Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Économie de subsistance – Sociologie'
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Hugues, Fanny. "Débrouilles rurales : les modestes économes au prisme de l'ethnographie ethnocomptable de leurs espaces domestiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0072.
Full textThis thesis focuses on rural resourcefulness, i.e. a set of lifestyles characterised by low incomes and a large resort to the subsistence economy. The precariousness of the labour market and the decline of social rights since the end of the 20th century, the contemporary context of high inflation, as well as the invisibilisation, or even stigmatisation of these « modest thrifties » by the public authorities raise the question of the social and material conditions that sustain these lifestyles, which are a minority within the rural social morphology.How do people in the French countryside actually live with low income over the long term, doing more than just surviving? In other words, what are the local monetary and non-monetary resources that ensure the reproduction of rural resourcefulness? How are they constantly combined, arranged and assembled according to material, temporal, spatial and technical constraints and possibilities? How are they unequally accessible and mobilised? What matters, what do they rely on, and who do they rely on to consider living well on little income in rural areas?The results presented in this thesis are based on a multi-site ethnographic survey of 31 households, using the ethno-accounting method, in several rural areas in 6 « départements ». While highlighting the practices common to modest thrifties, the household monographs make it possible to detect the (small) socio-economic differences that lead to unequal ways of getting by. To tackle these issues, his thesis takes a close look at dispositions, trajectories and social relationships.The thesis is divided into five sections. The first section examines the value of a hybrid methodology for investigating rural resourcefulness. It sketches out a space of rural resourcefulness, based on a typology of 4 social groups: ‘precarious women’, ‘retired farmers’, ‘workers and peasants’ and ‘low-income intermediaries’. The second section explores the material living conditions of modest thrifties, i.e. their monetary and land resources. Managing their limited budgets and securing their residential stability are crucial to the balance of these domestic economies. Their economic socialisation sheds light on the homogeneity of their ascetic behaviour, while a study of their housing trajectories reveals the heterogeneity of their paths. The third section examines the way in which the extended domestic space, – the main scene of rural resourcefulness –, is unevenly invested and integrated into a continuum between subsistence and consumption. Personal space and personal time are essential to subsistence practices, such as the domestic production of food or firewood. These practices are subject to economic, temporal and symbolic trade-offs that reflect class, gender and age positions. The fourth section looks into the technical skills of Do It Yourself and the social skills of mutual aid on which the main part of rural resourcefulness is based. The interdependence of these domestic economies to their local areas allows for access to goods and services that would otherwise be unaffordable on the market, without escaping the social relations that structure these lifestyles. The fitfh section examines the moral ecologies of modest thrifties and the different ways in which they relate to environmental issues, especially regarding legitimate environmental standards. The practical and moral sense that guides their thrifty practices, inherited from childhood and updated throughout their lives, leads them to affirm three forms of socially situated moral ecologies: ‘anti-waste’, ‘peasant’ and ‘anti-consumerist’
Dumbi, Suka Claudine. "Quel avenir pour les ménages maraîchers en République Démocratique du Congo ?" Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL12015.
Full textThe widespread (or ongoing) crisis which persists in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for more than two decades has strong repercussions on the Congolese population. Indeed, the scale and duration of the Congolese « multi-crisis » drives the people to prioritize survival strategies, founded on creative resourcefulness. These coping strategies are based on informal activities, among which market gardening comes almost in first place. But the conditions in which the Congolese market gardeners, in this case those in Kinshasa and in Mbanza-Ngungu, carry out their activities, as well as the risks they face in relation to land ownership issues, to marketing and to production, raise questions about their means of existence and their future. Moreover, these market gardeners are also victims of threats from traditional village chiefs. Thus, they continue their activities whilst being conscious that they are exposed to diverse risks (expulsion, robbery, etc.). That the market gardeners continue this activity, in spite of all the risks they face, proves in many ways that this practice is important and a source of revenue for several of the households surveyed. The insecurity of land ownership is a risk which makes the future uncertain for the market garden sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In this context, an attempt to evaluate the resilience of market gardening has been undertaken in the research for this thesis, in order to understand better the strategies employed in the fight against the difficulties met by the market gardeners, and their ability to plan for the future (agency). Thus, only the market gardener who is not subject to land threats on his production site and whose means of existence is well-secured, thanks to the revenue generated from market gardening, only he can be considered a resilient market gardener
Andriamanampisoa, Tiana Harivony. "Le secteur informel dans les Hautes terres centrales de Madagascar. : le cas de la région Amoron'i Mania." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA1019.
Full textStudies on the informal sector in Madagascar are numerous and often based on itseconomic aspects. However, what we propose tries to bring a socio-anthropological perspective on acomplex phenomenon that can not be reduced to purely economic point of view. After defining thetheoretical frame of the subject, we focus more on the specifics of the subsistence activities ofMalagasy people, which are characterized by symbols and negotiation. Then, we present our studyzone, « the rocks area » or Amoron’i Mania region where we have listed four ideal types ofinformality which can become standard in other countries. In addition, informal is stronglyassociated with the parental system and particularly muddled with the formal sector. Contrary towhat one may think, globalization has accentuated this interweaving. At last, we proceed on criticaland prospective points of view, principally on the State’s attempts to regulate this sector. Thisprocess is still difficult because of corruption, the weakening of the Malagasy State and the politicalcrisis
Dupont, Catherine. "La malacofaune de sites mésolithiques et néolithiques de la façade atlantique de la France : contribution à l'économie et à l'identité culturelle des groupes concernés." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010536.
