Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Économie du partage'
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Sidoli, Yoann. "L'usage en partage : Analyse comparative des modèles socio-économiques d' "économie de (la) fonctionnalité" et d' "économie collaborative"." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR2008/document.
Full textAmong the designations that flourish in the economic press through the attractive name of « new business models » (in English in the text), two of them are specifically based on property sharing : « functional economy » and « sharing economy ». They both connect technological innovations with the evolution of social practices. These approaches intend to take advantage of a contemporary transformation of consumption patterns, characterized by a desecration of the role given to material goods.Our research focuses on the construction and meaning of several socio-economic models, in principle aiming to foster sustainable development. Although the multiplication of designations muddles the definitions of the models, each of them is connected to its own network of actors. Even if the French translations for « functional economy », « économie de fonctionnalité » and « économie de la fonctionnalité », are distinguished only by a definite article, they refer to two contradictory approaches. Similarly, while the term « sharing economy » firstly evokes the « peer-to-peer » (in English in the text) banner, it rapidly spreads to describe a form of connexionist capitalism.The deployment of the studied models makes it possible to capture certain transformations of contemporary representations. The relative success of the models depends on the correspondence of the ideals attached to each of them and the socio-economic facts experienced by actors. Evolution of work, changes in the outlines of property or distrust towards the political class are revealed by the analysis of discourses related to our topics
Gille, Laurent. "Partager et échanger : les valeurs du lien et du bien." Paris, CNAM, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CNAM0428.
Full textTwo different value systems are being pointed at according to the way goods are circulated. In the first one we have a "sharing" system where the social link drives goods attribution. In the second one we have an "exchange" system (the market economy) where goods are circulated without much relation to the social link. Using a structuralist vision, we show that these two systems go along with two different mechanisms for expressing desire, that do not conflict but complement each other. We identify how the "sharing" economy takes place today. In particular we analyse the commercial relationships linking men to ensure the circulation of goods. Analysing new mediations such as allowed by the new information technologies, we show that modern economy reintroduces some social link through the exchange of goods. This goes as far as authorizing the trade of people, i. E. Exchanges where what is valued is not only the exchanged goods, but people involved in the exchange itself
Hentati, Imen. "Contributions à l' économie de la famille : effet du statut marital sur le comportement des ménages." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CERG0800/document.
Full textThis work is a contribution to the economy of the family to analyze the importance of the family interactions on the behavior of the economic agents. So we propose during this document an evaluation of the importance of these interactions in the decision-making of the households. The basic model which will be used in the various results is the one of Browing and Chiappori ( 1998 ) and generalized by Chiappori and Ekeland (2006 ). This work contains possibly three chapters the objective of which is unique; it is a question of analyzing the effect of the family interactions on the decision-making of the households: The first part of the thesis has for objective to model the effect of parental's risk aversion on their marital choice. The theoretical foundations of this work are in a generalization of the article of Arrondel and Calvo(2011). In the second part of the thesis, we estimate the effect of the marital status, marriage vs cohabitation, on children's well-being by using the data of the Family Expenditure Survey, FES, for period 1995-2006. In the third part of the thesis, we illustrate the relation “matrimoine consumption” by a more structural empirical application using the same British data but for longer period ( 1988-2007 ). More particularly, we are interested to estimate individual children’s cost. The proposed model is inspired by recent collective model of the behavior of the household developed by Browning, Chiappori et Lewbel (2008) and Lewbel et Pendakur (2008)
Guichaoua, Yvan. "L'analyse microéconomique des relations d'emploi dans le secteur informel urbain : une étude de cas en Côte d'Ivoire." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00346647.
Full textAmrani, Fayçal. "Analyse du partage des risques financiers dans un système bancaire islamique." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090059.
Full textWe analyze in this thesis the financial risk-sharing in an Islamic banking system. We build an analytical framework based on two provisions of Islamic law of contracts: the prohibition of Riba and Gharar. First, we analyze profit-sharing contracts, focusing on their role as an asset and their risk allocation. We also explain the dominance of mark-up contracts in the current practice of Islamic financial institutions. We then analyze the capital structure of Islamic banks, focusing on non-remunerated guaranteed accounts and their flexibility. We show the central place of the regulator in producing the necessaries conditions of good uses of these resources
Padanassirou, Tchatina. "Essai sur la notion d'économie du contrat pétrolier : étude transnationale de cinquante contrats africains de partage de production." Thesis, Lorient, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORIL553.
Full textWhile it used to be controversial, it is now self-explanatory that the notion of contract economics is meaningful. It is about aggregating elements necessary to achieve the contract’s overall economic and specific function. In this case, contract economics is seen as a tool to analyse and determine the outcome of a contract which, by moving away from the analytical approach that considers a contract as an addition of obligations, underlines the economic transaction that parties are looking to achieve; indeed, at the root of a contract sits an economic transaction, which is the objective material of the agreement of wills. Thus, studied in the framework of oil contracts, this notion makes it possible to build a renovated understanding of these contracts with a goal-driven angle, by using, as a reading grid, the concrete profile of the transaction that is the contract’s purpose. Such an approach is of interest to move the real, inner or psychological will of the parties into a rationalised will assigned to a contractual objective. It also helps to change our way of understanding the principle of contractual inviolability in such a way that this notion would be attached to the usefulness of the planned transaction
Nguyen, Stéphanie. "Les services collaboratifs : définition et étude de deux spécificités, l'interchangeabilité des pairs et le contournement de la plateforme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/201124_NGUYEN_961re891sguj454cw388esqaz_TH.pdf.
Full textThis dissertation starts with an analysis of the fast-growing body of literature on the sharing economy and collaborative consumption. In that analysis, we leverage insights from both a conceptual review and a systematic analysis based on bibliometric methods. Focusing on the distinctiveness and innovativeness of collaborative services, we then investigate the consequences of their unique characteristics on peer (dis)engagement mechanisms. Drawing on the construal level theory, we first examine the role of interchangeability between users and providers. Our study (N=222) shows the influence of interchangeability on trust and, in turn, on intention to participate, through the full mediation of social proximity. Using a mixed-methods approach, we next explore users’ bypass practices, where peers skip the platform’s intermediation stage and finalize the exchange directly with each other. We first propose a typology of participants’ bypass behaviors. Based on our findings, we identify the factors influencing users’ bypass intention, we then present and test our empirical model. The results of a study based on accommodation-rental (N=311) and ride-sharing (N=242) participants show the positive and negative influences of perceived bypass playfulness and perceived bypass risks, respectively. However, the influence of bypass economic benefits is not significant, except for accommodation-rental users in non-exclusive relationships with platforms. This research contributes to both the services marketing and the consumer behavior literature, by questioning the expanding role of today’s digital users and consumers
Khelladi, Maya. "Gestion, économie et partage de l'eau dans les milieux semi-arides : contribution à une politique durable de l'eau : illustration à travers les cas du nord ouest de l'Algérie et du sud est de l'Espagne." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010039.
