urban levels. Local action is believed to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions as local communities are at the cutting edge of the climate change challenge because they have responsibility for a wide range of decisions that affect emissions: land use planning, urban transport and housing policies. However, how to use efficiently local policies to reduce gas emissions at a global scale remains unclear. In this thesis, we developed some tools that can give insights on the role of local policies in climate change mitigation and their interaction with the global scale. The overwhelming majority of energy-economy-environment models conventionally used to assess mitigation costs of climate change focus essentially on the technological determinants of energy trends but do not capture explicitly the role of urban dynamics. We propose a step forward to the representation of the interplay between energy consumption, carbon emissions and the spatial organization of cities
Lawson, Laté Ayao. "Essays on economic growth energy use and biodiversity loss." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAB011.
Full textThe impact of economic activities and increasing population on the environment raise profound interrogations towards the future of human societies and environmental resources. In this, the "Limits to Growth" (Meadows, Meadows, Behrens and Randers, 1974) warn human societies about the possibility of social collapse if current trends of exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation remain unchanged. The wealth of nature being essential to the wealth of nations, this thesis in economics through four theoretical and empirical contributions addresses the possibility of a peaceful cohabitation between human and nature and discusses conservation policies of nature. Our theoretical and empirical results show on the one hand that human habitat is being expanded to the detriment of other biological species (animal and plant). On the other hand, we show that current efforts to conserve biological species are strongly oriented towards forests whose richness in biodiversity is doubtful. Finally, we show that an increasingly growing consumption of primary energies, therefore with strong ecological impacts, is still to be expected from developing countries. In terms of environmental policies, our work advocates for a reduction of the ecological footprint of human societies. This includes policies promoting forest regeneration and not the reduction of covered areas, expansion of protected areas, especially in developing countries and incentives for individuals to orient preferences towards the demand for goods with low ecological impacts
Mannes, Alice. "La conscience en droit social." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020044/document.
Full textConsciousness can be defined as the knowledge of one’s existence and the outer world. By extension, it is someone’s clear mental picture of an actual situation and the ability of judging the morality of such a situation is called conscience. When the outer world is the work environment and when the actual situations to deal with are work-related, what could be the role of consciousness and conscience? Could they interfere with work duties or the conduct of good industrial relations? The purpose of this thesis is to study the “issues of conscience” within the corporation, in a broad sense, through the relevant stakeholders’ perspectives – including employers, administrative authorities, workers, trade unions, or even staff representatives – in order to know when individual and collective consciousness and conscience can have a legal impact. One should ask oneself about the existence of a statutory regime for those “issues of conscience” in domestic, comparative and international laws. Some manifestations of consciousness and conscience are already well known, such as whistleblowing or conscience clauses, but some others still need to be provided with a legal framework
Dragicevic, Arnaud. "Mécanismes de Marché et Évaluation des Biens Publics Environnementaux." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00630027.