Full textGuérin, Isabelle. "Pratiques monétaires et financières des femmes en situation de précarité : entre autonomie et dépendance." Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/guerin_i.
Full textAs they are responsible for managing the family budget, women are the first to be confronted with managing problems related to the precarity of livehood. The questions arise as to how women deal with monetary and financial matters, and how such findings can be applied to the fight against precarity among women. The present thesis attempts to explore these two questions on the basis of fieldwork and the pursuit of two lines of theory, - on the one hand a conception of precarity bases upon notions of rights and obligations, drawing form the work of Amartya Sen, and on the other, an anthropological approach to money and finance. Fisrtly, we explain how practices in the field of money and finance must be understood as ways of managing uncertainty and of express social appurtenance, understood here as the rights with with and obligations to which a person feels endowed or bound. The levels of autonomy and personal liberty with which women manage their money vary vastly, even when comparing women of the same categories. We suggest that under specific conditions which we shall define, creating greater proximity in the administration of justice, thereby allowing women to exercise their rights and transform abstract rights into real empowerment, may serve as a remedy to the inadequacies of formal, standardised justice
Fontana, Laure. "Mobilité et subsistance au Magdalénien dans le Languedoc occidental et le Roussillon." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010616.
Full textThis archaeozoological work is a contribution to the study of the subsistence strategies and settlement patterns of magdalenian groups of Aude (France). What kind of hunting economy and organization of acquisition (game and silex) can we observe to discuss the question of settlement patterns? We have chosen the basin of aude because of his great number of magdalenian sites, particular in the north before 13 000 bp and in the south between 13000 and 12 000 bp. The fauna collections come from magdalenian levels of fives sites : lassac and tournal (for the early magdalenian), canecaude and gazel (for the mid-magdalenian), belvis (upper magdalenian). This is a micro-regional study and if the mid-magdalenian period is the best known, we tried to understand the transformation of the settlement pattern since the early magdalenian until the upper magdalenian. This study met en evidence: * for the early and mid-magdalenian : specialized reindeer hunting and five months occupations (during the winter and the beginning of spring). The study identified a residential type of settlement pattern and gazel was probably a special site (art). No site of specialized acquisition (game or silex) has been identified. We did not identified sites which have been occupied during the other part of the year. More over, we did not know the place where the silex (50%) come from. Two hypothesis can be proposed: - occupations in an other region during the rest of the year, in the south of aude or in ariege - occupations in a region very far from the aude * for the upper magdalenian : specialiezed ibex hunting and spring-summer occupations this period is less documented than the previous one
Creuzieux, Aurélien. "Economie animale au cours de l'âge du Bronze en Grèce septentrionale." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON30046.
Full textThis work is based on the analysis of 28 000 bones from two sites : Archontiko Giannitson and Angelochori Imathias (Makedonia, Greece). The results have been included to a synthesis of the documentation of the Bronze Age in Northern Greece. Species proportions indicate that the supplying was largely focused on small animals with a relatively high rate of wild fauna. Pastoral activities were dominated by the use of sheep/goat and pig and highlights the search for maximum efficiency in the management of livestock as well as an increased use of « secondary products » : milk, wool, labor etc. Hunting practices were varied as shown by the diversity of taxa identified. The capture of birds, fishes, shellfishes, large and small mammals demonstrate the interest of societies for these faunas. A clear trend is seen in diachrony through a diversification of wild fauna’s spectra and productions. In the Late Bronze Age, the animal economy is characterized by a further increase in the diversification and a concentration of pastoral activities on small cattle. Finally, the adaptation to new demands have also led to the development of technical innovations such as the plow and the cart, coinciding with the appearance of domestic horses in the Aegean world
Kabatakaka, Bululu. "Économie informelle et analyse relationnelle." Thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury, 2013. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/2001.
Full textPromsopha, Gwendoline. "Allocation des terres agricoles et gestion des risques de subsistance." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100169/document.
Full textThis PhD research proposes to study the relationship between informal risk-coping strategies and the nature of land allocation. Informal risk-coping mechanisms are studied here as one potential factor in the failure of land market reforms and the persistence of `non-market' exchange -gifts or free loans. In particular, we show that the bipolar view of land tenure, which opposes `customary' to `market' transfers, does not adequately approach informal risk-coping motivations in land transfers. Two hypotheses are analysed: first, in the absence of insurance markets and public social protection, land has a `safety net' function and households do not sell land but prefer other types of transfers (which retain part of the land's `safety net' function). Secondly, informal risk-coping leads households to participate to hybrid forms of transfers (neither market nor non-market) allowing to combine risk-coping motives with other types of economic necessities. Those two hypotheses are then looked at empirically in two case studies: in Vietnam, where households sell their land only if they are economically stable or have suffered income shocks (distress sales); and in Thailand, where a survey has been done among permanent rural-urban migrants. This surveyconfirms that informal risk-coping slows down land sale markets and sustains transfers such as free-loans. Finally, the Thai data identify traditional risk-sharing institutions in the allocation of land, especially through intra-family free-loans or `disguised rentals'. As a main conclusion, insurance and public protection policies could have a key role in the evaluation of land allocation systems in Thailand and Vietnam
Gardin, Laurent. "Une contribution à la nouvelle sociologie économique : réciprocité et économie solidaire." Paris, CNAM, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CNAM0461.
Full textBarbié, Olivier. "Convergences entre économie et sociologie autour du concept de réseau social." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00612275.
Full textBarbié, Olivier. "Convergences entre économie et sociologie autour du concept de réseau social." Phd thesis, Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010050.