Full textWater scarcity is dealt with practically every day by the media, to manage it is a real challenge. The review of cases such as north west Algeria and south east Spain allowed for important findings to be reached. Population growth rate and the need for irrigation are the main reasons for increased demand. Water was managed in a sustainable way when demand was low. But since the beginning of the century, public authorities action focused in increasing the offer by every means. The management planing, shading away from its responsibilities, provoked shortages, waste, conflicts and deterioration. Consequently, public authorities are now promoting the liberalisation of water production and distribution. But water is not just a commodity, it is an essential element for life and a decisive factor of social cohesion. Market is not in favour of an ecologically and socially sound water management. Institutions are the guarantor of a sound and cautious usage of water and can modify behaviours in favour of a better management in a situation of scarcity. Ensuring the biosphere reproduction requires to be in conformity with it's renewal sequences and assimilation capacities. Mastering the hydrosystems, establishing water basins boards, impact studies, controlling waste and degradations, recycling and re-utilisation of water are tools which help to reach it. Taking into account the social dimension requires that basic needs are satisfied and to ensure equal development opportunities. To achieve this objective it is essential to have an accurate definition of utilisation rights and to offer the possibility for all actors to participate in the decision making process. A sustainable economic growth is necessary to obtain these results. The implementation of fees and subsidies, technical progress as well as setting up priorities would definitively help to reach these goals
Pino, Angel. "Des salaires et de la répartition comme indicateurs des transformations sociales en Chine populaire : 1949-1989." Paris 13, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA131003.
Full textPiton, Sophie. "Macroeconomic imbalances : a European perspective." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E016.
Full textThis doctoral thesis gathers three articles on macroeconomic imbalances in Europe. It deals with two types of imbalances: imbalances among European countries, and within these countries, in the distribution of income between labour and capital. From the Euro inception up to the 2008 global financial crisis, macroeconomic imbalances widened among Member States. This divergence took the form of strong differences in the dynamics of prices and wages: they increased much faster in "peripheral" economies than in "core" countries. These imbalances were first interpreted as reflecting a catch-up and convergence process of the poorest countries of the area. Both economists and policymakers challenged this view in the aftermath of the 2008 recession. Imbalances were then pointed out as reflecting a broader competitiveness problem in the "sinful periphery" compared to the "virtuous core". The first two chapters ask what are the main contributors to these imbalances. They argue that, in peripheral economies, they mostly reflect the process of economic integration. The third chapter focuses on the distribution of income between labour and capital. Since the early 1980s, there has been a decline in the share of income accruing to labour in European countries. This decline was parallel to an increase in the profit share, that reflects mostly the dynamics of payouts (dividends and buybacks) to shareholders. This chapter argues that these trends could be linked to recent trends in firm ownership. Non-financial corporations are increasingly owned by institutional investors, whom exert pressures for tighter governance in favor of shareholders and to the expense of labour
Arès, François. "Le partage des pouvoirs en environnement : une analyse économique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29482.
Full textJ’explore les implications d’une structure fédérale sur l’allocation des pouvoirs et la fixation des politiques environnementales entre diverses juridictions. Pour ce faire, j’applique le modèle d’agence commune développé par Bernheim et Whinston (1886) à l’élaboration d’une politique environnementale dans une fédération centralisée. Je donne la possibilité au gouvernement central de choisir les taxes sur les émissions qui s’appliquent sur son territoire, mais également d’effectuer des transferts monétaires entre les gouvernements. À partir de ce modèle, je détermine si les allocations d’équilibre qui résultent de ce processus peuvent être optimales et, le cas échéant, sous quelles conditions elles peuvent l’être. Puis, je propose une statique comparative afin d’éclairer le lecteur sur les mécanismes par lesquels la politique fédérale s’ajuste à des variations exogènes des paramètres étudiés. Un résultat du modèle est que la possibilité de modifier les transferts interrégionaux incite le gouvernement fédéral à taxer davantage les externalités environnementales. Je propose en deuxième lieu un modèle général d’allocation des pouvoirs au sein d’une fédération à l’aide, notamment, d’un jeu d’agence à choix discret. Je distingue la situation où les pouvoirs initiaux sont alloués au gouvernement fédéral de celle où les pouvoirs seraient plutôt réservés aux gouvernements locaux. Un résultat de ce modèle est que si les pouvoirs sont initialement réservés au gouvernement fédéral, celui-ci n’est jamais incité à accorder ces pouvoirs aux gouvernements infranationaux, indépendamment du type de polluant visé.
Lefebvre, Marianne. "Mécanismes d'allocation de l'eau d'irrigation et gestion du risque sécheresse en agriculture." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10026/document.
Full textWith climate change, agriculture will have to adapt to face increasingly frequent and more severe droughts. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water and will face most of the water restrictions in the coming years. Existing water allocation mechanisms (pricing, water markets, rationing scheme) often fail to take into account the high variability of the resource, whereas those mechanisms have strong impacts on the risk born by agricultural water users. Water allocation schemes can contribute to reduce the cost of drought risk for farmers and society by integrating risk management mechanisms. We address this question in two different contexts: France, where water is managed by public authorities that are responsible for the rationing scheme and define the allocation of water between farmers in case of scarcity; Australia, where water markets have been implemented in order to allow water transfers between farmers. This Ph.D. dissertation is composed of 3 articles (chapter 2, 3 and 5 in English) and background information (chapter 1 and 4 in French). Chapter 1 describes the organization of irrigation water allocation in France. Chapters 2 and 3 analyze the interactions between the restrictions rules used in France to share the resource in crisis times and the self-insurance strategies of farmers. We investigate the particular example of on-farm storage, an increasingly widespread risk management tool used by French farmers. Chapter 2 models the decisions of agents heterogeneous in their risk tolerance that can substitute the use of a a secure private alternative to the use of a common pool resource of uncertain size. We find the optimal sharing rule under two assumptions concerning the regulator: i) the social planner defines simultaneously the sharing rule and the diversification choices in order to maximize social welfare; ii) the policy maker uses the sharing rule as an instrument to induce each agent to make the optimal diversification decision. Chapter 3 uses laboratory experiment to analyze how the sharing rule impacts the individual trade-off between relying on a free but uncertain resource and investing in a secure alternative resource. Rules are compared on the basis of their ability to facilitate coordination on the optimal investment in the secure resource. Chapter 4 presents how irrigation water is allocated between users in Australia in case of drought. Chapter 5 studies with a laboratory experiment, designed such as capturing the main characteristics of Australian water markets, whether offering different levels of security for water rights could potentially allow water users to manage the risks of supply uncertainty better. We find that a two security levels system improves both allocative efficiency and risk management, but only when transactions costs are higher in the market for water allocation than in the market for water rights. A system with different levels of security for water rights can be detrimental to cost-effectiveness by increasing the number of costly trades on the water rights market
Bunel, Alison. "L'analyse économique de l'utilisation partagée du spectre hertzien." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EVRY0016/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at analyzing the impact of dynamic spectrum sharing on the ways in which spectrum resources are assigned and valued. The physical, technical and economic characteristics of radioelectric frequencies make national and international coordination and planning of spectrum necessary. Below this level of international coordination of spectrum management, at a micro-analytic level, there are three methods for the management and assignment of radiofrequencies: the administrative approach (the command and control approach), the market-based approach, the spectrum commons approach. However, these past few years have been marked by problems of both scarcity and underuse of frequencies, bringing into question the efficiency of today’s management system. The dawn of numerous technological innovations, in particular the emerging cognitive technologies allowing a shared use of spectrum, seems to constitute a solution to these issues. Furthermore, these technologies make it possible to imagine selling and transferring spectrum usage rights through several forms (spectrum exchange, brokering, real time trading). Hence, the emerging question of whether this resource with very particular physical characteristics, governed until now by hyper specialized management, could one day become an object of trade between economic actors. This issue leads us to use the concepts of transaction cost theory and to adopt a contractual approach of spectrum sharing. Our analysis shows the diversity of property rights trading in the framework of a shared use. Based on an analysis of several governance structures, we defend the thesis of complementarity between the different ways of organizing the spectrum property rights transactions in a world of sharing. Finally, we show, in a world of sharing, the need to apply hybrid resource valuing approaches for a more efficient management
Ntinoka, Vasiliki. "Le partage du contentieux de la régulation économique des autorités indépendantes." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D029.