Full textChervier, Colas. "Analyse économique des paiements pour services environnementaux dans les pays les moins avancés : Institutions, motivations et efficacité : Le cas du Cambodge." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD001/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to understand the mechanisms through which Payments for Environmental Services (PES) emerge and influence the effective conservation of natural ecosystems in Cambodia. It also contributes to the operationalization of institutional conceptual frameworks for the analysis of PES, as it takes to the case of one of the world’s least developed countries. In Cambodia, PES appear to be the result of political processes (negotiations) influenced by pre-existing institutions and in which some stakeholders, such as the Government and NGOs,seek to influence decisions related to the definition of new rules for the use of natural resources so that they align with their interests. This explains why some types of PES schemes face political blockages at the national level. The thesis also seeks to measure and explain the environmental effectiveness of one community-PES. The case study leads to the effective conservation of forests even when the external pressure increases. However, this effect depends on some characteristics of the local socio-economic context, probably because they influence the likelihood of local collective management of forests, which the scheme aims to strengthen. In addition, the permanence of these effects is not guaranteed in the long run. The program has indeed eroded some perceptions of use values of forest conservation, which are, in a context of poverty and strong dependence of local communities on natural resources, the foundation for partially intrinsic motivation to conserve
Elie, Luc. "Diversité des capitalismes et dispositifs institutionnels environnementaux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0625/document.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the diachronic and synchronic analysis of the linksbetween the forms of capitalism and their environment. The first chapter proposes to highlightthe manner in which the coevolution between capitalism and the environment was carried outby crossing the theoretical and empirical contributions of the régulation school withenvironmental history and ecological economics studies. We reveal that the differenthistorical forms of capitalism have led to extensive and differentiated environmentalconsequences. Conversely, it turns out that the relationship with the environment has had amajor influence on the forms of capitalism, especially through institutional environmentaldevices (EID). The second chapter aims at deciphering in which extent these devices undergoa process of differentiated adoption depending on the contemporary forms of capitalismwithin which they take place. In this framework, some degree of correlation appears betweenour EID based typology of countries and the typology of capitalism. Finally, the third chapterfocuses on how levels of inequality, which are largely dependent on different forms ofcapitalism, can influence the adoption of EID. By means of an econometric analysis, weattempt to determine which mechanisms are most likely to explain this phenomenon
Cerda, Planas Lorenzo. "Towards greener societies : nudging behaviour at a country and global scale." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010037.
Full textThis paper aims to provide an alternative explanation for why countries behave differently with respect to the environment and contributions to global pollution, although they might be quite similar from an economic development point of view. To explore this idea, I use a simple micro-founded model in which individuals derive utility from their own well-being as well as from a moral standpoint. The utility of the latter concept comes from the idea that individuals derive satisfaction from doing ‘the right thing’ (at least to some degree) – or, according to Immanuel Kant, from behaving according to the imperative principle. Being or acting green could fall into the category of such imperative principles. Using these concepts in addition to a simple political framework, I show that two equivalent societies (i.e., societies with the same income, political system, etc.) can reach two different environmental behaviour equilibria. I also locate the means of nudging a society from one equilibrium to another. Although I do not claim that this explanation is the only reason for why countries behave differently, this model provides a very simple rationale for why this could happen
Niez, Lempp Alexandra. "Le progrès technique face à une contrainte environnementale : le cas de la France." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136574.
Full textNous montrons de plus comment la direction du progrès technique peut vraisemblablement être influencée par une contrainte d'émissions. Ne pas prendre en compte et effet sur le progrès technique mènerait à la sous-estimation des capacités de réaction d'une économie. Nous proposons enfin une réflexion sur les effets du progrès technique induit par une contrainte environnementale dans un cadre d'équilibre général. Le progrès technique est ici définit comme une demande croissante du facteur de production intangible en réaction à une contrainte d'émissions, ce qui permet l'augmentation de l'efficacité des facteurs de production tangibles.
Arnal, Juliette. "La normalisation sociale et environnementale et les relations inter-entreprises." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00269046.
Full textL'éthique de l'entreprise satisfait une demande de repérage et d'affirmation de règles communes relatives à la sphère économique. La formalisation de l'éthique permet à la firme de l'intégrer à ses politiques. Les normes éthiques, outils spécifiques de formalisation, établissent un compromis entre la recherche d'une attitude responsable, un état de la technique et les contraintes économiques. L'intérêt porté aux normes éthiques se justifie par le fait qu'elles représentent des modes de régulation originaux des relations inter-entreprises sur le plan de la coordination et des échanges. Trois caractéristiques de ces normes sont à mettre en perspective : elles sont de nature hétérogène, en plein foisonnement et traduisent une régulation de la sphère privée par elle-même. Dans ce contexte l'éthique de l'entreprise est loin d'être neutre en termes de régulation des fournisseurs et des sous-traitants et plus généralement en termes de rôle de l'entreprise dans la société. L'utilisation de ces normes éthiques révèle une segmentation entre des fournisseurs primaires et secondaires. Les normes éthiques créent de la confiance pour certains et instrumentent la dépendance pour d'autres. Ces pratiques sont confirmées dans une perspective institutionnelle par les modes de construction des normes et les zones d'influence qu'elles créent. Les entreprises, les Etats et les organisations internationales interviennent dans la structuration de l'architecture internationale de la normalisation éthique. Cette architecture révèle le pouvoir structurel de la normalisation en tant que moyen de régulation des relations inter-firmes et du capitalisme.