Full textEwoko, Bienvenu. "Un village dans le nord de la république populaire du Congo : Bétou : essai de sous-économie rurale." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL12008.
Full textThat's a rural socio-economic survey dealing with a village, which situation is in the far north of congo people's, and that is suffering, by its position, of enclosing, distance of urban centers and all the more so of the capital and therefore, presents a people poor in active, tempted by emigration. After a brief summery up about natural, demographic and economical datas of the region, tje general features of the village, its history, equipments and economical life big aspects are presented, based on agriculture and fishing. The agricultural economy, work organization, obstacles to development and attempts to remedies by the state are in the core of the study but fishing, its implements, technical and social organization are the subject of a precise and detailed lengthy development too. Other economical activities, as arts and crafts and rearing don't have the same importance and are described succinctely. To conclude with, we can make some reflections about means to bring an improvement in the economical and social functioning of this village, center of a regional entity both underpopulated and underdeveloped
Alpe, Yves. "Sociologie d'une innovation pédagogique : l'enseignement des sciences économiques et sociales au lycée." Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX10055.
Full textSecondary education has been deeply altered by the advent of new school disciplines or the creations of new sections. The teaching of economic and social sciences in secondary instruction has caused an enormous development of the "b" series in admitting pupils of a modest socioprofessional class. It has contributed to the democratisation of secondary education. The representation of b series pupils depend very little on the disciplinary contents of the series. The pupils professional or university projects seldom includ economy or sociology. The teachers of economical and social sciences have an identity crisis. Their sillabus does not correspond to the universities present division of their subjects. They emphasise the particular character of the subject, to which they have alloted an essential role in the social education of adolescents and have adopted peculiar methodological and didactic positions. The teaching of economical and social science in secondary education is distinguished by the unusual style of it's contents and especially its methods. So has it greatly influencend secondary education
Conforti, Jacopo. "Techno-économie de certaines industries lithiques du Paléolithique supérieur final dans la Toscane tyrrhénienne : Chronologie, aspects culturels, mobilité et modèles de subsistance." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ2028.
Full textThe Epigravettian is probably the well documented phase of the Upper Palaeolithic in Italy. The evidences of this period, between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the beginning of the Holocene, are not, however, homogeneous both from the chronological view and of the researches in the various regions of the Peninsula. The oldest phases are, in fact, less documented than the final-terminal ones and only some areas (such as North-Eastern Italy) have been systematically investigated, using methodologies in according with the latest study trends.The classical chronological sequence in three macro-phases, based on the analytical typology of G. Laplace, has been partly revised and constantly updated. In this model the industries are framed within a continuous evolutionary process with the progressive emergence of regional specific features, especially in the final phase.Since the 2000s, new chronological models, more focused on technological and techno-economic data, have been proposed for the epigravettian lithic industries. However, the extensibility of these series outside the contexts where they were developed must still be largely demonstrated.This thesis analyses from the techno-economic view some Epigravettian industries of Tyrrhenian Tuscany, unpublished or already examined in the past, with the aim of to reconstruct the objectives of the lithic exploitation and determine, where possible, the role of the sites within the epigravettian human settlement of the territory.The precise determination of the lithotypes present in the industries, preliminary to the reconstruction of the operating chains and methods of supplying raw materials, saw the systematic use of observation under the binocular microscope. The same tool was also used for the characterization of the lithotypes collected during the intense sampling activity, aimed at expanding the knowledge of the lithic raw materials used - or potentially usable - by the human groups of the Northern Tyrrhenian Tuscany.In light of these data and absolute dating available, the industries were included within the classical chronology, but the possibility of placing them within the new models was also verified. This made it possible to evaluate whether the elements considered by these models as markers of real discontinuity of the technical traditions and the aims of exploitation are also present in the lithic industries examined in this work
Jozan, Raphaël. "Les débordements de la mer d'Aral : qu'apporte la sociologie de l'acteur-réseau à la sociologie du développement ?" Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST1108.
Full textWhat can bring the Actor-Network Sociology to the Development Sociology ? Since the breakdown of the Soviet Union and the political disintegration of the Aral Sea basin into five independent republics, Central Asia is witnessing a "water war". The republics have difficulties in finding an agreement for sharing the water resources, while international cooperation has many times demonstrated an optimum by producing hydro-economic models.This thesis analyses the history of the water conflict in Central Asia and shows how the experts’ calculation devices contribute to perform the “water war”. The research chases the water flowing in the production field, in the administrative statistics and in the work of international experts. It focuses on technical devices and demonstrates how the Development Sociology gets enriched by the Actor-Network Sociology
Robert, Olivier. "Économie et sociologie en Grande-Bretagne au XIXème siècle : histoire d'une séparation." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010011.
Full textWe show how economics and sociology became two separate fields of study in the XIXth century in Great-Britain, emphasising the epistemological and methodological debates which led to this separation. From Comte to the english historical school, there has been indeed a tradition in great-britain which advocated a synthetic approach of the social phenomena and thus challenged the political economy's legitimacy. We identify two replies. Though stuart mill appreciated comte's arguments, he managed to legitimate the special social sciences by pointing out that some social phenomena depend mainly on a paramount cause. Then, he was able to give to economics and sociology two different territories : economics deals with phenomena which mainly depend on the desire of wealth whereas sociology has to study phenomena which one could not trace to one single paramount cause. Economics and sociology are thus demarcated by their subjects of study (part 1. Differenciating economics and sociology by their subjects. Comte's challenge and Mill's answer). Another answer was given by Jevons and the Cambridge's economists (Marshall, Sidgwick and Neville Keynes). Facing the historicists'onslaughts, they managed to put an end to the english methodenstreit and shape a new demarcation criterion. They divided economics into several branches and put the emphasis on the theoretical branch which they describe as necessarily abstract and deductive. By contrast, sociology is seen as necessarily historical and inductive. Economics and sociology are thus characterized by their approaches rather than by their subjects. The demarcation becomes a methodological one (Part 2. Differenciating economics and sociology by their methods. The english historical school and the cambridge's economists)
Gourichon, Lionel. "Faune et saisonnalité : l'organisation temporelle des activités de subsistance dans l'Epipaléothique et le Néolithique précéramique du Levant nord (Syrie)." Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2004/gourichon_l.