Full textThe illogical partition of the litigation of the acts of the independent authorities in charge with the economic regulation between the ordinary courts and the Council of State displays an instrumentalisation of the requirement of a proper administration of justice, a requirement that was at first presented as the reason for such a sharing. The absence of procedural and jurisprudential unity reflects the inappropriate nature of thisdivision of powers. The principle of proper administration of justice requires taking into account the specificity and the unity of the regulatory mission entrusted by the State to these authorities and therefore unifying the litigation of their acts in favour of the Council of State
Zouri, Stéphane. "La Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest est-elle une zone monétaire optimale ?" Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E020.
Full textThis Ph.D. dissertation empirically investigates the optimality of a single currency in ECOWAS. It is subdivided into 4 chapters and is part of a dynamic approach to the theory of Optimum Currency Area (OCA). Chapter 1 shows that the traditional theory of OCA has not made it possible to make a credible and decisive judgement on the ability of West African states to form an OCA. In addition, it highlights the ambiguity of the results obtained in previous empirical works. However, these works are dated and the majority of them are static and omit the structural changes likely to occur in the area. Chapter 2 analyzes the degree of asymmetry of shocks within ECOWAS. We show that the economies of the region are marked by relatively high degrees of asymmetry. However, we stress the need to take into account the dynamic aspect of shocks, since a monetary union considered from the outset as costly can over time become beneficial. Chapter 3 identifies the determinants of synchronization of business cycles in ECOWAS. We show that bilateral trade and financial integration are determinants of the synchronization of business cycles in the region. In addition, we show that single currency increases the synchronization of business cycles through bilateral trade. Chapter 4 explores income and consumption smoothing patterns among ECOWAS. We show that official development assistance and gross savings smooth out asymmetric shocks between ECOWAS countries. Moreover, we show that even if the degree of risksharing has increased over time, it has remains limited. Thus, the creation of a supranational fiscal could provide an additional tool to mitigate asymmetric shocks in the region
Letarte, Marie-Claude. "Tant gagné ou temps perdu? : la réalisation d'une exposition sur l'évolution du travail domestique au 20e siècle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20947.
Full textKrichen, Mariem. "Modèle technico-économique pour le déploiement d'un réseau femto avec le partage de ressources." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0011.
Full textNowadays, the mobile operators want to offer a correct quality of service to their clients while they are in the heart of a catastrophic scenario with data request doubling from one year to another, networks reaching their capacity limits and stable revenues due to flat rate. The solution that we propose in this thesis is the exploitation of femto accesses, set up at clients place, through sharing resources. Since many types of cells should be managed with the introduction of femto cells, self-configuration mechanisms would be vital for mobile operators. The first part of this thesis compares the performances of three algorithms for the self-confi guration of the physical cell identifier in LTE. In the second part of the thesis, we present a techno-economic model where two types of actors interact. First, the femto access providers are the mobile operator clients who own femto access at their place and accept to share part of their bandwidth with other clients. Then, the femto access requesters are the mobile operator clients who need a good quality of service outdoor. In sharing femto access problem, requesters are competing to access providers resources. This competition is modeled as a game where requesters rely on a learning mechanism to address their requests. Through simulations, we evaluate the performances of this mechanism for different network loads and scenarios where competition between requesters differs. Finally, this mechanism is implemented on a static context then on a dynamic one. We propose a solution to mobility issues based on cells categorization
Jacques, Wels. "La dynamique des fins de carrières professionnelles: Analyses sociétales et longitudinales des transitions des travailleurs âgés sur le marché de l’emploi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/229428/3/table.pdf.
Full textThe reduction in the use of early retirement schemes, and, consequently, the increase in the duration of the working life have emerged as real targets. Several non-coercive measuring instruments have been implemented by European public policy for quantifying these targets. For instance, the increase in the employment rate of workers aged over 55 years old and the increase of the average effective age of retirement are quantitative tools used of achieving the same purpose: increasing the participation in the labour market of the older workers. One of the effects of these reforms has been the development of part-time early retirement arrangements, particularly in Belgium. Consequently, ends of professional careers take more complex forms characterized by interconnections of different statuses within and outside the labour market. The thesis – crossing an analysis of the evolution of the employment participation of older workers and a longitudinal analysis of professional careers – is divided into three chapters relating successively to indicators used for quantifying early withdrawals, the development of instruments aiming at reducing working time at the end of the career and the impact of working time arrangements at the end of the career on youth employment. The first chapter is based on a macro-sociological analysis of the dynamics of the labour market. First, by focusing on the early withdrawal of the older workers as a social problem, the thesis analyses the time gap between the withdrawal age and the compulsory retirement age. Second, the large set of arrangement used in Europe for leaving prematurely the labour market is examined. The first part is mainly based on a detailed analysis of the "average effective retirement age" indicator provided by the OECD. A longitudinal analysis (report of statuses from one year to the next) is also performed. The second part uses a hierarchical classification (clustering) and evaluates the evolution of the public policies effects between 2000 and 2010.The second chapter focuses on the working time reduction policies dedicated to older workers. Several aspects are reviewed. The first part extends the analysis developed in the first chapter by comparing the evolution of public policies on individual’s transitions from one status to another. The second part focuses on the recent development of "composite statutes" – a notion used to describe the combination of a position on the labour market and social benefits. Finally, the third and fourth parts focus on the legislative and the empirical evolution of two specific arrangements: the time credit (Belgium) and the combination of work and employment (France and Belgium).The third chapter provides an analysis of social rapports between generations on the labour market. The first part examines the impact of economic changes on the employment of younger generations and older workers in European countries. The analysis is based on three economic concepts – synchrony, hysteresis and dyschrony – describing the differentiated impact of economic changes on employment transitions. The second part, focusing on Belgium, examines the phenomenon of job sharing between generations and the concept of "lump of labour fallacy". Based on data derived from the Datawarehouse Labour Market and Social Protection, two logistic regressions are performed in order to evaluate the impact of the different composite statutes dedicated to older workers on the youth employment rate.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Taratynava, Natallia. "Modélisation par la théorie des jeux des échanges de prévisions dans un réseau d'entreprises." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802540.