Bain-Thouverez, Justine. "L’intégrité du déchet face aux impératifs environnementaux et économiques." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA111014.
Full textWaste was previously apprehended along the classic summa division of public and private law while concealing its environmental dimension. This traditional distinction has been called into question ever since the notion of waste has gradually expanded in view of economic and environmental issues. The unity of the notion of waste around his inherent parts is now necessary. The ambivalent nature of waste dictates us to go further than this division of law. In order to respect waste’s integrity and its true nature, environmental law must work together with other branches of law towards a co-production that implies mutual constraints. Defining the different ways these legal disciplines collaborate constitutes the study’s objective. These are founded on one hand, on waste management’s integration into market laws, ensuring the meeting of environmental and economical considerations and on the other hand, on the application of competition law to waste management when practices integrate an environmental aspect. Only once the interactions between environmental and economical imperatives are defined can waste’s unity be recognised
Salgas, Antoine. "Modélisation de scénarios prospectifs pour l’aviation : régionalisation, étude des coûts d’abattement et optimisation technico-économique sous contraintes environnementales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, ISAE, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025ESAE0001.
Full textThe anthropogenic origin of climate change is now unequivocal, and its mitigation requires drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Although aviation is a relatively moderate emitter, it still accounts for about 2.6% of CO2 emissions and is responsible for significantnon-CO2, globally warming effects. Several decarbonisation levers are available to reverse the upward emissions trend, including further improvements in aircraft and operational efficiency and the replacement of fossil kerosene with low-carbon alternatives. The advantages and disadvantages of these different options, as well as their interactions, can be explored in prospective transition scenarios. Although they are used by several institutional, industrial or academic stakeholders, they often lack either a detailed and transparent methodology, sufficient disciplinary coverage to make informed strategic choices, or limited adaptability to different cases of application. This thesis proposes three areas of improvement to address these issues, as part of the continuing development of AeroMAPS, a prospective scenario simulator specific to air transport decarbonisation. First, as decarbonisation opportunities vary from region to region (natural and financial resources, traffic levels...), the adaptability of transition scenarios to these different scales is a key issue. This thesis contributes to addressing this issue by presenting a method for estimating air traffic and CO2 emission flows in an open source, reproducible and partitionable manner. These data are used in AeroMAPS to generate scenarios at reduced scales, such as a continent or a country. They are also used to study the air transport use around the world, revealing strong inequalities. Then, this work enriches the modelling of transition scenarios by adapting and integrating different cost models into the same framework. In particular, models from the literature for estimating the minimum selling prices of various alternative low-carbon fuels are used to study the evolution of energy costs for the aviation sector. Similarly, operational cost models are implemented to model the overall impact of different decarbonisation levers on airline costs. These models are also used to study the technical and economic impact of aircraft architectures in a constrained environmental context. Lastly, the economic efficiency of the different decarbonisation levers is examined using two approaches. On the one hand, it can be assessed using carbon abatement cost metrics and sectoral marginal abatement cost curves adapted and developed for the context of transition scenarios. In particular, this makes it possible to compare the costs of decarbonising air transport with different reference carbon values. On the other hand, a more comprehensive cost-effectiveness approach is presented through cost optimisation of transition scenarios. An application is proposed to challenge the fuel blending mandates of the ReFuelEU legislation for European aviation for different carbon budget and energy resource constraints
Isbasoiu, Ancuta. "Analyse multicritère des politiques publiques environnementales dans l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA019/document.