Full textThis research is devoted to the cycles and modes of animal exploitation during the Neolithisation in northern Syria between 11th and the 7th millennia. Its objective is to explain through the study of seasonal markers the annual organisation of subsistence, on the one hand for the first farmers in the Euphrates valley and on the other the first pasturalists of occupy the Syrian desert. Firstly the methodological tools have been designed from bone remains of the fauna to identify seasonal indicators. The methods are based for the mammals on the development and wear of teeth and on cement growth; for the birds their phenological status. Then follows the application of these methods to the archaeological assemblages as well as the archaeozoological approach which established a calendar for the cultural phases of each site. Between the final Natufian and the beginning of the early PPNB, the results show an scheduling of communal big game hunting during the end of the spring and the autumn/winter which articulates perfectly with the agricultural calendar. This planning of subsistence activities guaranteed, with the storage of cereals, a sedentary life style in the Euphrates valley. In the Syrian desert, two adaptive strategies to the climatic constraints coexisted in the late PPNB. The economy of the sedentary farmers of El Kowm relied on a well defined stable calendar. On the other hand the nomadic pasturalists inhabited Qdeir during the spring and in the autumn depending on the availability of the pastures
Nurok, Michael. "Entre économie technique et économie morale : le travail d'urgence vitale à Paris et à New York." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0126.
Full textThis thesis analyses the social organization of médical work on patients outside of the hospital who will die without the rapid provision of médical technology - a state called "détresse vitale". Although it is widely recognized that the work to prevent the death of such patients must be performed with technical prowess under immense time constraints, the moral component of this work has been largely overlooked. This thesis begins with an analysis of the conditions of possibility for the historical évolution of emergency médical Systems in France and the United States. The second part of the manuscript contains a comprehensive sociological account of pre-hospital emergency work in which the structural constraints imposed by the form of each system are related to the work of resuscitation observed during ethnographie field research in the Paris and New York emergency médical services. The final part of this thesis is used to show that, based on professional and social values, emergency workers use socially garnered control over bare life to shape the trajectories of patients in "détresse vitale"
Schlusselhuber, Bouteiller Catherine. "L'Autoconsommation alimentaire dans les exploitations agricoles." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100144.
Full textThe alimentary autoconsumtion amounts to one third of the alimentary budget of farmer’s household, at least ten per cent of the agricultural income; it concerns whole farms and alimentary agricultural produces. It is in speeches and officially agricultural and household's consumption statistics, but the micro and macro economical, ethnological and sociological studies about agricultural practices to autoconsumption are inexistent. This research is a contribution to their knowledges. The first part is a historical approach. It presents at the beginning at the century the caracteristics of the alimentary autoconsumption in farms, then a few evolutions of agriculture, way of life and consumptions which modify them. The second part concerns the agricultural alimentary autoconsumption as today. Some agricultural practices to autoconsumption are described: actors, takings from market activities, productions for autoconsumption and the used technics, destinations of the products. The most important economical caracteristics of the autoconsumed produces represents the main part of the autoconsumption are evaluated: number of farms, quantities of products. .
Rème, Pétronille. "Harrison C. White : une théorie générale des marchés." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010063.
Full textJuan, Maïté. "Sociologie des initiatives culturelles citoyennes : le pouvoir d'agir entre démocratie participative et économie solidaire." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1182.
Full textThrough the analysis of cultural citizens’ experiences – a cultural centre of comunity-based managment, a self-directed sociocultural centre and an association of artistic mediation – this thesis questions the capacity of citizens’ initiatives to constitute autonomous public spaces, as sources of creativity and resistance, of elaboration of critical discourses and construction of concrete alternatives. In front of the limits of institutional offer of participation, of entrepreneurial standardization of citizens’ initiatives and of commodification of the cultural field, this research investigates the various levers of the autonomy of public spaces of civil society, combining two main scales of analysis : the making of collective action (institutional, organizational, economic but also social and relational dimensions) and the relation to political institutions, through the tension between institutionalization and counter-power, domestication and institutional innovation. At the crossroads between economic and political sociology, the stakes of this thesis are to articulate participatory democracy and solidarity-based economy fields to understand the conditions of citizen autonomy, to enrich the Habermasian approach of « autonomous public spaces » but also to contribute to a sociology of emancipation that, without neglecting domination and reproduction processes, was able to enlighten critical and creative capacities of these popular public spaces
Perrin-Heredia, Ana. "Logiques économiques et comptes domestiques en milieux populaires : éthnographie économique d'une "zone urbaine sensible"." Reims, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REIME006.