Full textRaynaud, Emmanuel. "Propriété et exploitation partagée d'une marque commerciale : aléas contractuels et ordre privé." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010087.
Full textIn agro-food industry, many signs of quality are owned and/or exploited by several legally independent agents. On speak then of shared brand name. The aim of the thesis is to study organizational modes designed to govern shared brand name. Economic analysis teach that brand name is a quality signal whose value will depend on reputation. Agents that exploit a common brand name are confronted with the risk that individual behaviors drive to a decline of quality and to a loss of reputation for the brand name. We analyze this problem as one of imperfect commitments entailing contractual hazards between agents. The analysis is led on the basis of a stylized fact built from an empirical case of a group of millers that have created a flour and bread brand name, exclusively sold in traditional bakery. How agents linked by shared brand name can guarantee the respect of their initial commitment for the exploitation of the brand ? One seeks to reply using transaction cost economic framework on organizational modes, called governance structure. The central hypothesis is that governance structure framing shared brand name allows an improvement of quality commitments. In our empirical case, this governance structure take the form of a franchising system whose originality and theoretical interest reside in the fact that the "franchisees" (millers) have created a "franchisor", to govern their relations. Franchisees of the system are shareholder of the franchisor. We show that the creation of the "franchisor" allows the implementation of monitoring system on individual behavior, introducing a private ordering bteween agents. The efficiency of this monitoring system rest on the position of the "franchisor" in the contractual architecture of the governance structure (central party) and combines two complementary elements: (i) the creation of a franchise contract between the "franchisor" and each franchisee who create a rent to the maintenance of the reputation, (ii) the ability of the monitor to exclude "franchisees" of the system, this last loosing thus the rents. Our study put the emphasized on the contractual architecture of multilateral hybrid governance structure and is a first step toward a general theory of mechanisms governing shared quality signals. Our work has also normative implications in the field of competition policy
Breuillé, Marie-Laure. "Le partage de la rigueur budgétaire : interactions stratégiques entre niveaux de gouvernement." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100177.
Full textThe convergence criteria (1993) and even more the Stability and Growth Pact (1997) have raised the issue of fiscal coordination between the central government and local governments within each Member State. An incentive problem stems from the fact that public deficit and debt ratios apply to the consolidated public sector budget whereas only the central government is held responsible for violations. To abide by European commitments, the central government should then design and implement fiscal coordination mechanisms, aiming at internalizing fiscal externalities and making the local fiscal policies compatible with national targets. This thesis investigates which mechanisms are suitable to ensure that fiscal decentralization is consistent with fiscal discipline. In the first two chapters, we use a non-trivial Principal-Multi-Agent model to characterize the optimal intergovernmental grant schedule, when the cost of local public goods depends on hidden characteristics and actions of local governments, and under household mobility. In the third chapter, we analyse the impact of both horizontal and vertical fiscal interactions on the softness of the local budget constraint. Finally, we evaluate the efficiency of a local market of tradable deficit permits as a mechanism for the sharing of the budgetary austerity. We show how the manipulation of these instruments by local governments may alter their efficiency
Bournot, Anne. "Approche économique du partage des usages d'un actif multifonctions : le cas de l'estuaire de la Gironde." Bordeaux 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR40042.
Full textHuman activities have an impact on their environment. Most areas undergo environmental pressures, involving positive or negative externalities. In sharing a multifunctional territory, there is an essential question of allocating the resources between the users. We have to integrate use conflicts as well as the physical, biological and economic interactions. We illustrate our problem with an example : the Gironde estuary in France. Three elements are studied. The first one describes the impacts undergone by this territory. Secondly the impacts of human activities are evaluated and compared to the damage which it generates on commercial fisheries. Thirdly we examine sharing strategies of the damage and of a renewable resource : migratory fish stocks and propose a solution to a better cooperation between agents. This economic approach allows thinking about cohabitation between viability of economic activities and preservation of natural resources
Orgiazzi, Elsa. "Essais sur le partage de la valeur ajoutée et les inégalités." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX24016.
Full textMichel-Kerjan, Erwann. "Contributions à l'économie des "risques à grande échelle" : essais sur le partage des risques catastrophiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX24010.
Full textBéraud, Mathieu. "Analyse économique du temps réduit indemnisé : chômage dans l'emploi et stabilisation de la relation d'emploi." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010011.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is short-time working. This public employment policy tool gives an alternative choice to the firm which meets temporary difficulties : shorten working time instead of lay-off. So this instrument offers to the firms the possibility to preserve theirs workers when the demand slow down. Working time is flexizibilized and the contract is not broken. The research is organised around three questions : why the firms have interest (or are obliged) to mobilize their employees for a long period? For what reasons the firms make the choice to preserve (or not preserve) their employees when the demand slow down? What are the terms of the choices which are make by the firm between working time and employment? With these three questions we focalise our analysis on employment relationship, particulary on the problem of the stabilization of employment relationship. The thesis includes three parts. With the first part, we examine short time working compensated in four dimensions : historical dimension, legal dimension, international comparison dimension (Germany, Italy and United-Kingdom) and statistic dimension. With the second part, we mobilize different models of the economic theory in the way to understand the rules and institutions of short time working compensated. The analysis of these models gives us different instrument to built our own interpretation of the short-time worked compensated firms utilization with the regard of the question of the alternative between working time and employment management. The third part shows the logics and the factors which determine the different utilizations of short time worked compensated. Based on empirics inquiries in the firms, our research gives a typlogy of different types of firms which utilize short-time compensated scheme
Drut, Marion. "Using the concept of functional economy to explore the spatial and environmental challenges associated with sustainable mobility." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12013/document.