Full textThe European Union has an ambitious agenda to deal with the effects of climate change, the European institutions must now take environment into account within the framework of its policies. The objective of my thesis is to evaluate the impacts of European public policies on agriculture and environment, to measure their crossed effects and to assess the potential for a better coordination of these policies. The thesis aims to enrich the economic analysis on important issues refocused on the reduction of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the EU and the level of agricultural production, from a quantitative perspective. The methodology is based on a mathematical programming model that simulates the European agricultural supply (AROPAj), using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. The analysis is carried out at several levels, European, national, regional and sub-regional, taking into account the variability of the economic context that characterizes the European agriculture over the six years 2007-2012. We first assess how agriculture may contribute to the mitigation of EU GHG emissions and provide a detailed analysis of marginal abatement cost curves. The results show that, on average, over the period 2007-2012, EU agriculture may reduce its emissions by around 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively for emission prices of 38, 112.5 and 205 EUR/tCO2eq. We show that agriculture may offer substantial mitigation and that mitigation costs and potential vary in time and in space. The second issue studied concerns the compatibility between the increase in agricultural production and the reduction of the impact of agriculture on the environment. By introducing a primal approach (via a carbon price) and a dual approach (via a calorie target), we show that we can reduce GHG emissions and change agricultural supply while increasing the quantity of food calories. We extend the issue of GHG emissions by separating the prices of the two gases (CH4 et N2O). A differentiated price system allows to better adapt the climate regulation policy according to the time horizon on which we are projected, offering flexibility in reducing the emission abatement costs
Carvin, Olivier. "L’impact du mécanisme de paiement des contrats agro-environnementaux sur la participation des agriculteurs." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD011.
Full textIn order to take into account environment problematics into the Common Agricultural Policy, European Union members States have to set up agri-environmental measures (AEM) since 1992 (Council regulation 2078/92). AEM suffer from farmers’ overcompensation for least demanding measures, and also from low farmers’ subscription for most demanding measures. In order to increase the farmers’ participation in most demanding measures, the aim of this thesis is to study the payment mechanism. Particularly, we raise an issue of the farmers’ participation improvement by establishing an agri-environmental measure with a digressive payment. Chapter 1 realizes a literature review of realistic mechanism payment innovations, deconstructing it in four dimensions: the aim (maintaining or changing practices); principle (action-based or result-based measures); flexibility (fixed payments or differentiated payments); and the recipient (individual or collective payments). In chapter 2, we model the farmer’s decision to contract an AEM, taking into account the payment form, costs form, time preferences and risk aversion. We found that a digressive payment can be a solution to improve agri-environmental policy efficiency for measures requiring some investments. In chapter 3, using an economic lab experiment, we test the relation between time preferences of subjects and their decision to subscribe a contract. We observe that discount rate has a significant influence on subjects’ decision to subscribe. Finally, in chapter 4, we realize a choice experiment on farmers to study their interest for a digressive payment. It shows that their interest for a digressive payment is stronger if the measure is more demanding in terms of changes of habits. Furthermore, we observe that there is strong heterogeneity in farmers’ contract characteristics preferences
Ngo, Anh-Thu. "Environmentally responsible consumption of ethanol blended gasoline : behavioural determinants, economic decisions and politics of intervention." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27158/27158.pdf.
Full textVallee, Jean-François. "La nécessité d'une mise en cohérence d'un ordre juridique environnemental et économique mondial." Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0006.