Full textThis thesis is about budget organisation and consumption habits among working-classes. This object enables to understand and analyse economic and social logics implemented by households with low income to make home domestics work. The research consists in an ethnographie fieldwork among inhabitants of a working-class neighbourhood in a French middle-sized city and among local structures, public and pnvate, that care about controlling and normalizing domestic budgets (communal centres and banking associations). Analysing how officers in charge of disciplining domestic budgets look at economic behaviours of working-class people reveals the non-thoughts that stand in the domestic budget reviews and in their compliance with accounting balance des. Ethnographie methodology helps to describe the economic rationalities that the respondents follow - how their practical experience and ways of thinking come to a system. It also allows us to make out the conditions that lead people to them. How they cope with the twofold dimension (relative to both budget and interaction) of the economic domination explains the differences we observe in their ways of living whereas they seem to live the same way. Explored through three scopes (budget, time and space), economic logics have important similarities. Home domestics have to put up with a strong budgetary constraint toughened by a set of institutional and banking operations. Then these logics expand in survival househoIds and presuppose to resort to multiple intimate transactions. Lastly they take place into a double time unit : the very present, governed by day-to-day urgency ; the distant future, structured by material insecurity and the only howledge that you will never know what tomorrow can be. According to these elements, we can talk about « class economics rationality », fully incorporated in working-class culture
Damourette, Olivier. "Garissa, la fin du voyage : poids de l'histoire et rôle de l'aide dans la sédentarisation des Somali de la North Eastern Province du Kenya." Toulouse 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU20051.
Full textSince the beginning of the Nineties East of Kenya knows a strong growth of migrations. Initially related to the refugees fleeing the war which devastated close Somalia, they are now the fact of Somali herders of Kenya. It is easy to see in the migration the consequence of droughts and other climatic hazards. But, it is often forgotten that the Somali are accustomed to compose with the elements and that their very fine knowledge of the medium doubled of a great adaptability their made it possible to settle in these inhospitable regions. To understand why more than 50. 000 people came to fix itself in one decade in the bullas around Garissa (village of 29. 000 inhabitants to the census of 1989) it is necessary to relativize the place of the climatic risks to propose the real causes of the faintness of the nomads. The emergence of a crisis of the pastoralism during the twntieth century and, recently, the acceleration of the shifts in the population by the presence of the assistance are indeed elements impossible to circumvent for which wants to include/understand why thousands of nomads give up the pastorale life. We are indeed in this area of Kenya in front of a crisis of the pastoral world, which largely exceeds the framework of the economic situation. The process in progress clarifies the pangs of the nomadism and the consequences of the assistance on the local economies. The major crisis that currently the Somali of Kenya face bursts at the great day at the time of climatic risks, when the nomads, weakened, do not have any more an other alternative but the installation downtown. It raises consequently multiple questions about the future of this population, often perceived of an evil eye because of the history of the province, and the violent changes which the nomads must face in this migration of the last chance
Costa, Nathalie. "Sociologie et économie de la culture dans une perspective de politique culturelle à l'échelle européenne." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100055.
Full textThis research gets itself organised into four distinct parts in the purpose to observe the behaviour of the individuals facing art and cultural goods. The first part analyses five cultural activities: cinema, television, books and reading, entertainment and discographic production, and plastic arts. This analyse is based on available statistics. The second part (sociology) tries to understand with several criterion the place and the reception of culture in our societies. Economics of culture (third part) turns its analyse into the nature of the goods and the formation of their value in the purpose to better understand the behaviour of the potential or real consummers. The determination of these goods as currency goods enable to determine better the approach of these specific goods. The last part (European cultural policies) is interested in cultural policies in the twelve countries of the Community. From what has been determined before, it seems that cultural policies could be similar to monetary policies. To conclude, we can observe that these goods stay as mystery and that their apprehension could create difficulties within an Europe which is only based on trade without preoccupation about culture which continues to specify these countries which must create an union. If it had to do it again, it would be necessary to think a plan for this Europe, a society plan directed toward cultural terms
Chochoy, Nicolas. "L'encastrement politique des marchés, de l'imaginaire aux modes d'action : une illustration par l'économie solidaire." Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0059.
Full textThis thesis deals with a supposedly elusive and controversial metaphor : embeddedness. With the works of economic sociology, we first analyze the ways in which this process is envisaged in the theory of solidarity economy, in viewpoint of reciprocity (i); by getting complex methodological individualism, we then propose to expand this représentation through a review of the process of recomposition of the social whole (ii); using inputs from institutional economics, this analysis leads to a representation of disembeddedness, which teaches us about the process of embedding itself. Then we consider two complementary and non exhaustive perspectives, the symbolic and territorial embeddedness (iii), making the solidarity economy an economic solution in front of the political problem of disembeddedness
Vafaï, Kouroche. "Information asymétrique, comportements opportunistes et hiérarchie : essai en économie des organisations." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010079.
Full textThe doctoral thesis is composed of four original essays in organization theory. The methodology adopted is the principal-agent approach. The first essay is a critical survey of the agency theory of the firm on the subjects of hierarchy, internal job design and delegation. The second essay exhibits an explanation to the introduction of a third party in a principal- agent setting. We show that the principal prefers a three-level hierarchy with tasks separation to a principal-agent structure when the different tasks of the agency overlap too much. By analyzing the impact of the market structure on the agency's design, we also show that three- level hierarchy is efficient only on oligopolistic markets. The third essay considers the strategic role of labor division in the firm. We show that, when the employees may use the know how acquired through their activity inside the firm to quit their job and go into business for themselves, labor division can be used by the firm to lessen the incentives for such opportunistic behaviors. The fourth essay studies the impact of employees' collusion or side-contracting on the internal labor market of the organization. Our major findings in a two periods multi-level agency model are first that to avoid employees' collusion, the firm uses a mixed promotion scheme. This scheme specifies that the second period top managers are promoted from first period middle managers, the workers remain at their posts and second period middle managers are recruited from outside. Second, side-contracting is more harmful when it takes place at the top of the hierarchy
Baro, Aurélie. "Principe d’efficience entre technique et économie : calculs de rendement des premiers moteurs électriques (1881 – 1914)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100043/document.