Full textTraffic congestion, parking problems, and air pollution constitute contemporary challenges affecting especially urban areas. These concerns are intertwined and mutually reinforcing ; there is thus a need to address them jointly. Using the concept of functional economy (FE), this thesis attempts to go beyond the traditional compartmentalized approach. More specifically, this study investigates the role of a function-based transportation system, and namely of sharing the uses, in addressing jointly the spatial and environmental issues associated with sustainable mobility. After a short presentation of the concept of FE and its application to transportation (essay 1), we examine the role of sharing the uses in addressing spatial and environmental issues (essay 2). Then, we highlight the mechanisms underlying the rivalry of use affecting parking (essay 3), as well as the impact of local air pollution on labor productivity (essay 4). This thesis allows putting into perspective transportation infrastructure projects or policies through a two-angle analysis of the issues associated with mobility. First, transportation policies are explored from a spatial perspective, with space considered as a scarce resource in open access and whose consumption from transportation modes is subject to a shadow cost and to rivalry. Then, the link between enhanced accessibility and increased local air pollution from transportation is drawn, and the analysis reveals that accounting for environmental impacts leads to more accurate assessments of the expected agglomeration gains
Sylvie, Lupton. "Incertitude sur la qualité et économie des biens controversés. Le marché d'épandage des boues de stations d'épuration urbaines." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00420846.
Full textLurton, Guillaume. "Le Choeur partagé : le chant choral en France, intégration socio-économique d'un monde de l'art moyen." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0037.
Full textThis dissertation describes the development of choir singing in France since the 1940’s. Collective vocal practices are studied here as an “art world”, as defined by Howard Becker. This work analyses the networks of interactions involved in the production of choir works. It is based on both qualitative data and statistical analysis of quantitative surveys. It mobilises both sociology of culture and economic sociology perspectives, to explain the dynamics of this art world. This dissertation focuses successively on four questions to analyse the world of choral music. Choir singing is first considered with regard of the symbolic hierarchies that structure artistic worlds. Choir music results from the fusion of highbrow and lowbrow musical repertoires. To that extent, it can be described as a “middle brow art”. The question of artistic cooperation is hen considered. The specificity of the choral world lies in the fact that its unity does not depend on a unique system of conventions, but on the definition of local equilibriums within choirs. A third part is devoted to the economy of amateur choir singing. This dissertation proposes a typology of economic forms. This theoretical frame is a tool which can be used to organize the diversity of an economy which does not relies exclusively on market forms nor on monetary exchanges. The last part of the dissertation is devoted to professionalization processes which transformed the production of choral works during the 1980’s
Sylvain, Arnaud. "Le partage de la valeur ajoutée en France depuis 1970." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00686280.
Full textLopes, Da Silva Antonio. "L'information et l'entreprise : des savoirs à partager et à capitaliser : méthodes, outils et applications à la veille." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30037.
Full textAfter drawing up an assessment of the current organisation of the technology watch at Snecma Moteurs, this thesis then presents how the management of all explicit information held by the entreprise must be centralized through a global information management system to be diffused and shared among all the actors. To gain in effectiveness and relevance, it is shown that it is necessary to make use of automated solutions based on information-processing tools approaching human analysis. Finally, this thesis presents how to make the company's experts become involved in the technology watch process by organizing working groups to capitalize their knowledge in order to constitute information files with added value and to develop decision-making tools. This new organization, mobilises, on the one hand, the best competences of the company in order to analyze information, and on the other hand, increases the knowledge of the experts by sharing and by confronting their knowledge with other experts
Jacquemet, Nicolas. "Essais d'économie appliquée sur l'intervention d'une tierce partie dans la relation d'agence." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001785.
Full textJacquemet, Nicolas. "Essais d'économie appliquée sur l'intervention d'une tierce partie dans la relation d'agence." Phd thesis, Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/jacquemet_n.
Full textAgency theory has provided a deep understanding of the conditions under which incentives manage to reconcile the diverging interests experienced by the principal and the agent. The essays presented in this thesis evaluate the empirical relevance of those results when a third party interacts with the primary contract. We focus on three archetypal situations: corruption behavior, the practice patterns of physicians and the demand for underground work. First, corruption refers to situations in which two contracts are at stake: a delegation contract between a Principal and an Agent and a corruption pact concluded between this Agent and a third player, called Briber. We first provide a survey of both empirical and theoretical recent literature on corruption, highlighting how corruption behavior results from the properties of each of those two contracts. We thereafter show that the Agent faces a conflict in reciprocities due to those two contradictory agreements. The resulting delegation effect, supported by observed behavior in our three-players experimental game, could account for the deterrence effect of wage on corruption. Second, the supply of health care is governed by contradictory objectives: patients are mainly worried about the quality (health) provided whereas containing health care cost is the primary goal of health care administrators. We provide further understanding into the ability of incentives to account for those two contradictory objectives. To this matter, our theoretical and econometric analysis is aimed at evaluating how a new mixed compensation scheme, introduced in Québec in 1999, has affected physicians practice patterns. The labour supply of physicians is described both by the extensive margins (total hours of work, number of services delivered) and the intensive margin (time devoted to each patient). Free switching is shown to be an essential feature of the reform, since it implements screening between physicians on the basis of their preferences regarding work practice. Last, the demand for underground work departs from previously analysed illegal behavior due to the benefit of illegality depending upon competitors' behavior. We set up a theoretical model linking the individual demand for underground work to this feature, with specific emphasis on the potential deterrence effect of denunciation. We first show that competition leads to the rather intuitive Bertrand curse: evasion occurs at the only equilibrium although it opens the door for a price war that cancels out the benefit of illegality. We next turn to the conditions under which an industry can sustain collusive evasion, a strategy where evasion benefits are recovered thanks to a collusive pricing behavior. Denunciation is shown to help firms in supporting this strategy at equilibrium, hence fostering underground work. Our empirical evidence supports those results. This leads to strong support against adding denunciation to actual deterrence policies. Overall, those three applications highlight the central role played by the interests of the three players involved, respectively: divergent, convergent but contradictory and divergent but helped by a mechanism of reconciliation
Orlova, Olena. "Orientation des systèmes fiscaux des pays participant à l'euro (L'UEM) vers le fédéralisme fiscal ? : exemplarité de la fiscalité canadienne." Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE0018.
Full textThe aim of this research is to find the answers to the following questions: do the EMU members' taxation systems take the orientation toward a fiscal federalism? In this case, what kind of federalism will it be? What is the minimal degree of harmonization that EMU members can accept? We have chosen Canadian taxation system as an eventual model for the EMU. In this research based on the theories of “conventional” fiscal federalism and of optimal monetary areas we noted that economical, legal and especially political hindrances prevent the EMU from moving forward a fiscal federalism of Canadian type. Actually, we can observe the existence of a particular form of federalism, “European federalism”, which doesn't take any known form. Fiscal hindrances to the perfect functioning of the EMU are subject to numerous endeavours of harmonization by community institutions. This harmonization is distinguished by a real stagnation and the sole way to modify the EMU members' taxation systems is “strengthening cooperation” advocated by the European Commission
Nodjirim, Boilengar. "Détermination des prix ou formation de la valeur économique : quelles grilles de lecture de la création et du partage de la valeur entre producteurs et transformateurs laitiers en Normandie ?" Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIME001/document.