Full textIs the hypothesis of a more balanced global governance for the sustainable development ofboth trade and environment plausible?Are the institutions devoted to environmental protection really efficient?Are they not too scattered to be effective? Don’t they lack some kind of coherence?Can institutions in charge of trade development enforce environmental rules? Do they havethe means to do so?In an ultra-free market context the phenomenon of deregulation seems to favor thedevelopment of economic and financial activity at the expense of a strengthening ofenvironmental measures.It seems necessary to consider reconciling the rules of free trade-based international trade lawand the vital requirements of environmental protection law within the scope of sustainabledevelopment.Should then one contemplate creating a new specialized international body in charge ofgoverning the global environment? Or on the contrary, should one strengthen an alreadyexisting organization by granting it a dual competency , responsible for working out a newinternational sustainable development law by enacting a set of unified and coherent trade andenvironmental rules; ( A kind of international sustainable development law).The transformation of the multilateral system, the strengthening and the greening of itsstructures appear as possible solutions to handle both environmental concerns andcommercial requirements.This ambitious challenge of a fairer, more balanced global governance probably provides anopportunity to see how necessary it is to combine environmental law and international tradelaw; this coherence in global environmental and economic law seems possible
Abbes, Nader. "L'impact du volet environnemental de la loi sur les nouvelles régulations économiques (NRE) sur le management des entreprises." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100088.
Full textThe State missed a long time the management relationship of economy and law with the environment. Under the increasing pressure of a national and international mobilization and due to the increase of problems involving environment, several regulatory and economic measures in favor of the environmental protection were adopted by the whole of the Western countries. Initially, the public authorities started to worry about the general state of the environment and set up legislation, which intend to fight the insufficiencies of social equity and environmental concerns. Then, in response to a regulatory step, considered to be too constraining by the private actors, the State formulate a set of economic tools, reconciling society waits and companies’ development competitiveness objectives. Lastly, with the relative effectiveness of the various regulatory economic and environmental protection instruments, known as traditional, the State gradually transferred its responsibilities to the private actors by betting on the co-regulation and self-regulation. Our empirical work concerns the law impact on the new economic regulations (NRE) on the behavior of the companies concerning environmental reporting. The narrative contents of of the CAC 40 companies reports SD/CSR, is the object of our study. Our analysis will be led by two complementary approaches: a statistical and lexical analysis and an analysis set of themes, both, carried out using a textual analysis software, “Alceste”
Yokessa, Maïmouna. "Politiques environnementales et alimentation : que nous apprennent les préférences des consommateurs ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA023.
Full textThis Ph.D. dissertation focuses on consumers’ behavior towards the environment through food choices, to determine the most appropriate policies to limit the impact of the food system on the environment. This dissertation consists of four articles that study the monetary valuation of environmental characteristics by consumers, and the choices of public policy instruments related to these valuations.The first article, through a review of the literature, shows that the proliferation of eco-labels and the complexity of environmental information impede the ability of these eco-labels to influence consumers’ behaviors.In this context, the tax and subsidy mechanisms appear as an alternative solution which is studied in this dissertation by integrating experimental results. The rest of this dissertation examines the experimental results concerning the revelation of environmental messages and the monetary valuation of different dairy products. These experimental results related to dairy products are used to calculate taxes and subsidies that maximize consumers’ welfare.The second article studies how environmental messages influence consumer preferences, using an online choice experiment and a lab experiment. These two experiences show relative stability of preferences, especially when it comes to the significant decrease in the willingness to pay for the basic product, following the disclosure of information on the environmental consequences of the products.The third article focuses on two laboratory experiments when the number of offered products varies. The second experiment incorporates new products guaranteeing an equitable price sharing in the dairy production chain. It is shown that the monetary valuations for environmental criteria are dominated by higher valuation for health or for social criteria regarding the fair sharing of the value in the production chain.The fourth article uses the preferences revealed in one of the previous experiments around dairy products to calculate taxes and subsidies that maximize the consumers’ welfare. The levels of taxation estimated with our work are significantly higher than those that could be estimated by using the carbon prices advised by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).These four articles help to quantify public policy options applied to a specific type of product, and by taking into account market mechanisms
Moineville, Gabrielle. "L'Économie de la responsabilité sociale et environnementale de l'entreprise : le rôle informationnel des tierces tarties." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00820117.
Full textKebalo, Lelenda. "Produits résiduaires organiques issus de déchets périurbains : évaluation des potentialités et impacts agro-environnementaux en maraîchage périurbain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB003.