Full textAt the end of the 19th century, the electrical grid is taking shape and electricity as a source of energy starts to be used, mainly for lighting and communications, and to a lesser extent as a motor force. In this thesis, we analyze the sociological conditions of calculations of the efficiency of the first electric motors, the theoretical and experimental methods used by the first electrical engineers to demonstrate that electric motors could effectively replace other types of engines, alive or not, available in the industry. Electrical machines were also compared with each other, and the industry was theoretically used to produce the most efficient transmission and distribution system. In practice, other criteria came into play, as electricians defending a certain type of machinery or transport systems also had to convince the scientific community and industry interested in their discovery. Based on an analysis of this context made from texts from technical journals and archival documents, as well as from works of sociology and history, this thesis aims to better understand the development of this particular type of machines, symbols of the quest for a certain efficiency
Tchirkov, Vitaly. "Déterminants du handicap moteur en République de Guinée : causes et conséquences des déficiences des membres inférieurs chez les habitants de Conakry." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAG014.
Full textWhile dealing with the context of the developing countries, the notion of handicap is characterized in a specific way. We carried out our study in the Republic of Guinea, particularly related to the problems of the handicap, more specifically with the disability of inferior members. The main objectives of this research consist in explaining the causes and the consequences of the ascendancy of this type of deficiencies in Conakry. Furthermore, among the other problems analyzed in this work, we are interested in the representations which reflect the handicaps and the influence of traditional and religious beliefs on handicap. Our work is aimed to present the current conditions of the situation and to carry out a significant work on the site. In this framework, we organized two surveys during 2008 and 2009, dealing with approximately 1000 persons. According to our results, the main cause of the deficiencies of lower limbs is associated to the aftereffects of the poliomyelitis and to the presence of the other risk factors, such as the lack of safety on the roads. Furthermore, according to our analyses, about 80 % of the people questioned, belonged to the rural depopulation. Once installed in Conakry, they opt for three modes of subsistence: the practice of begging (48 %), working (16 %) and the family care (18 %). Moreover, each mode seems to determine the participation and the integration of these individuals in the society. Finally, our results show that nearly half of the Guineans believe in the witchcraft and in the malefic nature of the handicaps. Consequently, the faith influences negatively on the interpretation of the handicaps. To conclude, according to our analyses, the majority of the Guineans agrees to define the handicap as a biomedical phenomenon and considers it as an individual and not a social problem
Caviale, Olivier. "Etude de l'évolution des ressources en ligne en économie gestion, de leurs concepteurs et leurs usagers." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DENS0003.
Full textThe discussion lists have an important place in the professional communication of teachers. To understand how the teachers use this type of communication, we will analyze the messages of two lists in the years 2000 to 2003. Three dimensions : relations, regulations and topics of exchanges give a global dynamic picture. The research setting, implemented to create the tools for analysis and to interpret the results, finds its bases in the sociology of organizations. Their approach is mainly based on four elements : a startegic actor(individual, group or any other collective entity) with his own interests intercating with other actors; a concrete system formed the interacting actors; the game where each actor has his own interests, but also the interest to keep a concrete system of action alive. Their approach is mainly based on a strategic actor and more specifically on a group of actors whose levels of participation propose a model for representing professional development through the participation in a virtual CoP
La, Hougue Arnaud de. "Sources de l'idéal professionnel d'une catégorie de travailleurs sociaux : les conseillers en économie sociale familiale." Paris 5, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA05H011.
Full textSaiag, Hadrien. "Le Trueque argentin au prisme de la dette : une socioéconomie des pratiques monétaires et financières." Paris 9, 2011. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/xmlui/handle/123456789/8199.
Full textThis work questions the nature of money through the analysis of a complex set of local monetary systems located in Argentina (trueque). It is based on both the reconstitution of the history of the main national trueque networks (meso-level) and the observation of the monetary and financial practices of their participants, carried out through an ethnographic fieldwork (micro-level). These data suggest that money must be understood as a system of evaluation and settlement of debts. Such approach allows first to distinguish financial from monetary practices and to clarify their interdependences. Second, it puts the emphasis on the wide diversity of monetary practices (i. E. The material media of the means of settlement and evaluation of debts) and modalities of issuing the means of settlement. Therefore, money can participate to the reproduction of special organizations more or less centralized and to widely contrasted social relations (either violent or emancipating). Finally, to conceive money from debt begs the question of the access to the means of settlement of those who have been excluded from the fordist wage-labor nexus through the expansion of the so-called “informal economy
Moingeon, Bertrand. "Contribution à une socio-économie des organisations : l'exemple d'un univers associatif." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 1991. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00996008.
Full textRobelet, Magali. "Les figures de la qualité des soins : rationalisations et normalisation dans une économie de la qualité." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX24009.
Full textBayart, Jean-François. "L'analyse des logiques d'action et de la dynamique organisationnelle face à de nouvelles contingences environnementales : le cas des centres de formation professionnelle continue." Lille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIL30016.
Full textAlobo, Sarah. "Options de survie, processus de changement et transformation structurelle. Diversification des moyens de subsistance chez les ménages agricoles des régions rurales de l'Afrique sub-saharienne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0022.