Full textThe organisations of the innovative techniques, the products, the associated processes, the industrialisation and the territorialisation, have become the fundamentals of the creation of economic value. The partial market equilibrium approach does not allow for the complete understanding of this economic value. The actors in the dairy sector evolve strategically therefore the actors are gifted with intelligence which is not only logical. In the economic history of products, techniques and institutions, the agents have multiplied new forms of coalition themselves to better impose their new commercial arguments. This practice proceeds through organisation, service delegations and conventional rules. This posture allows us to lead a triangular analysis composed of the SCP model of industrial economy, the economy of conventions and the regional economy. The empirical and theorical stake is, if our arguments verify is that the dairy Sector allows mechanically, to appropriate the resources such as know-how, reputation, quality, included in the milk product or around the milk and externally of the markets.The organisation becomes a base of continuous creation of economic value and appropriates the distribution of this value between the sectors. In the dairy sector the branch representation by partial market equilibrium is approximate because our actors are capable of transforming their structure of market. This behaviour appears through price negotiations at the inter-professional level and through ambiguous compromises between the economic and industrial. The actors therefore invent new intentional values but in a framework of regional politics and conventional regulations. Disagreements between the stakeholder delegations are due to the creation of economic values and the contradictory interests of the sharing of these values. The free market regulation becomes problematical and the behaviour of the actors is more and more constrained by the codes, collective modes of evaluation of objects and operations can be found in the activity domains of milk production and transformation of dairy products
Fremont, Joséphine, and Joséphine Fremont. "Le Value Gap ou la question du partage de la valeur générée par la consommation d'œuvres musicales sur Internet." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33905.
Full textAu cours des vingt dernières années les modes de consommation d'oeuvres musicales ont été bouleversés par la révolution numérique. En effet, suite à la crise du disque et à la démocratisation des plateformes de téléchargement, les ayants droits d'oeuvres musicales ont dû faire face à l'apparition de nouvelles plateformes. Il s'agit des plateformes de streaming dites UGC pour user generated content, sur lesquelles les internautes télé-versent eux même le contenu qu'ils souhaitent, ce dernier devenant ainsi instantanément accessible par tous. Ce contenu, télé-versé sur des plateformes telles que YouTube, est souvent constitué d'oeuvres protégées par le droit d'auteur, et les autorisations nécessaires à sa mise à disposition sont rarement réunies. Pour autant, ce contenu mis en ligne génère par la suite une valeur importante, notamment grâce à la publicité. De cette forte valeur créée par la mise à disposition d'oeuvres protégées, les ayants droits de ces dernières ne perçoivent qu'une faible partie. Effectivement, les plateformes UGC sont mises à l'abri par le droit européen en ce qu'elles bénéficient de la qualité d'hébergeur au sens de la Directive 2000/31, relative à certains aspects juridiques des services de la société de l'information, et notamment du commerce électronique, dans le marché intérieur. Les plateformes ne sont donc pas responsables du contenu dont elles permettent l'accès à moins d'avoir été notifiées de la présence dudit contenu, et de ne pas avoir agi promptement pour en empêcher l'accès. Pour autant, après chaque notification et retrait d'une oeuvre protégée, cette même oeuvre réapparait à nouveau librement sur internet, et les interprétations souvent contradictoires de la Directive ont conduit à une très ample exonération des plateformes quant à leur responsabilité en matière de mise à disposition de musique protégée. Cela a eu pour effet de créer un déséquilibre significatif entre les revenus que les plateformes génèrent du fait de la mise à disposition de musique, et les revenus reversés aux créateurs de ces oeuvres, il s'agit du Value Gap. Afin de remédier à ce déséquilibre dans le partage de la valeur une proposition de Directive européenne pour le droit d'auteur dans le marché unique numérique est débattue depuis 2016. Celle-ci a pour objectif d'améliorer la rémunération des ayants droits notamment en encourageant la collaboration entre ces derniers et les plateformes qui diffusent leurs oeuvres. Cette proposition de Directive fait débat en ce qu’elle repose entre autres sur l’instauration de mesures techniques de reconnaissance de contenus afin de faire respecter les accords préconisés entre les plateformes et les ayants droits.
Fau, Nathalie. "Le nord de Sumatra: une périphérie indonésienne sur le détroit de Malacca : un espace partagé entre intégration nationale et recompositions transnationales." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100116.
Full textRécalt, Christine. "Entre partage et exclusion : les politiques de l'eau en Equateur depuis trente ans : l'exemple de Píllaro (Tungurahua)." Grenoble 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE21006.
Full textEcuador profits from 2,5 times more water resources than the world mean, it is one of the countries best provided in the planet. Nevertheless, since centuries, its hydraulic policies are the subject of sharp mobilizations. Still today the management styles of the resources are regularly disputed. Thus, within the framework of this thesis, the orientations of the modes of regulation, the models found and the results reached will be analysed. The institutional and social aspects of the noted evolutions will be particularly approached. Today, it is noted a deficiency of the modes of regulations adopted and a crisis of the models of interventions recommended by the international authorities, the approach of the governorship of water resources must be renewed to be durable. The interrogations relate to the goals of political economy really pursued to ensure the future of rural societies. Like the title of this study presents it, the essential dilemma is to chose between the most equitable possible division of resources to hope to obtain societies with durable practices, and the systematic exclusion of the least powerful actors economically. Research presented rests on a whole of questions of an analytical nature which relates at the same time to the nature of hydraulic policies, the devices of regulation set up and the principal modifications which have taken place. It specifies the mobilized theoretical bases. Then from the more normative point of view, the subsequent questions attempt to define the diagrams allowing a better management which minimize the disagreements and to propose organisational and institutional structures better able to implement them
Marque, Étienne. "L’accès aux énergies fossiles en droit international économique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0118.
Full textOur planet contains underground fossil deposits powering the Modern man, since nearly a century. The present study deals with the legal issue regarding the extraction and appropriation of fossil fuels. In their natural state, these resources have no legal existence and their regimes follow the one of the territories in which they lie. Therefore, in order to extract the deposits, it is first necessary to identify the rights owners of the oil regions and to take into account not only the diversity of these territories but also the diversity of the actors and interests at stake. Once the primary access rights owners identified, deposits may be discovered and developed, through specific mining contracts, adapted to all the specific features of the sector and local particularities for the optimization of the access to fossil fuels
Labadi, Moufida. "Protection des salariés et des actionnaires et partage de la valeur : effet de substituabilité ou de complémentarité ?" Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIME003/document.