Full textIn densely populated areas, significant amounts of organic waste are generated, presenting an opportunity for peri-urban agriculture, particularly in the context of developing market gardening (MG) driven by evolving policies and the growing demand for locally sourced food. Despite this potential, the benefits and environmental impacts related to the use of bio-based fertilizers (BBFs) derived from these waste materials in MG and related crop successions remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study adopted a multifaceted approach involving farmer interviews, field and greenhouse experiments, and long-term simulation of BBF use to comprehensively explore these aspects.Findings revealed that the Saclay plateau (SP), a peri-urban study area near Paris, is experiencing an increase in market gardening activities. The most commonly used BBFs in MG currently include green waste compost and animal manure. Additionally, there is a growing interest in biowaste compost. Under specific safety conditions, there is potential consideration for the use of human urine and food biowaste digestate. According to estimates, the BBFs already present on the SP can significantly meet the soil amendment demands for MG. However, concerning BBFs with fertilizing value, the potentially available biowaste digestate and human urine could be of great interest as they are also capable of largely fulfilling the MG requirement.Experimental investigations demonstrated that the combined use of BBFs with amendment and fertilizing value resulted in lettuce or tomato yields comparable to synthetic fertilizers (SFs) and did not pose any risks associated with heavy metal uptake or pathogen contamination. Soil assessments highlighted the ability of BBFs to maintain soil pH and potentially increase soil organic carbon and nutrient stocks over the long term.Using the calibrated STICS crop model for lettuce, simulations involving BBF use within a lettuce-wheat rotation (a common practice around SP) over a 30-year period indicated significant increases in wheat and lettuce yields, although the mineral nitrogen (N) rate was set to be limited and consistent over time. The application of green waste and food waste composts at 4 t C ha-1 or manure at 2.3 t C ha-1 every 2 years, combined with the incorporation of wheat and cover crop residues, increased soil organic carbon stocks from 36 t C ha-1 (initial stock) to values ranging from 45 to 55 t C ha-1, depending on the type of BBFs used. The increase was more pronounced for green waste compost applications.Nevertheless, the study drew attention to the significant risk of nitrate leaching associated with the application of BBFs, particularly when nitrogen mineralization occurred during winter at the initial stages of wheat growth. Furthermore, the use of BBFs appeared to contribute to an increase in nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions.This thesis work highlighted the considerable potential of BBFs in peri-urban market gardening. However, it also emphasized the critical necessity for ongoing research, strict safety protocols, and specific application methods to effectively harness the benefits of these BBFs in MG practices. Moreover, assessing the long-term agro-environmental impacts using BBFs at optimal rates could help estimate the reduction in SF use over time while maintaining economical yields, and also explore the more realistic potential of nitrate leaching, N2O emission, and ammonia volatilization
Vallee, Jean-François. "La nécessité d'une mise en cohérence d'un ordre juridique environnemental et économique mondial." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0006.
Full textIs the hypothesis of a more balanced global governance for the sustainable development ofboth trade and environment plausible?Are the institutions devoted to environmental protection really efficient?Are they not too scattered to be effective? Don’t they lack some kind of coherence?Can institutions in charge of trade development enforce environmental rules? Do they havethe means to do so?In an ultra-free market context the phenomenon of deregulation seems to favor thedevelopment of economic and financial activity at the expense of a strengthening ofenvironmental measures.It seems necessary to consider reconciling the rules of free trade-based international trade lawand the vital requirements of environmental protection law within the scope of sustainabledevelopment.Should then one contemplate creating a new specialized international body in charge ofgoverning the global environment? Or on the contrary, should one strengthen an alreadyexisting organization by granting it a dual competency , responsible for working out a newinternational sustainable development law by enacting a set of unified and coherent trade andenvironmental rules; ( A kind of international sustainable development law).The transformation of the multilateral system, the strengthening and the greening of itsstructures appear as possible solutions to handle both environmental concerns andcommercial requirements.This ambitious challenge of a fairer, more balanced global governance probably provides anopportunity to see how necessary it is to combine environmental law and international tradelaw; this coherence in global environmental and economic law seems possible