Full textThe overall objective of this thesis is to understand the role of diversification at household level, its patterns, determinants and effects on rural smallholder farmers in SSA, as well as its implications for the process of structural transformation in SSA. In the thesis, I use a mixed methodology and combine different types of data on rural smallholders in SSA to answer the objectives – a review of previous literature, empirical data from quantitative surveys and qualitative fieldwork. The findings are presented in three articles:In the first article, I undertake a comprehensive review of the literature on the nature and evolution of rural livelihood diversification in SSA among smallholder farmers. It reveals mixed findings about the causes and consequences of livelihood diversification on the rural smallholders adopting this strategy. It shows that because of asset constraints increase in incomes and wealth based on livelihood diversification has not yet benefitted the large majority of smallholders in SSA. On the other hand, there are a lot of evidence from the literature suggesting that it is relatively better-off smallholders with sufficient assets, who achieve successful livelihood diversification, mainly by exploiting opportunities and synergies between farm and nonfarm activities. In the second article, I investigate the spatial and geographical patterns and determinants of income diversification using cross-sectional data on rural farm households from six regions in Senegal and Kenya. In addition, I supplement the analysis of the quantitative data with information from qualitative fieldwork. The findings show that the specific patterns and determinants of diversification differ significantly between regions, with push and pull factors sometimes acting concurrently. Although geographical location matters for income diversification, the context of the region seems to matter even more, as it influences the type of diversification households may engage in. In the third article, I use panel data to explore the geographical and gender dimensions of livelihood diversification and its determinants in two agricultural regions of rural Kenya (Kakamega and Nyeri). I complement the panel data with data from my own qualitative fieldwork. The empirical investigation into the dynamics and motivations for livelihood diversification shows that whether or not household fixed effects are included in the econometric panel data models, there is a positive and significant relationship between changes in household asset wealth and changes in livelihood diversification, ceteris paribus. In addition to asset wealth, other important determinants of positive changes in livelihood diversification over the study period include: the initial level of diversification, changes in demographic factors such as age, gender (being a female headed household) and level of education of the household head (in Kakamega), and increased use of hired labour
Antypa, Uranie. "Economies occidentales et économie cambodgienne dans le cadre colonial indochinois (1863-1940)." Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA081262.
Full textIn this research we develop the following three main points: -the colonial economy of the country. -the economical part of cambodia in the indochinese union. -the influence of the colonial authorities over the cambodian economy which is rural and traditional, involving in an extreme- oriental context. It is very difficult to study the examined period (1863-1940) concerning cambodia: statistics are rare and contradictory. It is indispensible to confront the data given by different sources and to homogenize them and so we do. During the protectorate, the economical sectors, in certain cases, are moulded according to an occidental economical model and incorporate the country to the indochinese union. This intervention provokes socioeconomical transformations which are complex. We analyse them and we proceed to a synthesis
Letourneux, Claire. "Devine qui est venu dîner à Brassempouy ? : approche taphonomique pour une interprétation archéozoologique des vestiges osseux de l'Aurignacien ancien de la grotte des Hyènes (Brassempouy), Landes)." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010631.
Full textNoël, Florent. "La décision de suppression d'emplois : de l'analyse des déterminants à l'étude des processus de décision." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010079.
Full textClays, Jérôme. ""Le monde n'est qu'un vaste marché". . . Mais encore ? : le marché comme objet scientifique : derniers développements, le marché comme représentation sociale : premières pistes." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000IEPP0008.
Full textNiang, Abdoulaye. "Le secteur informel de production de biens et de services modernes : un exemple de l'articulation entre les structures socio-économiques traditionnelles et le mode de production capitaliste : le cas du Sénégal." Paris 8, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA080282.
Full textLouis-Sidois, Charles. "Trois essais en économie politique." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0019/document.
Full textIn the first chapter (« Optimal Vote Buying » coauthored with Leon Musolff, Princeton University), we analyze a vote buying problem. We show that bribing a supermajority can be cheaper due to pivotal considerations. When a large number of committee members receive a bribe, they do not expect to be pivotal in the election. As a result, it is sufficient to offer them a small amount of money in exchange for their vote. Due to this mechanism, it turns out that the vote buyer generally prefers to bribe a supermajority. In the second chapter (« Voting and contributing when the group is watching » coauthored with Emeric Henry, Sciences Po) we study the interaction between the way members vote on rules and their subsequent behaviors. This analysis applies to groups who choose their own rules and who care about their image. We study how players’ considerations depend on the visibility of the process. We show that multiple norms can emerge. We discuss the problem of a social planner and the implications for welfare. The last chapter (« Military service and political participation » coauthored with Etienne Fize) investigates the impact of the French military service on political behaviors. Exploiting the suspension of mandatory conscription for French men, we find a significant and positive impact of military service on turnout. This effect ranges from 3.6 percentage points for the first round of the presidential election of 2012 to 8.9 percentage points for the second round of the legislative elections. We also investigate the impact of conscription on political preferences and we find that former conscripts are significantly more nationalist and conservative
Labat, Corinne. "Pays et patrimoine, économie et développement, ethnologie et idéologie." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20009.