Full textThe firm is represented as a set of contracts concluded between the various stakeholders, the shareholders, but also, creditors, employees, leaders, customers, suppliers, public authorities, etc. conflicts of interests are born during the distribution of the added value and each proceeds to increase his part to the detriment of the others. The employees demand a pay rise or a profit-sharing in the results, the shareholders, the contributors of the financial capital, wish one part raised by profits to pay the financial risk. Of other one quoted, the creditors wish a better payment for their credits with higher interest rates while the purpose of the company is to constitute a reserve to finance new investments. Further to the various conflicts, the leaders act to modify the distribution of the added value between the various stakeholders. They reduce the wealth of the employees for the benefit of the shareholders they reduce the wealth of the employees for the benefit of the shareholders. Therefore, several mechanisms are set up to protect the employees and assure a better distribution of the added value. On the basis of a sample of 85 French firms during period 2000-2005, our study shows that the rights of the shareholders and employees as well as the characteristics of property and governance affect their parts in the added value. From the results, we conclude differences according to the structure of property of the firm
Ruguduka, Baleke Stanislas. "De la transmission au partage des savoirs selon Jacques Maritain et Paulo Freire : prolégomènes à une pédagogie du développement en Afrique." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20093/document.
Full textThe notion of the development of Africa is primarily tributary to its history and specifically to that of its independence. The African people expected that the accession to political independence would be followed by the economical independence that is instrumental in human development. The African Educational system has imported the western education prototype and has put in place free market policies instead of training/educating/moulding individuals capable of contributing with their intellectual and practical knowledge towards the making of a fair society that enhances development. To date, it is out of question to stick to this model. Development will not have any meaning if it is not genuine, showing solidarity and inclusiveness. This work is intended to conceive a typically genuine African model of development. This is ultimately linked /inseparable to the African philosophy of education whose concerns and making will constitute the objectives of this thesis. A philosopher, Jacques Maritain has already explored that possibility. While opposing the liberal education system, he has opened prospects to education for [development that shows solidarity /communal development] . Within Latin America’s context, another philosopher and educationist, Paulo Freire, has considered an alternative education paradigm. The search for a new philosophy of education for Africa is tributary to the comparative study of these two contemporary scholars
Goussé, Marion. "Marriage market and intra-household allocation : essays in economics of family and education." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0018/document.
Full textThis dissertation deals with family formation, family organization and education systems. The first two chapters study how people choose their partners and how they share their income. First, I focus on couple formation and I model how people meet and decide to match or not. People can choose their partner according to their education level, their wage and their physical attractiveness. Using American data, I observe who matches with whom and who stays single and for how long to recover the preferences of individuals in terms of mating. The second chapter attempts to understand how the efficiency and the sorting of the marriage market could impact economic outcomes such as income inequalities or labor supplies. In this chapter, when people marry, they share their income and decide how much each of them will work on the market and at home to raise children or do the housework. Using British data, I recover the amount of monetary transfers which exist between household members and show that these transfers make married women work less on the market and married men work more. The last two chapters of this dissertation focus on the French education system and on the impact of grade retention policies. In the third chapter I use decomposition methods to assess to which extent the decrease in French student’s score at PISA tests can be attributed to the changes in student’s characteristics or to the changes in school returns. Finally, in the last chapter, I use an estimation strategy to get rid of this selection effect and we use a panel data on French High School students to evaluate the impact of grade retention on their scores
Zylberberg, Yanos. "Essais sur les catastrophes naturelles." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0047.
Full textThis thesis looks at reallocation of resources in the aftermath of natural disasters. The first part investigates the patterns of voluntary redistribution in small Vietnamese villages affected by a wave of tropical typhoons. The influence of needy families affects the reallocation process. In particular, the degree of redistribution is smaller when the distribution of losses is skewed in favour of spared families. When affected households are in the minority, they do not put enough pressure on the rest of the community and cannot extract a large compensation from them. The second part of this thesis analyzes the macroeconomic distortions induced by natural disasters. Capital losses of the order of 1 € generates economic slack of 40 cents. A temporary decrease of productivity is responsible for at least 2/3 of this production slowdown. This part also illustrates the importance of financial frictions in the immediate recovery after a shock. Affected entrepreneurs may lose access to credit as a result of their capital losses. Differential responses of economies following catastrophes are greatly explained by this dimension
Martin-Lapoirie, Dylan. "Etude théorique et expérimentale de la responsabilité partagée entre le médecin et l’infirmier en pratique avancée." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0139.
Full textThe French health care system raises many issues in primary care, in terms of geographical distribution of health care supply, expenditures, and treatment of some pathologies. The development of the advanced nursing practice provides a response to these issues. An advanced practice nurse performs some medical tasks, which can be complementary or substitutable with those of the physician, and performed before or after the physician. The purpose of the thesis is to study the regulation of quality of health care provided by a physician and an advanced practice nurse. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter highlights the issues of the French health care system concerned by the advanced nursing practice and the limits created by the current French regulation on the development of the practice. The second chapter discusses from literature the efficient liability regime to deter a physician and a nurse to be careless. The third chapter is a theoretical study of the optimal liability regime to apply to the advanced nursing practice according to the type of nursing practice. The last chapter restitutes a laboratory experiment which analyzes the effect of collaboration between health care professionals on health care quality depending on the liability regime. The thesis demonstrates that the advanced nursing practice should be regulated with a fault-based liability regime which allocates liability according to the interdependence of each professional’s behaviors. Moreover, the control exerted by a physician who employs a nurse leads to a better health care quality. Finally, in the presence of liability rule, the laboratory experiment highlights a decrease in health care quality due to the interprofessional collaboration. This result should conduct to develop the collaboration between health care professionals with caution
Le, Moigne Alain. "Marine et ouvriers de la construction navale à l'arsenal de Brest (1918-1970) : du paternalisme d'Etat à la mondialisation économique, un mouvement syndical partagé entre pragmatisme et idéologie." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0038/document.
Full textIn the context of fundamental changes to the french naval military structure, for many decades, the unions at the Brest arsenal are facing haemorrhaging membership at a side which was one of the bastions of Breton worker militancy throughout the 20th century. Confronted by a decline which seems irreversible, the repeated evocation of far off ‘feats of arms’ has helped the development of an image of an establishment in perpetual agitation. Without ignoring the protest culture, obvious at certain times, this research proposes the existence of a union policy guided by a wish for negotiations with a compliant hierarchy rather than systematic opposition. From the social advances between the wars to the end of the decade of the 60s, the research identifies the progress of a workers’ movement adapting to successive changes in the political-economic climate and of the traditional state administration to the notion of productivity hitherto foreign to naval military construction.Though history and memory sometimes diverge, while the arsenal tends to become a strong patrimonial stake, this study will try hard to announce between the myths and the realities by replacing the facts in the successive historic contexts, by restoring in the events the rightful place which they occupied in the life of the workers and the unions and by restoring the implication and the responsibilities of every social player in the functioning and the life of the establishment and also in the constitution of labor aristocracy in the Finistère. As well as cutting a new historical path, it seeks to understand and explain the image of confrontation at the finistère arsenal at the time it transformed into a cornerstone of the heritage of Brest
Odumuyiwa, Victor. "La gestion de la recherche collaborative d'information dans le cadre du processus d'intelligence économique." Phd thesis, Université Nancy II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00634665.
Full textAïssaoui, Mohammed Amine. "Des modalités de fixation aux déterminants du prix des médicaments innovants : le cas des anticancéreux dans les pays de l’OCDE." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED026.
Full textThis PhD thesis focused on the regulation and the determinants of innovative drugs prices in oncology. First, with a literature review we provided a comprehensive description examining the pricing mechanisms of innovative drugs in OECD countries. This approach shows us that most of the countries determine their prices according the assessment of the added value of the pharmaceutical product, and use HTA policies in their decisions making. Based on that conclusions and regarding the differences observed between the policies’ countries we assumed a framework to describe the pricing mechanism.In addition, we developed an original database which contains the anticancer drugs characteristics and their prices in 8 OECD countries. From empirical studies, we examined the relationship between the prices and the drugs characteristics. Before assessing prices disparities between the selected countries, we focused on the market approval of these medicines in each country. Nevertheless, even if most of the products were available in all studied countries, we observed differences between their regulations notably concerning the orphan status designation as well as for the time to market authorization.Thereafter, we achieved a comparative study to assess the discordance between the NICE and HAS. This analysis shows that despite a similar estimation of the added value, there is divergences between these HTA bodies in term of decisions making. Then, when we investigated the trends in prices across the selected countries, the level of pricing disparities observed, in most cases, seems to reflect the differences in pricing regulations.Finally, in order to highlight the determinants of these disparities between countries with respect to anticancer drug prices, we used the econometric approaches, we assessed both the effects on the prices of the added value (the incremental survival) and the pharmaceutical policy: It appears that the incremental survival impacts on the prices, independently of its uncertainties and its level of evidence provided in the clinical trials. In addition, the analysis confirms that the prices disparities reflect the pricing policy applied. Indeed, the countries using a free pricing policy have the highest-level prices, followed by the countries using the pricing negotiation and external reference pricing. Lastly, the countries using economic evaluation have the lowest prices
Zarrella, Silvia. "Le principe de solidarité et de partage équitable de responsabilités en matière d'asile entre les États membres de l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA014/document.
Full textThe massive flow of refugees from Syria caught out the reception capacity of some Euro-Mediterranean countries, and highlighted the lack of solidarity and fair sharing of responsibilities among the States of the European Union. Firstly, this study defines the concept of "burden-sharing" conceived as a concrete measure of solidarity to be accomplished through the distribution of risks and costs among the members of a group in order to achieve a common goal. After analyzing the evolution of this principle in international law, we evaluate its implementation in the legal order of the European Union, particularly in the European Common Asylum System (CEAS) as enshrined in Article 80 TFEU. By assessing the Dublin system and the most current answers to the Syrian emergence, we will argue that the European Union is still far from the full realization of the principle of burden sharing
Billaud, Solène. "Partager avant l'héritage, financer l'hébergement en institution : enjeux économiques et mobilisations familiales autour de personnes âgées des classes populaires." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0064.
Full textLocated at the intersection of a sociology of kinship ties, of a sociology of aging and of a sociology of lower classes, this dissertation aims to uncover the various economics questions emerging when an elderly person with modest revenues and patrimony enters a nursing home. Based on a set of family cases (reconstituted through interviews) combined with statistical and institutional data, the dissertation focuses on the mobilization of the kin at this very specific moment. In particular, it zooms in on the debates about the former housing of the elderly, just as on their personal belongings. The analysis shows that, following the institutionalization, these goods are first of all "placed on hold" a, long as possible in order to conceal the new situation. Ln the middle run the remaking of the former place leads to the creation of a quasi inheritance" adapting some of the inheritance laws. When insufficient to fund the stay in the institution the income of the elderly person can be supplemented by resorting to her patrimony as well as through negotiated financial contributions from the members of the family. The control over the rights the documentation and the money of the nursing home resident arc consequently granted to family managing caregivers” whose mandate is to both preserve the autonomous funding of the resident's new life, and limit the contribution of the family. Ta capture these questions, the dissertation pays a special attention to the various and interlocking effects of kin status, gender, and interfamilial social inequalities to demonstrate the specificity of the transition to institution for elderly people from the lower classes
Park, Sehwan. "Les abus de puissance économique dans les relations commerciales déséquilibrées." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA013.
Full textCompetition provisions seek to regulate the abuse of economic power in unequal commercial relationships. However, in the process, such provisions should not have the effect of adversely impacting the market or harming the proper functioning of other competition rules. When there exists a significant power disparity between parties, the stronger party can impose unequal conditions on the weaker party, particularly through what is called the "fear factor". During the duration of the contractial relationship, the weaker party will not be able to stand up to the stronger party in fear of the commercial relationship being terminated. This is why oppressive behaviors continue in reality, despite the presence of numerous regulations designed to prevent such behaviors. Law makers have a tendency to react by hastily enacting ad hoc regulations. The adaptability of powerful corporations to circumvent the rules is often overlooked. Ultimately, abuses of economic power can only be regulated on a sustainable basis through the creation of a more balanced and less concentrated market. It is in this context that a truly structural approach should be considered. This analysis compares the principal measures against abuses of economic power employed in France and Korea, which sometimes adopt different responses to similar circumstances
Clavel, Julie. "Le déni de justice économique dans l'arbitrage international. L'effet négatif du principe de compétence-compétence." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020095/document.
Full textThe access to justice is fundamental and general. It is conceived as necessary for the rule of law. This debt of justice fall on the State that must ensure the effective and material access for all litigants. In this perspective, the international arbitration, a private justice, arise potential conflict of jurisdictions. If the arbitral justice must be preserved, it is only if it is effective. But the negative aspect of the principle of “compétence-compétence” in French law creates a situation of denial of economical justice in the case of an impecunious litigant (i.e. weaker part). The part can neather resorts to arbitration, for lack of sufficient funds, and to state courts, that refuse to jugde the litigation. Therefore, this negative effect must be rejected. The French jurisdiction will be responsible for the denial of justice when it is competent in judging international litigation. In this case, the contract can be void and can not be applied. However, in order to preserve the contractual intent expressed in the arbitration agreement, it is possible to rely on the duty of collaboration between the litigants in order to implement the responsibility of the stronger part. The use of contractual liability thus ensures, at one hand, the access to justice with respect to the arbitration agreement, and on the other hand, that the invoker’s part is sanctioned if it raised improperly the impecuniosity state