Full textFor more twenty years, one notes the emergence of the concept of "land" and the rediscovery of patrimony too. This double resurgence has concretized oneself in 1995 with the creation of the "lands" by a law, which is often, the occasion to mobilize the patrimony, to define these new spaces, to make them identifiable. In order to understand and to explain this phenomenon we chose to observe and study the construction of one of these new territories, the Lauragais, as a practitioner an ethnology of the alive one. Many are those which considered themselves, particularly in rural areas, life forgotten by the development ; the "land" allows to assert their reality, to build their identity, to be even opposed to national directives decided elsewhere. A significant question arises : attend one a transfer of the relations of domination in the social representations ? It will be necessary for us to define the concepts, and to treat many questions : heterogeneity and extension of the patrimonial field, the creation of a territorial identity, the use of the knowledge, the return of the myth, the commercialization of the culture, the political strategies. .
Martins, Paulo Henrique Nouaes. "Prophétisme économique et mythe du développement en Amérique latine : le cas du Brésil." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010564.
Full textThe thesis is, at first, a study about the crisis of occidental modernity in latin America, mostly in Brasil. It is an analysis on the role of intelligentsia in applying an a-critical model of modernity and on the link between intellectuel productions and a political system of a patrimonialistic kind. This part is completed by an analysis on "development as a myth" and the implications of this idea on the bureaucratic- autoritaire project of the state. The second part is an essay about what kind of theoretical adjustments can be made to improve a new sense of modernization which implies taking account of the cultural and political reality (will for a new concept and practice of democracy)
Savigny, Marie-Thérèse. "Le Hameau des Possibles : pour une sociologie du pouvoir de penser et d'agir." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN1024.
Full textFacing several crisis on various levels (economic, social, democratic, of meaning. . . ) which have impacted an ever increasing number of people in unbearable situations, the traditional social work finds its limits, in its healing but also normative logic towards individuals. The confrontation between people stuck in a humiliating assisted condition and social workers applying existing 'solutions' rather than thinking and developing new ones, makes for an impossible situation, to get out of which social work has to be, and is able to be, a mediator, a third-party facilitating local dynamics that won't exclude those people usually left out of the democratic spaces of expression. The various actors of an action-research called “For a new governance of emergency food aid in the conurbation” believe in the co-construction of a real economic and politic territorial project. They are joining forces together in an association, Act'terre solidaire, constituting a laboratory for territory elements
Rodet, Diane. "Une production engagée : sociologie des labels, chartes et systèmes participatifs de l'économie solidaire." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953303.
Full textPenalva, Icher Élise. "Réseaux et régulation d'un marché financier "socialement responsable" : en attendant la concurrence." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50377-2007-17.pdf.
Full textGérardin, Frédéric. "Transférabilité des qualifications et mutations productives." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010022.
Full textThe main objective of this research is to develop an alternative concept of transferability of skills which is available to analyse the realities of skills in their social complexity and dynamics. Defined as a permanent process of reproduction of social modalities of, vocational training, individual and collective productive use of the vocational knowledges and recognition of individual degrees of vocational quality, the transferability is here conceptualized in opposition to the G. S. Becker's theory of the investment in human capital. By this way, the social aspects of the skills are reintegrated in the economical analysis of the dynamic of the capitalist system, especially during the periods of crisis. Finally, the previous alternative concept of transferability is applied in an analysis of the transformations of skills in the French construction industry during the last half-century
Jacquemin, Mélanie. "Sociologie du service domestique juvénile : "petites nièces" et "petites bonnes" à Abidjan." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0108.
Full textThe first section describes young and adolescent girls' domestic work in Abidjan as a fundamental component of urban life and urban economy. This study clarifies the over-representation of a female age group (5-19 year-old) in the city, a long-standing demographic phenomenon. By gathering oral sources, ethnographical observations and written documentation, the second part shows how a specific market of child domestic labour has been progressively constituted in Ivory Coast. From fieldwork, three models of hiring are drawn, within which several types are characterised. The practices of putting girls to work and the relations between the women « bosses » and the « girls » are then explored, which brings to light the effects of the deepening economic recession on domestic production. The third and last part is interested in the recent media coverage of the phenomenon of little maids in Ivory Coast. It presents a critical analysis of Ivoirian and international media
Gayoso, Emile. "Coproduire le nouveau. Sociologie des plateformes de co-innovation." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC0055.
Full textInnovation platforms are online disposistifs that companies have started to develop in the middle of the 2000s, in the wake of the Web 2.0, in order to incorporate customers to the innovation process. Presented as new open and collaborative spaces, entirely dedicated to the cooperation with Internet users, these participative processes arouse the enthusiasm of managers and consulting firms specialized in innovation. Yet, there are only few studies dealing with co-innovation that have dedicated a field survey to the dispositifs that have been set up and to the collaborations they host. Sociology, in particular, has had little interest — in favour of management sciences — in co-innovation processes involving big companies, and has focussed the most of its analyzes on cases of bottom-up innovation, free software movement and start-up economy.This thesis, by choosing as field survey six platforms built by very large companies from several business sectors (telecommunications, passenger transport and computer equipment), aims to fill this gap.Beyond this ambition that tries to restore the legitimacy of a research topic within a research area, this thesis weaves a reflection on three fundamental problems : why and how do companies associate users to their innovation process ? Why and how do users collaborate with them, most of the time on a volunteer basis ? What new forms of collaboration, nay of relationships, between the individual and the company this sociotechnical dispositifs do carry ?We provide answers to these questions by mobilizing the combined tools of Flichy’s theory of reference frame, Thevenot’s theory —continued by Auray — of engagement regimes, and finally the standard concepts of social network analysis (SNA). Empirically, this thesis is based on a field survey conducted since 2010 among the actors of these platforms, in which we have adopted a quali-quantitative method hinging 44 semi-structured interviews with platforms actors (users but also platforms managers, product managers, community managers, etc), online observations and online collaborations network analysis